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id="toc-Etymology_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>United Kingdom and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_modern_suburb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_modern_suburb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Origins of the modern suburb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_modern_suburb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_suburban_expansion_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_suburban_expansion_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Interwar suburban expansion in England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interwar_suburban_expansion_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Postwar_suburban_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_suburban_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Postwar suburban expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_suburban_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Worldwide</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worldwide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worldwide subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worldwide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic_flows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_flows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Traffic flows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_flows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Suburb</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voorstad" title="Voorstad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Voorstad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underburg" title="Underburg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Underburg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ضاحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضاحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbiu" title="Suburbiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Suburbiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99h%C9%99r%C9%99traf%C4%B1_zona" title="Şəhərətrafı zona – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəhərətrafı zona" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="শহরতলি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শহরতলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C4%AB-g%C5%8Da" title="Chhī-gōa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhī-gōa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D2%AB%D1%82%D3%99" title="Биҫтә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Биҫтә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Прадмесце – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прадмесце" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Прадмесьце – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Прадмесьце" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Предградие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Предградие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predgra%C4%91e" title="Predgrađe – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Predgrađe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbi" title="Suburbi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Suburbi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Хулаçум – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хулаçум" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99edm%C4%9Bst%C3%AD" title="Předměstí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Předměstí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maestref" title="Maestref – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Maestref" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forstad" title="Forstad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forstad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorort" title="Vorort – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vorort" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agul" title="Agul – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Agul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Προάστιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προάστιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbio" title="Suburbio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suburbio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta%C5%ADurbo" title="Antaŭurbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antaŭurbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldiri" title="Aldiri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aldiri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="حومه شهر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حومه شهر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banlieue" title="Banlieue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banlieue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBtenwyk" title="Bûtenwyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bûtenwyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruachbhaile" title="Bruachbhaile – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bruachbhaile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbio" title="Suburbio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Suburbio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EC%99%B8" title="교외 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교외" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Արվարձան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արվարձան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="उपनगर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपनगर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predgra%C4%91e" title="Predgrađe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Predgrađe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinggir_kota" title="Pinggir kota – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pinggir kota" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Athverfi" title="Úthverfi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úthverfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobborgo" title="Sobborgo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sobborgo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8" title="פרוור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרוור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಬಡಾವಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಡಾವಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="გარეუბანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გარეუბანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pambizo" title="Pambizo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pambizo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fobou" title="Fobou – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fobou" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbium" title="Suburbium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Suburbium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priek%C5%A1pils%C4%93ta" title="Priekšpilsēta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Priekšpilsēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priemiestis" title="Priemiestis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Priemiestis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veurstad" title="Veurstad – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Veurstad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClv%C3%A1ros" title="Külváros – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Külváros" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Предградие – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Предградие" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="გალეგანობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გალეგანობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subbandar" title="Subbandar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Subbandar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buitenwijk" title="Buitenwijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Buitenwijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="उपनगर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उपनगर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%8A%E5%A4%96" title="郊外 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="郊外" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forstad" title="Forstad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forstad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forstad" title="Forstad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Forstad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banl%C3%A8ga" title="Banlèga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Banlèga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" title="ਉਪਨਗਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਪਨਗਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przedmie%C5%9Bcie" title="Przedmieście – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przedmieście" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub%C3%BArbio" title="Subúrbio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Subúrbio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburbie" title="Suburbie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Suburbie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Пригород – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пригород" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Тас хото – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тас хото" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periferia" title="Periferia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Periferia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Suburb" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predmestie" title="Predmestie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Predmestie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قەراغی شار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قەراغی شار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B5" title="Предграђе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Предграђе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predgra%C4%91e" title="Predgrađe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Predgrađe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esikaupunki" title="Esikaupunki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Esikaupunki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rort" title="Förort – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förort" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naik" title="Naik – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Naik" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="புறநகர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புறநகர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ชานเมือง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชานเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banliy%C3%B6" title="Banliyö – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Banliyö" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Передмістя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Передмістя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="مضافات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مضافات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo%E1%BA%A1i_%C3%B4" title="Ngoại ô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngoại ô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%8A%E5%8C%BA" title="郊区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="郊区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E9%83%8A" title="市郊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="市郊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%8A%E5%8D%80" title="郊區 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="郊區" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human settlement within a metropolitan area</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Suburbs", "Suburbia", and "Suburban" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Suburbs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Suburbs (disambiguation)">Suburbs (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suburbia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Suburbia (disambiguation)">Suburbia (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suburban_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Suburban (disambiguation)">Suburban (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Hempstead,_July_2019.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aerial_view_of_Hempstead%2C_July_2019.JPG/240px-Aerial_view_of_Hempstead%2C_July_2019.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aerial_view_of_Hempstead%2C_July_2019.JPG/360px-Aerial_view_of_Hempstead%2C_July_2019.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Aerial_view_of_Hempstead%2C_July_2019.JPG/480px-Aerial_view_of_Hempstead%2C_July_2019.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3457" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2018-05-21_16_09_20_View_east_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_33_at_Middlesex_County_Route_619_(Applegarth_Road-Butcher_Road)_in_Monroe_Township,_Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/2018-05-21_16_09_20_View_east_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_33_at_Middlesex_County_Route_619_%28Applegarth_Road-Butcher_Road%29_in_Monroe_Township%2C_Middlesex_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/2018-05-21_16_09_20_View_east_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_33_at_Middlesex_County_Route_619_%28Applegarth_Road-Butcher_Road%29_in_Monroe_Township%2C_Middlesex_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/360px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/2018-05-21_16_09_20_View_east_along_New_Jersey_State_Route_33_at_Middlesex_County_Route_619_%28Applegarth_Road-Butcher_Road%29_in_Monroe_Township%2C_Middlesex_County%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/480px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau County</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> (top) is emblematic of the continuous <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">sprawl</a> making up the <a href="/wiki/Inner_suburb" title="Inner suburb">inner suburbs</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, in contrast with <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey">Monroe Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Middlesex County, New Jersey">Middlesex County</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (below), characteristic of an outer suburb, or <a href="/wiki/Exurb" title="Exurb">exurb</a>, of New York City, with a lower population density.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WeilerswistSued.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/WeilerswistSued.jpg/220px-WeilerswistSued.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/WeilerswistSued.jpg/330px-WeilerswistSued.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/WeilerswistSued.jpg/440px-WeilerswistSued.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3949" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Weilerswist" title="Weilerswist">Weilerswist</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A4nnist%C3%B6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/M%C3%A4nnist%C3%B6.jpg/220px-M%C3%A4nnist%C3%B6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/M%C3%A4nnist%C3%B6.jpg/330px-M%C3%A4nnist%C3%B6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/M%C3%A4nnist%C3%B6.jpg/440px-M%C3%A4nnist%C3%B6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nnist%C3%B6" title="Männistö">Männistö</a>, a suburban neighborhood in <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matkusniemi_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Matkusniemi_3.jpg/220px-Matkusniemi_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Matkusniemi_3.jpg/330px-Matkusniemi_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Matkusniemi_3.jpg/440px-Matkusniemi_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5005" data-file-height="3250" /></a><figcaption>Saaristokaupunki (Archipelago city), a new suburban area in <a href="/wiki/Kuopio" title="Kuopio">Kuopio</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAJUK_Uttara_Apartment_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/RAJUK_Uttara_Apartment_Project.jpg/220px-RAJUK_Uttara_Apartment_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/RAJUK_Uttara_Apartment_Project.jpg/330px-RAJUK_Uttara_Apartment_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/RAJUK_Uttara_Apartment_Project.jpg/440px-RAJUK_Uttara_Apartment_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4940" data-file-height="2493" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RAJUK" class="mw-redirect" title="RAJUK">RAJUK</a> Uttara Apartment complex at <a href="/wiki/Uttara_(Town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara (Town)">Uttara</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Husby_Kista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Husby_Kista.jpg/220px-Husby_Kista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Husby_Kista.jpg/330px-Husby_Kista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Husby_Kista.jpg/440px-Husby_Kista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Husby,_Stockholm" title="Husby, Stockholm">Husby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kista" title="Kista">Kista</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akalla" title="Akalla">Akalla</a> are built according to the typical <a href="/wiki/City_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="City planning">city planning</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Million_Programme" title="Million Programme">Million Programme</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>suburb</b> (more broadly <b>suburban area</b>) is an area within a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> which is predominantly residential and within <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuting</a> distance of a large city.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suburbs can have their own political or legal jurisdictions, especially in the United States, but this is not always the case, especially in the United Kingdom, where most suburbs are located within the administrative boundaries of cities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking countries</a>, suburban areas are defined in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Core_city" title="Core city">central city</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inner_city" title="Inner city">inner city</a> areas, but in <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a>, <i>suburb</i> has become largely synonymous with what is called a "<a href="/wiki/Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood">neighborhood</a>" in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due in part to historical trends such as <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a>, some suburbs in the United States have a higher population and higher incomes than their nearby inner cities.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries, including India, China, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, and parts of the United States, new suburbs are routinely <a href="/wiki/Municipal_annexation" title="Municipal annexation">annexed</a> by adjacent cities due to <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a>. In others, such as <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, France, and much of the United States, many suburbs remain separate municipalities or are <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">governed locally</a> as part of a larger metropolitan area such as a county, district or <a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">borough</a>. In the United States, regions beyond the suburbs are known as "exurban areas" or <a href="/wiki/Exurb" title="Exurb">exurbs</a>; exurbs have less population density than suburbs, but still more than rural areas. Suburbs and exurbs are sometimes linked to the nearby city economically, particularly by commuters. </p><p>Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries, as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollow_2011_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollow_2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, they are less densely populated than inner city neighborhoods within the same metropolitan area, and most residents routinely commute to city centers or <a href="/wiki/Business_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Business districts">business districts</a> via <a href="/wiki/Private_transport" title="Private transport">private vehicles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Public_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transit">public transits</a>; however, there are many exceptions, including <a href="/wiki/Industrial_suburb" title="Industrial suburb">industrial suburbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planned_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned communities">planned communities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite cities">satellite cities</a>. Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">subburbe</i></span>, which is in turn derived from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">suburbium</i></span>, formed from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">sub</i></span> (meaning "under" or "below") and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">urbs</i></span> ("city"). The first recorded use of the term in English according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appears in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> c. 1350 in the manuscript of the Midlands Prose Psalter,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the form <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">suburbes</i></span> is used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_South_Africa"><span id="Australia.2C_New_Zealand.2C_and_South_Africa"></span>Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_over_Griffith_NSW_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/View_over_Griffith_NSW_1.jpg/220px-View_over_Griffith_NSW_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/View_over_Griffith_NSW_1.jpg/330px-View_over_Griffith_NSW_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/View_over_Griffith_NSW_1.jpg/440px-View_over_Griffith_NSW_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption>Suburban housing in the regional city of <a href="/wiki/Griffith,_New_South_Wales" title="Griffith, New South Wales">Griffith, New South Wales</a> in Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>In Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, suburban areas (in the wider sense noted in the lead paragraph) have become formalized as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities (see <a href="/wiki/Suburbs_and_localities_(Australia)" title="Suburbs and localities (Australia)">suburbs and localities</a>). The terms <i>inner suburb</i> and <i>outer suburb</i> are used to differentiate between the higher-density areas in proximity to the city center (which would not be referred to as 'suburbs' in most other countries), and the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term 'middle suburbs' is also used. <a href="/wiki/Inner_suburbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner suburbs">Inner suburbs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Te_Aro" title="Te Aro">Te Aro</a> in Wellington, <a href="/wiki/Eden_Terrace" title="Eden Terrace">Eden Terrace</a> in Auckland, <a href="/wiki/Prahran,_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Prahran, Victoria">Prahran</a> in Melbourne and <a href="/wiki/Ultimo,_New_South_Wales" title="Ultimo, New South Wales">Ultimo</a> in Sydney, are usually characterized by higher density apartment housing and greater integration between commercial and residential areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <i>suburb</i> can refer either to an outlying residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> outside a town or city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although a majority of Americans regard themselves as residents of suburban communities, the federal government of the United States has no formal definition for what constitutes a <i>suburb</i> in the United States, leaving its precise meaning disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, the term may also be used in the British sense, especially as cities annex formerly outlying areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_and_Ireland">United Kingdom and Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highfields2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Highfields2.jpg/220px-Highfields2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Highfields2.jpg/330px-Highfields2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Highfields2.jpg/440px-Highfields2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Upper_middle_class" title="Upper middle class">Upper middle class</a> suburban housing in <a href="/wiki/Swords,_Dublin" title="Swords, Dublin">Swords, Dublin</a> in Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the term <i>suburb</i> simply refers to a residential area outside the city center, regardless of administrative boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollow_2011_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollow_2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city center. In large cities such as London and Leeds, many suburbs are formerly separate towns and villages that have been absorbed during a city's expansion, such as <a href="/wiki/Ealing" title="Ealing">Ealing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromley" title="Bromley">Bromley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guiseley" title="Guiseley">Guiseley</a>. In Ireland, this can be seen in the Dublin suburban areas of Swords, <a href="/wiki/Blanchardstown" title="Blanchardstown">Blanchardstown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tallaght" title="Tallaght">Tallaght</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">Suburbanization</a></div> <p>The history of suburbia is part of the study of <a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">urban history</a>, which focuses on the origins, growth, diverse typologies, culture, and politics of suburbs, as well as on the gendered and family-oriented nature of suburban space.<sup id="cite_ref-cite_crabgrass_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_crabgrass-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people have assumed that early-20th-century suburbs were enclaves for middle-class whites, a concept that carries tremendous cultural influence yet is actually stereotypical. Some suburbs are based on a society of working-class and minority residents, many of whom want to own their own house. Meanwhile, other suburbs instituted "explicitly racist" policies to deter people deemed as "other", a practice most common in the United States in contrast to other countries around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary Corbin Sies argues that it is necessary to examine how "suburb" is defined as well as the distinction made between cities and suburbs, geography, economic circumstances, and the interaction of numerous factors that move research beyond acceptance of stereotyping and its influence on scholarly assumptions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements. Large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a>. The word <i>suburbani</i> was first employed by the <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roman</a> statesman <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> in reference to the large villas and estates built by the wealthy patricians of Rome on the city's outskirts. </p><p>Towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han Dynasty">Eastern Han Dynasty</a>, until 190 AD, when <a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhuo" title="Dong Zhuo">Dong Zhuo</a> razed the city, the capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> was mainly occupied by the emperor and important officials; the city's people mostly lived in small cities right outside Luoyang, which were suburbs in all but name.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As populations grew during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Period">Early Modern Period</a> in Europe, towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the <a href="/wiki/Countryside" class="mw-redirect" title="Countryside">countryside</a>. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the main city expanded. The peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were generally inhabited by the very poorest.<sup id="cite_ref-infoplease_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_modern_suburb">Origins of the modern suburb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origins of the modern suburb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the rapid migration of the rural poor to the industrializing cities of England in the late 18th century, a trend in the opposite direction began to develop, whereby newly rich members of the middle classes began to purchase estates and villas on the outskirts of London. This trend accelerated through the 19th century, especially in cities like London and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> that were growing rapidly, and the first suburban districts sprung up around downtowns to accommodate those who wanted to escape the squalid conditions of the industrial towns. Initially, such growth came along rail lines in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_development" title="Ribbon development">ribbon developments</a>, as suburban residents could commute via train to downtown for work. In Australia, where Melbourne would soon become the second-largest city in the British Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the distinctively Australasian suburb, with its loosely aggregated <a href="/wiki/Quarter_acre" title="Quarter acre">quarter-acre</a> sections, developed in the 1850s<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and eventually became a component of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dream" title="Australian Dream">Australian Dream</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro-Land_(1921).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A painting of a half-timbered house set behind a drive and flower garden. Below the painting the title "METRO-LAND" is in capitals and in smaller text is the price of twopence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Metro-Land_%281921%29.png/220px-Metro-Land_%281921%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Metro-Land_%281921%29.png/330px-Metro-Land_%281921%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Metro-Land_%281921%29.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>The cover of the <a href="/wiki/Metro-Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro-Land">Metro-Land</a> guide published in 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>Toward the end of the century, with the development of public <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">transit</a> systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">underground railways</a>, trams and buses, it became possible for the majority of a city's population to reside outside the city and to commute into the center for work.<sup id="cite_ref-infoplease_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoplease-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-19th century, the first major suburban areas were springing up around London as the city (then the largest in the world) became more overcrowded and unsanitary. A major catalyst for suburban growth was the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway" title="Metropolitan Railway">Metropolitan Railway</a> in the 1860s. The line later joined the capital's financial heart in <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">the City</a> to what were to become the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The line reached <a href="/wiki/Harrow-on-the-Hill_station" title="Harrow-on-the-Hill station">Harrow</a> in 1880. </p><p>Unlike other railway companies, which were required to dispose of surplus land, London's Met was allowed to retain such land that it believed was necessary for future railway use.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the surplus land was managed by the Land Committee,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1986134,_137_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1986134,_137-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, from the 1880s, the land was developed and sold to domestic buyers in places like Willesden Park Estate, Cecil Park, near <a href="/wiki/Pinner" title="Pinner">Pinner</a> and at Wembley Park. </p><p>In 1912 it was suggested that a specially formed company should take over from the Surplus Lands Committee and develop suburban estates near the railway.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1986240_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1986240-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918) delayed these plans until 1919, when, with the expectation of a postwar housing-boom,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen198743_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen198743-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway_Country_Estates" title="Metropolitan Railway Country Estates"> Metropolitan Railway Country Estates Limited</a> (MRCE) formed. MRCE went on to develop estates at <a href="/wiki/Kingsbury,_London" title="Kingsbury, London">Kingsbury Garden Village</a> near <a href="/wiki/Neasden" title="Neasden">Neasden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wembley_Park" title="Wembley Park">Wembley Park</a>, Cecil Park and Grange Estate at Pinner and the Cedars Estate at <a href="/wiki/Rickmansworth" title="Rickmansworth">Rickmansworth</a> and to found places such as <a href="/wiki/Harrow_Garden_Village" title="Harrow Garden Village">Harrow Garden Village</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen198743_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen198743-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1986241–242_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1986241–242-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Met's marketing department coined the term <a href="/wiki/Metro-land" title="Metro-land">Metro-land</a> in 1915 when the <i>Guide to the Extension Line</i> became the <i>Metro-land</i> guide, priced at 1<a href="/wiki/%C2%A3sd" title="£sd">d</a>. This promoted the land served by the Met for the walker, visitor and later the house-hunter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1986240_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1986240-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Published annually until 1932 (the last full year of independence for the Met), the guide extolled the benefits of "The good air of the Chilterns", using language such as "Each lover of Metroland may well have his own favorite wood beech and coppice — all tremulous green loveliness in Spring and russet and gold in October".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowley2006206,_207_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowley2006206,_207-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dream as promoted involved a modern home in beautiful countryside with a fast railway-service to central London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2004introduction_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2004introduction-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1915 people from across London had flocked to live the new suburban dream in large newly built areas across north-west London.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interwar_suburban_expansion_in_England">Interwar suburban expansion in England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interwar suburban expansion in England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mentmore_Cottages.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mentmore_Cottages.gif/220px-Mentmore_Cottages.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Mentmore_Cottages.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tudorbethan_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudorbethan architecture">Mock Tudor</a> semi-detached cottages, built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Suburbanization in the interwar period was heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city movement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a> and the creation of the first garden suburbs at the turn of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first garden suburb was developed through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Social_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Social reform">social reformer</a> <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Barnett" title="Henrietta Barnett">Henrietta Barnett</a> and her husband; inspired by Ebenezer Howard and the model housing development movement (then exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Letchworth" title="Letchworth">Letchworth</a> garden city), as well as the desire to protect part of <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a> from development, they established trusts in 1904 which bought 243 acres of land along the newly opened Northern line extension to <a href="/wiki/Golders_Green" title="Golders Green">Golders Green</a> and created the <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Garden_Suburb" title="Hampstead Garden Suburb">Hampstead Garden Suburb</a>. The suburb attracted the talents of architects including <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens" title="Edwin Lutyens">Edwin Lutyens</a>, and it ultimately grew to encompass over 800 acres.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War I, the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Walters_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor Walters Committee">Tudor Walters Committee</a> was commissioned to make recommendations for the post war reconstruction and housebuilding. In part, this was a response to the shocking lack of fitness amongst many recruits during World War One, attributed to poor living conditions; a belief summed up in a housing poster of the period "you cannot expect to get an A1 population out of C3 homes" – referring to military fitness classifications of the period. </p><p>The committee's report of 1917 was taken up by the government, which passed the <a href="/wiki/Housing,_Town_Planning,_%26c._Act_1919" title="Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919">Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919</a>, also known as the Addison Act after <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Addison">Christopher Addison</a>, the then Minister for Housing. The Act allowed for the building of large new housing estates in the suburbs after the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and marked the start of a long 20th century tradition of state-owned housing, which would later evolve into <a href="/wiki/Council_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Council estate">council estates</a>. </p><p>The Report also legislated on the required, minimum standards necessary for further suburban construction; this included regulation on the maximum housing density and their arrangement, and it even made recommendations on the ideal number of bedrooms and other rooms per house. Although the <a href="/wiki/Semi-detached" title="Semi-detached">semi-detached</a> house was first designed by the <a href="/wiki/John_Shaw_Sr." title="John Shaw Sr.">Shaws</a> (a father and son architectural partnership) in the 19th century, it was during the suburban housing boom of the interwar period that the design first proliferated as a suburban icon, being preferred by middle-class home owners to the smaller <a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">terraced houses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design of many of these houses, highly characteristic of the era, was heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> movement, taking influence from <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture" title="Tudor Revival architecture">Tudor Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_chalet_style" title="Swiss chalet style">chalet style</a>, and even ship design. </p><p>Within just a decade suburbs dramatically increased in size. <a href="/wiki/Harrow_Weald" title="Harrow Weald">Harrow Weald</a> went from just 1,500 to over 10,000 while Pinner jumped from 3,000 to over 20,000. During the 1930s, over 4 million new suburban houses were built, the 'suburban revolution' had made England the most heavily suburbanized country in the world, by a considerable margin.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollow_2011_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollow_2011-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America_2">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pf006593-suburbs_with_cows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pf006593-suburbs_with_cows.jpg/220px-Pf006593-suburbs_with_cows.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pf006593-suburbs_with_cows.jpg/330px-Pf006593-suburbs_with_cows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pf006593-suburbs_with_cows.jpg/440px-Pf006593-suburbs_with_cows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>A suburban housing development in <a href="/wiki/Richfield,_Minnesota" title="Richfield, Minnesota">Richfield, Minnesota</a>, in 1954</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NM_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/NM_2.JPG/220px-NM_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/NM_2.JPG/330px-NM_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/NM_2.JPG/440px-NM_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Suburban <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dallas_skyline_and_suburbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dallas_skyline_and_suburbs.jpg/220px-Dallas_skyline_and_suburbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dallas_skyline_and_suburbs.jpg/330px-Dallas_skyline_and_suburbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dallas_skyline_and_suburbs.jpg/440px-Dallas_skyline_and_suburbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2537" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Suburban <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, Texas, (in the foreground)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> spawned the first major suburbs. The streetcar lines in Boston and the rail lines in Manhattan made daily commutes possible.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No metropolitan area in the world was as well served by railroad commuter lines at the turn of the twentieth century as New York, and it was the rail lines to Westchester from the Grand Central Terminal commuter hub that enabled its development. Westchester's true importance in the history of American suburbanization derives from the upper-middle class development of villages including <a href="/wiki/Scarsdale,_New_York" title="Scarsdale, New York">Scarsdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York" title="New Rochelle, New York">New Rochelle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rye,_New_York" title="Rye, New York">Rye</a> serving thousands of businessmen and executives from Manhattan.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postwar_suburban_expansion">Postwar suburban expansion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Postwar suburban expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The suburban population in North America exploded during the <a href="/wiki/Post-World_War_II_economic_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-World War II economic expansion">post-World War II economic expansion</a>. Returning veterans wishing to start a settled life moved in masses to the suburbs. <a href="/wiki/Levittown,_New_York" title="Levittown, New York">Levittown</a> developed as a major prototype of mass-produced housing. Due to the influx of people in these suburban areas, the amount of shopping centers began to increase as suburban America took shape. These malls helped supply goods and services to the growing urban population. Shopping for different goods and services in one central location without having to travel to multiple locations, helped to keep shopping centers a component of these newly designed suburbs which were booming in population. The television helped contribute to the rise of shopping centers by allowing for additional advertisement through the medium in addition to creating a desire among consumers to buy products that are shown being used in suburban life on various television programs. Another factor that led to the rise of these shopping centers was the building of many highways. The Highway Act of 1956 helped to fund the building of 64,000 kilometers across the nation by having 26 billion dollars on hand, which helped to link many more to these shopping centers with ease.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These newly built shopping centers, which were often large buildings full of multiple stores, and services, were being used for more than shopping, but as a place of leisure and a meeting point for those who lived within suburban America at this time. These centers thrived offering goods and services to the growing populations in suburban America. In 1957, 940 shopping centers were built and this number more than doubled by 1960 to keep up with the demand of these densely populated areas.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Housing">Housing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locust_St_Upper_Darby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Locust_St_Upper_Darby.jpg/220px-Locust_St_Upper_Darby.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Locust_St_Upper_Darby.jpg/330px-Locust_St_Upper_Darby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Locust_St_Upper_Darby.jpg/440px-Locust_St_Upper_Darby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4213" data-file-height="3160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">Terraced houses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Darby_Township,_Pennsylvania" title="Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania">Upper Darby Township, Pennsylvania</a>, an inner-ring suburb of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/220px-Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/440px-Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A suburban neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Tract_housing" title="Tract housing">tract housing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dead_end_(street)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead end (street)">culs-de-sac</a> are hallmarks of suburban planning.</figcaption></figure> <p>Very little housing had been built during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, except for emergency quarters near war industries. Overcrowded and inadequate apartments was the common condition. Some suburbs had developed around large cities where there was rail transportation to the jobs downtown. However, the real growth in suburbia depended on the availability of automobiles, highways, and inexpensive housing.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population had grown, and the stock of family savings had accumulated the money for down payments, automobiles and appliances. The product was a great housing boom. Whereas an average of 316,000 new non-farm housing units were constructed from the 1930s through 1945, there were 1,450,000 constructed annually from 1946 through 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill">G.I. Bill</a> guaranteed low-cost loans for veterans, with very low down payments, and low interest rates. </p><p>With 16 million eligible veterans, the opportunity to buy a house was suddenly at hand. In 1947 alone, 540,000 veterans bought one; their average price was $7300. The construction industry kept prices low by standardization—for example, standardizing sizes for kitchen cabinets, refrigerators and stoves allowed for mass production of kitchen furnishings. Developers purchased empty land just outside the city, installed tract houses based on a handful of designs, and provided streets and utilities, while local public officials raced to build schools.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous development was Levittown, in Long Island just east of New York City. It offered a new house for $1000 down and $70 a month; it featured three bedrooms, a fireplace, a gas range and gas furnace, and a landscaped lot of 75 by 100 feet, all for a total price of $10,000. Veterans could get one with a much lower down payment.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, African Americans were <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">rapidly moving north and west</a> for better jobs and educational opportunities than were available to them in the segregated South. Their arrival in Northern and Western cities en masse, in addition to being followed by race riots in several large cities such as <a href="/wiki/1964_Philadelphia_race_riot" title="1964 Philadelphia race riot">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watts_riots" title="Watts riots">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/1967_Detroit_riot" title="1967 Detroit riot">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/1968_Chicago_riots" title="1968 Chicago riots">Chicago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1968_Washington,_D.C.,_riots" title="1968 Washington, D.C., riots">Washington, D.C.</a>, further stimulated white suburban migration. The growth of the suburbs was facilitated by the development of <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a> laws, <a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">redlining</a> and numerous innovations in transport. Redlining and other discriminatory measures built into federal housing policy furthered the racial segregation of postwar America–for example, by refusing to insure mortgages in and near African-American neighborhoods. The government's efforts were primarily designed to provide housing to White middle-class and lower-middle-class families. African Americans and other people of color largely remained concentrated within decaying cores of urban poverty creating a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothstein,_Richard_2017_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothstein,_Richard_2017-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War II, the availability of <a href="/wiki/FHA_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="FHA loan">FHA loans</a> stimulated a housing boom in American suburbs. In the older cities of the northeast U.S., <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_suburb" title="Streetcar suburb">streetcar suburbs</a> originally developed along train or <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">trolley</a> lines that could shuttle workers into and out of city centers where the jobs were located. This practice gave rise to the term "<a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">bedroom community</a>", meaning that most daytime business activity took place in the city, with the working population leaving the city at night for the purpose of going home to sleep. </p><p>Economic growth in the United States encouraged the suburbanization of American cities that required massive investments for the new infrastructure and homes. Consumer patterns were also shifting at this time, as purchasing power was becoming stronger and more accessible to a wider range of families. Suburban houses also brought about needs for products that were not needed in urban neighborhoods, such as lawnmowers and automobiles. During this time commercial shopping malls were being developed near suburbs to satisfy consumers' needs and their car–dependent lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-Beauregard,_Robert_A_2006_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beauregard,_Robert_A_2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zoning laws also contributed to the location of residential areas outside of the city center by creating wide areas or "zones" where only residential buildings were permitted. These suburban residences are built on larger lots of land than in the central city. For example, the lot size for a residence in Chicago is usually 125 feet (38 m) deep,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the width can vary from 14 feet (4.3 m) wide for a row house to 45 feet (14 m) wide for a large stand–alone house.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the suburbs, where stand–alone houses are the rule, lots may be 85 feet (26 m) wide by 115 feet (35 m) deep, as in the Chicago suburb of <a href="/wiki/Naperville,_Illinois" title="Naperville, Illinois">Naperville</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Manufacturing and commercial buildings were segregated in other areas of the city. </p><p>Alongside suburbanization, many companies began locating their offices and other facilities in the outer areas of the cities, which resulted in the increased density of older suburbs and the growth of lower density suburbs even further from city centers. An alternative strategy is the deliberate design of "new towns" and the protection of <a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green belts</a> around cities. Some social reformers attempted to combine the best of both concepts in the garden city movement.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the U.S., 1950 was the first year that more people lived in suburbs than elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., the development of the skyscraper and the sharp inflation of downtown real estate prices also led to downtowns being more fully dedicated to businesses, thus pushing residents outside the city center. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worldwide">Worldwide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Worldwide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clichy_sous_Bois_Chemin_des_postes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Clichy_sous_Bois_Chemin_des_postes.jpg/220px-Clichy_sous_Bois_Chemin_des_postes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Clichy_sous_Bois_Chemin_des_postes.jpg/330px-Clichy_sous_Bois_Chemin_des_postes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Clichy_sous_Bois_Chemin_des_postes.jpg/440px-Clichy_sous_Bois_Chemin_des_postes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Mid-rise <a href="/wiki/Social_housing" class="mw-redirect" title="Social housing">social housing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clichy-sous-Bois" title="Clichy-sous-Bois">Clichy-sous-Bois</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Banlieue" title="Banlieue">banlieue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While suburbs are often associated with the middle classes, in many parts of the developed world, suburbs can be economically distressed areas, inhabited by higher proportions of recent immigrants, with higher delinquency rates and social problems, reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_city" title="Inner city">inner cities</a> of the U.S. Examples include the <i>banlieues</i> of France, or the <a href="/wiki/Million_Programme" title="Million Programme">concrete suburbs</a> of Sweden, even if the suburbs of these countries also include middle-class and upper-class neighborhoods that often consist of <a href="/wiki/Single-family_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-family houses">single-family houses</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the growth of the middle class due to African industrialization, the development of middle class suburbs has boomed since the beginning of the 1990s, particularly in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>. </p><p>In an illustrative case of South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_and_Development_Programme" title="Reconstruction and Development Programme">RDP</a> housing has been built. In much of <a href="/wiki/Soweto" title="Soweto">Soweto</a>, many houses are American in appearance, but are smaller, and often consist of a kitchen and living room, two or three bedrooms, and a bathroom. However, there are more affluent neighborhoods, more comparable to American suburbs, particularly east of the <a href="/wiki/FNB_Stadium" title="FNB Stadium">FNB ("Soccer City") Stadium</a> and south of the city in areas like Eikenhof, where the "Eye of Africa" planned community exists.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This master-planned community is nearly indistinguishable from the most amenity-rich resort-style American suburbs in Florida, Arizona, and California, complete with a golf course, resort pool, <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_facility" title="Equestrian facility">equestrian facility</a>, 24-hour staffed gates, gym, and BMX track, as well as several tennis, basketball, and volleyball courts.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Cape Town, there is a distinct European style originating from European influence during the mid-1600s when the Dutch settled the Cape. Houses like these are called Cape Dutch Houses and can be found in the affluent suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Constantia,_Cape_Town" title="Constantia, Cape Town">Constantia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishopscourt,_Cape_Town" title="Bishopscourt, Cape Town">Bishopscourt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_Skyline_(5620756401).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sydney_Skyline_%285620756401%29.jpg/220px-Sydney_Skyline_%285620756401%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sydney_Skyline_%285620756401%29.jpg/330px-Sydney_Skyline_%285620756401%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sydney_Skyline_%285620756401%29.jpg/440px-Sydney_Skyline_%285620756401%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_central_business_district" title="Sydney central business district">Sydney central business district</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Western_Suburbs,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Suburbs, Sydney">western suburbs</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Large cities like Sydney and Melbourne had <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_suburbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar suburbs">streetcar suburbs</a> in the tram era. With the automobile, the Australian usage came about as outer areas were quickly surrounded in fast-growing cities, but retained the appellation <i>suburb</i>; the term was eventually applied to neighborhoods in the original core as well. In Australia, Sydney's urban sprawl has occurred predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney" title="Greater Western Sydney">Western Suburbs</a>. The locality of <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Park,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Park, Sydney">Olympic Park</a> was designated an official suburb in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bangladesh has multiple suburbs, <a href="/wiki/Uttara_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara (town)">Uttara</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ashulia" title="Ashulia">Ashulia</a> to name a few. However, most suburbs in Dhaka are different from the ones in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> & <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. Most suburbs in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> are filled with high-rise buildings, paddy fields, and farms, and are designed more like rural villages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sapperton,_New_Westminster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sapperton%2C_New_Westminster.jpg/220px-Sapperton%2C_New_Westminster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sapperton%2C_New_Westminster.jpg/330px-Sapperton%2C_New_Westminster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sapperton%2C_New_Westminster.jpg/440px-Sapperton%2C_New_Westminster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4106" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> suburbs often feature high-density nodes, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Metro_Vancouver" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Vancouver">Metro Vancouver</a>, British Columbia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississauga_skyline_Pearson_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mississauga_skyline_Pearson_2013.jpg/220px-Mississauga_skyline_Pearson_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mississauga_skyline_Pearson_2013.jpg/330px-Mississauga_skyline_Pearson_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mississauga_skyline_Pearson_2013.jpg/440px-Mississauga_skyline_Pearson_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Higher-density development in <a href="/wiki/Mississauga" title="Mississauga">Mississauga</a> as seen from <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Airport">Pearson Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg/220px-Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg/330px-Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg/440px-Murrayville_01_roundabout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>A low-density Canadian suburb in <a href="/wiki/Langley,_British_Columbia_(city)" title="Langley, British Columbia (city)">Langley, British Columbia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Canada is an urbanized nation where over 80% of the population lives in urban areas (loosely defined), and roughly two-thirds live in one of Canada's 33 <a href="/wiki/Census_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Census metropolitan area">census metropolitan areas</a> (CMAs) with a population of over 100,000. However, of this metropolitan population, in 2001 nearly half lived in low-density neighborhoods, with only one in five living in a typical "urban" neighborhood. The percentage living in low-density neighborhoods varied from a high of nearly two-thirds of <a href="/wiki/Calgary_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary Region">Calgary CMA</a> residents (67%), to a low of about one-third of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Montreal" title="Greater Montreal">Montréal CMA</a> residents (34%). </p><p>Large cities in Canada acquired <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_suburbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar suburbs">streetcar suburbs</a> in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Modern Canadian suburbs tend to be less automobile-centric than those in the United States, and <a href="/wiki/Public_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transit">public transit</a> use is encouraged but can be notably unused.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout Canada, there are comprehensive plans in place to curb sprawl. </p><p>Population and income growth in Canadian suburbs had tended to outpace growth in core urban or rural areas, but in many areas, this trend has now reversed. The suburban population increased by 87% between 1981 and 2001, well ahead of urban growth.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of recent population growth in Canada's three largest metropolitan areas (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Toronto">Greater Toronto</a>, Greater Montréal, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Vancouver" title="Greater Vancouver">Greater Vancouver</a>) has occurred in non-core municipalities. This trend is also beginning to take effect in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, and to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal">Montréal</a>. In certain cities, particularly <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, suburban growth takes place within the city boundaries as opposed to in bedroom communities. This is due to annexation and a large geographic footprint within the city borders. </p><p>Calgary is unusual among Canadian cities because it has developed as a <b>unicity</b> – it has annexed most of its surrounding towns and large amounts of undeveloped land around the city. As a result, most of the communities that Calgarians refer to as "suburbs" are actually inside the city limits.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2016 census, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,239,220, whereas the Calgary Metropolitan Area had a population of 1,392,609, indicating the vast majority of people in the Calgary CMA lived within the city limits. The perceived low population density of Calgary largely results from its many internal suburbs and the large amount of undeveloped land within the city. The city actually has a policy of densifying its new developments.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijing_suburb_(Original_picture_enhanced).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Beijing_suburb_%28Original_picture_enhanced%29.jpg/220px-Beijing_suburb_%28Original_picture_enhanced%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Beijing_suburb_%28Original_picture_enhanced%29.jpg/330px-Beijing_suburb_%28Original_picture_enhanced%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Beijing_suburb_%28Original_picture_enhanced%29.jpg/440px-Beijing_suburb_%28Original_picture_enhanced%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Apartments in suburban <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <p>In China, the term suburb is new, although suburbs are already being constructed rapidly. Chinese suburbs mostly consist of rows upon rows of <a href="/wiki/Apartment_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartment block">apartment blocks</a> and condos that end abruptly into the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also new town developments are extremely common. Single family suburban homes tend to be similar to their Western equivalents; although primarily outside Beijing and Shanghai, also mimic Spanish and Italian architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hong Kong, however, suburbs are mostly government-planned new towns containing numerous public housing estates. However, other new towns also contain private housing estates and low density developments for the upper classes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the illustrative case of Rome, Italy, in the 1920s and 1930s, suburbs were intentionally created <i>ex novo</i> to give lower classes a destination, in consideration of the actual and foreseen massive arrival of poor people from other areas of the country. Many critics have seen in this development pattern (which was circularly distributed in every direction) also a quick solution to a problem of <a href="/wiki/Public_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Public order">public order</a> (keeping the unwelcome poorest classes together with the criminals, in this way better controlled, comfortably remote from the elegant "official" town). On the other hand, the expected huge expansion of the town soon effectively covered the distance from the central town, and now those suburbs are completely engulfed by the main territory of the town. Other newer suburbs (called <a href="/wiki/Exurb" title="Exurb">exurbs</a>) were created at a further distance from them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, the construction of suburbs has boomed since the end of World War II and many cities are experiencing the <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Suburb" title="Special:EditPage/Suburb">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Mexico, suburbs are generally similar to their United States counterparts. Houses are made in many different architectural styles which may be of European, American and International architecture and which vary in size. Suburbs can be found in <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>, Mexico City, <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, and most major cities. <a href="/wiki/Lomas_de_Chapultepec" title="Lomas de Chapultepec">Lomas de Chapultepec</a> is an example of an affluent suburb, although it is located inside the city and by no means is today a suburb in the strict sense of the word. In other countries, the situation is similar to that of Mexico, with many suburbs being built, most notably in Peru and Chile, which have experienced a boom in the construction of suburbs since the late 1970s and early 1980s. As the growth of middle-class and upper-class suburbs increased, low-class squatter areas have increased, most notably <a href="/wiki/Shanty_town#Examples" title="Shanty town">"lost cities"</a> in Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Campamento_(Chile)" title="Campamento (Chile)">campamentos</a> in Chile, <a href="/wiki/Pueblos_j%C3%B3venes" title="Pueblos jóvenes">barriadas</a> in Peru, <a href="/wiki/Villa_miseria" title="Villa miseria">villa miserias</a> in Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Asentamiento" title="Asentamiento">asentamientos</a> in Guatemala and <a href="/wiki/Favela" title="Favela">favelas</a> of Brazil. </p><p>Brazilian affluent suburbs are generally denser, more vertical and mixed in use <a href="/wiki/Inner_suburb" title="Inner suburb">inner suburbs</a>. They concentrate infrastructure, investment and attention from the municipal seat and the best offer of mass transit. True sprawling towards neighboring municipalities is typically empoverished – <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">periferia</i></span> (<i>the periphery</i>, in the sense of it dealing with <a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">spatial</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">marginalization</a>) –, with a very noticeable example being the rail suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> – the North Zone, the <a href="/wiki/Baixada_Fluminense" title="Baixada Fluminense">Baixada Fluminense</a>, the part of the West Zone associated with SuperVia's Ramal de Santa Cruz. These, in comparison with the inner suburbs, often prove to be remote, violent <a href="/wiki/Food_desert" title="Food desert">food deserts</a> with inadequate sewer structure coverage, saturated mass transit, more precarious running water, electricity and communication services, and lack of urban planning and landscaping, while also not necessarily qualifying as actual <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">favelas</i></span> or slums. They often are former agricultural land or wild areas settled through squatting; suburbs grew and expanded due to the mass <a href="/wiki/Rural_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural exodus">rural exodus</a> during the years of the military dictatorship. This is particularly true of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Rio de Janeiro and <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, which grew with migration from more distant and impoverished parts of the country and deal with overpopulation as a result. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangsar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bangsar.JPG/220px-Bangsar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bangsar.JPG/330px-Bangsar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bangsar.JPG/440px-Bangsar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bangsar" title="Bangsar">Bangsar</a>, a suburb outside of downtown <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malaysia</figcaption></figure> <p>In Malaysia, suburbs are common especially in <a href="/wiki/Klang_Valley" title="Klang Valley">Klang Valley</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These suburbs also serve as major housing areas and commuter towns. <a href="/wiki/Terraced_house#In_Malaysia_and_Singapore" title="Terraced house">Terraced houses</a>, semi-detached houses and <a href="/wiki/Shophouse" title="Shophouse">shophouses</a> are common concepts in suburban planning. In certain places such as <a href="/wiki/Klang,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Klang, Malaysia">Klang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subang_Jaya" title="Subang Jaya">Subang Jaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petaling_Jaya" title="Petaling Jaya">Petaling Jaya</a>, suburbs form the core. The latter one has been turned into a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite town">satellite city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>. Suburbs are also evident in other major conurbations in the country such as <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island" title="Penang Island">Penang Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Butterworth,_Seberang_Perai" title="Butterworth, Seberang Perai">Butterworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukit_Mertajam" title="Bukit Mertajam">Bukit Mertajam</a>), <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skudai" title="Skudai">Skudai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasir_Gudang" title="Pasir Gudang">Pasir Gudang</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simpang_Pulai" title="Simpang Pulai">Simpang Pulai</a>), <a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Kota Melaka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ayer_Keroh" title="Ayer Keroh">Ayer Keroh</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a> (<a href="/wiki/Petra_Jaya" title="Petra Jaya">Petra Jaya</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar" title="Alor Setar">Alor Setar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anak_Bukit" title="Anak Bukit">Anak Bukit</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Russia, until recently, the term suburb refers to high-rise residential apartments which usually consist of two bedrooms, one bathroom, a kitchen and a living room. However, since the beginning of the 21st century in Russia there has been a "cottage boom", as a result of which a huge number of cottage villages appeared in almost every city of the country (including Moscow), no different from the suburbs in western countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom suburbs are located between the exurbs and inner cities of a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>. The growth in the use of trains, and later cars and highways, increased the ease with which workers could have a job in the city while <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuting</a> in from the suburbs. In the United Kingdom, as mentioned above, railways stimulated the first mass exodus to the suburbs. The Metropolitan Railway, for example, was active in building and promoting its own housing estates in the north-west of London, consisting mostly of detached houses on large plots, which it then marketed as "Metro-land".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, the government is seeking to impose minimum densities on newly approved housing schemes in parts of <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a>. The goal is to "build sustainable communities" rather than housing estates. However, commercial concerns tend to delay the opening of services until a large number of residents have occupied the new neighborhood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jefferson_Parish_Suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jefferson_Parish_Suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-Jefferson_Parish_Suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jefferson_Parish_Suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg/330px-Jefferson_Parish_Suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Jefferson_Parish_Suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg/440px-Jefferson_Parish_Suburbs_of_New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4544" data-file-height="2554" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">Big box</a> <a href="/wiki/Shopping_centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping centers">shopping centers</a> in suburban <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, Louisiana</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> moved to the suburbs during the <a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">white flight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, horse-drawn and later electric trolleys enabled the creation of <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_suburbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar suburbs">streetcar suburbs</a>, which expanded the area in which city commuters could live. These are typically medium-density neighborhoods contiguous with the core urban area, built for pedestrian access to the streetcar lines. </p><p>With widespread adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> progressing from the 1920s to the 1950s, and especially with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">Interstate Highway System</a>, new suburbs were designed around car transport instead of pedestrians. Over time, many suburban areas, especially those not within the political boundaries of the city containing the central business area, began to see independence from the central city as an asset. In some cases, suburbanites saw self-government as a means to keep out people who could not afford the added suburban property maintenance costs not needed in city living. Federal <a href="/wiki/Subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidies">subsidies</a> for suburban development accelerated this process as did the practice of redlining by banks and other lending institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cities such as <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, the main city is much smaller than the surrounding suburban areas, leaving the city proper with a small portion of the metro area's population and land area. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach, Virginia</a>, the two most populous suburbs in the U.S., are actually more populous than many core cities, including Miami, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, New Orleans, <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, and others. Virginia Beach is now the most populous city in Virginia, having long since exceeded the population of its neighboring primary city, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a>. While Virginia Beach has slowly been taking on the characteristics of an urban city, it will not likely achieve the population density and urban characteristics of Norfolk. A second suburban city in Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake</a>, has also exceeded the population of adjacent Norfolk. With only a few large commercial areas and no definitive downtown area, Chesapeake is primarily residential in nature with vast rural areas remaining within the city limits. </p><p>Cleveland, Ohio, is typical of many American central cities; its municipal borders have changed little since 1922, even though the Cleveland urbanized area has grown many times over.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Several layers of suburban municipalities now surround cities like Boston, Cleveland, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, Dallas, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, New York City, San Francisco, <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Miami, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, Norfolk, St. Louis, <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, Minneapolis, and Washington, D.C.. </p><p>Suburbs in the United States have a prevalence of usually <a href="/wiki/Detached_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Detached house">detached</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Single-family_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-family house">single-family</a> homes.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are characterized by: </p> <ul><li>Lower <a href="/wiki/Urban_density" title="Urban density">densities</a> than central cities, dominated by single-family homes on small <a href="/wiki/Land_lot" title="Land lot">plots of land</a> – anywhere from 0.1 acres<sup id="cite_ref-cite_crabgrass_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cite_crabgrass-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and up – surrounded at close quarters by very similar dwellings.</li> <li>Zoning patterns that separate residential and commercial development, as well as different intensities and densities of development. Daily needs are not within walking distance of most homes.</li> <li>A greater percentage of <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">whites</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">non-Hispanic</a> and, in some areas, <a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a>) and lesser percentage of citizens of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in the United States">other ethnic groups</a> than in urban areas. However, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black</a> suburbanization grew between 1970 and 1980 by 2.6% as a result of central city neighborhoods expanding into older neighborhoods vacated by whites.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivisions</a> carved from previously rural land into multiple-home developments built by a single <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate developer">real estate company</a>. These subdivisions are often <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregated</a> by minute differences in home value, creating entire communities where family incomes and demographics are almost completely homogeneous.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shopping malls and <a href="/wiki/Strip_mall" title="Strip mall">strip malls</a> behind large parking lots instead of a classic downtown <a href="/wiki/Shopping_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopping district">shopping district</a>.</li> <li>A road network designed to conform to a <a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, including culs-de-sac, leading to larger residential streets, in turn leading to large collector roads, in place of the <a href="/wiki/Grid_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid pattern">grid pattern</a> common to most central cities and pre-World War II suburbs.</li> <li>A greater percentage of one-<a href="/wiki/Storey" title="Storey">story</a> administrative buildings than in urban areas.</li> <li>Compared to rural areas, suburbs usually have greater population density, higher standards of living, more complex road systems, more franchised stores and restaurants, and less farmland and wildlife.</li></ul> <p>By 2010, suburbs increasingly gained people in racial minority groups, as many members of minority groups gained better access to education and sought more favorable living conditions compared to inner city areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (September 2023)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ"><span title="This statement may be opinion presented as fact. (September 2023)">opinion</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Conversely, many white Americans also moved back to city centers. Nearly all major city downtowns (such as <a href="/wiki/Greater_Downtown_Miami" title="Greater Downtown Miami">Downtown Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Detroit" title="Downtown Detroit">Downtown Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Center_City,_Philadelphia" title="Center City, Philadelphia">Downtown Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Roanoke" title="Downtown Roanoke">Downtown Roanoke</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles" title="Downtown Los Angeles">Downtown Los Angeles</a>) are experiencing a renewal, with large population growth, residential apartment construction, and increased social, cultural, and infrastructural investments, as have suburban neighborhoods close to city centers. Better public transit, proximity to work and cultural attractions, and frustration with suburban life and <a href="/wiki/Gridlock" title="Gridlock">gridlock</a> have attracted young Americans to the city centers.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> population is increasing in the suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traffic_flows">Traffic flows</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Traffic flows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Suburb" title="Special:EditPage/Suburb">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Suburb" title="Talk:Suburb">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Suburb" title="Talk:Suburb">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Suburb" title="Special:EditPage/Suburb">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Suburb%22">"Suburb"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Suburb%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Suburb%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Suburb%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Suburb%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Suburb%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Suburbs typically have longer travel times to work than traditional neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the traffic <i>within</i> the short streets themselves is less. This is due to three factors:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Automobile_dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile dependency">almost-mandatory automobile ownership</a> due to poor suburban <a href="/wiki/Commuter_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Commuter bus">bus</a> systems and nearly-nonexistent <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail</a> systems, longer travel distances and the hierarchy system, which is less efficient at distributing traffic than the traditional <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid</a> of streets. </p><p>In the suburban system, most trips from one component to another component requires that cars enter a <a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">collector road</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, no matter how short or long the distance is. This is compounded by the hierarchy of streets, where entire neighborhoods and subdivisions are dependent on one or two collector roads. Because all traffic is forced onto these roads, they are often heavy with traffic all day. If a traffic crash occurs on a collector road, or if road construction inhibits the flow, then the entire road system may be rendered useless until the blockage is cleared. The traditional "grown" grid, in turn, allows for a larger number of choices and alternate routes. </p><p>Suburban systems of the sprawl type are also quite inefficient for cyclists or pedestrians, as the <a href="/wiki/As_the_crow_flies" title="As the crow flies">direct route</a> is usually not available for them either<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. This encourages car trips even for distances as low as several hundreds of yards or meters (which may have become up to several miles or kilometers due to the road network). Improved sprawl systems, though retaining the car <a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">detours</a>, possess <a href="/wiki/Cycle_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycle path">cycle paths</a> and footpaths connecting across the arms of the <a href="/wiki/Suburban_sprawl" class="mw-redirect" title="Suburban sprawl">sprawl</a> system, allowing a more direct route while still keeping the cars out of the residential and side streets. </p><p>More commonly, central cities seek ways to tax nonresidents working downtown – known as commuter taxes – as property tax bases dwindle. Taken together, these two groups of taxpayers represent a largely untapped source of potential revenue that cities may begin to target more aggressively, particularly if they're struggling. According to struggling cities, this will help bring in a substantial revenue for the city which is a great way to tax the people who make the most use of the highways and repairs. </p><p>Today more companies settle down in suburbs because of low property costs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_suburbia" title="Criticism of suburbia">Criticism of suburbia</a></div> <p>Criticism of suburbia dates back to the boom of <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">suburban development</a> in the 1950s and critiques a culture of aspirational <a href="/wiki/Homeownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeownership">homeownership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd1960_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd1960-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">English-speaking world</a>, this discourse is prominent in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> being prevalent both in popular culture and academia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248332772"><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Suburb" title="Special:EditPage/Suburb">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Suburb" title="Talk:Suburb">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-In_popular_culture plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_an_indiscriminate_collection_of_information" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">irrelevant</a> references to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections#"In_popular_culture"_and_"Cultural_references"_material" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">popular culture</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help Wikipedia to <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing the content or adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Suburb" title="Special:EditPage/Suburb">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Suburb%22">"Suburb"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Suburb%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Suburb%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Suburb%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Suburb%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Suburb%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Suburbs and suburban living have been the subject for a wide variety of films, books, television shows and songs. </p><p>French songs like <i>La Zone</i> by <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9hel" title="Fréhel">Fréhel</a> (1933), <i>Aux quatre coins de la banlieue</i> by <a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_Damien" title="Marie-Louise Damien">Damia</a> (1936), <i>Ma banlieue</i> by <a href="/wiki/Reda_Caire" title="Reda Caire">Reda Caire</a> (1937), or <i>Banlieue</i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lamoureux" title="Robert Lamoureux">Robert Lamoureux</a> (1953), evoke the suburbs of Paris explicitly since the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those singers give a sunny festive, almost bucolic, image of the suburbs, yet still few urbanized. During the fifties and the sixties, French singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Ferr%C3%A9" title="Léo Ferré">Léo Ferré</a> evokes in his songs popular and proletarian suburbs of Paris, to oppose them to the city, considered by comparison as a bourgeois and conservative place. </p><p><a href="/wiki/French_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="French cinema">French cinema</a> was although soon interested in urban changes in the suburbs, with such movies as <i><a href="/wiki/Mon_oncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon oncle">Mon oncle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Tati" title="Jacques Tati">Jacques Tati</a> (1958), <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Amour_existe" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Amour existe">L'Amour existe</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pialat" title="Maurice Pialat">Maurice Pialat</a> (1961) or <i><a href="/wiki/Two_or_Three_Things_I_Know_About_Her" title="Two or Three Things I Know About Her">Two or Three Things I Know About Her</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> (1967). </p><p>In his one-act opera <i><a href="/wiki/Trouble_in_Tahiti" title="Trouble in Tahiti">Trouble in Tahiti</a></i> (1952), <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein" title="Leonard Bernstein">Leonard Bernstein</a> skewers American suburbia, which produces misery instead of happiness. </p><p>The American <a href="/wiki/Photojournalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Photojournalist">photojournalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Owens_(photographer)" title="Bill Owens (photographer)">Bill Owens</a> documented the culture of suburbia in the 1970s, most notably in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Suburbia_(book)" title="Suburbia (book)">Suburbia</a></i>. The 1962 song "<a href="/wiki/Little_Boxes" title="Little Boxes">Little Boxes</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Malvina_Reynolds" title="Malvina Reynolds">Malvina Reynolds</a> lampoons the development of suburbia and its perceived <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformist</a> values,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the 1982 song <i><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_(song)" title="Subdivisions (song)">Subdivisions</a></i> by the Canadian band <a href="/wiki/Rush_(band)" title="Rush (band)">Rush</a> also discusses suburbia, as does <a href="/wiki/Rockin%27_the_Suburbs" title="Rockin' the Suburbs">Rockin' the Suburbs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Folds" title="Ben Folds">Ben Folds</a>. The 2010 album <i><a href="/wiki/The_Suburbs_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Suburbs (album)">The Suburbs</a></i> by the Canadian-based alternative band <a href="/wiki/Arcade_Fire" title="Arcade Fire">Arcade Fire</a> dealt with aspects of growing up in suburbia, suggesting aimlessness, apathy and endless rushing are ingrained into the suburban culture and mentality. <i>Suburb The Musical,</i> was written by Robert S. Cohen and David Javerbaum. <a href="/wiki/Over_the_Hedge" title="Over the Hedge">Over the Hedge</a> is a syndicated comic strip written and drawn by Michael Fry and T. Lewis. It tells the story of a raccoon, turtle, a squirrel, and their friends who come to terms with their woodlands being taken over by suburbia, trying to survive the increasing flow of humanity and technology while becoming enticed by it at the same time. A film adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Over_the_Hedge_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Over the Hedge (film)">Over the Hedge</a> was produced in 2006. </p><p>British television series such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Butterflies_(TV_series)" title="Butterflies (TV series)">Butterflies</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_and_Rise_of_Reginald_Perrin" title="The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin">The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin</a></i> have depicted suburbia as well-manicured but relentlessly boring, and its residents as either overly conforming or prone to going <a href="/wiki/Stir_crazy_(condition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stir crazy (condition)">stir crazy</a>. In contrast, U.S. shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Knots_Landing" title="Knots Landing">Knots Landing</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Housewives" title="Desperate Housewives">Desperate Housewives</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Weeds_(TV_series)" title="Weeds (TV series)">Weeds</a></i> portray the suburbs as concealing darker secrets behind a façade of manicured lawns, friendly people, and beautifully kept houses. Films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_%27Burbs" title="The 'Burbs">The 'Burbs</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Disturbia_(film)" title="Disturbia (film)">Disturbia</a></i> have brought this theme to the cinema. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exurb" title="Exurb">Exurb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_suburbs" title="Bibliography of suburbs">Bibliography of suburbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_suburbia" title="Criticism of suburbia">Criticism of suburbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomburb" title="Boomburb">Boomburbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoburb" title="Ethnoburb">Ethnoburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faubourg" title="Faubourg">Faubourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdistrict" title="Microdistrict">Microdistrict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developed_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed environments">Developed environments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">Settlement types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_fringe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural–urban fringe">Rural–urban fringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">Slum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satellite_cities_by_population" title="List of satellite cities by population">List of satellite cities by population</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lands_Clauses_Consolidation_Act_1845&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lands Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 (page does not exist)">Lands Clauses Consolidation Act 1845</a> (<a href="/wiki/8_%26_9_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="8 & 9 Vict.">8 & 9 Vict.</a> c. 18) required railways to sell off surplus lands within ten years of the time given for completion of the work in the line's enabling Act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1986134_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1986134-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garreau, J., <i>Edge City: Life on the New Frontier</i>, Knopf Doubleday, 1992, p149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Caves, R. W. (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of the City</i>. Routledge. p. 640. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415252256" title="Special:BookSources/9780415252256"><bdi>9780415252256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+City&rft.pages=640&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415252256&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2021" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Shri V. K. (30 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRYsEAAAQBAJ&dq=but+in+Australian+English+and+South+African+English%2C+suburb+has+become+largely+synonymous+with+what+is+called+a+%22neighborhood%22+in+other+countries&pg=PA348"><i>Applied Ecology and Sustainable Environment</i></a>. BFC Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-90880-19-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-90880-19-5"><bdi>978-93-90880-19-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Ecology+and+Sustainable+Environment&rft.pub=BFC+Publications&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft.isbn=978-93-90880-19-5&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Shri+V.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRYsEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbut%2Bin%2BAustralian%2BEnglish%2Band%2BSouth%2BAfrican%2BEnglish%252C%2Bsuburb%2Bhas%2Bbecome%2Blargely%2Bsynonymous%2Bwith%2Bwhat%2Bis%2Bcalled%2Ba%2B%2522neighborhood%2522%2Bin%2Bother%2Bcountries%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america">"A forgotten history of how the US Government Segregated America"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+forgotten+history+of+how+the+US+Government+Segregated+America&rft.pub=NPR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2017%2F05%2F03%2F526655831%2Fa-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollow_2011-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hollow_2011_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hollow_2011_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hollow_2011_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollow2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hollow, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1593132">"Suburban Ideals on England's Interwar Council Estates"</a>. <i>Journal of the Garden History Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Garden+History+Society&rft.atitle=Suburban+Ideals+on+England%27s+Interwar+Council+Estates&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hollow&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1593132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2t2P4t8fkJMC"><i>The Fractured Metropolis: Improving the New City, Restoring the Old City, Reshaping the Region</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> by Jonathan Barnett, via Google Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/suburb_n">"suburb, n."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Psalter</i>, British Library Add. MS. 17376, in Bülbring 1891, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2020" class="citation news cs1">Montgomery, David (7 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-07/how-to-define-american-suburbs">"How to Tell If You Live in the Suburbs"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Tell+If+You+Live+in+the+Suburbs&rft.date=2020-07-07&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2020-07-07%2Fhow-to-define-american-suburbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrasuell2018" class="citation web cs1">Brasuell, James (21 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetizen.com/news/2018/11/101632-according-federal-government-suburbs-dont-exist">"According to the Federal Government, the Suburbs Don't Exist"</a>. <i>Planetizen</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Planetizen&rft.atitle=According+to+the+Federal+Government%2C+the+Suburbs+Don%27t+Exist&rft.date=2018-11-21&rft.aulast=Brasuell&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetizen.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F11%2F101632-according-federal-government-suburbs-dont-exist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cite_crabgrass-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cite_crabgrass_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cite_crabgrass_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1985">Jackson 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth_McManus,_and_Philip_J._Ethington2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ruth McManus, and Philip J. Ethington (2007). "Suburbs in transition: new approaches to suburban history". <i>Urban History</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 317–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS096392680700466X">10.1017/S096392680700466X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146703204">146703204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+History&rft.atitle=Suburbs+in+transition%3A+new+approaches+to+suburban+history&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=317-337&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS096392680700466X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146703204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Ruth+McManus%2C+and+Philip+J.+Ethington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2006" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, L. J. (1 September 2006). "Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism". <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>93</b> (2): 601–602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4486372">10.2307/4486372</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723">0021-8723</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4486372">4486372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Sundown+Towns%3A+A+Hidden+Dimension+of+American+Racism&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=601-602&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft.issn=0021-8723&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4486372%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4486372&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Corbin_Sies2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mary Corbin Sies (2001). "North American Suburbs, 1880–1950". <i>Journal of Urban History</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 313–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009614420102700304">10.1177/009614420102700304</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144947126">144947126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+History&rft.atitle=North+American+Suburbs%2C+1880%E2%80%931950&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=313-46&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009614420102700304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144947126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Mary+Corbin+Sies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-scholars.com/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=23989">"Luoyang and the Northern Army"</a>. <i>Scholars of Shen Zhou</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scholars+of+Shen+Zhou&rft.atitle=Luoyang+and+the+Northern+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthe-scholars.com%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D5%26t%3D23989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infoplease-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-infoplease_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infoplease_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/world/suburb-history-suburbs.html#ixzz2IqMC5s34">"History of Suburbs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320105249/https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/arts/visual/architecture/suburb/history-of-suburbs#ixzz2IqMC5s34">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Suburbs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fworld%2Fsuburb-history-suburbs.html%23ixzz2IqMC5s34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodmanBuxtonMoloney2016" class="citation book cs1">Goodman, Robin; Buxton, Michael; Moloney, Susie (2016). "The early development of Melbourne". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3-NDAAAQBAJ"><i>Planning Melbourne: Lessons for a Sustainable City</i></a>. CSIRO Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780643104747" title="Special:BookSources/9780643104747"><bdi>9780643104747</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2019</span>. <q>By 1890, Melbourne was the second-largest city in the British Empire and one of the world's richest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+early+development+of+Melbourne&rft.btitle=Planning+Melbourne%3A+Lessons+for+a+Sustainable+City&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780643104747&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Buxton%2C+Michael&rft.au=Moloney%2C+Susie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3-NDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1989" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Alan (25 July 1989). "The Roots of Australian Anti-Suburbanism". In Goldberg, Samuels Louis; Smith, Francis Barrymore (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQc5AAAAIAAJ"><i>Australian Cultural History</i></a> (reprint ed.). Cambridge: CUP Archive (published 1988). p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521356510" title="Special:BookSources/9780521356510"><bdi>9780521356510</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>[...] there has been surprising continuity since the infancy of Australian suburbia in the 1850s in the attitudes, values and motives underlying suburbanization.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Roots+of+Australian+Anti-Suburbanism&rft.btitle=Australian+Cultural+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=36&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1989-07-25&rft.isbn=9780521356510&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQc5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsPigram1988" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Dennis; Pigram, Ron (1988). <i>The Golden Years of the Metropolitan Railway and the Metro-land Dream</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870630-11-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-870630-11-4"><bdi>1-870630-11-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Years+of+the+Metropolitan+Railway+and+the+Metro-land+Dream&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=1-870630-11-4&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Pigram%2C+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1986134-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1986134_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1986">Jackson 1986</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1986134,_137-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1986134,_137_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1986">Jackson 1986</a>, pp. 134, 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1986240-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1986240_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1986240_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1986">Jackson 1986</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen198743-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen198743_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen198743_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen1987">Green 1987</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1986241–242-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1986241–242_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1986">Jackson 1986</a>, pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowley2006206,_207-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowley2006206,_207_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowley2006">Rowley 2006</a>, pp. 206, 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2004introduction-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen2004introduction_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2004">Green 2004</a>, introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130712113950/http://www.history.co.uk/explore-history/history-of-london/rambles-in-metro-land.html">"History of London Metro-Land and London's Suburbs"</a>. <i>History.co.uk</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44418-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44418-7"><bdi>978-1-139-44418-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Housing+Segregation+in+Suburban+America+Since+1960%3A+Presidential+and+Judicial+Politics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-01-24&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44418-7&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Charles+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dip09QJaFaiQC%26dq%3Dwhite%2Bflight%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bsuburbs%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bunited%2Bstates%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0813339529">Comeback Cities: A Blueprint for Urban Neighborhood Revival</a> By Paul S. Grogan, Tony Proscio. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3952-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3952-9">0-8133-3952-9</a>. Published 2002. Page 142. "Perhaps suburbanization was a 'natural' phenomenon—rising incomes allowing formerly huddled masses in city neighborhoods to breathe free on green lawn and leafy culs-de-sac. But, we will never know how natural it was, because of the massive federal subsidy that eased and accelerated it, in the form of tax, transportation and housing policies."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uULJlcYkJ1oC">Land Development Calculations</a> 2001 Walter Martin Hosack. 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Lanham, Maryland (Prince George's County): Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1619-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1619-9"><bdi>0-7425-1619-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+fear+and+hope%3A+globalization+and+race+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland+%28Prince+George%27s+County%29&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7425-1619-9&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2gJhgr0BrooC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoguera2003" class="citation book cs1">Noguera, Pedro (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bfuFosKIPeEC"><i>City schools and the American dream: reclaiming the promise of public education</i></a>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100509/ap_on_re_us/us_changing_suburbs">White flight? Suburbs lose young whites to cities</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i> at <i><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a></i>. Sunday 9 May 2010. Retrieved on 10 May 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prb.org/resources/minority-suburbanization/">Minority Suburbanization</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKneebone;_Holmes" class="citation web cs1">Kneebone; Holmes, Elizabeth; Natalie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/srvy_jobsproximity.pdf">"The growing distance between people and jobs in metropolitan America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bicycleuniverse.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bicycleuniverse.info&rft.atitle=The+growing+distance+between+people+and+jobs+in+metropolitan+America&rft.aulast=Kneebone%3B+Holmes&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth%3B+Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2Fsrvy_jobsproximity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd1960-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd1960_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd1960">Boyd (1960)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fremeaux.com/index.php?page=shop.product_details&category_id=74&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=506&option=com_virtuemart">"Chanson francaise La banlieue 1931–1953 Anthologie"</a>. <i>Fremeaux.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fremeaux.com&rft.atitle=Chanson+francaise+La+banlieue+1931%E2%80%931953+Anthologie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fremeaux.com%2Findex.php%3Fpage%3Dshop.product_details%26category_id%3D74%26flypage%3Dshop.flypage%26product_id%3D506%26option%3Dcom_virtuemart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeil2006" class="citation book cs1">Keil, Rob (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Boxes:_The_Architecture_of_a_Classic_Midcentury_Suburb" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Boxes: The Architecture of a Classic Midcentury Suburb">Little Boxes: The Architecture of a Classic Midcentury Suburb</a></i>. Daly City, CA: Advection Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9779236-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9779236-4-9"><bdi>0-9779236-4-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Boxes%3A+The+Architecture+of+a+Classic+Midcentury+Suburb&rft.place=Daly+City%2C+CA&rft.pub=Advection+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9779236-4-9&rft.aulast=Keil&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_suburbs" title="Bibliography of suburbs">Bibliography of suburbs</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Archer, John; Paul J.P. Sandul, and Katherine Solomonson (eds.), <i>Making Suburbia: New Histories of Everyday America.</i> Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2015.</li> <li>Baxandall, Rosalyn and Elizabeth Ewen. <i>Picture Windows: How the Suburbs Happened.</i> New York: Basic Books, 2000.</li> <li>Beauregard, Robert A. <i> When America Became Suburban</i>. University of Minnesota Press, 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1960" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Robin (1960). <i>The Australian Ugliness</i>. Melbourne: Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Ugliness&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>The Earliest Complete English Prose Salter,</i>ed. by K. D. Bülbring. Early English Text Society, Original Series, 1891.</li> <li>Fishman, Robert. <i>Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia</i>. Basic Books, 1987; in U.S.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoxell1996" class="citation book cs1">Foxell, Clive (1996). <i>Chesham Shuttle: The Story of a Metropolitan Branch Line</i> (2nd ed.). Clive Foxell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9529184-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9529184-0-4"><bdi>0-9529184-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chesham+Shuttle%3A+The+Story+of+a+Metropolitan+Branch+Line&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clive+Foxell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-9529184-0-4&rft.aulast=Foxell&rft.aufirst=Clive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Galinou, Mireille. <i>Cottages and Villas: The Birth of the Garden Suburb</i> (2011), in England</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1987" class="citation book cs1">Green, Oliver (1987). <i>The London Underground: An illustrated history</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing" title="Ian Allan Publishing">Ian Allan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1720-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-1720-4"><bdi>0-7110-1720-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+Underground%3A+An+illustrated+history&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7110-1720-4&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2004" class="citation book cs1">Green, Oliver, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080628202202/http://www.southbankpublishing.com/9781904915003/introduction.php"><i>Metro-Land</i></a> (British Empire Exhibition 1924 reprinted ed.). Southbank Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904915-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-904915-00-0"><bdi>1-904915-00-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbankpublishing.com/9781904915003/introduction.php">the original</a> on 28 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metro-Land&rft.edition=British+Empire+Exhibition+1924+reprinted&rft.pub=Southbank+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-904915-00-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southbankpublishing.com%2F9781904915003%2Fintroduction.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harris, Richard. <i>Creeping Conformity: How Canada Became Suburban, 1900–1960</i> (2004)</li> <li>Hayden, Dolores. <i>Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820–2000</i>. Vintage Books, 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne2003" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Mike (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/metropolitanline00mike"><i>The Metropolitan Line</i></a></span>. Capital Transport. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85414-275-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85414-275-5"><bdi>1-85414-275-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Metropolitan+Line&rft.pub=Capital+Transport&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85414-275-5&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmetropolitanline00mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_T._Jackson" title="Kenneth T. Jackson">Jackson, Kenneth T.</a> (1985). <i><a href="/wiki/Crabgrass_Frontier:_The_Suburbanization_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States">Crabgrass frontier: The suburbanization of the United States</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504983-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504983-7"><bdi>0-19-504983-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11785435">11785435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crabgrass+frontier%3A+The+suburbanization+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11785435&rft.isbn=0-19-504983-7&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1986" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Alan (1986). <i>London's Metropolitan Railway</i>. David & Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-8839-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-8839-8"><bdi>0-7153-8839-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London%27s+Metropolitan+Railway&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7153-8839-8&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Psalter</i>, London, British Library Add. MS. 17376</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowley2006" class="citation book cs1">Rowley, Trevor (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishlandscape0000rowl"><i>The English landscape in the twentieth century</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Hambledon Continuum</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85285-388-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85285-388-3"><bdi>1-85285-388-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+landscape+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-85285-388-3&rft.aulast=Rowley&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishlandscape0000rowl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2003" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Bill (2003). <i>A History of the Metropolitan Railway. Volume 1: The Circle and Extended Lines to Rickmansworth</i>. Lamplight Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899246-07-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-899246-07-X"><bdi>1-899246-07-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Metropolitan+Railway.+Volume+1%3A+The+Circle+and+Extended+Lines+to+Rickmansworth.&rft.pub=Lamplight+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-899246-07-X&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuburb" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stilgoe, John R. <i>Borderland: Origins of the American Suburb, 1820–1939</i>. Yale University Press, 1989.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_C._Teaford" title="Jon C. Teaford">Teaford, Jon C.</a> <i>The American Suburb: The Basics</i>. Routledge, 2008.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suburb&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105102559/http://knol.google.com/k/steven-chong/a-future-vision-for-the-north-american/2e3144udfqrpg/5">A Future Vision for the North American Suburb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fass.kingston.ac.uk/research/suburban-studies">Centre for Suburban Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hgs.org.uk/mystreet/index.html">Images of a mature north London suburb illustrating a wide range of domestic architecture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endofsuburbia.com/">The end of suburbia</a> (documentary film)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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selflink">Suburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exurb" title="Exurb">Exurb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_city" title="Core city">Core city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_cities" title="Twin cities">Twin cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_city" title="Satellite city">Satellite city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_city" title="Edge city">Edge city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_town" title="Commuter town">Commuter town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">City proper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_limits" title="City limits">limits</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">Conurbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">Metropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">Megacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis" title="Megalopolis">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">Cities with the most skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">Suburbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinking_city" title="Shrinking city">Shrinking cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_village" title="Abandoned village">Abandoned village</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city" title="Lost city">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_city" title="Tent city">Tent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_town" title="College town">College town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">Urban government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_status" title="City status">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">direct-controlled</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">World's cities by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">Global city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">Central business district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees" title="List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees">Most expensive cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheapest_cities" title="List of cheapest cities">Cheapest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Most_livable_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Most livable cities">Most livable cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">Urban decay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">Ghetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_ruins" title="Modern ruins">Modern ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-go_area" title="No-go area">No-go area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">Shanty town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skid_row" title="Skid row">Skid row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">Slum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">Urban renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_bond" title="Municipal bond">Municipal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_III" title="Habitat III">Habitat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri-urban_agriculture" title="Peri-urban agriculture">Peri-urban agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_urban_planning" title="History of urban planning">History of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_urban_planning" title="Theories of urban planning">Theories of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_aspects_of_urban_planning" title="Technical aspects of urban planning">Technical aspects of urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planner" title="Urban planner">Urban planners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_green_space" title="Urban green space">Green space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_wild" title="Urban wild">Urban wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">Mixed-use development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">Grid plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_zone_model" title="Concentric zone model">Concentric zone model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_model" title="Sector model">Sector model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_nuclei_model" title="Multiple nuclei model">Multiple nuclei model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_settlement" title="Linear settlement">Linear settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_city" title="Smart city">Smart city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-friendly" title="Bicycle-friendly">Bicycle-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclability" title="Cyclability">Cyclability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_infrastructure" title="Cycling infrastructure">Cycling infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">Walkability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Urban population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">World's largest cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_throughout_history" title="List of largest cities throughout history">throughout history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density" title="List of cities proper by population density">Most densely populated cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_capitals_by_population" title="List of national capitals by population">Most populous national capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satellite_cities_by_population" title="List of satellite cities by population">Most populous satellite cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Urbanism" title="Urbanism">Urbanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">Urban warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_studies" title="Urban studies">Urban studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_morphology" title="Urban morphology">Urban morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-urbanism" title="Anti-urbanism">Anti-urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_exploration" title="Urban exploration">Urban exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_homesteading" title="Urban homesteading">Urban homesteading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_urbanism" title="Unitary urbanism">Unitary urbanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_cities" title="Climate change and cities">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_urbanism" title="Green urbanism">Green urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_11" title="Sustainable Development Goal 11">Sustainable Development Goal 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urbanism" title="Sustainable urbanism">Sustainable urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_prairie" title="Urban prairie">Urban prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">Urban reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-carbon_city" title="Zero-carbon city">Zero-carbon city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188509#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188509#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Banlieues"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119382735">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Banlieues"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119382735">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566134">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="předměstí"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124881&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="příměstské zóny"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph513607&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Barrios periféricos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX532260">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543733005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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