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aria-controls="toc-Jewish_ghettos-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jewish ghettos subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jewish_ghettos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nazi-occupied_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi-occupied_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Nazi-occupied Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi-occupied_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shanghai_ghetto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shanghai_ghetto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Shanghai ghetto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shanghai_ghetto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_ghettos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_ghettos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early ghettos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_ghettos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_or_African-American_ghettos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_or_African-American_ghettos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Black or African-American ghettos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_or_African-American_ghettos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effect_of_World_War_II_on_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_World_War_II_on_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Effect of World War II on development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_World_War_II_on_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_on_the_development_of_Black_ghettos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_on_the_development_of_Black_ghettos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Theories on the development of Black ghettos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_on_the_development_of_Black_ghettos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race-based_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race-based_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>Race-based theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race-based_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class-based_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class-based_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.2</span> <span>Class-based theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class-based_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.3</span> <span>Alternative theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._characterizations_of_"ghetto"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._characterizations_of_"ghetto""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>U.S. characterizations of "ghetto"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._characterizations_of_"ghetto"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_characterizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_characterizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3.1</span> <span>Internal characterizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_characterizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage_and_reinterpretations_of_"ghetto"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage_and_reinterpretations_of_"ghetto""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Modern usage and reinterpretations of "ghetto"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage_and_reinterpretations_of_"ghetto"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_ghettos_(Non-Jewish)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_ghettos_(Non-Jewish)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>European ghettos (Non-Jewish)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_ghettos_(Non-Jewish)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European ghettos (Non-Jewish) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_ghettos_(Non-Jewish)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roma_ghettos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roma_ghettos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Roma ghettos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roma_ghettos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>In Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>In Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>In France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghetto</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ghetto" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88" title="غيتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غيتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueto" title="Gueto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gueto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guetu" title="Guetu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guetu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto" title="Getto – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Getto" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keh-to%CD%98" title="Keh-to͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Keh-to͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Гетто – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гетто" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гета – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Гета – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Гето – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гето" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto" title="Geto – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Geto" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ghetto" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueto" title="Gueto – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gueto" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ghetto" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gheto" title="Gheto – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gheto" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto" title="Geto – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Geto" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ghetto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ghetto" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto" title="Geto – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geto" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Γκέτο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκέτο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueto" title="Gueto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gueto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto" title="Geto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Geto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ghetto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%88" title="گتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ghetto" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto" title="Getto – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Getto" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueto" title="Gueto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gueto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%ED%86%A0" title="게토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%BF%D5%B8" title="Գետտո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գետտո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto" title="Geto – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Geto" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ghetto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghetto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99" title="גטו עירוני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גטו עירוני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="გეტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Гетто – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гетто" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto" title="Getto – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Getto" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Гетто – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гетто" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghectum" title="Ghectum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ghectum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto" title="Geto – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Geto" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto" title="Getto – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Getto" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getas" title="Getas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Getas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto" title="Geto – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Geto" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gett%C3%B3" title="Gettó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gettó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Гето – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гето" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="الجيتوات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجيتوات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%B4_%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%88" title="بخش گتو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بخش گتو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ghetto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto" title="Getto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Getto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC" title="ゲットー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲットー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto" title="Getto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Getto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto" title="Getto – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Getto" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8to" title="Guèto – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèto" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto" title="Getto – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Getto" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%91%DB%81" title="پاڑہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاڑہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto" title="Getto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Getto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gueto" title="Gueto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gueto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetou" title="Ghetou – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ghetou" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Гетто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гетто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto" title="Geto – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Geto" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ghetto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto" title="Geto – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Geto" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto" title="Geto – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geto" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86" title="گیتۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گیتۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Гето – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гето" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geto" title="Geto – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Geto" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto_(yleisk%C3%A4site)" title="Getto (yleiskäsite) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Getto (yleiskäsite)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto" title="Getto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Getto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="கெட்டோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கெட்டோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto" title="Getto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Getto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Гетто – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Гетто" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Гетто – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гетто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%91%DB%81" title="پاڑہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاڑہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ghetto" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%94%E9%83%BD" title="隔都 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="隔都" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%90" title="געטא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E6%95%B8%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4%E5%8D%80" title="少數族群區 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="少數族群區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getto" title="Getto – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Getto" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%94%E9%83%BD" title="隔都 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="隔都" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q152018#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ghetto_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ghetto (disambiguation)">Ghetto (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>ghetto</b> is a part of a city in which members of a <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority group</a> are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghettos are often known for being more <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">impoverished</a> than other areas of the city. Versions of such restricted areas have been found across the world, each with their own names, classifications, and groupings of people. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghetto_(Venice)_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ghetto_%28Venice%29_Panorama.jpg/324px-Ghetto_%28Venice%29_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="324" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ghetto_%28Venice%29_Panorama.jpg/486px-Ghetto_%28Venice%29_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Ghetto_%28Venice%29_Panorama.jpg/648px-Ghetto_%28Venice%29_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9657" data-file-height="5002" /></a><figcaption>The main square of what was once the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Ghetto" title="Venetian Ghetto">Venetian Ghetto</a> in Italy (2013)</figcaption></figure><p>The term was originally used for the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Ghetto" title="Venetian Ghetto">Venetian Ghetto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venice,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice, Italy">Venice, Italy</a>, as early as 1516, to describe the part of the city where <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a> were restricted to live and thus <a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">segregated</a> from other people.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other early societies may have formed their own versions of the same structure; words resembling <i>ghetto</i> in meaning appear in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, Polish (since Poland's Warsaw had/has a sizable of Jewish minorities fleeing pogroms.), Corsican, <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. During <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, more than 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Nazi ghettos</a> were established to hold the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Jewish populations of Europe</a>, with the goal of exploiting and killing European Jews as part of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H.E._3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.E.-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YV03_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YV03-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>ghetto</i> acquired deep cultural meaning in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, especially in the context of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a>. It has been widely used in the country since the 20th century to refer to poor neighborhoods of largely minority populations. It is also used in some European countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, to refer to poor neighborhoods largely inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slum</a> is usually used to refer to areas in developing countries that suffer from <a href="/wiki/Absolute_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute poverty">absolute poverty</a>, while the term ghetto is used to refer to areas of developed countries that suffer from <a href="/wiki/Relative_poverty" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative poverty">relative poverty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingresso_della_Giudecca_di_Caltagirone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ingresso_della_Giudecca_di_Caltagirone.jpg/251px-Ingresso_della_Giudecca_di_Caltagirone.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ingresso_della_Giudecca_di_Caltagirone.jpg/377px-Ingresso_della_Giudecca_di_Caltagirone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ingresso_della_Giudecca_di_Caltagirone.jpg/502px-Ingresso_della_Giudecca_di_Caltagirone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5120" /></a><figcaption> Jewish quarter of <a href="/wiki/Caltagirone" title="Caltagirone">Caltagirone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></figcaption></figure><p>The word <i>ghetto</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venice" title="History of the Jews in Venice">Jewish area of Venice</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Ghetto" title="Venetian Ghetto">Venetian Ghetto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cannaregio" title="Cannaregio">Cannaregio</a> (1516–1797). By 1899, the term had been extended to crowded urban quarters of other minority groups. </p><p>The etymology of the word is uncertain, as there is no agreement among etymologists about the origins of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian language</a> term as it pertains to a neighborhood. One theory of the word can be traced to a special use of the Venetian <i>ghèto</i>, meaning '<a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundry</a>' (there was one near the site of that city's ghetto when it was founded in 1516).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to various other theories it comes from:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <i>get</i> or <a href="/wiki/Get_(divorce_document)" title="Get (divorce document)"><i>ghet</i></a> ('divorce document', 'deed of separation')</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <i>gehektes</i> ('enclosed')</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <i>Giudaicetum</i> ('Jewish enclave')</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <i>borghetto</i> ('little town, small section of a town'; <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> of <i>borgo</i>, a word of Germanic origin; see <i><a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a></i>)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">guect</i></span> ('guard')</li></ul> <p>Another possibility is from the Italian <i>Egitto</i> ('<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>', from Latin: <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Aegyptus</a></i>), possibly in memory of the exile of the Israelites in Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_ghettos">Jewish ghettos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jewish ghettos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Jewish ghettos in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter (diaspora)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt-Judengasse-1628-MkII.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Frankfurt-Judengasse-1628-MkII.png/220px-Frankfurt-Judengasse-1628-MkII.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Frankfurt-Judengasse-1628-MkII.png/330px-Frankfurt-Judengasse-1628-MkII.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Frankfurt-Judengasse-1628-MkII.png/440px-Frankfurt-Judengasse-1628-MkII.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1786" /></a><figcaption>Plan of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish ghetto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, 1628</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_Am_Main-Fay-BADAFAMNDN-Heft_21-Nr_245-1904-Die_Judengasse_Suedseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Frankfurt_Am_Main-Fay-BADAFAMNDN-Heft_21-Nr_245-1904-Die_Judengasse_Suedseite.jpg/220px-Frankfurt_Am_Main-Fay-BADAFAMNDN-Heft_21-Nr_245-1904-Die_Judengasse_Suedseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Frankfurt_Am_Main-Fay-BADAFAMNDN-Heft_21-Nr_245-1904-Die_Judengasse_Suedseite.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_Am_Main-Fay-BADAFAMNDN-Heft_21-Nr_245-1904-Die_Judengasse_Suedseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Frankfurt_Am_Main-Fay-BADAFAMNDN-Heft_21-Nr_245-1904-Die_Judengasse_Suedseite.jpg/440px-Frankfurt_Am_Main-Fay-BADAFAMNDN-Heft_21-Nr_245-1904-Die_Judengasse_Suedseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2223" /></a><figcaption>Demolition of the Jewish ghetto, Frankfurt, 1868</figcaption></figure> <p>The character of ghettos has varied through times. The term was used for an area known as the Jewish quarter, which meant the area of a city traditionally inhabited by Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora</a>. Jewish quarters, like the Jewish ghettos in Europe, were often the outgrowths of <a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">segregated</a> ghettos instituted by the surrounding authorities. A Yiddish term for a Jewish quarter or neighborhood is <i>Di yidishe gas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">די ייִדישע גאַס</span>), or 'The Jewish street'. Many <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> cities once had a historical Jewish quarter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Jewish ghettos in Christian Europe existed because of majority discrimination against Jews on the basis of religion, language and dated views on race: They were considered outsiders. As a result, Jews were placed under strict regulations throughout many European cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases, the ghetto was a Jewish quarter with a relatively affluent population (for instance the Jewish ghetto in Venice). In other cases, ghettos were places of terrible poverty. During periods of population growth, ghettos (as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ghetto" title="Roman Ghetto">that of Rome</a>) had narrow streets and tall, crowded houses. Residents generally were allowed to administer their own justice system based on Jewish traditions and elders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi-occupied_Europe">Nazi-occupied Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nazi-occupied Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_established_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany">Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_boy" title="Warsaw Ghetto boy"><img resource="/wiki/File:Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_BW.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_BW.jpg/220px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_BW.jpg/330px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_BW.jpg/440px-Stroop_Report_-_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>Liquidation of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>, 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> established new ghettos in numerous cities of Eastern Europe as a form of <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> to confine Jews and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> into limited areas. The Nazis most often referred to these areas in documents and signage at their entrances as "Jewish quarter." These Nazi camps sometimes coincided with traditional Jewish ghettos and Jewish quarters, but not always. On June 21, 1943, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> issued a decree ordering the dissolution of all <i>Jüdische Wohnbezirke</i>/ghettos in the East and their transference to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> or their extermination.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nazi ghettos were an essentially different institution than the historical ghettos of European society. The historical ghettos were places where Jews lived for many generations and created their own culture  – even if they were under social and political conditions of segregation and discrimination. The Nazi ghettos were part of <a href="/wiki/The_Final_Solution" class="mw-redirect" title="The Final Solution">The Final Solution</a>; they were intended as a transitional stage – first confine each city's Jews in one easily accessible and controllable location, then "liquidate" the ghetto and send the Jews to an extermination camp. Most Nazi ghettos were liquidated in 1943; some, such as that of <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a>, persisted until 1944; very few, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest Ghetto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt Ghetto</a>, existed until the end of the war in 1945. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shanghai_ghetto">Shanghai ghetto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shanghai ghetto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before and during World War II, many Jews fled from <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German-occupied Europe</a> to Shanghai. After Japan invaded China, it established the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Ghetto" title="Shanghai Ghetto">Shanghai Ghetto</a>, an area of approximately one square mile (≈ 2.6<span class="nowrap"> </span>km<sup>2</sup>) in the <a href="/wiki/Hongkou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongkou District">Hongkou District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, to which it relocated about 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Jewish refugees</a> under its <i>Proclamation Concerning Restriction of Residence and Business of Stateless Refugees</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_ghettos">Early ghettos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early ghettos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._(FRONT).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._%28FRONT%29.jpeg/220px-Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._%28FRONT%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._%28FRONT%29.jpeg/330px-Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._%28FRONT%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._%28FRONT%29.jpeg/440px-Children_in_the_Ghetto_and_the_Ice-Cream_Man._Chicago_Ill._%28FRONT%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3397" data-file-height="2158" /></a><figcaption><i>Children in the Ghetto and the Ice-Cream Man</i> — postcard from 1909 in <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Street" title="Maxwell Street">Maxwell Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ghetto_of_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Ghetto_of_Chicago.jpg/220px-The_Ghetto_of_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Ghetto_of_Chicago.jpg/330px-The_Ghetto_of_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Ghetto_of_Chicago.jpg/440px-The_Ghetto_of_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2237" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>A scene of Maxwell Street in Chicago circa 1908. The title reads "THE GHETTO OF CHICAGO". The image has been colorized and is taken from a souvenir guide to Chicago printed in 1908. Note the signage in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> that reads 'Fish Market'.</figcaption></figure> <p>The development of ghettos in the United States is closely associated with different <a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">waves of immigration</a> and internal urban migration. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> immigrants of the mid-19th century were the first ethnic groups to form <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">ethnic enclaves</a> in United States cities. This was followed by large numbers of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including many <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Poles</a> and Russians between 1880 and 1920. Jewish immigrants were part of the earliest German wave, as well as comprising numerous immigrants from Eastern Europe, the Russian Empire at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Glaeser_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glaeser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most remained in their established immigrant communities, but by the second or third generation, many families were able to relocate to newer housing built in the <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a> after World War II.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These ethnic ghetto areas included the <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side#Culture" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan, New York</a>, which later became notable as predominantly <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a>, and later still as Chinese and Latino. <a href="/wiki/East_Harlem#History" title="East Harlem">East Harlem</a> was once predominantly Italian and in the 1950s became home to a large <a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> community. <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy" title="Little Italy">Little Italys</a> across the country were predominantly Italian ghettos. Many Polish immigrants settled in areas of other nationals, such as <a href="/wiki/Lower_West_Side,_Chicago" title="Lower West Side, Chicago">Pilsen</a> of Chicago and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Hill_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Hill (Pittsburgh)">Polish Hill</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>. Since the late 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Brighton_Beach" title="Brighton Beach">Brighton Beach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> has become the home of predominately Jewish Russian and Ukrainian immigrants, who left after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> lifted some migration restrictions and later after its fall.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="African_American_ghettos"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_or_African-American_ghettos">Black or African-American ghettos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Black or African-American ghettos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">Racial segregation in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_ghettos" title="American ghettos">American ghettos</a></div> <p>A commonly used definition of a ghetto is a community distinguished by a homogeneous <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a>. Additionally, a key feature that developed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial</a> era and continues to symbolize the demographics of American ghettos is the prevalence of poverty. <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a> constitutes the separation of ghettos from other, suburbanized or private neighborhoods. The high percentage of poverty partly justifies the difficulty of <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">emigration</a>, which tends to reproduce constraining social opportunities and inequalities in society.<sup id="cite_ref-Darity,_William_A._2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darity,_William_A._2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_ghetto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chicago_ghetto.jpg/220px-Chicago_ghetto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chicago_ghetto.jpg/330px-Chicago_ghetto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chicago_ghetto.jpg/440px-Chicago_ghetto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Chicago ghetto on the <a href="/wiki/South_Side,_Chicago" title="South Side, Chicago">South Side</a>, May 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>The term ghettos has been commonly used for some time, but ghettos were around long before the term was coined. Urban areas in the U.S. can often be classified as "black" or "white", with the inhabitants primarily belonging to a homogenous racial grouping.<sup id="cite_ref-SethiSomanathan2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SethiSomanathan2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This classification can be traced back as early as the year 1880 as African Americans were living in their own neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixty years after the American <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> of the 1950s and 1960s, most of the United States remains a <a href="/wiki/Residential_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Residential segregation in the United States">residentially segregated</a> society in which black people and white people inhabit different neighborhoods of significantly different quality.<sup id="cite_ref-SethiSomanathan2004_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SethiSomanathan2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of these neighborhoods are located in Northern and Western cities where African Americans moved during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> (1914–1970), a period when over a million<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-Americans</a> moved out of the rural <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern United States</a> to escape the widespread racism of the South; to seek out employment opportunities in industrial cities; and to pursue what was widely perceived to be a better quality of life in the North and West, such as <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African Americans found they had to struggle with white ethnic groups in Northern and Midwestern cities; many of them more recent European immigrants. Often they were restricted to areas of older and poor housing in the new cities where they settled. </p><p>The social disruption and economic competition following World War I, as veterans returned to the US, resulted in an outbreak of racial violence of whites against blacks in many of these Northern cities, such as Chicago, Omaha; Washington, DC, and others. Southern industrial cities were also affected. Such racist attacks were extremely violent, in some cases they included burning or bombing homes of African Americans;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many innocent blacks were killed. African-American leaders described 1919 as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a> because of the widespread racial outbreaks and white attacks on mainly African Americans. </p><p>Two main factors ensured further separation between races and classes, and ultimately the development of contemporary ghettos: the relocation of industrial enterprises, and the movement of middle to upper class residents into suburban neighborhoods. Between 1967 and 1987, economic restructuring resulted in a dramatic decline of manufacturing jobs, which had formerly provided good livings for unionized, working-class blacks and whites. The once thriving northern and western industrial cities survived by a gradual shift to service and financial occupations. Subsidized highways and suburban development in the postwar period had pulled many middle and upper-class families and related businesses to the <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a>. Those who could not afford to move were left with disrupted neighborhoods and economies in the inner cities. African Americans were disproportionately affected and became either unemployed or underemployed, with little wage and reduced benefits. A concentration of African Americans predominated in some <a href="/wiki/Inner_city" title="Inner city">inner city</a> neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-Darity,_William_A._2008_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darity,_William_A._2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also significant to compare the demographic patterns between black people and European immigrants, according to the <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">labor market</a>. European immigrants and African Americans were both subject to an ethnic division of labor. Because of discrimination, African Americans were often restricted to the least secure division of the labor market. David Ward refers to this stagnant position in African-American or Black ghettos as the 'elevator' model, which implies that each group of immigrants or migrants takes turns in the processes of social mobility and suburbanization; and several groups did not start on the ground floor. The inability of black people to move from the ground floor, as Ward suggests, is dependent upon <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">prejudice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregationist</a> patterns established in the South prior to World War I, where most African Americans were disenfranchised by the turn of the century and deprived of political power. </p><p>After the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exodus" class="extiw" title="wikt:exodus">exodus</a> of African Americans to the North during and after World War I, they had to compete with numerous European immigrants; thus, African-Americans were diminished to unskilled jobs. The slow rate of advancement in black communities outlines the rigidity of the labor market, competition and conflict, adding another dimension to the prevalence of poverty and social instability in African-American or Black ghettos.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_of_World_War_II_on_development">Effect of World War II on development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effect of World War II on development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the years following World War II, many <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white Americans</a> began to move away from inner cities to newer suburban communities, a process known as <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a>. White flight occurred, in part, as a response to black people moving into white urban neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-Keating_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keating-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discriminatory practices, especially those intended to "preserve" emerging white suburbs, restricted the ability of black people to move from inner cities to the suburbs, even when they were economically able to afford it. In contrast to this, the same period in history marked a massive suburban expansion available primarily to whites of both wealthy and working-class backgrounds, facilitated through highway construction and the availability of federally subsidized home mortgages (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">VA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">FHA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_Owners%27_Loan_Corporation" title="Home Owners' Loan Corporation">Home Owners' Loan Corporation</a>). These made it easier for families to buy new houses in the suburbs, but not to rent apartments in cities.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States began restructuring its economy after World War II, fueled by new <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalizing</a> processes, and demonstrated through technological advances and improvements in efficiency. The structural shift of 1973, during the post-Fordist era, became a large component to the racial ghetto and its relationship with the labor market. <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Zukin" title="Sharon Zukin">Sharon Zukin</a> declares the designated stratum of African-Americans in the labor force was placed even below the working class; low-skill urban jobs were now given to incoming immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. Additionally, Zukin notes, "Not only have social services been drastically reduced, punitive and other social controls over the poor have been increased," such as law enforcement and imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Zukin,_Sharon_2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zukin,_Sharon_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 514">: 514 </span></sup> Described as the "urban crisis" during the 1970s and 1980s, the transition stressed regional divisions according to differences in income and racial lines—white "donuts" around black holes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer,_Claude_S._2000_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer,_Claude_S._2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardly coincidental, the steady separation occurred during the period of civil rights laws, urban riots and <a href="/wiki/Black_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Power">Black Power</a>. In addition, the <i><a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_Sciences" title="International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences">International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences</a></i> stresses the various challenges developed by this "urban crisis", including:<sup id="cite_ref-Darity,_William_A._2008_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darity,_William_A._2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 313">: 313 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p>[P]oorly underserviced infrastructures, inadequate housing to accommodate a growing urban populace, group conflict and competition over limited jobs and space, the inability for many residents to compete for new technology-based jobs, and tensions between the public and private sectors left to the formation and growth of U.S. ghettos.</p></blockquote> <p>The cumulative economic and social forces in ghettos give way to social, political and economic isolation and inequality, while indirectly defining a separation between superior and inferior status of groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In response to the influx of black people from the South, banks, insurance companies, and businesses began denying or increasing the cost of services, such as <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a>, access to jobs,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">access to health care</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Supermarket" title="Supermarket">supermarkets</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to residents in certain, often racially determined,<sup id="cite_ref-eastny_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eastny-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> areas. The most devastating form of <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a>, and the most common use of the term, refers to <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">mortgage discrimination</a>. Data on house prices and attitudes toward integration suggest that in the mid-twentieth century, segregation was a product of collective actions taken by non-black people to exclude black people from outside neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-vigdor_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vigdor-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Racial" Provisions of the FHA Underwriting Manual of 1936 included the following guidelines which exacerbated the segregation issue: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:100%"><p>Recommended restrictions should include provision for: prohibition of the occupancy of properties except by the race for which they are intended ... Schools should be appropriate to the needs of the new community and they should not be attended in large numbers by inharmonious racial groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Keating_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keating-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This meant that <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">ethnic minorities</a> could secure <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgage loans</a> only in certain areas, and it resulted in a large increase in the residential <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The creation of new highways in some cases divided and isolated black neighborhoods from goods and services, many times within industrial corridors. For example, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>'s interstate highway system attempted to maintain the racial boundaries that had been established by the city's 1926 racial zoning law. The construction of interstate highways through black neighborhoods in the city led to significant population loss in those neighborhoods and is associated with an increase in neighborhood racial segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residential segregation was further perpetuated because whites were willing to pay more than black people to live in predominantly white areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Glaeser_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glaeser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some social scientists suggest that the historical processes of <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">suburbanization</a> and decentralization are instances of <a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white privilege</a> that have contributed to contemporary patterns of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">environmental racism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the emergence of anti-discrimination policies in housing and labor sparked by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">black middle class</a> moved out of the ghetto. The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Fair Housing Act</a> was passed in 1968. This was the first federal law that outlawed discrimination in the sale and rental of housing on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion and later sex, familial status, and disability. The <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Fair_Housing_and_Equal_Opportunity" title="Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity">Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity</a> was charged with administering and enforcing the law. Since housing discrimination became illegal, new housing opportunities were made available to the black community and many left the ghetto. Urban sociologists frequently title this historical event as "black middle class exodus", or <a href="/wiki/Black_flight" title="Black flight">black flight</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Anderson_(sociologist)" title="Elijah Anderson (sociologist)">Elijah Anderson</a> describes a process by which members of the black middle class begin to distance themselves socially and culturally from ghetto residents during the later half of the twentieth century, "eventually expressing this distance by literally moving away."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is followed by the exodus of black working-class families.<sup id="cite_ref-Disadvantaged_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disadvantaged-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49">: 49 </span></sup> As a result, the ghetto becomes primarily occupied by what sociologists and journalists of the 1980s and 1990s frequently title the "<a href="/wiki/Underclass" title="Underclass">underclass</a>." <a href="/wiki/William_Julius_Wilson" title="William Julius Wilson">William Julius Wilson</a> suggests this exodus worsened the isolation of the black underclass — not only were they socially and physically distanced from whites, they also became isolated from the black middle class.<sup id="cite_ref-Disadvantaged_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Disadvantaged-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theories_on_the_development_of_Black_ghettos">Theories on the development of Black ghettos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Theories on the development of Black ghettos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two dominant theories arise pertaining to the production and development of U.S. ghettos: race-based and class-based; as well as an alternative theory put forward by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Race-based_theories">Race-based theories</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Race-based theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>First are the race-based theorists, who argue the importance of <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> in ghettos. Their analysis consists of the dominant racial group in the U.S. (<a href="/wiki/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestants" title="White Anglo-Saxon Protestants">White Anglo-Saxon Protestants</a>) and their use of certain racist tactics in order to maintain their <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> over black people and lengthen their spatial separation. Race-based theorists offset other arguments that focus on the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> on segregation. More contemporary research of race-based theorists is to frame a range of methods conducted by white Americans to "preserve race-based residential inequities" as a function of the dominantly white, state-run government. Involving uneven development, mortgage and business discrimination and disinvestment—U.S. ghettos then, as suggested by race-based theorists, are conserved by distinctly racial reasoning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Class-based_theories">Class-based theories</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Class-based theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The more dominant view, on the other hand, is represented by <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class-based</a> theorists. Such theories confirm class to be more important than race in the structuring of U.S. ghettos. Although racial concentration is a key signifier for ghettos, class-based theorists emphasize the role and impact of broader societal structures in the creation of African-American or Black ghettos. Dynamics of low-wage service and unemployment triggered from <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">deindustrialization</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Intergenerationality" title="Intergenerationality">intergenerational</a> diffusion of status within families and neighborhoods, for instance, prove the rise in socioeconomic polarization between classes to be the creator of American ghetto; not <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">culture of poverty</a> theory, first developed by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Lewis" title="Oscar Lewis">Oscar Lewis</a>, states that a prolonged history of poverty can itself become a cultural obstacle to socioeconomic success, and in turn can continue a pattern of socioeconomic polarization. Ghettos, in short, instill a cultural adaptation to social and class-based inequalities, reducing the ability of future generations to mobilize or <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer,_Claude_S._2000_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer,_Claude_S._2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Alternative_theory">Alternative theory</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alternative theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative theory put forward by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Thomas Sowell</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> asserts that modern urban black ghetto culture is rooted in the white <a href="/wiki/Cracker_(term)" title="Cracker (term)">Cracker</a> culture of the <a href="/wiki/North_Britain" title="North Britain">North Britons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a> who migrated from the generally lawless <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_border" title="Anglo-Scottish border">border</a> regions of Britain to the American South, where they formed a <a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">redneck</a> culture common to both black and white people in the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum South</a>. Characteristics of this culture included lively music and dance, violence, unbridled emotions, flamboyant imagery, illegitimacy, religious oratory marked by strident rhetoric, and a lack of emphasis on education and intellectual interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Sowell_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sowell-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because redneck culture proved counterproductive, "that culture long ago died out...among both white and black Southerners, while still surviving today in the poorest and worst of the urban black ghettos",<sup id="cite_ref-Nordlinger_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlinger-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Sowell described as being characterized by "brawling, braggadocio, self-indulgence, [and] disregard of the future",<sup id="cite_ref-Nordlinger_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlinger-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and where "belligerence is considered being manly and crudity is considered cool, while being civilized is regarded as 'acting white'."<sup id="cite_ref-Sowell_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sowell-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sowell blames liberal Americans who since the 1960s have embraced black ghetto culture as the only "'authentic' black culture and even glamorize it" while they "denounce any criticism of the ghetto lifestyle or any attempt to change it."<sup id="cite_ref-Sowell_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sowell-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sowell asserts that white liberal Americans have perpetuated this "counterproductive and self-destructive lifestyle" among black Americans living in urban ghettos through "the welfare state, and look-the-other-way policing, and smiling at 'gangsta rap'."<sup id="cite_ref-Nordlinger_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlinger-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._characterizations_of_"ghetto""><span id="U.S._characterizations_of_.22ghetto.22"></span>U.S. characterizations of "ghetto"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: U.S. characterizations of "ghetto""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary African-American or Black ghettos are characterized by an overrepresentation of a particular ethnicity or race, vulnerability to crime, social problems, governmental reliance and political disempowerment. <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Zukin" title="Sharon Zukin">Sharon Zukin</a> explains that through these reasons, society rationalizes the term "bad neighborhoods." Zukin stresses that these circumstances are largely related to "racial concentration, residential abandonment, and de-constitution and reconstitution of communal institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-Zukin,_Sharon_2002_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zukin,_Sharon_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 516">: 516 </span></sup> Many scholars diagnose this poorly facilitated and fragmented view of the United States as the "age of extremes." This term argues that inequalities of wealth and power reinforce spatial separation; for example, the growth of <a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">gated communities</a> can be interconnected with the continued "ghettoization" of the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer,_Claude_S._2000_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer,_Claude_S._2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another characteristic to African-American or Black ghettos and spatial separation is the dependence on the state, and lack of communal <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>; Sharon Zukin refers to <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Brooklyn" title="Brownsville, Brooklyn">Brownsville, Brooklyn</a>, as an example. This relationship between racial ghettos and the state is demonstrated through various push and pull features, implemented through government subsidized investments, which certainly assisted the movement of white Americans into the suburbs after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Since the 1960s, after the de-constitution of the inner cities, African-American or Black ghettos have attempted to reorganize or reconstitute; in effect, they are increasingly regarded as public- and state-dependent communities. Brownsville, for instance, initiated the constitution of community-established public housing, anti-poverty organizations, and social service facilities—all, in their own way, depend on state resources. However, certain dependence contradicts society's desires to be autonomous actors in the market. Moreover, Zukin implies, "the less 'autonomous' the community—in its dependence on public schools, public housing and various subsidy programs—the greater the inequity between their organizations and the state, and the less willing residents are to organize."<sup id="cite_ref-Zukin,_Sharon_2002_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zukin,_Sharon_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 517">: 517 </span></sup> This should not, however, undermine local development corporations or social service agencies helping these neighborhoods. The lack of autonomy and growing dependence on the state, especially in a <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> economy, remains a key indicator to the production as well as the prevalence of African-American or Black ghettos, particularly due to the lack of opportunities to compete in the global market.<sup id="cite_ref-Zukin,_Sharon_2002_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zukin,_Sharon_2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of the <i>ghetto</i> and <i>underclass</i> has faced criticism both theoretically and empirically. Research has shown significant differences in resources for neighborhoods with similar populations both across cities and over time.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes differences in the resources of neighborhoods with predominantly low income or racial minority populations. The cause of these differences in resources across similar neighborhoods has more to do with dynamics outside of the neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To a large extent the problem with the <i>ghetto</i> and <i>underclass</i> concepts stem from the reliance on case studies (in particular case studies from Chicago), which limit social scientist understandings of socially disadvantaged neighborhoods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Internal_characterizations">Internal characterizations</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Internal characterizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite mainstream America's use of the term <i>ghetto</i> to signify a poor, culturally or racially homogenous urban area, those living in the area often used it to signify something positive. The black ghettos did not always contain dilapidated houses and deteriorating projects, nor were all of its residents poverty-stricken. For many African-Americans, the ghetto was "home": a place representing authentic <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">blackness</a> and a feeling, passion, or emotion derived from rising above the struggle and suffering of being black in America.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a> relays in his "Negro Ghetto" (1931) and "The Heart of Harlem" (1945) poems:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>The buildings in Harlem are brick and stone<br /> And the streets are long and wide,<br /> But Harlem's much more than these alone,<br /> Harlem is what's inside. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"The Heart of Harlem" (1945)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Playwright <a href="/wiki/August_Wilson" title="August Wilson">August Wilson</a> uses the term "ghetto" in <i><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a></i> (1984) and <i><a href="/wiki/Fences_(play)" title="Fences (play)">Fences</a></i> (1985), both of which draw upon the author's experience growing up in the <a href="/wiki/Hill_District_(Pittsburgh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill District (Pittsburgh)">Hill District</a> of Pittsburgh, a black ghetto.<sup id="cite_ref-Glaeser_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glaeser-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_usage_and_reinterpretations_of_"ghetto""><span id="Modern_usage_and_reinterpretations_of_.22ghetto.22"></span>Modern usage and reinterpretations of "ghetto"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern usage and reinterpretations of "ghetto""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently the word "ghetto" has been used in <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a>. It is used to indicate an object's relation to the inner city and also more broadly to denote something that is shabby or of low quality. While "ghetto" as an adjective can be used derogatorily, the African-American or Black community, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> scene, has taken the word for themselves and begun using it in a more positive sense that transcends its derogatory origins.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographical_Review" title="Geographical Review">Geographical Review</a></i> claimed "The degree of residential segregation of the black community is greater than for any other group in urban America, yet black people have not had the political power necessary to exercise any significant degree of control over the improvement of the basic services necessary for their health, education, and welfare."<sup id="cite_ref-Geographical_Review_107_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geographical_Review_107-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have been interested in the study of African-American or Black ghettos precisely for the concentration of disadvantaged residents and their vulnerability to social problems. American ghettos also bring attention to geographical and political barriers, and as <a href="/wiki/Doreen_Massey_(geographer)" title="Doreen Massey (geographer)">Doreen Massey</a> highlights, that racial segregation in African-American or Black ghettos challenge America's democratic foundations.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer,_Claude_S._2000_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer,_Claude_S._2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is still advocated that "One solution to these problems depends on our ability to use the political process in eliminating the inequities... geographical knowledge and theory to public-policy decisions about poor people and poor regions is a professional obligation."<sup id="cite_ref-Geographical_Review_107_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geographical_Review_107-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_ghettos_(Non-Jewish)"><span id="European_ghettos_.28Non-Jewish.29"></span>European ghettos (Non-Jewish)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: European ghettos (Non-Jewish)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roma_ghettos">Roma ghettos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Roma ghettos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Romani_settlements" title="List of Romani settlements">List of Romani settlements</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lunik_IX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lunik_IX.jpg/220px-Lunik_IX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lunik_IX.jpg/330px-Lunik_IX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lunik_IX.jpg/440px-Lunik_IX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>Roma settlement <a href="/wiki/Lun%C3%ADk_IX" title="Luník IX">Luník IX</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are many Roma ghettos in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Czech government estimates that there are approximately 830 Roma ghettos in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_Kingdom">In the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The existence of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">ethnic enclaves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is <a href="/wiki/White_flight#United_Kingdom" title="White flight">controversial</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southall" title="Southall">Southall Broadway</a>, a predominantly <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a> area in <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>, where less than 12 percent of the population is <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">white</a>, has been cited as an example of a 'ghetto', but in reality the area is home to a number of different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">religious groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis of data from <a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_census" title="2001 United Kingdom census">Census 2001</a> revealed that only two <a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">wards</a> in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, had one dominant non-white ethnic group comprising more than two-thirds of the local population, but there were 20 wards where <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">whites</a> were a minority making up less than a third of the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2001, two London boroughs—<a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Brent" title="London Borough of Brent">Brent</a>—had "<a href="/wiki/Majority_minority" title="Majority minority">minority majority</a>" populations, and most parts of the city tend to have a diverse population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Historically, some parts of London have long been noted for the prevalence of a particular ethnic or religious group (such as the Jewish communities of <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green" title="Golders Green">Golders Green</a> and other parts of the <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barnet" title="London Borough of Barnet">London Borough of Barnet</a>, and the West Indian community of <a href="/wiki/Notting_Hill" title="Notting Hill">Notting Hill</a>), but in each case these populations have been part of a broader multicultural population. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/East_End" class="mw-redirect" title="East End">East End</a> of London was also noted for its Jewish population, but now has a significant <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">British Bangladeshi</a> populace.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Northern_Ireland">In Northern Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg/200px-Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg/300px-Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg/400px-Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A "peace line" in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, seen from the Irish nationalist/republican side. The small back row of houses are protected by cages as missiles are sometimes thrown from the other side.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandy_Row_mural,_Belfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sandy_Row_mural%2C_Belfast.jpg/200px-Sandy_Row_mural%2C_Belfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sandy_Row_mural%2C_Belfast.jpg/300px-Sandy_Row_mural%2C_Belfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sandy_Row_mural%2C_Belfast.jpg/400px-Sandy_Row_mural%2C_Belfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Murals in Northern Ireland">Mural</a> at the edge of a loyalist ghetto in Belfast</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, towns and cities have long been <a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">segregated along ethnic, religious and political lines</a>. The two main communities of Northern Ireland are: </p> <ol><li>the <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republican</a> community, who mainly self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>; and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> community, who mainly self-identify as <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> or <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland" title="Protestantism in Ireland">Protestant</a>.</li></ol> <p>Ghettos emerged in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riots</a> that accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>. For safety, people fled to areas where their community was the majority. Many more ghettos emerged after the <a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">1969 riots</a> and beginning of the "<a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Troubles</a>." In August 1969 the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> was deployed to restore order and separate the two sides. The government built barriers called "<a href="/wiki/Peace_lines" title="Peace lines">peace lines</a>." Many of the ghettos came under the control of <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitaries</a> such as the (republican) <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> and the (loyalist <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organisation">terrorist organisation</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a>. One of the most notable ghettos was <a href="/wiki/Free_Derry" title="Free Derry">Free Derry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Denmark">In Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_residential_area_(Denmark)" title="Vulnerable residential area (Denmark)">Vulnerable residential area (Denmark)</a></div> <p>During the period 2010–2021,<sup id="cite_ref-BL_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BL-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the word <i>ghetto</i> was used officially by the Danish government to describe certain officially designated vulnerable <a href="/wiki/Social_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Social housing">social housing</a> areas in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The designation was applied to areas based on the residents' income levels, employment status, education levels, criminal convictions and proportion of non-Western immigrants and their descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was controversial during its period of use and was finally removed in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-BL_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BL-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Denmark)" title="Ministry of Transport (Denmark)">Danish Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing</a> introduced an official listing of vulnerable social housing districts where the inhabitants fulfilled certain criteria. The list has informally and at times formally been called <i>Ghettolisten</i> (the 'List of Ghettos'). Since 2010, the list has been updated annually, with changes in the definition and/or terminology in 2013, 2018 and 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-BL_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BL-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the Danish government at the time, led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lars_L%C3%B8kke_Rasmussen" title="Lars Løkke Rasmussen">Lars Løkke Rasmussen</a>, announced its intention to "end the existence of <a href="/wiki/Parallel_society" title="Parallel society">parallel societies</a> and ghettos by 2030."<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-localDK_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-localDK-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of measures was introduced to solve the issue of <a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">integration</a>, including policies like 25 hours of obligatory daycare or corresponding parent supervision per week for children in the appointed areas starting age 1, lowering social welfare for residents, incentives for reducing unemployment, demolition and rebuilding of certain tenements, rights for landlords to refuse housing to convicts, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-localDK_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-localDK-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Time_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policies have been criticized for undercutting 'equality before law' and for portraying immigrants, especially Muslim immigrants, in a bad light.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "ghetto" was controversial during the period of its usage, inhabitants feeling stigmatized by the wording<sup id="cite_ref-dybvad_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dybvad-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and researchers pointing out that the areas in question were typically inhabited by 20-40 different ethnic minorities, hence being diametrically opposed to the ethnic homogeneity of the original ghettos, so that multi-ethnic residential areas would be a more appropriate term.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2019 a new <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Denmark)" title="Social Democrats (Denmark)">social democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederiksen_I_Cabinet" title="Frederiksen I Cabinet">government</a> was formed in Denmark, with <a href="/wiki/Kaare_Dybvad" title="Kaare Dybvad">Kaare Dybvad</a> becoming housing minister. He stated that the new government would stop using the word "ghetto" for vulnerable housing areas, as it was both imprecise and derogatory.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2021 reform, the name was finally removed in legal texts by Parliament. Instead, a new category called "parallel societies" was instituted.<sup id="cite_ref-BL_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BL-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_France">In France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Banlieue" title="Banlieue">banlieue</a></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[bɑ̃ljø]</a></span>) is a suburb of a large <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">city</a>. Banlieues are divided into autonomous administrative entities and do not constitute part of the <a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city proper</a>. For instance, 80% of the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area" title="Paris metropolitan area">Paris area</a> live outside the city of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the city centre, suburbs may be rich, middle-class or poor — <a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_V%C3%A9sinet" title="Le Vésinet">Le Vésinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maisons-Laffitte" title="Maisons-Laffitte">Maisons-Laffitte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a> are affluent banlieues of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Clichy-sous-Bois" title="Clichy-sous-Bois">Clichy-sous-Bois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bondy" title="Bondy">Bondy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corbeil-Essonnes" title="Corbeil-Essonnes">Corbeil-Essonnes</a> are less so. However, since the 1970s, <i>banlieues</i> increasingly means, in <a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">French of France</a>, low-income housing projects (<a href="/wiki/HLM" title="HLM">HLMs</a>) in which mainly <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">foreign immigrants</a> and French of foreign descent reside, often in perceived <a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty" title="Cycle of poverty">poverty traps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of songs and films have been written about/depicting the ghetto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Wall</i> (1982), a TV Movie about the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw ghetto uprising</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boyz_n_the_Hood" title="Boyz n the Hood">Boyz n the Hood</a></i> (1991), a film about three young males living in Los Angeles' <a href="/wiki/Crenshaw,_Los_Angeles" title="Crenshaw, Los Angeles">Crenshaw ghetto</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menace_II_Society" title="Menace II Society">Menace II Society</a></i> (1993), about a young street hustler who attempts to escape the ghetto in a quest for a better life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_(2001_film)" title="Uprising (2001 film)"><i>Uprising</i></a> (2001), a TV Movie in which Jews rise up in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a> against the Nazis in 1943.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Courageous_Heart_of_Irena_Sendler" title="The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler">The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler</a></i> (2009), a TV movie about the titular Irena Sendler who saved the lives of hundreds of Jewish children by smuggling them out of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw ghetto</a> in Poland</li> <li><i>Who Will Write Our History</i> (2018), a film about <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Ringelblum" title="Emanuel Ringelblum">Emanuel Ringelblum</a>, and the secret archive that he created and led in the Warsaw Ghetto</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Ghetto" title="In the Ghetto">In the Ghetto</a>" (originally titled "The Vicious Circle"), a 1969 song about birth and life in slum areas, written by <a href="/wiki/Mac_Davis" title="Mac Davis">Mac Davis</a> and made famous by <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghetto_(Donny_Hathaway_song)" title="The Ghetto (Donny Hathaway song)">"The Ghetto"</a> (1970), soul song by <a href="/wiki/Donny_Hathaway" title="Donny Hathaway">Donny Hathaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_Life_(song)" title="Ghetto Life (song)">"Ghetto Life "</a> (1981), funk song by <a href="/wiki/Rick_James" title="Rick James">Rick James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghetto_(Too_Short_song)" title="The Ghetto (Too Short song)">"The Ghetto"</a> (1990), hip-hop song written by <a href="/wiki/Too_Short" title="Too Short">Too Short</a></li> <li>"Ghetto" (2001), a song by <a href="/wiki/P.O.D." title="P.O.D.">P.O.D.</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/Satellite_(P.O.D._album)" title="Satellite (P.O.D. album)">Satellite</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ghetto_(Akon_song)" title="Ghetto (Akon song)">Ghetto</a>" (2004) by <a href="/wiki/Akon" title="Akon">Akon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_(Kelly_Rowland_song)" title="Ghetto (Kelly Rowland song)">"Ghetto"</a> (2007), R&B song written by American singer <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Rowland" title="Kelly Rowland">Kelly Rowland</a></li> <li>"Ghetto" (2011), a song by Junai Kaden featuring <a href="/wiki/Mumzy_Stranger" title="Mumzy Stranger">Mumzy Stranger</a> from <i>From Me to You</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_(August_Alsina_album)" title="Testimony (August Alsina album)">"Ghetto"</a> (2014), an R&B song by <a href="/wiki/August_Alsina" title="August Alsina">August Alsina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbusting" title="Blockbusting">Blockbusting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_community" title="Gated community">Gated community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous" title="Ghetto fabulous">Ghetto fabulous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghetto tax">Ghetto tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_map" title="Poverty map">Poverty map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_ghetto" title="Rural ghetto">Rural ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">Shanty town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_row" title="Skid row">Skid row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">Slum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Township_(South_Africa)" title="Township (South Africa)">Township (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailer_park" title="Trailer park">Trailer park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_vitality" title="Urban vitality">Urban vitality</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ghetto">"ghetto"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=ghetto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fghetto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/ghettos">"Ghettos"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Ghettos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fghettos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H.E.-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H.E._3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolocaust_Encyclopedia2014" class="citation web cs1">Holocaust Encyclopedia (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815195917/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005059">"Ghettos. Key Facts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005059">the original</a> on August 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2015</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghettos.+Key+Facts&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YV03-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YV03_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/ghettos.html">The Ghettos | About the Holocaust</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></i>. Retrieved 19 July 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomonoske2014" class="citation web cs1">Domonoske, Camila (27 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/04/27/306829915/segregated-from-its-history-how-ghetto-lost-its-meaning">"Segregated From Its History, How 'Ghetto' Lost Its Meaning"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Segregated+From+Its+History%2C+How+%27Ghetto%27+Lost+Its+Meaning&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft.aulast=Domonoske&rft.aufirst=Camila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2014%2F04%2F27%2F306829915%2Fsegregated-from-its-history-how-ghetto-lost-its-meaning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Calimani" title="Riccardo Calimani">Calimani, Riccardo</a>. 1987. <i>The Ghetto of Venice</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/M._Evans_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="M. Evans & Co.">M. Evans & Co.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0871314843" title="Special:BookSources/0871314843">0871314843</a>. pp. 129–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomonoske2014" class="citation web cs1">Domonoske, Camila (April 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/04/27/306829915/segregated-from-its-history-how-ghetto-lost-its-meaning">"Segregated From Its History, How 'Ghetto' Lost Its Meaning"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2017</span>. <q>The word "ghetto" is an etymological mystery. Is it from the Hebrew get, or bill of divorce? From the Venetian ghèto, or foundry? From the Yiddish gehektes, "enclosed"? From Latin Giudaicetum, for "Jewish"? From the Italian borghetto, "little town"? From the Old French guect, "guard"?...In his etymology column for the Oxford University Press, Anatoly Liberman took a look at each of these possibilities. He considered ever more improbable origins — Latin for "ribbon"? German for "street"? Latin for "to throw"? — before declaring the word a stubborn mystery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Segregated+From+Its+History%2C+How+%27Ghetto%27+Lost+Its+Meaning&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft.aulast=Domonoske&rft.aufirst=Camila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2014%2F04%2F27%2F306829915%2Fsegregated-from-its-history-how-ghetto-lost-its-meaning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/ghetto">ghetto (n.)</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/ghetto.htm">GHETTO</a> Kim Pearson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224090832/http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/ghetto.htm">Archived</a> February 24, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad" title="Yitzhak Arad">Arad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad" title="Yitzhak Arad">Yitzhak</a>. <i>Ghetto in Flames</i>. pp. 436–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinajewish.org/JewishHistory.htm">Shanghai Jewish History</a>." <i>Shanghai Jewish Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813151839/http://www.chinajewish.org/JewishHistory.htm">Archived</a> 2006-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glaeser-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glaeser_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glaeser_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glaeser_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Glaeser" title="Edward Glaeser">Glaeser, Ed</a>. 1997. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/nerr/rr1997/spring/glsr97_2.htm">Ghettos: The Changing Consequences of Ethnic Isolation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101021081419/http://www.bos.frb.org/economic/nerr/rr1997/spring/glsr97_2.htm">Archived</a> 2010-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>Regional Review</i> 7(Spring). Boston, MA: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Boston" title="Federal Reserve Bank of Boston">Federal Reserve Bank of Boston</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKordunsky2012" class="citation web cs1">Kordunsky, Anna (17 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/news/162963/changing-face-of-brighton-beach/">"Changing Face of Brighton Beach"</a>. <i>The Forward</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Changing+Face+of+Brighton+Beach&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft.aulast=Kordunsky&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2F162963%2Fchanging-face-of-brighton-beach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darity,_William_A._2008-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darity,_William_A._2008_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darity,_William_A._2008_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darity,_William_A._2008_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Darity_Jr." title="William A. Darity Jr.">Darity Jr., William A.</a>, ed. 2008. "Ghetto." Pp. 311–14 in <i><a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_Sciences" title="International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences">International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences</a></i> 3(2). <a href="/wiki/Gale_Virtual_Reference_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Virtual Reference Library">Gale Virtual Reference Library</a>. Retrieved 25 October 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SethiSomanathan2004-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SethiSomanathan2004_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SethiSomanathan2004_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethiSomanathan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sethi, Rajiv; <a href="/wiki/Rohini_Somanathan" title="Rohini Somanathan">Somanathan, Rohini</a> (2004). 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"In poor health: Supermarket redlining and urban nutrition". <i><a href="/wiki/GeoJournal" title="GeoJournal">GeoJournal</a></i>. <b>53</b> (2): 125–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1015772503007">10.1023/A:1015772503007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151164815">151164815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=In+poor+health%3A+Supermarket+redlining+and+urban+nutrition&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-133&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1015772503007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151164815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eisenhauer&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eastny-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eastny_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thabit, Walter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TWo8OFJpFtAC"><i>How East New York Became a Ghetto</i></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-8267-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-8267-1">0-8147-8267-1</a>. Page 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vigdor-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vigdor_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutlerGlaeserVigdor1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Cutler" title="David Cutler">Cutler, David M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Glaeser" title="Edward Glaeser">Glaeser, Edward L.</a>; Vigdor, Jacob L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:2770033">"The Rise and Decline of the American Ghetto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a></i>. <b>107</b> (3): 455–506. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.587.8018">10.1.1.587.8018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F250069">10.1086/250069</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134413201">134413201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Decline+of+the+American+Ghetto&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=455-506&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.587.8018%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134413201%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F250069&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Glaeser%2C+Edward+L.&rft.au=Vigdor%2C+Jacob+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A2770033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Administration" title="Federal Housing Administration">Federal Housing Administration</a>, <i>Underwriting Manual: Underwriting and Valuation Procedure Under Title II of the <a href="/wiki/National_Housing_Act_of_1934" title="National Housing Act of 1934">National Housing Act</a> with Revisions to February, 1938</i> (Washington, D.C.), Part II, Section 9, Rating of Location.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_T._Jackson" title="Kenneth T. 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The University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/streetwiseracecl0000ande/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-01816-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-01816-4"><bdi>978-0-226-01816-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streetwise%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Change+in+an+Urban+Community&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-01816-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Elijah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstreetwiseracecl0000ande%2Fpage%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Disadvantaged-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Disadvantaged_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Disadvantaged_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1987" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, William Julius (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trulydisadvantag00wilsrich"><i>The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy</i></a>. The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-90131-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-90131-2"><bdi>978-0-226-90131-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truly+Disadvantaged%3A+The+Inner+City%2C+the+Underclass%2C+and+Public+Policy&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-226-90131-2&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=William+Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrulydisadvantag00wilsrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelton, Jason E. "Ghetto." <i>Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society</i>. 2008. SAGE Knowledge. Web. 25 Oct. 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sowell-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sowell_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sowell_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sowell_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sowell, Thomas (May 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitalismmagazine.com/2005/05/black-rednecks-and-white-liberals/">"Black Rednecks and White Liberals"</a>. <i>Capitalism Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capitalism+Magazine&rft.atitle=Black+Rednecks+and+White+Liberals&rft.date=2015-05-16&rft.aulast=Sowell&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitalismmagazine.com%2F2005%2F05%2Fblack-rednecks-and-white-liberals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nordlinger-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nordlinger_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordlinger_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nordlinger_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNordlinger2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nordlinger, Jay (September 9, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalreview.com/article/215370/chewing-nails-jay-nordlinger">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Black Rednecks and White Liberals", by Thomas Sowell"</a>. <i>National Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=%22Black+Rednecks+and+White+Liberals%22%2C+by+Thomas+Sowell&rft.date=2005-09-09&rft.aulast=Nordlinger&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2Farticle%2F215370%2Fchewing-nails-jay-nordlinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Symposium on the <i>Ghetto</i>". <i>City & Community</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 305–407. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcico.2008.7.issue-4">10.1111/cico.2008.7.issue-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+%26+Community&rft.atitle=Symposium+on+the+Ghetto&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=305-407&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcico.2008.7.issue-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmallMcDermott2006" class="citation journal cs1">Small, Mario L.; McDermott, Monica (2006). 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart_E" class="citation book cs1">Stuart E, Heflin Sr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1456766406"><i>The Goshen Dilemma</i></a>. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goshen+Dilemma&rft.pages=26&rft.aulast=Stuart+E&rft.aufirst=Heflin+Sr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1456766406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geographical_Review_107-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geographical_Review_107_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geographical_Review_107_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Geographical Review</i> 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor.org-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Geographical Record". <i>Geographical Review</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 106–17. 1973. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/213241">213241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Geographical+Record&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=106-17&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F213241%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/wdpmdm/the-new-roma-ghettos-000519-v20n4">"The New Roma Ghettos"</a>. <i>Vice</i>. 25 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=The+New+Roma+Ghettos&rft.date=2013-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fwdpmdm%2Fthe-new-roma-ghettos-000519-v20n4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/23/no-voice-no-future-roma-ignored-as-europe-goes-to-polls">"No voice, no future? Roma ignored as Europe goes to polls"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 23 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=No+voice%2C+no+future%3F+Roma+ignored+as+Europe+goes+to+polls&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fmay%2F23%2Fno-voice-no-future-roma-ignored-as-europe-goes-to-polls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/09/06/inenglish/1567776057_755361.html">"Roma ghettos in the heart of the EU"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i>. 6 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Roma+ghettos+in+the+heart+of+the+EU&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2019%2F09%2F06%2Finenglish%2F1567776057_755361.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romea.cz/en/news/czech/czech-govt-report-on-the-state-of-the-romani-minority-estimates-830-ghettos-with-127-000-inhabitants-in-the-regions">"Czech Govt report on the state of the Romani minority estimates 830 ghettos with 127, 000 inhabitants in the regions"</a>. <i>Romea.cz</i>. 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romea.cz&rft.atitle=Czech+Govt+report+on+the+state+of+the+Romani+minority+estimates+830+ghettos+with+127%2C+000+inhabitants+in+the+regions&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.romea.cz%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fczech%2Fczech-govt-report-on-the-state-of-the-romani-minority-estimates-830-ghettos-with-127-000-inhabitants-in-the-regions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2004" class="citation news cs1">Browne, Anthony (May 5, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/we-cant-run-away-from-it-white-flight-is-here-too-6mh6wpbz56v">"We cant run away from it white flight is here too"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/social-policy/research/Research-clusters/british-society-for-population-studies/about">About</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_Population_Studies" title="British Society for Population Studies">British Society for Population Studies</a></i>. UK: <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="London School of Economics and Political Science">London School of Economics and Political Science</a>. Retrieved 19 July 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishmuseum.org.uk/50-objects/theme/east-end/">50 Objects: 'London's East End'</a>," <i>jewishmuseum.org.uk</i>. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731031114/http://www.museumoffreederry.org/history-battle01.html">"History Battle of the Bogside"</a>. <i>The Museum of Free Derry</i>. 2015-07-31. Archived from the original on 2015-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Museum+of+Free+Derry&rft.atitle=History+Battle+of+the+Bogside&rft.date=2015-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumoffreederry.org%2Fhistory-battle01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BL-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BL_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BL_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BL_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BL_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bl.dk/politik-og-analyser/temaer/her-er-listen-over-parallelsamfund/">Danmarks Almene Boliger. <i>Ghettolisten eller Parallelsamfundslisterne.</i></a> (in Danish) Retrieved 28 April 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.dk/samling/20121/almdel/UUI/bilag/102/1247356.pdf">"UDSATTE BOLIGOMRÅDER — DE NÆSTE SKRIDT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ft.dk</i>. The Immigration and Integration Affairs Committee of the Danish Parliament. May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630133059/https://www.ft.dk/samling/20121/almdel/UUI/bilag/102/1247356.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ft.dk&rft.atitle=UDSATTE+BOLIGOMR%C3%85DER+%E2%80%94+DE+N%C3%86STE+SKRIDT&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.dk%2Fsamling%2F20121%2Falmdel%2FUUI%2Fbilag%2F102%2F1247356.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span> (in Danish).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielson" class="citation news cs1">Nielson, Emil Gjerding. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-denmark-immigration-widerimage/in-danish-ghettos-immigrants-feel-stigmatized-and-shut-out-idUSKCN1IU1DS">"In Danish 'ghettos', immigrants feel stigmatized and shut out"</a>. <i>U.S</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.&rft.atitle=In+Danish+%27ghettos%27%2C+immigrants+feel+stigmatized+and+shut+out&rft.aulast=Nielson&rft.aufirst=Emil+Gjerding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-denmark-immigration-widerimage%2Fin-danish-ghettos-immigrants-feel-stigmatized-and-shut-out-idUSKCN1IU1DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2018/03/30/593979013/in-denmark-s-plan-to-rid-country-of-ghettos-some-immigrants-hear-go-home?t=1530707460545">"In Denmark's Plan To Rid Country Of 'Ghettos,' Some Immigrants Hear 'Go Home'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=In+Denmark%27s+Plan+To+Rid+Country+Of+%27Ghettos%2C%27+Some+Immigrants+Hear+%27Go+Home%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fparallels%2F2018%2F03%2F30%2F593979013%2Fin-denmark-s-plan-to-rid-country-of-ghettos-some-immigrants-hear-go-home%3Ft%3D1530707460545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrySorensen2018" class="citation news cs1">Barry, Ellen; Sorensen, Martin Selsoe (2 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/01/world/europe/denmark-immigrant-ghettos.html">"In Denmark, Harsh New Laws for Immigrant 'Ghettos'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Denmark%2C+Harsh+New+Laws+for+Immigrant+%27Ghettos%27&rft.date=2018-07-02&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Sorensen%2C+Martin+Selsoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F07%2F01%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fdenmark-immigrant-ghettos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-43214596">"Danes to double penalty for ghetto crime"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2018-02-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Danes+to+double+penalty+for+ghetto+crime&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-43214596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-localDK-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-localDK_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-localDK_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.dk/20180228/heres-what-we-know-about-denmarks-ghetto-plan">"Here's what we know about Denmark's 'ghetto plan'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 2018-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Here%27s+what+we+know+about+Denmark%27s+%27ghetto+plan%27&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.dk%2F20180228%2Fheres-what-we-know-about-denmarks-ghetto-plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5328347/denmark-ghettos-policies/">"What to Know About Denmark's Plan to End Immigrant "Ghettos"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=What+to+Know+About+Denmark%27s+Plan+to+End+Immigrant+%22Ghettos%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5328347%2Fdenmark-ghettos-policies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/world/2018/7/3/17525960/denmark-children-immigrant-muslim-danish-ghetto">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"No ghettos in 2030": Denmark's controversial plan to get rid of immigrant neighborhoods"</a>. <i>Vox</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=%22No+ghettos+in+2030%22%3A+Denmark%27s+controversial+plan+to+get+rid+of+immigrant+neighborhoods&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2F7%2F3%2F17525960%2Fdenmark-children-immigrant-muslim-danish-ghetto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dybvad-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dybvad_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/politik/ny-boligminister-vil-undga-ordet-ghetto">"Ny boligminister vil undgå ordet 'ghetto'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/DR_(broadcaster)" title="DR (broadcaster)">DR</a>. 8 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ny+boligminister+vil+undg%C3%A5+ordet+%27ghetto%27&rft.date=2019-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dr.dk%2Fnyheder%2Fpolitik%2Fny-boligminister-vil-undga-ordet-ghetto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.b.dk/kronikker/ghetto-et-ord-med-betydning">"Ghetto - et ord med betydning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berlingske" title="Berlingske">Berlingske</a>. 25 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ghetto+-+et+ord+med+betydning&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.b.dk%2Fkronikker%2Fghetto-et-ord-med-betydning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/danmark/forsker-udsatte-boligomraader-kan-vaere-en-fordel-integrationen">"Forsker: Udsatte boligområder kan være en fordel for integrationen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kristeligt_Dagblad" title="Kristeligt Dagblad">Kristeligt Dagblad</a>. 1 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Forsker%3A+Udsatte+boligomr%C3%A5der+kan+v%C3%A6re+en+fordel+for+integrationen&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kristeligt-dagblad.dk%2Fdanmark%2Fforsker-udsatte-boligomraader-kan-vaere-en-fordel-integrationen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politiken.dk/debat/art7298118/Her-er-hadeordene-der-skal-d%C3%B8-sammen-med-ghetto">Politiken. <i>Fem debattører: Her er hadeordene, der skal dø sammen med 'ghetto'.</i></a> (in Danish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203928/http://parisbynumbers.com/2008/04/28/paris-suburbs-les-banlieues/">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parisbynumbers.com/2008/04/28/paris-suburbs-les-banlieues/">the original</a> on 2013-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparisbynumbers.com%2F2008%2F04%2F28%2Fparis-suburbs-les-banlieues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhetto" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lepoutre, David. <i>Coeur de banlieue: codes, rites, et langages</i>. Odile Jacob, 1997.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ghetto" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ghetto">ghetto</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div><p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_ghettos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Jewish ghettos">Jewish ghettos</a> at Wikimedia Commons</p><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120057&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010743927705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&oldid=1258403877">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghetto&oldid=1258403877</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ghettos" 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