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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Anthony Hartigan</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1937-07-02</span>) </span>July 2, 1937<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 87)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Biclustering" title="Biclustering">Biclustering</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frank_Anscombe" title="Frank Anscombe">Frank Anscombe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Eddy" title="Bill Eddy">Bill Eddy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Escobar" title="Michael D. Escobar">Michael D. Escobar</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.yale.edu/~jah49/">www<wbr />.stat<wbr />.yale<wbr />.edu<wbr />/~jah49<wbr />/</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Anthony Hartigan</b> (born July 2, 1937) is an Australian-American statistician, the Eugene Higgins Professor of Statistics emeritus at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. He made fundamental contributions to <a href="/wiki/Clustering_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Clustering algorithm">clustering algorithms</a>, including the famous <a href="/wiki/K-means_clustering#Hartigan–Wong_method" title="K-means clustering">Hartigan-Wong method</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biclustering" title="Biclustering">biclustering</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bayesian statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_career">Education and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Hartigan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hartigan was born in <a href="/wiki/Sydney,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney, Australia">Sydney, Australia</a> and studied mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>, where he obtained his BSc in 1959 and MSc in 1960. Afterwards, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, where he studied under <a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Anscombe" title="Frank Anscombe">Frank Anscombe</a>. He obtained his PhD in statistics at Princeton in 1962. He joined the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in 1964 as an assistant professor and moved to <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in 1969, when he became an associate professor. He gained full professorship at Yale in 1972. He was the chair at Yale's department of statistics from 1973 to 1975 and again from 1988 to 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Hartigan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Hartigan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHartigan1975" class="citation book cs1">Hartigan, John A. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/995140"><i>Clustering algorithms</i></a>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-35645-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-35645-X"><bdi>0-471-35645-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/995140">995140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clustering+algorithms&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F995140&rft.isbn=0-471-35645-X&rft.aulast=Hartigan&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F995140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Hartigan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartigan1983" class="citation book cs1">Hartigan, John A. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9557182"><i>Bayes theory</i></a>. New York: Springer-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-90883-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-90883-8"><bdi>3-540-90883-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9557182">9557182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bayes+theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9557182&rft.isbn=3-540-90883-8&rft.aulast=Hartigan&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F9557182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Hartigan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_papers">Selected papers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Hartigan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartigan1964" class="citation journal cs1">Hartigan, J. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aoms/1177703583">"Invariant Prior Distributions"</a>. <i>The Annals of Mathematical Statistics</i>. <b>35</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">836–</span>845. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177703583">10.1214/aoms/1177703583</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4851">0003-4851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Mathematical+Statistics&rft.atitle=Invariant+Prior+Distributions&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E836-%3C%2Fspan%3E845&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Faoms%2F1177703583&rft.issn=0003-4851&rft.aulast=Hartigan&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprojecteuclid.org%2Feuclid.aoms%2F1177703583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Hartigan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartigan1972" class="citation journal cs1">Hartigan, J. A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01621459.1972.10481214">"Direct Clustering of a Data Matrix"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Statistical Association</i>. <b>67</b> (337): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01621459.1972.10481214">10.1080/01621459.1972.10481214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-1459">0162-1459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Statistical+Association&rft.atitle=Direct+Clustering+of+a+Data+Matrix&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=337&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01621459.1972.10481214&rft.issn=0162-1459&rft.aulast=Hartigan&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01621459.1972.10481214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Hartigan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartiganWong1979" class="citation journal cs1">Hartigan, J. A.; Wong, M. A. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2346830">"Algorithm AS 136: A K-Means Clustering Algorithm"</a>. <i>Applied Statistics</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2346830">10.2307/2346830</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2346830">2346830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Statistics&rft.atitle=Algorithm+AS+136%3A+A+K-Means+Clustering+Algorithm&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=100&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2346830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2346830%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hartigan&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Wong%2C+M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2346830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Hartigan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleinerHartigan1981" class="citation journal cs1">Kleiner, B.; Hartigan, J. A. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01621459.1981.10477638">"Representing Points in Many Dimensions by Trees and Castles"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Statistical Association</i>. <b>76</b> (374): <span class="nowrap">260–</span>269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01621459.1981.10477638">10.1080/01621459.1981.10477638</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-1459">0162-1459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Statistical+Association&rft.atitle=Representing+Points+in+Many+Dimensions+by+Trees+and+Castles&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=374&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E269&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01621459.1981.10477638&rft.issn=0162-1459&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Hartigan%2C+J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01621459.1981.10477638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Hartigan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartiganHartigan1985" class="citation journal cs1">Hartigan, J. A.; Hartigan, P. M. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faos%2F1176346577">"The Dip Test of Unimodality"</a>. <i>The Annals of Statistics</i>. <b>13</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2Faos%2F1176346577">10.1214/aos/1176346577</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5364">0090-5364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=The+Dip+Test+of+Unimodality&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2Faos%2F1176346577&rft.issn=0090-5364&rft.aulast=Hartigan&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Hartigan%2C+P.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1214%252Faos%252F1176346577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Hartigan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartigan1985" class="citation journal cs1">Hartigan, J. A. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01908064">"Statistical theory in clustering"</a>. <i>Journal of Classification</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01908064">10.1007/BF01908064</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0176-4268">0176-4268</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122472570">122472570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Classification&rft.atitle=Statistical+theory+in+clustering&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122472570%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0176-4268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01908064&rft.aulast=Hartigan&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF01908064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Hartigan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Hartigan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartigan1972" class="citation journal cs1">Hartigan, J. A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01621459.1972.10481214">"Direct Clustering of a Data Matrix"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Statistical Association</i>. <b>67</b> (337): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01621459.1972.10481214">10.1080/01621459.1972.10481214</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-1459">0162-1459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Statistical+Association&rft.atitle=Direct+Clustering+of+a+Data+Matrix&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=337&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01621459.1972.10481214&rft.issn=0162-1459&rft.aulast=Hartigan&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01621459.1972.10481214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Hartigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.stat.washington.edu/wxs/Talks/hartigan-workshop-yale-5-15-09.pdf">"John Hartigan's contributions to clustering"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Hartigan%27s+contributions+to+clustering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.stat.washington.edu%2Fwxs%2FTalks%2Fhartigan-workshop-yale-5-15-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Hartigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarry2005" class="citation journal cs1">Barry, Daniel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2F088342304000000242">"A Conversation with John Hartigan"</a>. <i>Statistical Science</i>. <b>20</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">418–</span>430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1214%2F088342304000000242">10.1214/088342304000000242</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-4237">0883-4237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statistical+Science&rft.atitle=A+Conversation+with+John+Hartigan&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E418-%3C%2Fspan%3E430&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1214%2F088342304000000242&rft.issn=0883-4237&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1214%252F088342304000000242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+A.+Hartigan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1069961752">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82218198">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12333984n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12333984n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00442601">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35175619">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069714932">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90404860">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007452605605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01475965?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=29486">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:hartigan.john-a">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/81845">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1069961752">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032279698">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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