CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Palestine (region) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f8b243da-1c23-4109-a75e-91f0ee4b7a9c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Palestine_(region)","wgTitle":"Palestine (region)","wgCurRevisionId":1258592138,"wgRevisionId":1258592138,"wgArticleId":1114732,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the EasyTimeline extension","Lang and lang-xx template errors","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2021","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)", "Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from November 2020","Use Oxford spelling from November 2022","Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015","All articles containing potentially dated statements","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 maint: location missing publisher", "Pages using Sister project links with default search","Coordinates on Wikidata","Palestine (region)","Geography of Israel","Geography of Jordan","Geography of the State of Palestine","Geography of West Asia","Historical regions","Regions of Asia"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Palestine_(region)","wgRelevantArticleId":1114732,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["extendedconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false, "wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":31,"lon":35},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q23792","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.timeline.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles": "ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.timeline.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_%28plain%29.svg/1200px-Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_%28plain%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2230"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_%28plain%29.svg/800px-Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_%28plain%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1486"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_%28plain%29.svg/640px-Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_%28plain%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1189"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Palestine (region) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Palestine_region rootpage-Palestine_region skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Palestine+%28region%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Palestine+%28region%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Palestine+%28region%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Palestine+%28region%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Muslim_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Muslim_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early Muslim period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Muslim_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader/Ayyubid_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader/Ayyubid_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Crusader/Ayyubid period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusader/Ayyubid_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamluk_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamluk_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Mamluk period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamluk_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Mandate_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Mandate_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>British Mandate period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Mandate_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab–Israeli_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab–Israeli_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Arab–Israeli conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab–Israeli_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Boundaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boundaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Current usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Ottoman_and_British_Mandate_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Ottoman_and_British_Mandate_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Late Ottoman and British Mandate periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Ottoman_and_British_Mandate_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Current demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flora and fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Flora distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Palestine (region)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 128 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-128" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">128 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(streek)" title="Palestina (streek) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Palestina (streek)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A4stina" title="Palästina – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Palästina" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%A4%E1%88%9D" title="ፍልስጤም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍልስጤም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فلسطين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسطين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%A0%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%A2" title="ܦܠܣܛܝܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܠܣܛܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99l%C9%99stin" title="Fələstin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fələstin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فیلیسطین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلیسطین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2)" title="ফিলিস্তিন (অঞ্চল) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিলিস্তিন (অঞ্চল)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Palestine" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Фәләстин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фәләстин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Палесціна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палесціна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Палестына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палестына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Палестина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Палестина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(regija)" title="Palestina (regija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Palestina (regija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Палестина – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Палестина" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(rehiyon)" title="Palestina (rehiyon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Palestina (rehiyon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palesteina" title="Palesteina – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Palesteina" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A6stina" title="Palæstina – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palæstina" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestiinn%C3%A1" title="Palestiinná – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Palestiinná" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baaleschdi" title="Baaleschdi – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Baaleschdi" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A4stina_(Region)" title="Palästina (Region) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Palästina (Region)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="प्यालेस्टाइन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="प्यालेस्टाइन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestiina_(piirkond)" title="Palestiina (piirkond) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Palestiina (piirkond)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7_(%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE)" title="Παλαιστίνη (περιοχή) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παλαιστίνη (περιοχή)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(regi%C3%B3n)" title="Palestina (región) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Palestina (región)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestino" title="Palestino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Palestino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فلسطین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسطین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(r%C3%A9gion)" title="Palestine (région) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Palestine (région)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phalaist%C3%ADn" title="An Phalaistín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phalaistín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(rexi%C3%B3n)" title="Palestina (rexión) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Palestina (rexión)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Palestine" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8_(%EC%A7%80%EC%97%AD)" title="팔레스타인 (지역) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔레스타인 (지역)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falasdinu" title="Falasdinu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Falasdinu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="फ़िलिस्तीनी राज्यक्षेत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़िलिस्तीनी राज्यक्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(podru%C4%8Dje)" title="Palestina (područje) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Palestina (područje)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(wilayah)" title="Palestina (wilayah) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Palestina (wilayah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Палестинæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Палестинæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palest%C3%ADna" title="Palestína – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Palestína" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ארץ ישראל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארץ ישראל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A8stina" title="Palèstina – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Palèstina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ಯಾಲೆಸ್ಟೈನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ಯಾಲೆಸ್ಟೈನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Палестина – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Палестина" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="პალესტინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პალესტინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%81%D9%95)" title="فلسطیٖن (علاقہٕ) – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فلسطیٖن (علاقہٕ)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%9B)" title="Палестина (тарихи аймақ) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Палестина (тарихи аймақ)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestin_(rejyon)" title="Palestin (rejyon) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Palestin (rejyon)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filist%C3%AEn_(her%C3%AAm)" title="Filistîn (herêm) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Filistîn (herêm)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Палестина – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Палестина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaestina" title="Palaestina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Palaestina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palest%C4%ABna" title="Palestīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Palestīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinos_regionas" title="Palestinos regionas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Palestinos regionas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinn-a" title="Palestinn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Palestinn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palesztina_(r%C3%A9gi%C3%B3)" title="Palesztina (régió) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Palesztina (régió)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="प्यालेस्टाइन राज्य – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्यालेस्टाइन राज्य" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Палестина (регион) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Палестина (регион)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(faritra)" title="Palestina (faritra) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Palestina (faritra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82)" title="പലസ്തീൻ (പ്രദേശം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പലസ്തീൻ (പ്രദേശം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%A8" title="पॅलेस्टाईन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पॅलेस्टाईन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="პალესტინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პალესტინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فلسطين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فلسطين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فلسطین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فلسطین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestin_(wilayah)" title="Palestin (wilayah) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Palestin (wilayah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Palestine" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(regio)" title="Palestina (regio) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Palestina (regio)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0)" title="प्यालेस्टाइन (क्षेत्र) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्यालेस्टाइन (क्षेत्र)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%8A" title="パレスチナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パレスチナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(omr%C3%A5de)" title="Palestina (område) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Palestina (område)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina-regionen" title="Palestina-regionen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Palestina-regionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(istorica)" title="Palestina (istorica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Palestina (istorica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falastin_(mintaqa)" title="Falastin (mintaqa) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Falastin (mintaqa)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87" title="ਫ਼ਲਸਤੀਨੀ ਇਲਾਕ਼ੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਲਸਤੀਨੀ ਇਲਾਕ਼ੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فلسطین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فلسطین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فلسطین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فلسطین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestyna" title="Palestyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Palestyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(regi%C3%A3o)" title="Palestina (região) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Palestina (região)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(regiune)" title="Palestina (regiune) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Palestina (regiune)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalistina" title="Phalistina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phalistina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Палестина (историческая область) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Палестина (историческая область)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palesitina" title="Palesitina – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Palesitina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Palestine" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(rajon)" title="Palestina (rajon) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Palestina (rajon)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palistina" title="Palistina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Palistina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Palestine (region)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palest%C3%ADna_(%C3%BAzemie)" title="Palestína (územie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Palestína (územie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(regija)" title="Palestina (regija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Palestina (regija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falastiin" title="Falastiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Falastiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فەلەستین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەلەستین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Палестина (регија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Палестина (регија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A9stina_(wewengkon)" title="Paléstina (wewengkon) – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Paléstina (wewengkon)" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestiina_(alue)" title="Palestiina (alue) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palestiina (alue)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(region)" title="Palestina (region) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Palestina (region)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(rehiyon)" title="Palestina (rehiyon) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palestina (rehiyon)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fales%E1%B9%ADin_(Tamna%E1%B8%8Dt)" title="Falesṭin (Tamnaḍt) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Falesṭin (Tamnaḍt)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Фәлистыйн – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фәлистыйн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84)" title="ปาเลสไตน์ (ภูมิภาค) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปาเลสไตน์ (ภูมิภาค)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5%E1%8C%A4%E1%88%9D" title="ፍልስጤም – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፍልስጤም" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D3%A3)" title="Фаластин (вилояти таърихӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фаластин (вилояти таърихӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filistin_(b%C3%B6lge)" title="Filistin (bölge) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filistin (bölge)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨄᨒᨙᨔᨈᨗᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨒᨙᨔᨈᨗᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Палестина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Палестина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فلسطین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فلسطین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(khu_v%E1%BB%B1c)" title="Palestine (khu vực) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Palestine (khu vực)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestene_(contr%C3%AAye)" title="Palestene (contrêye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Palestene (contrêye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina" title="Palestina – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Palestina" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestiin" title="Palestiin – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Palestiin" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="巴勒斯坦地区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴勒斯坦地区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="פאלעסטינע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאלעסטינע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%E1%BA%B9st%C3%ADn%C3%AC" title="Palẹstínì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Palẹstínì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="巴勒斯坦地區 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴勒斯坦地區" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestina_(streek)" title="Palestina (streek) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Palestina (streek)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="巴勒斯坦地区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴勒斯坦地区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23792#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Palestine_(region)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestine_(region)&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestine_(region)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestine_(region)&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestine_(region)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Palestine_(region)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Palestine_(region)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestine_(region)&oldid=1258592138" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestine_(region)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Palestine_%28region%29&id=1258592138&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPalestine_%28region%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPalestine_%28region%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Palestine_%28region%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestine_(region)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Palestine" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Palestine" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23792" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palestine_(region)&params=31_N_35_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°N</span> <span class="longitude">35°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31°N 35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31; 35</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographic region in West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the region. For the country, see <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>. For other uses of Palestine, see <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Palestine (disambiguation)">Palestine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Palestine</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Παλαιστίνη</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>)<br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Palaestina</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">فِلَسْطِينَ</span>‎</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>)<br /><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל</span>‎</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_(plain).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_%28plain%29.svg/250px-Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_%28plain%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="465" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_%28plain%29.svg/375px-Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_%28plain%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_%28plain%29.svg/500px-Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_%28plain%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: darkgreen solid;background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Boundaries of the Roman province <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>, where dashed green line shows the boundary between Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Salutaris" title="Palaestina Salutaris">Palaestina Salutaris</a> (later Jebel et-Tih and the Jifar)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: darkred solid;background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Borders of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: blue dotted 2px;background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Borders between <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>) which are claimed by the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> as its borders</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Hebrew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Definition_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Definition-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The region of <b>Palestine</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>historic Palestine</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a geographical area in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. It includes modern-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>, as well as parts of northwestern <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> in some definitions. Other names for the region include <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. </p><p>The earliest written record referring to Palestine as a geographical region is in the <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> in the 5th century BCE, which calls the area <i>Palaistine</i>, referring to the territory previously held by <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a>, a state that existed in that area from the 12th to the 7th century BCE. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> conquered the region and in 6 CE established the province known as <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a>, but then in 132 CE in the period of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> the province was expanded and renamed <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann1998_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 390, during the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> period, the region was split into the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Salutaris" title="Palaestina Salutaris">Palaestina Tertia</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> in the 630s, the military district of <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a> was established. While Palestine's boundaries have changed throughout history, it has generally comprised the southern portion of regions such as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Syria</a> or the Levant. </p><p>As the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, Palestine has been a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. In the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, it was home to <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> city-states; and the later <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a>. It has since come under the sway of various empires, including the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. The brief <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a> ended with its gradual incorporation into the Roman Empire, and later the Byzantine Empire, during which Palestine became a center of Christianity. In the 7th century, Palestine was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, ending Byzantine rule in the region; Rashidun rule was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a>. Following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, which had been established through the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, the population of Palestine became predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>. In the 13th century, it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>, and after 1516, spent four centuries as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Palestine was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine campaign</a>. Between 1919 and 1922, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a>, which came under British administration as <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> through the 1940s. Tensions between Jews and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> escalated into the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a>, which ended with the establishment of Israel on most of the territory, and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> controlling the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> respectively. The 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six_Day_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Day War">Six Day War</a> saw <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israel's occupation of both territories</a>, which has been among the core issues of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuters:_recognition2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuters:_recognition2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiskin2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskin2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAP2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAP2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine" title="Timeline of the name Palestine">Timeline of the name Palestine</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:198px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karte_Pomponius_Mela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karte_Pomponius_Mela.jpg/153px-Karte_Pomponius_Mela.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karte_Pomponius_Mela.jpg/230px-Karte_Pomponius_Mela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Karte_Pomponius_Mela.jpg/306px-Karte_Pomponius_Mela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12449" data-file-height="17055" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:198px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notitia_Dignitatum_-_Dux_Palestinae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Notitia_Dignitatum_-_Dux_Palestinae.jpg/131px-Notitia_Dignitatum_-_Dux_Palestinae.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Notitia_Dignitatum_-_Dux_Palestinae.jpg/197px-Notitia_Dignitatum_-_Dux_Palestinae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Notitia_Dignitatum_-_Dux_Palestinae.jpg/262px-Notitia_Dignitatum_-_Dux_Palestinae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1372" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabula_Rogeriana_Muhammad_al-Idrisi_map_of_Syria,_Palestine,_Sinai.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tabula_Rogeriana_Muhammad_al-Idrisi_map_of_Syria%2C_Palestine%2C_Sinai.png/161px-Tabula_Rogeriana_Muhammad_al-Idrisi_map_of_Syria%2C_Palestine%2C_Sinai.png" decoding="async" width="161" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tabula_Rogeriana_Muhammad_al-Idrisi_map_of_Syria%2C_Palestine%2C_Sinai.png/242px-Tabula_Rogeriana_Muhammad_al-Idrisi_map_of_Syria%2C_Palestine%2C_Sinai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Tabula_Rogeriana_Muhammad_al-Idrisi_map_of_Syria%2C_Palestine%2C_Sinai.png/322px-Tabula_Rogeriana_Muhammad_al-Idrisi_map_of_Syria%2C_Palestine%2C_Sinai.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="837" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cedid_Atlas_(Syria)_1803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cedid_Atlas_%28Syria%29_1803.jpg/123px-Cedid_Atlas_%28Syria%29_1803.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cedid_Atlas_%28Syria%29_1803.jpg/185px-Cedid_Atlas_%28Syria%29_1803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Cedid_Atlas_%28Syria%29_1803.jpg/246px-Cedid_Atlas_%28Syria%29_1803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4203" data-file-height="3579" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The name is found throughout recorded history. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Palestine" title="Cartography of Palestine">historical maps of the region</a> that contain the name Palestine are shown above: (1) <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a> (Latin, c. 43 CE); (2) <a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a> (Latin, c. 410 CE); (3) <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a> (Arabic, 1154 CE); (4) <a href="/wiki/Cedid_Atlas" title="Cedid Atlas">Cedid Atlas</a> (Ottoman Turkish, 1803 CE)</div></div></div></div> <p>Modern archaeology has identified 12 ancient inscriptions from Egyptian and Assyrian records recording likely cognates of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <i>Pelesheth</i>. The term "Peleset" (<a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Ancient_Egyptian" title="Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian">transliterated</a> from <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> as <i>P-r-s-t</i>) is found in five inscriptions referring to a neighboring people or land starting from c. 1150 BCE during the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth dynasty of Egypt</a>. The first known mention is at the temple at <a href="/wiki/Medinet_Habu_(temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medinet Habu (temple)">Medinet Habu</a> which refers to the <a href="/wiki/Peleset" title="Peleset">Peleset</a> among those who fought with <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a>'s reign,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschLochmanBromileyBarrett2005185_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschLochmanBromileyBarrett2005185-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted200124_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted200124-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the last known is 300 years later on <a href="/wiki/Padiiset%27s_Statue" title="Padiiset's Statue">Padiiset's Statue</a>. Seven known <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> inscriptions refer to the region of "Palashtu" or "Pilistu", beginning with <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Nimrud_Slab" title="Nimrud Slab">Nimrud Slab</a> in c. 800 BCE through to a <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon%27s_Treaty_with_Ba%27al_of_Tyre" title="Esarhaddon's Treaty with Ba'al of Tyre">treaty made by Esarhaddon</a> more than a century later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon19884_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon19884-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoom2006285_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoom2006285-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither the Egyptian nor the Assyrian sources provided clear regional boundaries for the term.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first clear use of the term Palestine to refer to the entire area between <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> was in 5th century BCE <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> wrote of a "district of Syria, called <i>Palaistínē</i>" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Συρίη ἡ Παλαιστίνη καλεομένη</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus_3:91:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus_3:91:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">The Histories</a></i>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Judean_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean mountains">Judean mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199965_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson199965-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately a century later, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> used a similar definition for the region in <i><a href="/wiki/Meteorology_(Aristotle)" title="Meteorology (Aristotle)">Meteorology</a></i>, in which he included the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199966–67_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson199966–67-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Greek writers such as <a href="/wiki/Polemon_of_Athens" title="Polemon of Athens">Polemon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> also used the term to refer to the same region, which was followed by Roman writers such as <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dio_Chrysostom" title="Dio Chrysostom">Dio Chrysostom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Romano-Jewish</a> writers <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was first used to denote an official province in c. 135 CE, when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman authorities</a>, following the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kokhba Revolt">Bar Kokhba Revolt</a>, renamed the province of Judaea "<a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>". There is <a href="/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence" title="Circumstantial evidence">circumstantial evidence</a> linking <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> with the name change,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1996553_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1996553-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the precise date is not certain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1996553_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1996553-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is generally accepted to be a cognate of the biblical name <i>Peleshet</i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פלשת</span></span> <i>Pəlésheth</i>, usually transliterated as <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a>). The term and its derivates are used more than 250 times in <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic</a>-derived versions of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, of which 10 uses are in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, with undefined boundaries, and almost 200 of the remaining references are in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">Books of Samuel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon19884_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon19884-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoom2006285_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoom2006285-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1954153_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1954153-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is rarely used in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, which used a transliteration <i>Land of Phylistieim</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Γῆ τῶν Φυλιστιείμ</span></span>), different from the contemporary Greek place name <i>Palaistínē</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Παλαιστίνη</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199972–74_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson199972–74-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also theorized to be the <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the Greek word for the Philistines and <i>palaistês</i>, which means "wrestler/rival/adversary".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoth1939_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoth1939-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aligns with the Greek practice of punning place names since the latter is also the <a href="/wiki/Jacob_wrestling_with_the_angel" title="Jacob wrestling with the angel">etymological meaning for Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Septuagint instead used the term "allophuloi" (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">άλλόφυλοι</span></span>, "other nations") throughout the Books of Judges and Samuel,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoblingRose1996404a_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoblingRose1996404a-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drews49_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drews49-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such that the term "Philistines" has been interpreted to mean "non-Israelites of the Promised Land" when used in the context of Samson, Saul and David,<sup id="cite_ref-Drews51_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drews51-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Rabbinic sources explain that these peoples were different from the Philistines of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine period</a>, the region of Palestine within <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> was subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Secunda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi199541_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi199541-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an area of land including the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> became <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Salutaris" title="Palaestina Salutaris">Palaestina Salutaris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi199541_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi199541-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Place_names_of_Palestine" title="Place names of Palestine">place names</a> that were in use by the Byzantine administration generally continued to be used in Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon19884_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon19884-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marshallp559_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshallp559-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the name "Palestine" became common in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201116_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201116-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was used in English and Arabic during the <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBüssow20115_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBüssow20115-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Manneh199939_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Manneh199939-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ix<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was revived as an official place name with the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</a>. </p><p>Some other terms that have been used to refer to all or part of this land include <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> (Eretz Yisrael or Ha'aretz),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger2004133,_159_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger2004133,_159-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">region of Syria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Iudaea Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Israel HaShlema", <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retenu</a></i> (Ancient Egyptian), <a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of Palestine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Palestine_region" title="Timeline of the Palestine region">Timeline of the Palestine region</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Time_periods_in_the_Palestine_region" title="Time periods in the Palestine region">Time periods in the Palestine region</a>.</div> <p>Situated at a strategic location between <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, and the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. The region has been controlled by numerous peoples, including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">ancient Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Empire">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Empire">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period#Hellenistic_Middle_east" title="Hellenistic period">ancient Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a>, the Arab <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>, and modern <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_dns888ec0ikc64xw1c7dr7t7cpo1xsg"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jordanian_occupation_of_the_West_Bank_and_East_Jerusalem" coords="827,262,902,282" title="Jordanian occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem" alt="Jordanian occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" coords="564,262,644,282" title="Rashidun Caliphate" alt="Rashidun Caliphate" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mandate_Palestine" coords="822,223,897,244" title="Mandate Palestine" alt="Mandate Palestine" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ottoman_Palestine" coords="831,223,867,244" title="Ottoman Palestine" alt="Ottoman Palestine" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ottoman_Palestine" coords="771,223,846,244" title="Ottoman Palestine" alt="Ottoman Palestine" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Byzantine" coords="626,223,712,244" title="Byzantine" alt="Byzantine" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Byzantine" coords="583,223,619,244" title="Byzantine" alt="Byzantine" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Byzantine" coords="525,223,611,244" title="Byzantine" alt="Byzantine" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Roman" coords="516,223,552,244" title="Roman" alt="Roman" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" coords="463,223,526,244" title="Roman Empire" alt="Roman Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Antigonid" coords="367,223,453,244" title="Antigonid" alt="Antigonid" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Seljuk" coords="656,185,725,206" title="Seljuk" alt="Seljuk" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sassanid" coords="558,185,639,206" title="Sassanid" alt="Sassanid" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Achaemenid" coords="343,185,434,206" title="Achaemenid" alt="Achaemenid" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Abbasids" coords="640,147,676,167" title="Abbasids" alt="Abbasids" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Abbasids" coords="597,147,677,167" title="Abbasids" alt="Abbasids" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Neo%2DAssyrian_Empire" coords="275,147,422,167" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire" alt="Neo-Assyrian Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_Egypt" coords="830,108,899,129" title="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt" alt="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" coords="822,108,858,129" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt" alt="Muhammad Ali of Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" coords="716,108,785,129" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)" alt="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ayyubids" coords="699,108,736,129" title="Ayyubids" alt="Ayyubids" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" coords="648,108,739,129" title="Fatimid Caliphate" alt="Fatimid Caliphate" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" coords="638,108,718,129" title="Fatimid Caliphate" alt="Fatimid Caliphate" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ikhshidids" coords="647,108,683,129" title="Ikhshidids" alt="Ikhshidids" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tulunids" coords="634,108,670,129" title="Tulunids" alt="Tulunids" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ptolemies" coords="405,108,442,129" title="Ptolemies" alt="Ptolemies" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ptolemies" coords="395,108,431,129" title="Ptolemies" alt="Ptolemies" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ptolemies" coords="369,108,455,129" title="Ptolemies" alt="Ptolemies" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" coords="273,108,309,129" title="Third Intermediate Period" alt="Third Intermediate Period" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/New_Kingdom" coords="160,108,257,129" title="New Kingdom" alt="New Kingdom" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ayyubid" coords="687,70,762,91" title="Ayyubid" alt="Ayyubid" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Artuqids" coords="675,70,711,91" title="Artuqids" alt="Artuqids" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Umayyads" coords="575,70,656,91" title="Umayyads" alt="Umayyads" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" coords="482,70,574,91" title="Palmyrene Empire" alt="Palmyrene Empire" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Seleucids" coords="399,70,486,91" title="Seleucids" alt="Seleucids" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Aram_Damascus" coords="255,70,363,91" title="Aram Damascus" alt="Aram Damascus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Israel" coords="835,32,905,52" title="Israel" alt="Israel" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Crusader_states" coords="668,32,748,52" title="Crusader states" alt="Crusader states" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bar_Kochba_revolt" coords="448,32,556,52" title="Bar Kochba revolt" alt="Bar Kochba revolt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Hasmonean" coords="415,32,501,52" title="Hasmonean" alt="Hasmonean" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" coords="195,32,365,52" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah" alt="History of ancient Israel and Judah" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Canaan" coords="81,32,173,52" title="Canaan" alt="Canaan" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_dns888ec0ikc64xw1c7dr7t7cpo1xsg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/dns888ec0ikc64xw1c7dr7t7cpo1xsg.png" /></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_period">Ancient period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png/220px-Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png/330px-Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png/440px-Kingdoms_of_the_Levant_Map_830.png 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="2332" /></a><figcaption>Kingdoms of the Southern Levant during the Iron Age (c. 830 BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>The region was among the earliest in the world to see human habitation, agricultural communities and <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlström199372–111_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlström199372–111-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, independent <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> city-states were established, and were influenced by the surrounding civilizations of ancient Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> Crete, and Syria. Between 1550 and 1400 BCE, the Canaanite cities became vassals to the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> who held power until the 1178 BCE <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djahy" title="Battle of Djahy">Battle of Djahy (Canaan)</a> during the wider <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993282–334_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993282–334-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> emerged from a dramatic social transformation that took place in the people of the central hill country of Canaan around 1200 BCE, with no signs of violent invasion or even of peaceful infiltration of a clearly defined ethnic group from elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002107_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002107-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xiii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, the Israelites established two related kingdoms, <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> emerged as an important local power by the 10th century BCE before falling to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> in 722 BCE. Israel's southern neighbor, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a>, emerged in the 8th or 9th century BCE and later became a client state of first the Neo-Assyrian and then the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> before a revolt against the latter led to its destruction in 586 BCE. The region became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from c. 740 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch2014_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was itself replaced by the Neo-Babylonian Empire in c. 627 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993655–741,_754–784_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993655–741,_754–784-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 587/6 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">Jerusalem was besieged and destroyed</a> by the second Babylonian king, <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xiv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who subsequently <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exiled the Judeans to Babylon</a>. The Kingdom of Judah was then <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">annexed as a Babylonian province</a>. The Philistines were also exiled. The defeat of Judah was recorded by the Babylonians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_Museumn.d._56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Museumn.d.-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChronicle_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II2006_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChronicle_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II2006-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 539 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Babylonian empire was conquered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and implications from the <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a>, the exiled Jews were eventually allowed to <a href="/wiki/The_Return_to_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="The Return to Zion">return to Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993804–890_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993804–890-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The returned population in Judah were allowed to self-rule under Persian governance, and some parts of the fallen kingdom became a Persian province known as <a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Persian_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yehud (Persian province)">Yehud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrotty201725_f.n._4_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrotty201725_f.n._4-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004355_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004355-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except Yehud, at least another four Persian provinces existed in the region: Samaria, Gaza, Ashdod, and Ascalon, in addition to the Phoenician city states in the north and the Arabian tribes in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphal2000156_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphal2000156-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period, the <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomites</a> migrated from Transjordan to the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, which became known as <a href="/wiki/Idumaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Idumaea">Idumaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2020487_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2020487-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Qedarites" title="Qedarites">Qedarites</a> were the dominant Arab tribe; their territory ran from the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> in the south to the Negev in the north through the period of Persian and Hellenistic dominion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenning200726:_All_that_can_be_said_with_certainty_is_that_the_Nabataeans_are_known_in_the_sources_since_the_fourth_century_B.C._Up_to_that_time_the_Qedarites,_the_dominant_Arab_tribe_of_the_Persian_period,_controlled_the_south_from_the_Hejaz_and_all_of_the_Negev_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenning200726:_All_that_can_be_said_with_certainty_is_that_the_Nabataeans_are_known_in_the_sources_since_the_fourth_century_B.C._Up_to_that_time_the_Qedarites,_the_dominant_Arab_tribe_of_the_Persian_period,_controlled_the_south_from_the_Hejaz_and_all_of_the_Negev-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg/220px-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg/330px-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg/440px-%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Maritima</a>, also known as Caesarea Palestinae, built under <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> at the site of a former <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> naval station, became the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Roman Judea</a>, Roman <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> and Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a> provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 330s BCE, Macedonian ruler <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered the region, which changed hands several times during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Diadochi" title="Wars of the Diadochi">wars of the Diadochi</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars" title="Syrian Wars">Syrian Wars</a>. It ultimately fell to the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> between 219 and 200 BCE. During that period, the region became heavily <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">hellenized</a>, building tensions between Greeks and locals. </p><p>In 167 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> erupted, leading to the establishment of an independent <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean Kingdom">Hasmonean Kingdom</a> in Judea. From 110 BCE, the Hasmoneans extended their authority over much of Palestine, including <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iturea" title="Iturea">Iturea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a>, and Idumea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1999210_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1999210-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jewish control over the wider region resulted in it also becoming known as <a href="/wiki/Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea">Judaea</a>, a term that had previously only referred to the smaller region of the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Mountains" title="Judaean Mountains">Judaean Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period, the Edomites were converted to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2020487_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2020487-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 73 and 63 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> extended its influence into the region in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>. Pompey conquered Judea in 63 BCE, splitting the former Hasmonean Kingdom into five districts. In around 40 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> conquered Palestine, deposed the Roman ally <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a>, and installed a puppet ruler of the Hasmonean line known as <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201436_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201436-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 37 BCE, the Parthians withdrew from Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palestine is generally considered the "Cradle of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenari198226_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenari198226-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKårtveit2014209_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKårtveit2014209-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivan20082_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivan20082-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity, a religion based on the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachings of Jesus">teachings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a>, arose as a messianic sect from within <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>. The three-year <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry of Jesus</a>, culminating in his <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion</a>, is estimated to have occurred from 28 to 30 CE, although the <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">historicity of Jesus</a> is disputed by a minority of scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xvi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Second_Temple.jpg/220px-Second_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Second_Temple.jpg/330px-Second_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Second_Temple.jpg/440px-Second_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Model of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, after being rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a>. It was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> in 70 CE during the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Temple_of_Jerusalem''_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Temple_of_Jerusalem''-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the first and second centuries CE, the province of Judea became the site of two large-scale <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish revolts against Rome</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a>, which lasted from 66 to 73 CE, the Romans <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(AD_70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)">razed Jerusalem</a> and destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZissu201819_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201819-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>, Jewish zealots preferred to commit suicide than endure Roman captivity. In 132 CE, another Jewish rebellion erupted. The <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> took three years to put down, incurred massive costs on both the Romans and the Jews, and desolated much of Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewin200533_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewin200533-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2008125:_Although_Dio's_figure_of_985_as_the_number_of_villages_destroyed_during_the_war_seems_hyperbolic,_all_Judaean_villages,_without_exception,_excavated_thus_far_were_razed_following_the_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._This_evidence_supports_the_impression_of_total_regional_destruction_following_the_war._78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2008125:_Although_Dio's_figure_of_985_as_the_number_of_villages_destroyed_during_the_war_seems_hyperbolic,_all_Judaean_villages,_without_exception,_excavated_thus_far_were_razed_following_the_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._This_evidence_supports_the_impression_of_total_regional_destruction_following_the_war.-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center of Jewish life in Palestine moved to the Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During or after the revolt, <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> joined the province of Iudaea with Galilee and the <a href="/wiki/Paralia_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralia (Palestine)">Paralia</a> to form the new province of <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>, and Jerusalem was renamed "<a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>". Some scholars view these actions as an attempt to disconnect the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a> from their homeland,<sup id="cite_ref-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this theory is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199972–74_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson199972–74-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 259 and 272, the region fell under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Odaenathus" title="Odaenathus">Odaenathus</a> as King of the <a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a>. Following the victory of Christian emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy" title="Civil wars of the Tetrarchy">Civil wars of the Tetrarchy</a>, the Christianization of the Roman Empire began, and in 326, Constantine's mother <a href="/wiki/Helena_(empress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena (empress)">Saint Helena</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and began the construction of churches and shrines. Palestine became a center of Christianity, attracting numerous monks and religious scholars. The <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Revolts" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Revolts">Samaritan Revolts</a> during this period caused their near extinction. In 614 CE, Palestine was annexed by another Persian dynasty; the <a href="/wiki/Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanids">Sassanids</a>, until returning to Byzantine control in 628 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Muslim_period">Early Muslim period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:294px;max-width:294px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dome_of_Rock,_Temple_Mount,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dome_of_Rock%2C_Temple_Mount%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/191px-Dome_of_Rock%2C_Temple_Mount%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dome_of_Rock%2C_Temple_Mount%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/287px-Dome_of_Rock%2C_Temple_Mount%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Dome_of_Rock%2C_Temple_Mount%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/382px-Dome_of_Rock%2C_Temple_Mount%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a>, the world's first great work of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>, constructed in 691.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_to.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/White_to.jpg/95px-White_to.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/White_to.jpg/143px-White_to.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/White_to.jpg/190px-White_to.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Minaret of the <a href="/wiki/White_Mosque,_Ramla" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mosque, Ramla">White Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a>, constructed in 1318</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Palestine#Arab_caliphate_period_(640-1099)" title="Architecture of Palestine">Arab architecture in the Umayyad and Mamluk periods</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Palestine was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a>, beginning in 634 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997i_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997i-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 636, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yarmouk" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yarmouk">Battle of Yarmouk</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> marked the start of Muslim hegemony over the region, which became known as the military district of <a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a> within the province of <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Bilâd al-Shâm</a> (Greater Syria).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil199747_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil199747-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 661, with the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ali" title="Assassination of Ali">Assassination of Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah I</a> became the Caliph of the Islamic world after being crowned in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil199776_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil199776-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a>, completed in 691, was the world's first great work of Islamic architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of the population was Christian and was to remain so until the conquest of Saladin in 1187. The Muslim conquest apparently had little impact on social and administrative continuities for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvni2014314,_336_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvni2014314,_336-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xvii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xviii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word 'Arab' at the time referred predominantly to Bedouin nomads, though Arab settlement is attested in the Judean highlands and near Jerusalem by the 5th century, and some tribes had converted to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvni2014154–155_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvni2014154–155-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local population engaged in farming, which was considered demeaning, and were called <i>Nabaț</i>, referring to <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>-speaking villagers. A <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">ḥadīth</a>, brought in the name of a Muslim freedman who settled in Palestine, ordered the Muslim Arabs not to settle in the villages, "for he who abides in villages it is as if he abides in graves".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997134–136_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997134–136-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyads</a>, who had spurred a strong economic resurgence in the area,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalmsley2000265–343,_p._290_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalmsley2000265–343,_p._290-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a> in 750. <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> became the administrative centre for the following centuries, while Tiberias became a thriving centre of Muslim scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997329_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997329-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 878, Palestine was ruled from Egypt by semi-autonomous rulers for almost a century, beginning with the Turkish freeman <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Tulun" title="Ahmad ibn Tulun">Ahmad ibn Tulun</a>, for whom both Jews and Christians prayed when he lay dying<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997306ff._and_p._307_n._71,_p._308_n._73_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997306ff._and_p._307_n._71,_p._308_n._73-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ending with the <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid</a> rulers. Reverence for Jerusalem increased during this period, with many of the Egyptian rulers choosing to be buried there.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xix<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the later period became characterized by persecution of Christians as the threat from Byzantium grew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997324_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997324-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a>, with a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> army, conquered the region in 970, a date that marks the beginning of a period of unceasing warfare between numerous enemies, which destroyed Palestine, and in particular, devastating its Jewish population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997336_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997336-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1071 and 1073, Palestine was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997410_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997410-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only to be recaptured by the Fatimids in 1098.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997209,_414_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997209,_414-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader/Ayyubid_period"><span id="Crusader.2FAyyubid_period"></span>Crusader/Ayyubid period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akko_Castle_30_(5147892579).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Akko_Castle_30_%285147892579%29.jpg/220px-Akko_Castle_30_%285147892579%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Akko_Castle_30_%285147892579%29.jpg/330px-Akko_Castle_30_%285147892579%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Akko_Castle_30_%285147892579%29.jpg/440px-Akko_Castle_30_%285147892579%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Hospitaller</a> fortress in <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> was destroyed in 1291 and partially rebuilt in the 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Fatimids again lost the region to the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">Crusaders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">1099</a>. The Crusaders set up<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> (1099–1291).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997826_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997826-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their control of Jerusalem and most of Palestine lasted almost a century until their <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">defeat</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>'s forces in 1187,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201115&#32;_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201115&#32;-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after which most of Palestine was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201115&#32;_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201115&#32;-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for the years 1229–1244 when Jerusalem and other areas were retaken<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoas200119–20_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoas200119–20-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem#The_Kingdom_of_Acre" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Second Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>, by then ruled from <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> (1191–1291), but, despite seven further crusades, the Franks were no longer a significant power in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1969615–621_(vol._1)_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1969615–621_(vol._1)-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, which did not reach Palestine, led directly to the decline of the Byzantine Empire, dramatically reducing Christian influence throughout the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1969152–185_(vol._2)_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1969152–185_(vol._2)-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mamluk_period">Mamluk period</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> was created in Egypt as an indirect result of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Crusade" title="Seventh Crusade">Seventh Crusade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1969486–518_(vol._2)_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1969486–518_(vol._2)-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> reached Palestine for the first time in 1260, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Mongol raids into Palestine</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christian">Nestorian Christian</a> general <a href="/wiki/Kitbuqa" title="Kitbuqa">Kitbuqa</a>, and reaching an apex at the pivotal <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut" title="Battle of Ain Jalut">Battle of Ain Jalut</a>, where they were pushed back by the Mamluks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201135–39_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201135–39-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine#Ottoman_period" title="History of Palestine">History of Palestine § Ottoman period</a></div> <p>In 1486, hostilities broke out between the Mamluks and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in a battle for control over western Asia, and the Ottomans conquered Palestine in 1516.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201140_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201140-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the mid-16th and 17th centuries, a close-knit alliance of three local dynasties, the <a href="/wiki/Ridwan_dynasty" title="Ridwan dynasty">Ridwans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Lajjun#Early_rule_and_the_Tarabay_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Lajjun">Turabays</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Lajjun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Lajjun">al-Lajjun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Pasha#Legacy" title="Farrukh Pasha">Farrukhs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, governed Palestine on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a> (imperial Ottoman government).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeevi199645_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeevi199645-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akko_BW_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Akko_BW_13.JPG/220px-Akko_BW_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Akko_BW_13.JPG/330px-Akko_BW_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Akko_BW_13.JPG/440px-Akko_BW_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3373" data-file-height="2460" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Umdan" title="Khan al-Umdan">Khan al-Umdan</a>, constructed in <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> in 1784, is the largest and best preserved <a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">caravanserai</a> in the region.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Al-Zayadina" title="Al-Zayadina">Zaydani</a> clan under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Zahir_al-Umar" title="Zahir al-Umar">Zahir al-Umar</a> ruled large parts of Palestine autonomously<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipp201342–43_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipp201342–43-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the Ottomans were able to defeat them in their <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> strongholds in 1775–76.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoudah1987115–117_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoudah1987115–117-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zahir had turned the port city of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> into a major regional power, partly fueled by his monopolization of the <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> trade from Palestine to Europe. Acre's regional dominance was further elevated under Zahir's successor <a href="/wiki/Jazzar_Pasha" title="Jazzar Pasha">Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzar</a> at the expense of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2005246_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2005246-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1830, on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a>'s invasion,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201164_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201164-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Porte transferred control of the sanjaks of Jerusalem and Nablus to <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Pasha_ibn_Ali" title="Abdullah Pasha ibn Ali">Abdullah Pasha</a>, the governor of Acre. According to Silverburg, in regional and cultural terms this move was important for creating an Arab Palestine detached from greater Syria (<i>bilad al-Sham</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverburg20099–36,_p._29_n._32_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverburg20099–36,_p._29_n._32-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Pappe, it was an attempt to reinforce the Syrian front in face of Muhammad Ali's invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappe199938_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappe199938-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, Palestine was conquered by Muhammad Ali's Egypt,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201164_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201164-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Egyptian rule was challenged in 1834 by a <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt_of_1834_(Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasants' Revolt of 1834 (Palestine)">countrywide popular uprising</a> against <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> and other measures considered intrusive by the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimmerlingMigdal20037–8_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmerlingMigdal20037–8-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its suppression devastated many of Palestine's villages and major towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimmerlingMigdal200311_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmerlingMigdal200311-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1840, Britain intervened and returned control of the Levant to the Ottomans in return for further <a href="/wiki/Capitulations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire">capitulations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201171_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201171-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of <a href="/wiki/Aqil_Agha" title="Aqil Agha">Aqil Agha</a> marked the last local challenge to Ottoman centralization in Palestine,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYazbak19983_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak19983-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and beginning in the 1860s, Palestine underwent an acceleration in its socio-economic development, due to its incorporation into the global, and particularly European, economic pattern of growth. The beneficiaries of this process were Arabic-speaking Muslims and Christians who emerged as a new layer within the Arab elite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbar1986188_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbar1986188-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1880 large-scale Jewish immigration began, almost entirely from Europe, based on an explicitly <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> ideology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There was also a <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">revival of the Hebrew language and culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xx<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom">Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom</a> preceded its spread within the Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira201415_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira201415-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Great Britain publicly supported it during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> of 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer2011148_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2011148-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Mandate_period">British Mandate period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:257px;max-width:257px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:101px;max-width:101px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg/99px-British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg/149px-British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg/198px-British_Mandate_Palestinian_passport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mill_(British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency,_1927).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mill_%28British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency%2C_1927%29.jpg/150px-Mill_%28British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency%2C_1927%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mill_%28British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency%2C_1927%29.jpg/225px-Mill_%28British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency%2C_1927%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mill_%28British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency%2C_1927%29.jpg/300px-Mill_%28British_Mandate_for_Palestine_currency%2C_1927%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine_passport" title="Mandatory Palestine passport">Palestine passport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_pound" title="Palestine pound">Palestine coin</a>. The Mandatory authorities agreed a <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_%22Palestine%22#Formation_of_the_British_Mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the name "Palestine"">compromise position regarding the Hebrew name</a>: in English and Arabic the name was simply "Palestine" (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">"فلسطين"</span></span>), but the Hebrew version (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">"פלשתינה"</span></span>) also included the acronym (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">"א״י"</span></span>) for <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Eretz_Yisrael" class="mw-redirect" title="Eretz Yisrael">Eretz Yisrael</a></i></span> (Land of Israel).</div></div></div></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:220px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_sheet_index.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Survey of Palestine 1942–1958 1–100,000 Topographical maps. Click on each blue link to see the individual original maps in high resolution."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100%2C000_sheet_index.png/220px-Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100%2C000_sheet_index.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="698" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100%2C000_sheet_index.png/330px-Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100%2C000_sheet_index.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100%2C000_sheet_index.png/440px-Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100%2C000_sheet_index.png 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="4216" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_150x25" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:25px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_01Metulla.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 01Metulla.jpg">Metulla</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_95x88" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:88px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_02Haifa.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 02Haifa.jpg">Haifa</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_165x88" style="position:absolute; left:165px; top:88px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_03Safad.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 03Safad.jpg">Safad</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_93x145" style="position:absolute; left:93px; top:145px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_04ZikhronYaaqov.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 04ZikhronYaaqov.jpg">Zikhron<br />Yaaqov</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_155x155" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:155px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_05Nazareth.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 05Nazareth.jpg">Nazareth</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_93x215" style="position:absolute; left:93px; top:215px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_06JaffaTelAviv.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 06JaffaTelAviv.jpg">TelAviv</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_160x215" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:215px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_07Nablus.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 07Nablus.jpg">Nablus</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_38x277" style="position:absolute; left:38px; top:277px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_08Yibna.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 08Yibna.jpg">Yibna</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_97x277" style="position:absolute; left:97px; top:277px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_09Ramle.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 09Ramle.jpg">Ramle</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_150x277" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:277px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_10Jerusalem.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 10Jerusalem.jpg">Jerusalem</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_20x340" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:340px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_11Gaza.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 11Gaza.jpg">Gaza</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_83x340" style="position:absolute; left:83px; top:340px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_12Hebron.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 12Hebron.jpg">Hebron</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_146x340" style="position:absolute; left:146px; top:340px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_13DeadSea.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 13DeadSea.jpg">Dead Sea</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_20x405" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:405px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_14Rafa.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 14Rafa.jpg">Rafa</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_72x405" style="position:absolute; left:72px; top:405px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_15Beersheba.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 15Beersheba.jpg">Beersheba</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_155x395" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:395px; line-height:110%; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_16JebelUsdum.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 16JebelUsdum.jpg">Jebel<br />Usdum</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_13x465" style="position:absolute; left:13px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_17Nitsana.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 17Nitsana.jpg">Nitsana</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_88x465" style="position:absolute; left:88px; top:465px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_18Ovdat.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 18Ovdat.jpg">Ovdat</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_146x455" style="position:absolute; left:146px; top:455px; line-height:110%; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_19NahalHaarava.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 19NahalHaarava.jpg">Nahal<br />Haarava</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_50x525" style="position:absolute; left:50px; top:525px; line-height:110%; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_20HarLotz.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 20HarLotz.jpg">Har<br />Lotz</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_120x525" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:525px; line-height:110%; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_21HarOmer.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 21HarOmer.jpg">Har<br />Omer</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_40x580" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:580px; line-height:110%; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_22HarTzenifim.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 22HarTzenifim.jpg">Har<br />Tzenifim</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_115x585" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:585px; line-height:110%; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_23Yotvata.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 23Yotvata.jpg">Yotvata</a></span></div> <div id="annotation_90x660" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:660px; line-height:110%; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_24Eilat.jpg" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 24Eilat.jpg">Eilat</a></span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_sheet_index.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100%2C000_sheet_index.png/220px-Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100%2C000_sheet_index.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="698" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100%2C000_sheet_index.png/330px-Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100%2C000_sheet_index.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100%2C000_sheet_index.png/440px-Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100%2C000_sheet_index.png 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="4216" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Survey_of_Palestine_1942-1958_1-100,000_sheet_index.png" title="File:Survey of Palestine 1942-1958 1-100,000 sheet index.png"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Survey_of_Palestine" title="Survey of Palestine">Survey of Palestine</a> 1942–1958 1–100,000 Topographical maps. Click on each blue link to see the individual original maps in high resolution.</div> </div></div> <p>The British began their <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a> in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200167_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200167-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war reached <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign#Southern_Palestine_Campaign_begins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">southern Palestine in 1917</a>, progressing to Gaza and around <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign#Jerusalem_Campaign_November–December_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Jerusalem by the end of the year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200167_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200167-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jerusalem (1917)">secured Jerusalem in December 1917</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200167–120_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200167–120-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They moved into the Jordan valley <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Jordan_Valley" title="British occupation of the Jordan Valley">in 1918</a> and a campaign by the Entente into northern Palestine led to victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Megiddo in September</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200167–120_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200167–120-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British were formally awarded <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">the mandate to govern the region</a> in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev2001270–294_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2001270–294-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arab Palestinians rioted in <a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">1921</a>, <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929</a>, and revolted in <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%9339_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine">1936</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev20011–13_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev20011–13-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, following World War II and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>, the British Government announced its desire to terminate the Mandate, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> adopted in November 1947 a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">Resolution 181(II)</a> recommending partition into an Arab state, a Jewish state and the Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev2001468–487_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2001468–487-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine">civil war</a> began immediately after the Resolution's adoption. The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> was <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">declared</a> in May 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev2001487–521_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2001487–521-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab–Israeli_conflict"><span id="Arab.E2.80.93Israeli_conflict"></span>Arab–Israeli conflict</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">History of the State of Palestine</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, Israel captured and incorporated a further 26% of the Mandate territory, <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordan captured</a> the regions of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé1994119_"His_(Abdallah)_natural_choice_was_the_regions_of_Judea_and_Samaria..."_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé1994119_"His_(Abdallah)_natural_choice_was_the_regions_of_Judea_and_Samaria..."-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xxi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerson201293_"Trans-Jordan_was_also_in_control_of_all_of_Judea_and_Samaria_(the_West_Bank)"_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerson201293_"Trans-Jordan_was_also_in_control_of_all_of_Judea_and_Samaria_(the_West_Bank)"-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> renaming it the "<a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>", while the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> was <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt">captured by Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé1994102–135_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé1994102–135-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200712–36_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200712–36-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">al-Nakba</a>, the 700,000 Palestinians who fled or were driven from their homes were <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Infiltration_Law" title="Prevention of Infiltration Law">not allowed to return</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1949" title="Lausanne Conference of 1949">Lausanne Conference of 1949</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé199487–101_and_203–243_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé199487–101_and_203–243-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the course of the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in June 1967, Israel captured the rest of Mandate Palestine from Jordan and Egypt, and began a policy of establishing <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Jewish settlements</a> in those <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">territories</a>. From 1987 to 1993, the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Palestinian Intifada</a> against Israel took place, which included the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of the State of Palestine">Declaration of the State of Palestine</a> in 1988 and ended with the <a href="/wiki/1993_Oslo_Peace_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Oslo Peace Accords">1993 Oslo Peace Accords</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a>. </p><p>In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> (also called al-Aqsa Intifada) began, and Israel built a <a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">separation barrier</a>. In the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Israeli disengagement from Gaza</a>, Israel withdrew all settlers and military presence from the Gaza Strip, but maintained military control of numerous aspects of the territory including its borders, air space and coast. Israel's ongoing military occupation of the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem continues to be the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_occupations" title="List of military occupations">longest military occupation</a> in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xxii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xxiii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008 <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hikaye" title="Palestinian hikaye">Palestinian hikaye</a> was inscribed to UNESCO's list of <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intangible cultural heritage of Palestine">intangible cultural heritage</a>; the first of four listings reflecting the significance of Palestinian culture globally.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2012, the status of Palestinian delegation in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> was upgraded to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers#Non-member_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">non-member observer state</a> as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_GA/113172012_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_GA/113172012-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xxiv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern_period">Pre-modern period</h3></div> <p>The boundaries of Palestine have varied throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xxv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xxvi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a> (comprising Wadi Arabah, the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="River Jordan">River Jordan</a>) has at times formed a political and administrative frontier, even within empires that have controlled both territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAharoni197964_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAharoni197964-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At other times, such as during certain periods during the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean">Hasmonean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader</a> states for example, as well as during the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">biblical period</a>, territories on both sides of the river formed part of the same administrative unit. During the <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> period, parts of southern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and the northern highland areas of Palestine and Jordan were administered as <i><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdun</a></i>, while the southern parts of the latter two formed part of <i><a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq</a></i>, which during the 9th century was attached to the administrative unit of <i><a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199317–18_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199317–18-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boundaries of the area and the ethnic nature of the people referred to by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> in the 5th century BCE as Palaestina vary according to context. Sometimes, he uses it to refer to the coast north of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a>. Elsewhere, distinguishing the Syrians in Palestine from the Phoenicians, he refers to their land as extending down all the coast from Phoenicia to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus1858Bk_vii,_Ch_89_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus1858Bk_vii,_Ch_89-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, writing in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> in the 1st century CE, describes a region of Syria that was "formerly called <i>Palaestina</i>" among the areas of the Eastern Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the Byzantine Period, the Byzantine borders of <i>Palaestina</i> (<i>I</i> and <i>II</i>, also known as <i>Palaestina Prima</i>, "First Palestine", and <i>Palaestina Secunda</i>, "Second Palestine"), have served as a name for the geographic area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. Under Arab rule, <i>Filastin</i> (or <i>Jund Filastin</i>) was used administratively to refer to what was under the Byzantines <i>Palaestina Secunda</i> (comprising <a href="/wiki/Judaea_and_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea and Samaria">Judaea and Samaria</a>), while <i>Palaestina Prima</i> (comprising the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> region) was renamed <i>Urdunn</i> ("Jordan" or <i>Jund al-Urdunn</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon19884_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon19884-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Satellite_image_of_Israel.jpg/110px-Satellite_image_of_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Satellite_image_of_Israel.jpg/165px-Satellite_image_of_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Satellite_image_of_Israel.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of the region</figcaption></figure> <p>Nineteenth-century sources refer to Palestine as extending from the sea to the caravan route, presumably the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">Hejaz-Damascus route</a> east of the Jordan River valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger200419–20_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200419–20-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others refer to it as extending from the sea to the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger200419–20_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200419–20-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a> victory in World War I and the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">partitioning of the Ottoman Empire</a>, which created the British mandate in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, most of the northern area of what is today Jordan formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Damascus">Vilayet of Damascus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>), while the southern part of Jordan was part of the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Hejaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Hejaz">Vilayet of Hejaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger200413_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200413-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What later became <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> was in late Ottoman times divided between the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Beirut">Vilayet of Beirut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Jerusalem">Sanjak of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Risalesi_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risalesi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">Zionist Organization</a> provided its definition of the boundaries of Palestine in a statement to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference in 1919</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETessler1994163_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETessler1994163-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger200441–80_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200441–80-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British administered <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> after World War I, having promised to establish a <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">homeland for the Jewish people</a>. The modern definition of the region follows the boundaries of that entity, which were fixed in the North and East in 1920–23 by the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_memorandum" class="mw-redirect" title="Transjordan memorandum">Transjordan memorandum</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Paulet%E2%80%93Newcombe_Agreement" title="Paulet–Newcombe Agreement">Paulet–Newcombe Agreement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger2004133,_159_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger2004133,_159-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on the South by following the 1906 Turco-Egyptian boundary agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger200480_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200480-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKliot19959_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKliot19959-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="overflow: auto; padding: 3px;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;height: auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:786px;max-width:786px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Modern evolution of Palestine <div style="float: right;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palestinian_territory_development" title="Template:Palestinian territory development"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palestinian_territory_development" title="Template talk:Palestinian territory development"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinian_territory_development" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinian territory development"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proposals_for_the_Mandate_of_Palestine_1916-19.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Proposals_for_the_Mandate_of_Palestine_1916-19.svg/258px-Proposals_for_the_Mandate_of_Palestine_1916-19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="479" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Proposals_for_the_Mandate_of_Palestine_1916-19.svg/387px-Proposals_for_the_Mandate_of_Palestine_1916-19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Proposals_for_the_Mandate_of_Palestine_1916-19.svg/516px-Proposals_for_the_Mandate_of_Palestine_1916-19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>1916–1922 various proposals</b>: <span style="font-size:85%;">Three proposals for the post World War I administration of Palestine. The red line is the "International Administration" proposed in the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a>, the dashed blue line is the 1919 <a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">Zionist Organization</a> proposal at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>, and the thin blue line refers to the final borders of the 1923–48 <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>.</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peel_map_1937_Palestine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Peel_map_1937_Palestine.svg/258px-Peel_map_1937_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="479" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Peel_map_1937_Palestine.svg/387px-Peel_map_1937_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Peel_map_1937_Palestine.svg/516px-Peel_map_1937_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>1937 British proposal</b>: <span style="font-size:85%;">The first official proposal for partition, published in 1937 by the <a href="/wiki/Peel_Commission" title="Peel Commission">Peel Commission</a>. An ongoing British Mandate was proposed to keep "the sanctity of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>", in the form of an enclave from Jerusalem to <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lydda" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydda">Lydda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramle">Ramle</a>.</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine_map.svg/258px-United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="479" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine_map.svg/387px-United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine_map.svg/516px-United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>1947 UN proposal</b>: <span style="font-size:85%;">Proposal per the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a> (UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), 1947), prior to the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. The proposal included a <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)" title="Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)">Corpus Separatum for Jerusalem</a>, extraterritorial crossroads between the non-contiguous areas, and <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> as an Arab exclave.</span></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:786px;max-width:786px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_and_Arab_Land_Ownership_in_Mandatory_Palestine,_1947.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jewish_and_Arab_Land_Ownership_in_Mandatory_Palestine%2C_1947.svg/258px-Jewish_and_Arab_Land_Ownership_in_Mandatory_Palestine%2C_1947.svg.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="479" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jewish_and_Arab_Land_Ownership_in_Mandatory_Palestine%2C_1947.svg/387px-Jewish_and_Arab_Land_Ownership_in_Mandatory_Palestine%2C_1947.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jewish_and_Arab_Land_Ownership_in_Mandatory_Palestine%2C_1947.svg/516px-Jewish_and_Arab_Land_Ownership_in_Mandatory_Palestine%2C_1947.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>1947 Jewish private land ownership</b>: <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_land_purchase_in_Palestine" title="Jewish land purchase in Palestine">Jewish-owned lands in Mandatory Palestine</a> as of 1947 in blue, constituting 7.4% of the total land area, of which more than half was held by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">JNF</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Jewish_Colonization_Association" title="Palestine Jewish Colonization Association">PICA</a>. White is either <a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">public land</a> or <a href="/wiki/Palestinian-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian-Arab">Palestinian-Arab</a>-owned lands including related religious trusts.</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordanian-annexed_West_Bank_and_Egyptian-occupied_Gaza_Strip,_1948-67.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Jordanian-annexed_West_Bank_and_Egyptian-occupied_Gaza_Strip%2C_1948-67.svg/258px-Jordanian-annexed_West_Bank_and_Egyptian-occupied_Gaza_Strip%2C_1948-67.svg.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="479" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Jordanian-annexed_West_Bank_and_Egyptian-occupied_Gaza_Strip%2C_1948-67.svg/387px-Jordanian-annexed_West_Bank_and_Egyptian-occupied_Gaza_Strip%2C_1948-67.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Jordanian-annexed_West_Bank_and_Egyptian-occupied_Gaza_Strip%2C_1948-67.svg/516px-Jordanian-annexed_West_Bank_and_Egyptian-occupied_Gaza_Strip%2C_1948-67.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b><a href="/wiki/1949_armistice_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 armistice lines">1949 armistice lines</a></b>: <span style="font-size:85%;">The <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian-annexed West Bank</a> (light green) and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Gaza Strip">Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip</a> (dark green), after the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">1949 armistice lines</a>.</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel,1967-94.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C1967-94.svg/258px-Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C1967-94.svg.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="479" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C1967-94.svg/387px-Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C1967-94.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C1967-94.svg/516px-Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C1967-94.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>1967 territorial changes</b>: <span style="font-size:85%;">During the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, Israel captured the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> (later traded for peace after the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>). In 1980–81 Israel <a href="/wiki/Positions_on_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Positions on Jerusalem">annexed East Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights_Law" title="Golan Heights Law">the Golan Heights</a>. Neither Israel's annexation nor the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a> claim over East Jerusalem gained international recognition.</span></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:709px;max-width:709px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel,_1994-2006.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C_1994-2006.svg/258px-Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C_1994-2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="479" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C_1994-2006.svg/387px-Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C_1994-2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C_1994-2006.svg/516px-Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C_1994-2006.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>1995 <a href="/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord" title="Oslo II Accord">Oslo II Accord</a></b>: <span style="font-size:85%;">Under the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> was created to provide a Palestinian interim self-government in the West Bank and the interior of the Gaza Strip. Its second phase envisioned "<a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a>".</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel,_2006.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C_2006.svg/258px-Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C_2006.svg.png" decoding="async" width="258" height="479" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C_2006.svg/387px-Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C_2006.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C_2006.svg/516px-Palestinian_National_Authority_within_Israel%2C_2006.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="2291" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>2005–present</b>: <span style="font-size:85%;">After the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Israeli disengagement from Gaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">clashes between the two main Palestinian parties</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_legislative_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian legislative election, 2006">Hamas electoral victory</a>, two separate executive governments took control in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> of the West Bank and Gaza.</span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Demographic_map_of_Palestine_-_Israel_-_with_Legend.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Demographic_map_of_Palestine_-_Israel_-_with_Legend.png/181px-Demographic_map_of_Palestine_-_Israel_-_with_Legend.png" decoding="async" width="181" height="479" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Demographic_map_of_Palestine_-_Israel_-_with_Legend.png/272px-Demographic_map_of_Palestine_-_Israel_-_with_Legend.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Demographic_map_of_Palestine_-_Israel_-_with_Legend.png/362px-Demographic_map_of_Palestine_-_Israel_-_with_Legend.png 2x" data-file-width="3186" data-file-height="8440" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>Ethnic majority by settlement (present)</b>: <span style="font-size:85%;">The map indicates the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_majority" title="Ethnic majority">ethnic majority</a> of settlements (cities, villages and other communities).</span></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_usage">Current usage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Israel" title="Borders of Israel">Borders of Israel</a></div> <p>The region of Palestine is the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponym</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian people</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Palestine" title="Culture of Palestine">culture of Palestine</a>, both of which are defined as relating to the whole historical region, usually defined as the localities within the border of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>. The 1968 <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Covenant" title="Palestinian National Covenant">Palestinian National Covenant</a> described Palestine as the "homeland of the Arab Palestinian people", with "the boundaries it had during the British Mandate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaidHitchens2001199_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidHitchens2001199-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, since the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Palestinian Declaration of Independence">Palestinian Declaration of Independence</a>, the term <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> refers only to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. This discrepancy was described by the Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas as a negotiated concession in a September 2011 speech to the United Nations: "... we agreed to establish the State of Palestine on only 22% of the territory of historical Palestine – on all the Palestinian Territory occupied by Israel in 1967."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Haaretz''2011_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Haaretz''2011-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>Palestine</i> is also sometimes used in a limited sense to refer to <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">the parts of the Palestinian territories currently under the administrative control</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a>, a quasi-governmental entity which governs <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">parts of the State of Palestine</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xxviii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Overview of administration and sovereignty in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administration_in_the_Palestine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Administration in the Palestine region"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administration_in_the_Palestine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Administration in the Palestine region"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administration_in_the_Palestine_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administration in the Palestine region"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Area </th> <th>Administered by </th> <th>Recognition of governing authority </th> <th>Sovereignty claimed by </th> <th>Recognition of claim </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> (<i>de jure</i>) Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> (<i>de facto</i>) </td> <td rowspan="3">Witnesses to the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord" title="Oslo II Accord">Oslo II Accord</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">146 UN member states</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a> (Areas A and B) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Government_Activities_in_the_Territories" title="Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories">Israeli military</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Area_C_(West_Bank)" title="Area C (West Bank)">Area C</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_law_in_the_West_Bank_settlements" title="Israeli law in the West Bank settlements">Israeli enclave law</a> (<a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a>) and Israeli military (Palestinians under <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli occupation</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_system_of_government" title="Israeli system of government">Israeli administration</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West Jerusalem</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, Honduras, Guatemala, Nauru, and the United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)" title="Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)">international city</a> along with East Jerusalem </td> <td>Various UN member states and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>; <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">joint sovereignty</a> also widely supported </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td>All UN member states except the United States </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Israel (Green Line border)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">165 UN member states</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td>165 UN member states </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic history of Palestine">Demographic history of Palestine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_demographics">Early demographics</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; margin-left:60px; float:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Jews </th> <th>Christians </th> <th>Muslims </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>First half 1st century CE </td> <td>Majority </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>~2,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th century </td> <td>Minority </td> <td>Majority </td> <td>– </td> <td>>1st C </td></tr> <tr> <td>End 12th century </td> <td>Minority </td> <td>Minority </td> <td>Majority </td> <td>>225 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14th century before <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> </td> <td>Minority </td> <td>Minority </td> <td>Majority </td> <td>225 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14th century after Black Death </td> <td>Minority </td> <td>Minority </td> <td>Majority </td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="7" style="font-size:70%; text-align:left;">Historical population table compiled by <a href="/wiki/Sergio_DellaPergola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergio DellaPergola">Sergio DellaPergola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDellaPergola20015_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDellaPergola20015-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figures in thousands. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Estimating the population of Palestine in antiquity relies on two methods – censuses and writings made at the times, and the scientific method based on excavations and statistical methods that consider the number of settlements at the particular age, area of each settlement, density factor for each settlement. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> in the 2nd century CE saw a major shift in the population of Palestine. The sheer scale and scope of the overall destruction has been described by <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> in his <i>Roman History</i>, where he notes that Roman war operations in the country had left some 580,000 Jews dead, with many more dying of hunger and disease, while 50 of their most important outposts and 985 of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. "Thus," writes Dio Cassius, "nearly the whole of <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judaea</a> was made desolate."<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2012_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2012-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Israeli_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli archaeology">Israeli archaeologists</a> Magen Broshi and Yigal Shiloh, the population of ancient Palestine did not exceed one million.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xxix<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xxx<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 300 CE, Christianity had spread so significantly that Jews comprised only a quarter of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xxxi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Ottoman_and_British_Mandate_periods">Late Ottoman and British Mandate periods</h3></div><p> In a study of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> registers of the early Ottoman rule of Palestine, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a> reports:</p><blockquote><p>[T]he first half century of Ottoman rule brought a sharp increase in population. The towns grew rapidly, villages became larger and more numerous, and there was an extensive development of agriculture, industry, and trade. The two last were certainly helped to no small extent by the influx of Spanish and other Western Jews.</p></blockquote><blockquote><p>From the mass of detail in the registers, it is possible to extract something like a general picture of the economic life of the country in that period. Out of a total population of about 300,000 souls, between a fifth and a quarter lived in the six towns of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>. The remainder consisted mainly of peasants, living in villages of varying size, and engaged in agriculture. Their main food-crops were wheat and barley in that order, supplemented by leguminous pulses, olives, fruit, and vegetables. In and around most of the towns there was a considerable number of vineyards, orchards, and vegetable gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1954487_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1954487-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; margin-left:60px; float:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Jews </th> <th>Christians </th> <th>Muslims </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1533–1539 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>145 </td> <td>157 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1690–1691 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>219 </td> <td>232 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1800 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>246 </td> <td>275 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1890 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>57 </td> <td>432 </td> <td>532 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914 </td> <td>94 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>525 </td> <td>689 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922 </td> <td>84 </td> <td>71 </td> <td>589 </td> <td>752 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td>175 </td> <td>89 </td> <td>760 </td> <td>1,033 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td>630 </td> <td>143 </td> <td>1,181 </td> <td>1,970 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="7" style="font-size:70%; text-align:left;">Historical population table compiled by <a href="/wiki/Sergio_DellaPergola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergio DellaPergola">Sergio DellaPergola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDellaPergola20015_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDellaPergola20015-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figures in thousands. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to Alexander Scholch, the population of Palestine in 1850 was about 350,000 inhabitants, 30% of whom lived in 13 towns; roughly 85% were Muslims, 11% were Christians and 4% Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholch1985503_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholch1985503-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ottoman statistics studied by <a href="/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_(American_historian)" title="Justin McCarthy (American historian)">Justin McCarthy</a>, the population of Palestine in the early 19th century was 350,000, in 1860 it was 411,000 and in 1900 about 600,000 of whom 94% were <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199026_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199026-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914 Palestine had a population of 657,000 Muslim Arabs, 81,000 Christian Arabs, and 59,000 Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199030_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199030-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCarthy estimates the non-Jewish population of Palestine at 452,789 in 1882; 737,389 in 1914; 725,507 in 1922; 880,746 in 1931; and 1,339,763 in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199037–38_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199037–38-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1920, the League of Nations' <i>Interim Report on the Civil Administration of Palestine</i> described the 700,000 people living in Palestine as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirk201146_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk201146-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Of these, 235,000 live in the larger towns, 465,000 in the smaller towns and villages. Four-fifths of the whole population are Moslems. A small proportion of these are Bedouin Arabs; the remainder, although they speak Arabic and are termed Arabs, are largely of mixed race. Some 77,000 of the population are Christians, in large majority belonging to the Orthodox Church, and speaking Arabic. The minority are members of the Latin or of the Uniate Greek Catholic Church, or—a small number—are Protestants. The Jewish element of the population numbers 76,000. Almost all have entered Palestine during the last 40 years. Prior to 1850, there were in the country only a handful of Jews. In the following 30 years, a few hundreds came to Palestine. Most of them were animated by religious motives; they came to pray and to die in the Holy Land, and to be buried in its soil. After the persecutions in Russia forty years ago, the movement of the Jews to Palestine assumed larger proportions.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_demographics">Current demographics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Palestinian territories">Demographics of the Palestinian territories</a></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>, as of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palestine_(region)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the total population of Israel was 8.5 million people, of which 75% were <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, 21% <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, and 4% "others".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICBoS:_Population2016_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICBoS:_Population2016-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the Jewish group, 76% were <a href="/wiki/Sabra_(person)" title="Sabra (person)">Sabras</a> (born in Israel); the rest were <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">olim</a> (immigrants)—16% from Europe, the former Soviet republics, and the Americas, and 8% from Asia and Africa, including the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICBoS:_Jews2016_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEICBoS:_Jews2016-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics">Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics</a> evaluations, in 2015 the Palestinian population of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> was approximately 2.9 million and that of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> was 1.8 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPCBoS:_Estd_Population2016_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPCBoS:_Estd_Population2016-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2022, the population of the Gaza strip had increased to an estimated 2,375,259,<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corresponding to a density of more than 6,507 people per square kilometre. </p><p>Both Israeli and Palestinian statistics include Arab residents of <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> in their reports.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMezzofiore2015_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMezzofiore2015-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to these estimates the total population in the region of Palestine, as defined as Israel and the Palestinian territories, stands approximately 12.8 million.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_in_Israel_and_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity in Israel and Palestine">Biodiversity in Israel and Palestine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_distribution">Flora distribution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Category:Flora of Palestine (region)">Category:Flora of Palestine (region)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_native_plants_of_Flora_Palaestina_(A%E2%80%93B)" title="List of native plants of Flora Palaestina (A–B)">List of native plants of Flora Palaestina (A–B)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Geographical_Scheme_for_Recording_Plant_Distributions" title="World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions">World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions</a> is widely used in recording the distribution of plants. The scheme uses the code "PAL" to refer to the region of Palestine – a Level 3 area. The WGSRPD's Palestine is further divided into Israel (PAL-IS), including the Palestinian territories, and Jordan (PAL-JO), so is larger than some other definitions of "Palestine".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummitt2001_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummitt2001-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Palestine" title="List of birds of Palestine">List of birds of Palestine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Palestine" title="Cartography of Palestine">Cartography of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_of_Palestine" title="Place names of Palestine">Place names of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_archaeology" title="Levantine archaeology">Levantine archaeology</a> (a.k.a. Palestinian archaeology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund" title="Palestine Exploration Fund">Palestine Exploration Fund</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[ʾEreṣ Yiśrāʾēl] <span style="color:#d33">Error: [undefined] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Langx}}: missing language tag (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>: invalid parameter: |no= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>. Sometimes called simply <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">הָאָרֶץ</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">hāʾĀreṣ</i></span>.<br />Terms like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Pāleśtīnā</i></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פָלַסְטִין</span>‎ <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Fālasṭīn</i></span> are sometimes used in secular historical contexts to refer to the land when it is under European or Arab control, respectively.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Definition-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Definition_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Northwestern parts, according to some definitions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Παλαιστίνη</span>, <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Palaistínē</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Palaestina</i>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فِلَسْطِينَ</span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Filasṭīn</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Falasṭīn</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Filisṭīn</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל</span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾEreṣ Yiśrāʾēl</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Schrader" title="Eberhard Schrader">Eberhard Schrader</a> wrote in his seminal "Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung" ("KGF", in English "Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research") that the Assyrian tern "Palashtu" or "Pilistu" referred to the wider Palestine or "the East" in general, instead of "Philistia" (<a href="#CITEREFSchrader1878">Schrader 1878</a>, pp. 123–124; <a href="#CITEREFAnspacher1912">Anspacher 1912</a>, p. 48).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The earliest occurrence of this name in a Greek text is in the mid-fifth century B.C., Histories of Herodotus, where it is applied to the area of the Levant between Phoenicia and Egypt." ... "The first known occurrence of the Greek word Palaistine is in the Histories of Herodotus, written near the mid-fifth century B.C. Palaistine Syria, or simply Palaistine, is applied to what may be identified as the southern part of Syria, comprising the region between Phoenicia and Egypt. Although some of Herodotus' references to Palestine are compatible with a narrow definition of the coastal strip of the Land of Israel, it is clear that Herodotus does call the whole land by the name of the coastal strip." ... "It is believed that Herodotus visited Palestine in the fifth decade of the fifth century B.C."  ..."In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense." (<a href="#CITEREFJacobson1999">Jacobson 1999</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"As early as the Histories of Herodotus, written in the second half of the fifth century BCE, the term Palaistinê is used to describe not just the geographical area where the Philistines lived, but the entire area between Phoenicia and Egypt—in other words, the Land of Israel. Herodotus, who had traveled through the area, would have had firsthand knowledge of the land and its people. Yet he used Palaistinê to refer not to the Land of the Philistines, but to the Land of Israel" (<a href="#CITEREFJacobson2001">Jacobson 2001</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">The Histories</a></i>, Herodotus referred to the practice of <a href="/wiki/History_of_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="History of male circumcision">male circumcision</a> associated with the Hebrew people: "the <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopians" title="Ethiopians">Ethiopians</a>, are the only nations who have practised circumcision from the earliest times. The <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> and the Syrians of Palestine themselves confess that they learnt the custom of the Egyptians ... Now these are the only nations who use circumcision." (<a href="#CITEREFHerodotus1858">Herodotus 1858</a>, pp. Bk ii, Ch 104)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rabbinic sources insist that the Philistines of Judges and Samuel were different people altogether from the Philistines of Genesis. (<a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tehillim" title="Midrash Tehillim">Midrash Tehillim</a> on Psalm 60 (Braude: vol. 1, 513); the issue here is precisely whether Israel should have been obliged, later, to keep the Genesis treaty.) This parallels a shift in the Septuagint's translation of Hebrew pelistim. Before Judges, it uses the neutral transliteration phulistiim, but beginning with Judges it switches to the pejorative allophuloi. [To be precise, Codex Alexandrinus starts using the new translation at the beginning of Judges and uses it invariably thereafter, Vaticanus likewise switches at the beginning of Judges, but reverts to phulistiim on six occasions later in Judges, the last of which is 14:2.]" (<a href="#CITEREFJoblingRose1996">Jobling & Rose 1996</a>, p. 404)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the 1915 <i>Filastin Risalesi</i> ("Palestine Document"), an Ottoman army (<a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="VIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VIII Corps</a>) country survey which formally identified Palestine as including the sanjaqs of <a href="/wiki/Acre_Sanjak" title="Acre Sanjak">Akka (the Galilee)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nablus_Sanjak" title="Nablus Sanjak">Sanjaq of Nablus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Sanjaq of Jerusalem (Kudus Sherif)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Risalesi_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risalesi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, taking up a term used once in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> (1 Samuel 13:19),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelam199640–42_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelam199640–42-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha200732_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha200732-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> speaks of a larger theologically-defined area, of which Palestine is a part, as the "land of Israel"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaldarini199428–29_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaldarini199428–29-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γῆ Ἰσραήλ</span></span>) (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_2:20%E2%80%9321" title="Matthew 2:20–21">Matthew 2:20–21</a>), in a narrative paralleling that of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The parallels between this narrative and that of Exodus continue to be drawn. Like Pharaoh before him, Herod, having been frustrated in his original efforts, now seeks to achieve his objectives by implementing a program of infanticide. As a result, here – as in Exodus – rescuing the hero's life from the clutches of the evil king necessitates a sudden flight to another country. And finally, in perhaps the most vivid parallel of all, the present narrative uses virtually the same words of the earlier one to provide the information that the coast is clear for the herds safe return: here, in Matthew 2:20, 'go [back]… for those who sought the child's life are dead; there, in Exodus 4:19, go back… for all the men who sought your life are dead<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (<a href="#CITEREFGoldberg2001">Goldberg 2001</a>, p. 147).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, referred to the region as <i><a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a></i> ("all Syria") around 10–20 CE (<a href="#CITEREFFeldman1996">Feldman 1996</a>, pp. 557–558).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Several scholars hold the revisionist thesis that the Israelites did not move to the area as a distinct and foreign ethnic group at all, bringing with them their god Yahwe and forcibly evicting the indigenous population, but that they gradually evolved out of an amalgam of several ethnic groups, and that the Israelite cult developed on "Palestinian" soil amid the indigenous population. This would make the Israelites "Palestinians" not just in geographical and political terms (under the British Mandate, both Jews and Arabs living in the country were defined as Palestinians), but in ethnic and broader cultural terms as well. While this does not conform to the conventional view, or to the understanding of most Jews (and Arabs, for that matter), it is not easy to either prove or disprove. For although the Bible speaks at length about how the Israelites "took" the land, it is not a history book to draw reliable maps from. There is nothing in the extra-biblical sources, including the extensive Egyptian materials, to document the sojourn in Egypt or the exodus so vividly described in the Bible (and commonly dated to the thirteenth century). Biblical scholar Moshe Weinfeld sees the biblical account of the exodus, and of Moses and Joshua as founding heroes of the "national narration", as a later rendering of a lived experience that was subsequently either "forgotten" or consciously repressed – a textbook case of the "invented tradition" so familiar to modern students of ethnicity and nationalism." (<a href="#CITEREFKrämer2011">Krämer 2011</a>, p. 8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFTemple_of_Jerusalem"><i>Temple of Jerusalem</i></a>): totally destroyed the building in 587/586</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In both the Idumaean and the Ituraean alliances, and in the annexation of Samaria, the Judaeans had taken the leading role. They retained it. The whole political–military–religious league that now united the hill country of Palestine from Dan to Beersheba, whatever it called itself, was directed by, and soon came to be called by others, 'the Ioudaioi<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (<a href="#CITEREFSmith1999">Smith 1999</a>, p. 210a)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, in a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, <a href="/wiki/Bart_Ehrman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bart Ehrman">Bart Ehrman</a> (a secular agnostic) described the dispute, whilst concluding: "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees" (<a href="#CITEREFEhrman2011">Ehrman 2011</a>, p. 285)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The religious situation also evolved under the new masters. Christianity did remain the majority religion, but it lost the privileges it had enjoyed." (<a href="#CITEREFFlusin2011">Flusin 2011</a>, pp. 199–226, 215)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earlier view, exemplifed by the writings of Moshe Gil, argued for a Jewish-Samaritan majority at the time of conquest: "We may reasonably state that at the time if the Muslim conquest, a large Jewish population still lived in Palestine. We do not know whether they formed the majority but we may assume with some certainly that they did so when grouped together with the Samaritans." (<a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. 3)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Under the Tulunids, Syro-Egyptian territory was deeply imbued with the concept of an extraordinary role devolving upon Jerusalem in Islam as al-Quds, Bayt al-Maqdis or Bayt al-Muqaddas, the "House of Holiness", the seat of the Last Judgment, the Gate to Paradise for Muslims as well as for Jews and Christians. In the popular conscience, this concept established a bond between the three monotheistic religions. If Ahmad ibn Tulun was interred on the slope of the <a href="/wiki/Mokattam" title="Mokattam">Muqattam</a> [near Cairo], <a href="/wiki/Isa_al-Nushari" title="Isa al-Nushari">Isa ibn Musa al-Nashari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takin_al-Khazari" title="Takin al-Khazari">Takin</a> were laid to rest in Jerusalem in 910 and 933, as were their <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikhshidid">Ikhshidid</a> successors and <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Misk_Kafur" title="Abu al-Misk Kafur">Kafir</a> [for context see <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Islamic_Egypt#Governors_during_the_Second_Abbasid_Period_(905–935)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of Islamic Egypt">here</a>]. To honor the great general and governor of Syria <a href="/wiki/Anushtakin_al-Dizbari" title="Anushtakin al-Dizbari">Anushtakin al-Dizbiri</a>, who died in 433/1042, the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Dynasty">Fatimid Dynasty</a> had his remains solemnly conveyed from Aleppo to Jerusalem in 448/1056-57." (<a href="#CITEREFBianquis1998">Bianquis 1998</a>, p. 103)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In 1914 about 12,000 Jewish farmers and fieldworkers lived in approximately forty Jewish settlements — and to repeat it once again, they were by no means all Zionists. The dominant languages were still Yiddish, Russian, Polish, Rumanian, Hungarian, or German in the case of Ashkenazi immigrants from Europe, and Ladino (or 'Judeo-Spanish') and Arabic in the case of Sephardic and Oriental Jews. Biblical Hebrew served as the sacred language, while modern Hebrew (Ivrit) remained for the time being the language of a politically committed minority that had devoted itself to a revival of 'Hebrew culture'." (<a href="#CITEREFKrämer2011">Krämer 2011</a>, p. 120)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Transjordan, however, controlled large portions of Judea and Samaria, later known as the West Bank" (<a href="#CITEREFTuckerRoberts2008">Tucker & Roberts 2008</a>, pp. 248–249, 500, 522)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The majority of the international community (including the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Security Council, the European Union, the International Criminal Court, and the vast majority of human rights organizations) considers Israel to be continuing to occupying Gaza, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. The government of Israel and some supporters have, at times, disputed this position of the international community. In 2011, Andrew Sanger explained the situation as follows: "Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a Stale nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border. and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will. Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter pans of the territory and/or deploy missile attacks, drones and sonic bombs into Gaza. Israel has declared a no-go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza: if Gazans enter this zone they are shot on sight. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for inter alia electricity, currency, telephone networks, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry. It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied.",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanger2011429_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanger2011429-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2012 Iain Scobbie explained: "Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScobbie2012295_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScobbie2012295-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Michelle Gawerc wrote in the same year: "While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, Israel still controlled all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. ln addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). In other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawerc201244_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawerc201244-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />For more details of this terminology dispute, including with respect to the current status of the Gaza Strip, see <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories#International_views" title="Israeli-occupied territories">International views on the Israeli-occupied territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Status_of_territories_captured_by_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of territories captured by Israel">Status of territories captured by Israel</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an explanation of the differences between an annexed but disputed territory (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>) and a militarily occupied territory, please see the article <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a>. The "longest military occupation" description has been described in a number of ways, including: "The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajjar200596_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar200596-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "...longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "...longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age, "<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakdisi2010299_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakdisi2010299-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzmer2012885_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzmer2012885-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "These are settlements and a military occupation that is the longest in the twentieth and twenty-first century, the longest formerly being the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945. So this is thirty-three years old [in 2000], pushing the record,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaid200333_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaid200333-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexandrowicz2012_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexandrowicz2012-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014 Sharon Weill provided further context, writing: "Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that <i>rien ne dure comme le provisoire</i> A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, <u>which is the longest in all occupation's history</u> has already entered its fifth decade."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeill201422_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeill201422-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_67/19" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19">United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19</a> for further details</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the Jewish Encyclopedia published between 1901 and 1906:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJewish_Encyclopedia1906_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewish_Encyclopedia1906-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Palestine extends, from 31° to 33° 20' N. latitude. Its southwest point (at Raphia, Tell Rifaḥ, southwest of Gaza) is about 34° 15' E. longitude, and its northwest point (mouth of the Liṭani) is at 35° 15' E. longitude, while the course of the Jordan reaches 35° 35' to the east. The west-Jordan country has, consequently, a length of about 150 English miles from north to south, and a breadth of about 23 miles (37 km) at the north and 80 miles (129 km) at the south. The area of this region, as measured by the surveyors of the English Palestine Exploration Fund, is about 6,040 square miles (15,644 km<sup>2</sup>). The east-Jordan district is now being surveyed by the German Palästina-Verein, and although the work is not yet completed, its area may be estimated at 4,000 square miles (10,360 km<sup>2</sup>). This entire region, as stated above, was not occupied exclusively by the Israelites, for the plain along the coast in the south belonged to the Philistines, and that in the north to the Phoenicians, while in the east-Jordan country, the Israelitic possessions never extended farther than the Arnon (Wadi al-Mujib) in the south, nor did the Israelites ever settle in the most northerly and easterly portions of the plain of Bashan. To-day the number of inhabitants does not exceed 650,000. Palestine, and especially the Israelitic state, covered, therefore, a very small area, approximating that of the state of Vermont." From the Jewish Encyclopedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</a> (1911), Palestine is:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEB1911_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEB1911-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "[A] geographical name of rather loose application. Etymological strictness would require it to denote exclusively the narrow strip of coast-land once occupied by the Philistines, from whose name it is derived. It is, however, conventionally used as a name for the territory which, in the Old Testament, is claimed as the inheritance of the pre-exilic Hebrews; thus it may be said generally to denote the southern third of the province of Syria. Except in the west, where the country is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea, the limit of this territory cannot be laid down on the map as a definite line. The modern subdivisions under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire are in no sense conterminous with those of antiquity, and hence do not afford a boundary by which Palestine can be separated exactly from the rest of Syria in the north, or from the Sinaitic and Arabian deserts in the south and east; nor are the records of ancient boundaries sufficiently full and definite to make possible the complete demarcation of the country. Even the convention above referred to is inexact: it includes the Philistine territory, claimed but never settled by the Hebrews, and excludes the outlying parts of the large area claimed in Num. xxxiv. as the Hebrew possession (from the " River of Egypt " to Hamath). However, the Hebrews themselves have preserved, in the proverbial expression " from Dan to Beersheba " (Judg. xx.i, &c.), an indication of the normal north-and-south limits of their land; and in defining the area of the country under discussion it is this indication which is generally followed. Taking as a guide the natural features most nearly corresponding to these outlying points, we may describe Palestine as the strip of land extending along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea from the mouth of the Litany or Kasimiya River (33° 20' N.) southward to the mouth of the Wadi Ghuzza; the latter joins the sea in 31° 28' N., a short distance south of Gaza, and runs thence in a south-easterly direction so as to include on its northern side the site of Beersheba. Eastward there is no such definite border. The River Jordan, it is true, marks a line of <a href="/wiki/Delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimitation">delimitation</a> between Western and <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Eastern Palestine</a>; but it is practically impossible to say where the latter ends and the Arabian desert begins. Perhaps the line of the pilgrim road from Damascus to Mecca is the most convenient possible boundary. The total length of the region is about 140 m (459.32 ft); its breadth west of the Jordan ranges from about 23 m (75.46 ft) in the north to about 80 m (262.47 ft) in the south."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The term Palestine in the textbooks refers to Palestinian National Authority." (<a href="#CITEREFAdwan2006">Adwan 2006</a>, p. 242)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example, Palestinian school textbooks<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>xxvii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"... the population of Palestine in antiquity did not exceed a million persons. It can also be shown, moreover, that this was more or less the size of the population in the peak period—the late <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> period, around AD 600" (<a href="#CITEREFBroshi1979">Broshi 1979</a>, p. 7)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"... the population of the country in the Roman-Byzantine period greatly exceeded that in the Iron Age... If we accept Broshi's population estimates, which appear to be confirmed by the results of recent research, it follows that the estimates for the population during the Iron Age must be set at a lower figure." (<a href="#CITEREFShiloh1980">Shiloh 1980</a>, p. 33)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><q>By A.D. 300, Jews made up a mere quarter of the total population of the province of Syria Palaestina</q> (<a href="#CITEREFKrämer2011">Krämer 2011</a>, p. 15)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPublishing2010" class="citation book cs1">Publishing, Britannica Educational (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecibAAAAQBAJ"><i>Historic Palestine, Israel, and the Emerging Palestinian Autonomous Areas</i></a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-395-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-395-3"><bdi>978-1-61530-395-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Palestine%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+Emerging+Palestinian+Autonomous+Areas&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-395-3&rft.aulast=Publishing&rft.aufirst=Britannica+Educational&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecibAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvirskyBen-Arie2017" class="citation book cs1">Svirsky, Marcelo; Ben-Arie, Ronnen (7 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MePaDwAAQBAJ"><i>From Shared Life to Co-Resistance in Historic Palestine</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78348-965-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78348-965-7"><bdi>978-1-78348-965-7</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Shared+Life+to+Co-Resistance+in+Historic+Palestine&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft.isbn=978-1-78348-965-7&rft.aulast=Svirsky&rft.aufirst=Marcelo&rft.au=Ben-Arie%2C+Ronnen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMePaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomínguez_de_Olazábal2022" class="citation journal cs1">Domínguez de Olazábal, Itxaso (3 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/03058298221131359">"On Indigenous Refusal against Externally-Imposed Frameworks in Historic Palestine"</a>. <i>Millennium: Journal of International Studies</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 212–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F03058298221131359">10.1177/03058298221131359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-8298">0305-8298</a> – via CrossRef.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Millennium%3A+Journal+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=On+Indigenous+Refusal+against+Externally-Imposed+Frameworks+in+Historic+Palestine&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=212-236&rft.date=2022-10-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F03058298221131359&rft.issn=0305-8298&rft.aulast=Dom%C3%ADnguez+de+Olaz%C3%A1bal&rft.aufirst=Itxaso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F03058298221131359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmann1998-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehmann1998_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehmann1998">Lehmann 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReuters:_recognition2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReuters:_recognition2012_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReuters:_recognition2012">Reuters: recognition 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiskin2012-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiskin2012_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiskin2012">Miskin 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAP2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAP2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAP2013">AP 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschLochmanBromileyBarrett2005185-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahlbuschLochmanBromileyBarrett2005185_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFahlbuschLochmanBromileyBarrett2005">Fahlbusch et al. 2005</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreasted200124-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreasted200124_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBreasted2001">Breasted 2001</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharon19884-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon19884_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon19884_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon19884_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharon19884_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSharon1988">Sharon 1988</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoom2006285-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoom2006285_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoom2006285_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoom2006">Room 2006</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus_3:91:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus_3:91:1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerodotus_3:91:1">Herodotus 3:91:1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson199965-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199965_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobson1999">Jacobson 1999</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson199966–67-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199966–67_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobson1999">Jacobson 1999</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, 1865, p.15: "Palestine, or Palestina, now the most common name for the Holy Land, occurs three times in the English version of the Old Testament; and is there put for the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> name פלשת, elsewhere rendered Philistia. As thus used, it refers strictly and only to the country of the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a>, in the southwest corner of the land. So, too, in the Greek form, Παλαςτίνη, it is used by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>. But both Josephus and <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> apply the name to the whole land of the Hebrews; and Greek and Roman writers employed it in the like extent."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis H. Feldman, whose view differs from that of Robinson, thinks that Josephus, when referring to <i>Palestine</i>, had in mind only the coastal region, writing: "Writers on geography in the first century [CE] clearly differentiate Judaea from Palestine. ... Jewish writers, notably <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, with few exceptions refer to the land as <i>Judaea</i>, reserving the name <i>Palestine</i> for the coastal area occupied [formerly] by the Philistines." (END QUOTE). See: p. 1 in: (<a href="#CITEREFFeldman1990">Feldman 1990</a>, pp. 1–23).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldman1996553-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1996553_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldman1996553_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeldman1996">Feldman 1996</a>, p. 553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1954153-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1954153_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1954">Lewis 1954</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson199972–74-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199972–74_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson199972–74_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobson1999">Jacobson 1999</a>, pp. 72–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoth1939-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoth1939_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNoth1939">Noth 1939</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobson1999[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobson1999">Jacobson 1999</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>: "In the earliest Classical literature references to Palestine generally applied to the Land of Israel in the wider sense. A reappraisal of this question has given rise to the proposition that the name Palestine, in its Greek form Palaistine, was both a transliteration of a word used to describe the land of the Philistines and, at the same time, a literal translation of the name Israel. This dual interpretation reconciles apparent contradictions in early definitions of the name Palaistine and is compatible with the Greeks' penchant for punning, especially on place names."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeloe1821" class="citation book cs1">Beloe, W. (1821). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyYIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA269"><i>Herodotus, Vol.II</i></a>. London. p. 269. <q>It should be remembered that Syria is always regarded by Herodotus as synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>. What the Greeks called Palestine the Arabs call Falastin, which is the Philistines of Scripture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herodotus%2C+Vol.II&rft.place=London&rft.pages=269&rft.date=1821&rft.aulast=Beloe&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyYIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span> (tr. from Greek, with notes)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Palestine and Israel", David M. Jacobson, <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>, No. 313 (February 1999), pp. 65–74; "The Southern and Eastern Borders of Abar-Nahara," Steven S. Tuell, <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>, No. 284 (November 1991), pp. 51–57; "Herodotus' Description of the East Mediterranean Coast", Anson F. Rainey, <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>, No. 321 (February 2001), pp. 57–63; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt">Herodotus, <i>Histories</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoblingRose1996404a-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoblingRose1996404a_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoblingRose1996">Jobling & Rose 1996</a>, p. 404a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drews49-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drews49_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrews1998">Drews 1998</a>, p. 49: "Our names 'Philistia' and 'Philistines' are unfortunate obfuscations, first introduced by the translators of the LXX and made definitive by Jerome's Vg. When turning a Hebrew text into Greek, the translators of the LXX might simply—as Josephus was later to do—have Hellenized the Hebrew פְּלִשְׁתִּים as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Παλαιστίνοι</span></span>, and the toponym פְּלִשְׁתִּ as Παλαιστίνη. Instead, they avoided the toponym altogether, turning it into an ethnonym. As for the ethnonym, they chose sometimes to transliterate it (incorrectly aspirating the initial letter, perhaps to compensate for their inability to aspirate the sigma) as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φυλιστιιμ</span></span>, a word that looked exotic rather than familiar, and more often to translate it as ά<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">άλλόφυλοι</span></span>. Jerome followed the LXX's lead in eradicating the names, 'Palestine' and 'Palestinians', from his Old Testament, a practice adopted in most modern translations of the Bible."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drews51-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drews51_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrews1998">Drews 1998</a>, p. 51: "The LXX's regular translation of פְּלִשְׁתִּים into <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">άλλόφυλοι</span></span> is significant here. Not a proper name at all, allophyloi is a generic term, meaning something like 'people of other stock'. If we assume, as I think we must, that with their word allophyloi the translators of the LXX tried to convey in Greek what p'lištîm had conveyed in Hebrew, we must conclude that for the worshippers of Yahweh p'lištîm and b'nê yiśrā'ēl were mutually exclusive terms, p'lištîm (or allophyloi) being tantamount to 'non-Judaeans of the Promised Land' when used in a context of the third century BCE, and to 'non-Israelites of the Promised Land' when used in a context of Samson, Saul and David. Unlike an ethnonym, the noun פְּלִשְׁתִּים normally appeared without a definite article."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaegi199541-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi199541_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaegi199541_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaegi1995">Kaegi 1995</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshallp559-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshallp559_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall Cavendish, 2007, p. 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201116-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201116_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrämer2011">Krämer 2011</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBüssow20115-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBüssow20115_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBüssow2011">Büssow 2011</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Manneh199939-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Manneh199939_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbu-Manneh1999">Abu-Manneh 1999</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Risalesi-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Risalesi_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Risalesi_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTamari2011">Tamari 2011</a>, pp. 29–30: "Filastin Risalesi, is the salnameh type military handbook issued for Palestine at the beginning of the Great War... The first is a general map of the country in which the boundaries extend far beyond the frontiers of the Mutasarflik of Jerusalem, which was, until then, the standard delineation of Palestine. The northern borders of this map include the city of Tyre (Sur) and the Litani River, thus encompassing all of the Galilee and parts of southern Lebanon, as well as districts of Nablus, Haifa and Akka—all of which were part of the Wilayat of Beirut until the end of the war."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger2004133,_159-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger2004133,_159_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger2004133,_159_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiger2004">Biger 2004</a>, pp. 133, 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitelam199640–42-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhitelam199640–42_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhitelam1996">Whitelam 1996</a>, pp. 40–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasalha200732-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasalha200732_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasalha2007">Masalha 2007</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaldarini199428–29-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaldarini199428–29_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaldarini1994">Saldarini 1994</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlström199372–111-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlström199372–111_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhlström1993">Ahlström 1993</a>, pp. 72–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993282–334-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993282–334_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhlström1993">Ahlström 1993</a>, pp. 282–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002107-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002107_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002">Finkelstein & Silberman 2002</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch2014-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch2014_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch2014">Crouch 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993655–741,_754–784-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993655–741,_754–784_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhlström1993">Ahlström 1993</a>, pp. 655–741, 754–784.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Museumn.d.-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_Museumn.d._56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBritish_Museumn.d.">British Museum n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChronicle_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II2006-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChronicle_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II2006_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChronicle_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II2006">Chronicle of Nebuchadnezzar II 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993804–890-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993804–890_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhlström1993">Ahlström 1993</a>, pp. 804–890.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrotty201725_f.n._4-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrotty201725_f.n._4_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrotty2017">Crotty 2017</a>, p. 25 f.n. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004355-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrabbe2004355_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrabbe2004">Grabbe 2004</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEphal2000156-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEphal2000156_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEphal2000">Ephal 2000</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2020487-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2020487_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2020487_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevin2020">Levin 2020</a>, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWenning200726:_All_that_can_be_said_with_certainty_is_that_the_Nabataeans_are_known_in_the_sources_since_the_fourth_century_B.C._Up_to_that_time_the_Qedarites,_the_dominant_Arab_tribe_of_the_Persian_period,_controlled_the_south_from_the_Hejaz_and_all_of_the_Negev-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWenning200726:_All_that_can_be_said_with_certainty_is_that_the_Nabataeans_are_known_in_the_sources_since_the_fourth_century_B.C._Up_to_that_time_the_Qedarites,_the_dominant_Arab_tribe_of_the_Persian_period,_controlled_the_south_from_the_Hejaz_and_all_of_the_Negev_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWenning2007">Wenning 2007</a>, pp. 26: All that can be said with certainty is that the Nabataeans are known in the sources since the fourth century B.C. Up to that time the Qedarites, the dominant Arab tribe of the Persian period, controlled the south from the Hejaz and all of the Negev.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David F. Graf, 'Petra and the Nabataeans in the Early Hellenistic Period: the literary and archaeological evidence,' in Michel Mouton, Stephan G. Schmid (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bpWGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Men on the Rocks: The Formation of Nabataean Petra</i></a>, Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, 2013 pp.35–55 pp.47–48: 'the Idumean texts indicate that a large portion of the community in southern Palestine were Arabs, many of whom have names similar to those in the "Nabataean" onomasticon of later periods.' (p.47).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Founded in the years 22-10 or 9 B.C. by Herod the Great, close to the ruins of a small Phoenician naval station named Strato's Tower (Stratonos Pyrgos, Turns Stratonis), which flourished during the 3d to 1st c. B.C. This small harbor was situated on the N part of the site. Herod dedicated the new town and its port (<i>limen Sebastos</i>) to <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a>. During the Early Roman period Caesarea was the seat of the Roman procurators of the province of Judea. Vespasian, proclaimed emperor at Caesarea, raised it to the rank of Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta, and later Alexander Severus raised it to the rank of Metropolis Provinciae Syriae Palestinae." A. Negev, "CAESAREA MARITIMA Palestine, Israel" in: Richard Stillwell et al. (eds.), <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites</i> (1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1999210-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1999210_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1999">Smith 1999</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ben-Sasson, p.226, "The name Judea no longer referred only to ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeusner1983911_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeusner1983">Neusner 1983</a>, p. 911.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVermes201436-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVermes201436_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVermes2014">Vermes 2014</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvenari198226-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvenari198226_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvenari1982">Evenari 1982</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKårtveit2014209-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKårtveit2014209_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKårtveit2014">Kårtveit 2014</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivan20082-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivan20082_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivan2008">Sivan 2008</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Temple_of_Jerusalem''-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Temple_of_Jerusalem''_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTemple_of_Jerusalem"><i>Temple of Jerusalem</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZissu201819-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZissu201819_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZissu2018">Zissu 2018</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewin200533-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewin200533_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewin2005">Lewin 2005</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2008125:_Although_Dio's_figure_of_985_as_the_number_of_villages_destroyed_during_the_war_seems_hyperbolic,_all_Judaean_villages,_without_exception,_excavated_thus_far_were_razed_following_the_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._This_evidence_supports_the_impression_of_total_regional_destruction_following_the_war.-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2008125:_Although_Dio's_figure_of_985_as_the_number_of_villages_destroyed_during_the_war_seems_hyperbolic,_all_Judaean_villages,_without_exception,_excavated_thus_far_were_razed_following_the_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._This_evidence_supports_the_impression_of_total_regional_destruction_following_the_war._78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEshel2008">Eshel 2008</a>, pp. 125: Although Dio's figure of 985 as the number of villages destroyed during the war seems hyperbolic, all Judaean villages, without exception, excavated thus far were razed following the Bar Kochba Revolt. This evidence supports the impression of total regional destruction following the war..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchäfer2003">Schäfer 2003</a>, p. 163: The entire spiritual and economic life of the Palestinian Jews moved to Galilee. <a href="#CITEREFMeyersChancey2012">Meyers & Chancey 2012</a>, p. 173: Galilee became the all-important focus of Jewish life</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.H. Ben-Sasson, <i>A History of the Jewish People</i>, Harvard University Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6">978-0-674-39731-6</a>, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Iudaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ariel Lewin. <i>The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine</i>. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-800-6">978-0-89236-800-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greatrex-Lieu (2002), II, 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997i-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997i_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. i.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil199747-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil199747_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil199776-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil199776_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, 2011, p. 122: 'the first great Islamic architectural achievement.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvni2014314,_336-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvni2014314,_336_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvni2014">Avni 2014</a>, pp. 314, 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Mahony, 2003, p. 14: 'Before the Muslim conquest, the population of Palestine was overwhelmingly Christian, albeit with a sizeable Jewish community.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvni2014154–155-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvni2014154–155_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvni2014">Avni 2014</a>, pp. 154–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997134–136-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997134–136_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, pp. 134–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalmsley2000265–343,_p._290-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalmsley2000265–343,_p._290_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalmsley2000">Walmsley 2000</a>, pp. 265–343, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997329-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997329_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997306ff._and_p._307_n._71,_p._308_n._73-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997306ff._and_p._307_n._71,_p._308_n._73_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, pp. 306ff. and p. 307 n. 71, p. 308 n. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997324-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997324_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997336-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997336_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997410-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997410_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997209,_414-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997209,_414_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, pp. 209, 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman" title="Christopher Tyerman">Christopher Tyerman</a>, <i>God's War: A New History of the Crusades</i> (Penguin: 2006), pp. 201–202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGil1997826-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGil1997826_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGil1997">Gil 1997</a>, p. 826.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201115&#32;-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201115&#32;_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201115&#32;_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrämer2011">Krämer 2011</a>, p. 15,  .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoas200119–20-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoas200119–20_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoas2001">Boas 2001</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1969615–621_(vol._1)-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1969615–621_(vol._1)_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSetton1969">Setton 1969</a>, pp. 615–621 (vol. 1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1969152–185_(vol._2)-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1969152–185_(vol._2)_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSetton1969">Setton 1969</a>, pp. 152–185 (vol. 2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1969486–518_(vol._2)-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton1969486–518_(vol._2)_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSetton1969">Setton 1969</a>, pp. 486–518 (vol. 2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201135–39-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201135–39_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrämer2011">Krämer 2011</a>, pp. 35–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201140-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201140_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrämer2011">Krämer 2011</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeevi199645-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeevi199645_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZeevi1996">Zeevi 1996</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillipp201342–43-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillipp201342–43_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillipp2013">Phillipp 2013</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoudah1987115–117-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoudah1987115–117_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoudah1987">Joudah 1987</a>, pp. 115–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2005246-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2005246_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2005">Burns 2005</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201164-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201164_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201164_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrämer2011">Krämer 2011</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverburg20099–36,_p._29_n._32-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverburg20099–36,_p._29_n._32_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverburg2009">Silverburg 2009</a>, pp. 9–36, p. 29 n. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappe199938-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappe199938_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappe1999">Pappe 1999</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmerlingMigdal20037–8-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimmerlingMigdal20037–8_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimmerlingMigdal2003">Kimmerling & Migdal 2003</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKimmerlingMigdal200311-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKimmerlingMigdal200311_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKimmerlingMigdal2003">Kimmerling & Migdal 2003</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer201171-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer201171_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrämer2011">Krämer 2011</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYazbak19983-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYazbak19983_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYazbak1998">Yazbak 1998</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbar1986188-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbar1986188_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbar1986">Gilbar 1986</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapira201415-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapira201415_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShapira2014">Shapira 2014</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrämer2011148-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrämer2011148_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrämer2011">Krämer 2011</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200167-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200167_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200167_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2001">Morris 2001</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200167–120-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200167–120_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200167–120_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2001">Morris 2001</a>, pp. 67–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2001270–294-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev2001270–294_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSegev2001">Segev 2001</a>, pp. 270–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev20011–13-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev20011–13_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSegev2001">Segev 2001</a>, pp. 1–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2001468–487-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev2001468–487_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSegev2001">Segev 2001</a>, pp. 468–487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2001487–521-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev2001487–521_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSegev2001">Segev 2001</a>, pp. 487–521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé1994119_"His_(Abdallah)_natural_choice_was_the_regions_of_Judea_and_Samaria..."-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé1994119_"His_(Abdallah)_natural_choice_was_the_regions_of_Judea_and_Samaria..."_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappé1994">Pappé 1994</a>, p. 119 "His (Abdallah) natural choice was the regions of Judea and Samaria...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerson201293_"Trans-Jordan_was_also_in_control_of_all_of_Judea_and_Samaria_(the_West_Bank)"-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerson201293_"Trans-Jordan_was_also_in_control_of_all_of_Judea_and_Samaria_(the_West_Bank)"_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGerson2012">Gerson 2012</a>, p. 93 "Trans-Jordan was also in control of all of Judea and Samaria (the West Bank)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé1994102–135-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé1994102–135_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappé1994">Pappé 1994</a>, pp. 102–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200712–36-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhalidi200712–36_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKhalidi2007">Khalidi 2007</a>, pp. 12–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappé199487–101_and_203–243-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappé199487–101_and_203–243_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappé1994">Pappé 1994</a>, pp. 87–101 and 203–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanger2011429-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanger2011429_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSanger2011">Sanger 2011</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScobbie2012295-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScobbie2012295_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScobbie2012">Scobbie 2012</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawerc201244-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawerc201244_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGawerc2012">Gawerc 2012</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHajjar200596-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHajjar200596_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHajjar2005">Hajjar 2005</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson2001_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson2001">Anderson 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakdisi2010299-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakdisi2010299_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakdisi2010">Makdisi 2010</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKretzmer2012885-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKretzmer2012885_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKretzmer2012">Kretzmer 2012</a>, p. 885.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaid200333-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaid200333_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaid2003">Said 2003</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexandrowicz2012-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexandrowicz2012_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexandrowicz2012">Alexandrowicz 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeill201422-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeill201422_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeill2014">Weill 2014</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl/zeby-nie-zapomniec-165818">"Żeby nie zapomnieć | Tygodnik Powszechny"</a>. <i>www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl</i> (in Polish). 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tygodnikpowszechny.pl&rft.atitle=%C5%BBeby+nie+zapomnie%C4%87+%7C+Tygodnik+Powszechny&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tygodnikpowszechny.pl%2Fzeby-nie-zapomniec-165818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivoal2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rivoal, Isabelle (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/lhomme/6701">"Susan Slyomovics, The Object of Memory. Arabs and Jews Narrate the Palestinian Village"</a>. <i>L'Homme. Revue française d'anthropologie</i> (in French) (158–159): 478–479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Flhomme.6701">10.4000/lhomme.6701</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0439-4216">0439-4216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Homme.+Revue+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27anthropologie&rft.atitle=Susan+Slyomovics%2C+The+Object+of+Memory.+Arabs+and+Jews+Narrate+the+Palestinian+Village&rft.issue=158%E2%80%93159&rft.pages=478-479&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Flhomme.6701&rft.issn=0439-4216&rft.aulast=Rivoal&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Flhomme%2F6701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUN_GA/113172012-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUN_GA/113172012_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUN_GA/113172012">UN GA/11317 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJewish_Encyclopedia1906-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJewish_Encyclopedia1906_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJewish_Encyclopedia1906">Jewish Encyclopedia 1906</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEB1911-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEB1911_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEB1911">EB 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAharoni197964-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAharoni197964_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAharoni1979">Aharoni 1979</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalibi199317–18-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalibi199317–18_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalibi1993">Salibi 1993</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodotus1858Bk_vii,_Ch_89-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodotus1858Bk_vii,_Ch_89_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerodotus1858">Herodotus 1858</a>, pp. Bk vii, Ch 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> V.66 and 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200419–20-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger200419–20_161-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger200419–20_161-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiger2004">Biger 2004</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200413-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger200413_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiger2004">Biger 2004</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETessler1994163-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETessler1994163_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTessler1994">Tessler 1994</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200441–80-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger200441–80_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiger2004">Biger 2004</a>, pp. 41–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiger200480-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiger200480_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBiger2004">Biger 2004</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKliot19959-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKliot19959_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKliot1995">Kliot 1995</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaidHitchens2001199-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaidHitchens2001199_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaidHitchens2001">Said & Hitchens 2001</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Haaretz''2011-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Haaretz''2011_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaaretz2011"><i>Haaretz</i> 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDellaPergola20015-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDellaPergola20015_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDellaPergola20015_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDellaPergola2001">DellaPergola 2001</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dio's Roman History</i> (trans. Earnest Cary), vol. 8 (books 61–70), <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>: London 1925, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/diosromanhistory08cassuoft#page/448/mode/2up">449</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/diosromanhistory08cassuoft#page/450/mode/2up">451</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2012-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2012_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor2012">Taylor 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1954487-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1954487_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1954">Lewis 1954</a>, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholch1985503-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholch1985503_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScholch1985">Scholch 1985</a>, p. 503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199026-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199026_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1990">McCarthy 1990</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199030-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199030_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1990">McCarthy 1990</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199037–38-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy199037–38_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCarthy1990">McCarthy 1990</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirk201146-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirk201146_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKirk2011">Kirk 2011</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEICBoS:_Population2016-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICBoS:_Population2016_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFICBoS:_Population2016">ICBoS: Population 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEICBoS:_Jews2016-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEICBoS:_Jews2016_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFICBoS:_Jews2016">ICBoS: Jews 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPCBoS:_Estd_Population2016-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPCBoS:_Estd_Population2016_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPCBoS:_Estd_Population2016">PCBoS: Estd Population 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabic.news.cn/20230105/d4cd282fc5a44ff48c3cf460871f1e74/c.html">"مليونان و375 ألف نسمة عدد سكان قطاع غزة مع نهاية 2022"</a>. <i>arabic.news.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105160533/http://arabic.news.cn/20230105/d4cd282fc5a44ff48c3cf460871f1e74/c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arabic.news.cn&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%88375+%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81+%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF+%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B9+%D8%BA%D8%B2%D8%A9+%D9%85%D8%B9+%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9+2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farabic.news.cn%2F20230105%2Fd4cd282fc5a44ff48c3cf460871f1e74%2Fc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMezzofiore2015-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMezzofiore2015_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMezzofiore2015">Mezzofiore 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrummitt2001-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrummitt2001_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrummitt2001">Brummitt 2001</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Lughod1971" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Lughod, Ibrahim, ed. (1971). <i>The Transformation of Palestine</i>. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Palestine&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Northwestern+Press&rft.date=1971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Manneh1999" class="citation book cs1">Abu-Manneh, Butrus (1999). "The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late Nineteenth Century". In Pappé, Ilan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OjuKhNEmFvoC"><i>The Israel/Palestine Question</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16948-6"><bdi>978-0-415-16948-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+Sanjak+of+Jerusalem+in+the+Late+Nineteenth+Century&rft.btitle=The+Israel%2FPalestine+Question&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16948-6&rft.aulast=Abu-Manneh&rft.aufirst=Butrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOjuKhNEmFvoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdwan2006" class="citation book cs1">Adwan, Sami (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9FTxoncXDwwC&pg=PA242">"Textbooks in the Palestinian National Authority"</a>. In Greenbaum, Charles W.; Veerman, Philip E.; Bacon-Shnoor, Naomi (eds.). <i>Protection of Children During Armed Political Conflict: A Multidisciplinary Perspective</i>. Intersentia. pp. 231–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5095-341-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5095-341-2"><bdi>978-90-5095-341-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Textbooks+in+the+Palestinian+National+Authority&rft.btitle=Protection+of+Children+During+Armed+Political+Conflict%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Perspective&rft.pages=231-256&rft.pub=Intersentia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-5095-341-2&rft.aulast=Adwan&rft.aufirst=Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9FTxoncXDwwC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAharoni1979" class="citation book cs1">Aharoni, Yohanan (1 January 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMtoyNxWw0UC"><i>The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24266-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-24266-4"><bdi>978-0-664-24266-4</bdi></a>. <q>The desert served as an eastern boundary in times when Transjordan was occupied. But when Transjordan became an unsettled region, a pasturage for desert nomads, then the Jordan Valley and the Dead Sea formed the natural eastern boundary of Western Palestine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+the+Bible%3A+A+Historical+Geography&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1979-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-24266-4&rft.aulast=Aharoni&rft.aufirst=Yohanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMtoyNxWw0UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhlström1993" class="citation book cs1">Ahlström, Gösta Werner (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5cSAlLBZKaAC"><i>The history of ancient Palestine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Press">Fortress Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2770-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2770-6"><bdi>978-0-8006-2770-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+ancient+Palestine&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2770-6&rft.aulast=Ahlstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6sta+Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5cSAlLBZKaAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandrowicz2012" class="citation cs2">Alexandrowicz, Ra'anan (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/opinion/the-justice-of-occupation.html?_r=0">"The Justice of Occupation"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Justice+of+Occupation&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Alexandrowicz&rft.aufirst=Ra%27anan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F25%2Fopinion%2Fthe-justice-of-occupation.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson, Perry</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001124430/https://newleftreview.org/article/download_pdf?id=2330">"Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. Vol. 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newleftreview.org/article/download_pdf?id=2330">the original</a> on 1 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Scurrying+Towards+Bethlehem&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Farticle%2Fdownload_pdf%3Fid%3D2330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnspacher1912" class="citation book cs1">Anspacher, Abraham Samuel (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/tiglathpileserii00anspuoft#page/48/mode/1up"><i>Tiglath Pileser III</i></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiglath+Pileser+III&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Anspacher&rft.aufirst=Abraham+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftiglathpileserii00anspuoft%23page%2F48%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvneri1984" class="citation book cs1">Avneri, Arieh L. (1984). <i>The Claim of Dispossession</i>. Tel Aviv: Hidekel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-964-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87855-964-0"><bdi>978-0-87855-964-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Claim+of+Dispossession&rft.place=Tel+Aviv&rft.pub=Hidekel+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-87855-964-0&rft.aulast=Avneri&rft.aufirst=Arieh+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvni2014" class="citation book cs1">Avni, Gideon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLucAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA301"><i>The Byzantine-Islamic Transition in Palestine: An Archaeological Approach</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968433-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968433-5"><bdi>978-0-19-968433-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine-Islamic+Transition+in+Palestine%3A+An+Archaeological+Approach&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968433-5&rft.aulast=Avni&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZLucAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachi1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Bachi" title="Roberto Bachi">Bachi, Roberto</a> (1974). <i>The Population of Israel</i>. Jerusalem: Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Population+of+Israel&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Institute+of+Contemporary+Jewry%2C+Hebrew+University&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bachi&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelfer-CohenBar-Yosef2000" class="citation book cs1">Belfer-Cohen, Anna; Bar-Yosef, Ofer (2000). "Early Sedentism in the Near East: A Bumpy Ride to Village Life". In Kuijt, Ian (ed.). <i>Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: social organization, identity, and differentiation</i>. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46122-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46122-4"><bdi>978-0-306-46122-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Sedentism+in+the+Near+East%3A+A+Bumpy+Ride+to+Village+Life&rft.btitle=Life+in+Neolithic+Farming+Communities%3A+social+organization%2C+identity%2C+and+differentiation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46122-4&rft.aulast=Belfer-Cohen&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Bar-Yosef%2C+Ofer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianquis1998" class="citation book cs1">Bianquis, Thierry (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4X_d1sTjYC&pg=PA86">"Autonomous Egypt from Ibn Tulun to Kafur 868-969"</a>. In Daly, Martin W.; Petry, Carl F. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of Egypt</i>. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47137-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47137-4"><bdi>978-0-521-47137-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Autonomous+Egypt+from+Ibn+Tulun+to+Kafur+868-969&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Egypt&rft.pages=86-119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47137-4&rft.aulast=Bianquis&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4X_d1sTjYC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiger1981" class="citation journal cs1">Biger, Gideon (1981). "Where was Palestine? pre-World War I perception". <i>AREA (Journal of the Institute of British Geographers)</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 153–160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AREA+%28Journal+of+the+Institute+of+British+Geographers%29&rft.atitle=Where+was+Palestine%3F+pre-World+War+I+perception&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-160&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Biger&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiger2004" class="citation book cs1">Biger, Gideon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUqRAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947</i></a>. RoutledgeCurzon. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76652-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76652-8"><bdi>978-1-135-76652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Modern+Palestine%2C+1840%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=passim&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-76652-8&rft.aulast=Biger&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUqRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas2001" class="citation book cs1">Boas, Adrian J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TuCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City Under Frankish Rule</i></a>. London: Routledge. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23000-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23000-1"><bdi>978-0-415-23000-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+the+Time+of+the+Crusades%3A+Society%2C+Landscape+and+Art+in+the+Holy+City+Under+Frankish+Rule&rft.place=London&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23000-1&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Adrian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TuCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreasted2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">Breasted, James Henry</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mJPs-PA0AEUC&pg=PA24"><i>Ancient Records of Egypt: The first through the seventeenth dynasties</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06990-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06990-1"><bdi>978-0-252-06990-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Records+of+Egypt%3A+The+first+through+the+seventeenth+dynasties&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06990-1&rft.aulast=Breasted&rft.aufirst=James+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmJPs-PA0AEUC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroshi1979" class="citation journal cs1">Broshi, Magen (1979). "The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>236</b> (236): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356664">10.2307/1356664</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356664">1356664</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12338473">12338473</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24341643">24341643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Population+of+Western+Palestine+in+the+Roman-Byzantine+Period&rft.volume=236&rft.issue=236&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12338473&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24341643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356664%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356664&rft.aulast=Broshi&rft.aufirst=Magen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Daniel W. <i>A New Introduction to Islam</i> (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrummitt2001" class="citation book cs1">Brummitt, R.K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125135239/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf"><i>World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions: Edition 2</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases For Plant Sciences (TDWG). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913196-72-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913196-72-4"><bdi>978-0-913196-72-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tdwg/TDWG_geo2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Geographical+Scheme+for+Recording+Plant+Distributions%3A+Edition+2&rft.pub=International+Working+Group+on+Taxonomic+Databases+For+Plant+Sciences+%28TDWG%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-913196-72-4&rft.aulast=Brummitt&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fhosted_sites%2Ftdwg%2FTDWG_geo2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2005" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Ross (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_bQTrpf62cC&q=damascus"><i>Damascus: A History</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27105-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27105-9"><bdi>978-0-415-27105-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damascus%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27105-9&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_bQTrpf62cC%26q%3Ddamascus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBüssow2011" class="citation book cs1">Büssow, Johann (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=crPPX99rjYUC&pg=PA5"><i>Hamidian Palestine: Politics and Society in the District of Jerusalem 1872–1908</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20569-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20569-7"><bdi>978-90-04-20569-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamidian+Palestine%3A+Politics+and+Society+in+the+District+of+Jerusalem+1872%E2%80%931908&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20569-7&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCssow&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcrPPX99rjYUC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByatt1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Byatt" title="Anthony Byatt">Byatt, Anthony</a> (1973). "Josephus and Population Numbers in First-century Palestine". <i>Palestine Exploration Quarterly</i>. <b>105</b>: 51–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.1973.105.1.51">10.1179/peq.1973.105.1.51</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Josephus+and+Population+Numbers+in+First-century+Palestine&rft.volume=105&rft.pages=51-60&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fpeq.1973.105.1.51&rft.aulast=Byatt&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2007" class="citation book cs1">Cavendish, Marshall (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qA5LnP1pZacC&pg=PA559"><i>Peoples of Western Asia</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Marshall Cavendish Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7677-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7677-1"><bdi>978-0-7614-7677-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+Western+Asia&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Corporation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7677-1&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqA5LnP1pZacC%26pg%3DPA559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChancey2005" class="citation book cs1">Chancey, Mark A (2005). <i>Greco-Roman Culture and the Galilee of Jesus</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84647-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84647-9"><bdi>978-0-521-84647-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greco-Roman+Culture+and+the+Galilee+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84647-9&rft.aulast=Chancey&rft.aufirst=Mark+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2003" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Kenneth (2003). <i>Firearms: a Global History to 1700</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82274-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82274-9"><bdi>978-0-521-82274-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firearms%3A+a+Global+History+to+1700&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-82274-9&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrotty2017" class="citation book cs1">Crotty, Robert Brian (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6X6hDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25"><i>The Christian Survivor: How Roman Christianity Defeated Its Early Competitors</i></a>. Springer. p. 25 f.n. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-3214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-3214-1"><bdi>978-981-10-3214-1</bdi></a>. <q>The Babylonians translated the Hebrew name [Judah] into Aramaic as Yehud Medinata ('the province of Judah') or simply 'Yehud' and made it a new Babylonian province. This was inherited by the Persians. Under the Greeks, Yehud was translated as Judaea and this was taken over by the Romans. After the Jewish rebellion of 135 CE, the Romans renamed the area Syria Palaestina or simply Palestine. The area described by these land titles differed to some extent in the different periods.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Survivor%3A+How+Roman+Christianity+Defeated+Its+Early+Competitors&rft.pages=25+f.n.+4&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-981-10-3214-1&rft.aulast=Crotty&rft.aufirst=Robert+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6X6hDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2014" class="citation book cs1">Crouch, C. L. (1 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd3PBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18"><i>Israel and the Assyrians: Deuteronomy, the Succession Treaty of Esarhaddon, and the Nature of Subversion</i></a>. SBL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62837-026-3"><bdi>978-1-62837-026-3</bdi></a>. <q>Judah's reason(s) for submitting to Assyrian hegemony, at least superficially, require explanation, while at the same time indications of its read-but-disguised resistance to Assyria must be uncovered... The political and military sprawl of the Assyrian empire during the late Iron Age in the southern Levant, especially toward its outer borders, is not quite akin to the single dominating hegemony envisioned by most discussions of hegemony and subversion. In the case of Judah it should be reiterated that Judah was always a vassal state, semi-autonomous and on the periphery of the imperial system, it was never a fully-integrated provincial territory. The implications of this distinction for Judah's relationship with and experience of the Assyrian empire should not be underestimated; studies of the expression of Assyria's cultural and political powers in its provincial territories and vassal states have revealed notable differences in the degree of active involvement in different types of territories. Indeed, the mechanics of the Assyrian empire were hardly designed for direct control over all its vassals' internal activities, provided that a vassal produced the requisite tribute and did not provoke trouble among its neighbors, the level of direct involvement from Assyria remained relatively low. For the entirety of its experience of the Assyrian empire, Judah functioned as a vassal state, rather than a province under direct Assyrian rule, thereby preserving at least a certain degree of autonomy, especially in its internal affairs. Meanwhile, the general atmosphere of Pax Assyriaca in the southern Levant minimized the necessity of (and opportunities for) external conflict. That Assyrians, at least in small numbers, were present in Judah is likely – probably a qipu and his entourage who, if the recent excavators of Ramat Rahel are correct, perhaps resided just outside the capital – but there is far less evidence than is commonly assumed to suggest that these left a direct impression of Assyria on this small vassal state... The point here is that, despite the wider context of Assyria's political and economic power in the ancient Near East in general and the southern Levant in particular, Judah remained a distinguishable and semi-independent southern Levantine state, <b>part of but not subsumed by the Assyrian empire</b> and, indeed, benefitting from it in significant ways.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Assyrians%3A+Deuteronomy%2C+the+Succession+Treaty+of+Esarhaddon%2C+and+the+Nature+of+Subversion&rft.pub=SBL+Press&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-62837-026-3&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXd3PBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Museumn.d." class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx">"Cuneiform tablet with part of the Babylonian Chronicle (605-594 BC)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141030154541/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cuneiform+tablet+with+part+of+the+Babylonian+Chronicle+%28605-594+BC%29&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fme%2Fc%2Fcuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDellaPergola2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_DellaPergola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergio DellaPergola">DellaPergola, Sergio</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202023038/http://archive.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s60/S64_02_dellapergola.pdf">"Demography in Israel/Palestine: Trends, Prospects, Policy Implications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>IUSSP XXIVth General Population Conference in Salvador de Bahia, Brazil, 18–24 August 2001</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s60/S64_02_dellapergola.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 December 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUSSP+XXIVth+General+Population+Conference+in+Salvador+de+Bahia%2C+Brazil%2C+18%E2%80%9324+August+2001&rft.atitle=Demography+in+Israel%2FPalestine%3A+Trends%2C+Prospects%2C+Policy+Implications&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=DellaPergola&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.iussp.org%2FBrazil2001%2Fs60%2FS64_02_dellapergola.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoumani1995" class="citation book cs1">Doumani, Beshara (1995). <i>Rediscovering Palestine: merchants and peasants in Jabal Nablus 1700–1900</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20370-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20370-9"><bdi>978-0-520-20370-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+Palestine%3A+merchants+and+peasants+in+Jabal+Nablus+1700%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20370-9&rft.aulast=Doumani&rft.aufirst=Beshara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrews1998" class="citation cs2">Drews, Robert (1998), "Canaanites and Philistines", <i>Journal for the Study of the Old Testament</i>, <b>23</b> (81): 39–61, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030908929802308104">10.1177/030908929802308104</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144074940">144074940</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.atitle=Canaanites+and+Philistines&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=81&rft.pages=39-61&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F030908929802308104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144074940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChronicle_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II2006" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505195611/https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html">"Early Years of Nebuchadnezzar II (ABC 5)"</a>. 1 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html">the original</a> on 5 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Years+of+Nebuchadnezzar+II+%28ABC+5%29&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fcg-cm%2Fchronicles%2Fabc5%2Fjerusalem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2011" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, B. (2011). <i>Forged: writing in the name of God</i>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-207863-6"><bdi>978-0-06-207863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged%3A+writing+in+the+name+of+God&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-06-207863-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmberPeregrine2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Ember" title="Melvin Ember">Ember, Melvin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_N._Peregrine" title="Peter N. Peregrine">Peregrine, Peter Neal</a>, eds. (2001). <i>Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Vol. 8: South and Southwest Asia</i> (1st ed.). New York and London: Springer. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46262-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46262-7"><bdi>978-0-306-46262-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Prehistory%2C+Vol.+8%3A+South+and+Southwest+Asia&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=185&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46262-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEphal2000" class="citation book cs1">Ephal, Israel (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNDpPqeDjo0C&pg=PA139">"Syria-Palestine under Achaemenid Rule"</a>. <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>. Vol. 11. Cambridge University Press. pp. 139–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22804-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22804-6"><bdi>978-0-521-22804-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syria-Palestine+under+Achaemenid+Rule&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=139-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22804-6&rft.aulast=Ephal&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNDpPqeDjo0C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEshel2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hanan_Eshel" title="Hanan Eshel">Eshel, Hanan</a> (2008). <i>Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hasmonean State</i>. Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature (SDSS). Grand Rapids, Michigan/Cambridge and Jerusalem, Israel: William B. Eerdmans and Yad Ben-Zvi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6285-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6285-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-6285-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+the+Hasmonean+State&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan%2FCambridge+and+Jerusalem%2C+Israel&rft.series=Studies+in+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+Related+Literature+%28SDSS%29&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+and+Yad+Ben-Zvi+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6285-3&rft.aulast=Eshel&rft.aufirst=Hanan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPCBoS:_Estd_Population2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140608204943/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm">"Estimated Population in the Palestinian Territory Mid-Year by Governorate, 1997–2016"</a>. Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_Rainbow/Documents/gover_e.htm">the original</a> on 8 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimated+Population+in+the+Palestinian+Territory+Mid-Year+by+Governorate%2C+1997%E2%80%932016&rft.pub=Palestinian+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcbs.gov.ps%2FPortals%2F_Rainbow%2FDocuments%2Fgover_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvenari1982" class="citation book cs1">Evenari, Michael (1982). <i>The Negev: The Challenge of a Desert</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-60672-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-60672-2"><bdi>978-0-674-60672-2</bdi></a>. <q>As the cradle of Christianity, Palestine became the center of religious worship for a vast empire</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Negev%3A+The+Challenge+of+a+Desert&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-674-60672-2&rft.aulast=Evenari&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahlbuschLochmanBromileyBarrett2005" class="citation book cs1">Fahlbusch, Erwin; Lochman, Jan Milic; Bromiley, Geoffrey William; Barrett, David B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sCY4sAjTGIYC&pg=PA18"><i>The encyclopedia of Christianity</i></a>. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2416-5"><bdi>978-0-8028-2416-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+Christianity&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2416-5&rft.aulast=Fahlbusch&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rft.au=Lochman%2C+Jan+Milic&rft.au=Bromiley%2C+Geoffrey+William&rft.au=Barrett%2C+David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsCY4sAjTGIYC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarsounAruri2006" class="citation book cs1">Farsoun, Samih K.; Aruri, Naseer (2006). <i>Palestine and the Palestinians</i> (2nd ed.). Boulder CO: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4336-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4336-5"><bdi>978-0-8133-4336-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+and+the+Palestinians&rft.place=Boulder+CO&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4336-5&rft.aulast=Farsoun&rft.aufirst=Samih+K.&rft.au=Aruri%2C+Naseer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1990" class="citation journal cs1">Feldman, Louis (1990). "Some Observations on the Name of Palestine". <i>Hebrew Union College Annual</i>. <b>61</b>: 1–23. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23508170">23508170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Union+College+Annual&rft.atitle=Some+Observations+on+the+Name+of+Palestine&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23508170%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Feldman" title="Louis Feldman">Feldman, Louis H.</a> (1996) [First published 1990]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pACJYw0bg3QC&pg=PA553">"Some Observations on the Name of Palestine"</a>. <i>Studies in Hellenistic Judaism</i>. Leiden: Brill. pp. 553–576. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10418-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10418-1"><bdi>978-90-04-10418-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Observations+on+the+Name+of+Palestine&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Hellenistic+Judaism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=553-576&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10418-1&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Louis+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpACJYw0bg3QC%26pg%3DPA553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinMazarSchmidt2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, I; Mazar, A.; Schmidt, B. (2007). <i>The Quest for the Historical Israel</i>. Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-277-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-277-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-277-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Israel&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-277-0&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Mazar%2C+A.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). <i>The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4"><bdi>978-0-684-86912-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+Its+Sacred+Texts&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86912-4&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlusin2011" class="citation book cs1">Flusin, Bernard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_MQEQOWFrAMC&pg=PA215">"Palestinia Hagiography (Fourth-Eighth Centuries)"</a>. In Efthymiadis, Stephanos (ed.). <i>The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography</i>. Vol. 1. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5033-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-5033-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palestinia+Hagiography+%28Fourth-Eighth+Centuries%29&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Research+Companion+to+Byzantine+Hagiography&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5033-1&rft.aulast=Flusin&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_MQEQOWFrAMC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaaretz2011" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/full-transcript-of-abbas-speech-at-un-general-assembly-1.386385">"Full transcript of Abbas speech at UN General Assembly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. 23 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Full+transcript+of+Abbas+speech+at+UN+General+Assembly&rft.date=2011-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fdiplomacy-defense%2Ffull-transcript-of-abbas-speech-at-un-general-assembly-1.386385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawerc2012" class="citation book cs1">Gawerc, Michelle (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hka8FZ4UdWUC&pg=PA44"><i>Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6610-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-6610-9"><bdi>978-0-7391-6610-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prefiguring+Peace%3A+Israeli-Palestinian+Peacebuilding+Partnerships&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-6610-9&rft.aulast=Gawerc&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHka8FZ4UdWUC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelber1997" class="citation book cs1">Gelber, Yoav (1997). <i>Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921–48: alliance of bars sinister</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4675-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4675-6"><bdi>978-0-7146-4675-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish-Transjordanian+Relations+1921%E2%80%9348%3A+alliance+of+bars+sinister&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4675-6&rft.aulast=Gelber&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUN_GA/113172012" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/en/2012/ga11317.doc.htm">"General Assembly Votes Overwhelmingly to Accord Palestine 'Non-Member Observer State' Status in United Nations"</a>. United Nations. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=General+Assembly+Votes+Overwhelmingly+to+Accord+Palestine+%27Non-Member+Observer+State%27+Status+in+United+Nations&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Fen%2F2012%2Fga11317.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gerber, Haim (1998). "<i>Palestine</i> and Other Territorial Concepts in the 17th Century". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 563–572. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800052569">10.1017/S0020743800052569</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162982234">162982234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Palestine+and+Other+Territorial+Concepts+in+the+17th+Century&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=563-572&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800052569&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162982234%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Haim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerson2012" class="citation book cs1">Gerson, Allan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyl9BoCABEsC"><i>Israel, the West Bank and International Law</i></a>. Routledge. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3091-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3091-5"><bdi>978-0-7146-3091-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%2C+the+West+Bank+and+International+Law&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-3091-5&rft.aulast=Gerson&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnyl9BoCABEsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGil1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Gil" title="Moshe Gil">Gil, Moshe</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M0wUKoMJeccC"><i>A History of Palestine, 634–1099</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59984-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59984-9"><bdi>978-0-521-59984-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%2C+634%E2%80%931099&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59984-9&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0wUKoMJeccC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbar1986" class="citation book cs1">Gilbar, Gad G. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XgRDT9wMUhYC&pg=PA188">"The Growing Economic Involvement of Palestine with the West, 1865–1914"</a>. In Kushner, David (ed.). <i>Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period: political, social and economic transformation</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 188–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07792-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07792-8"><bdi>978-90-04-07792-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Growing+Economic+Involvement+of+Palestine+with+the+West%2C+1865%E2%80%931914&rft.btitle=Palestine+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Period%3A+political%2C+social+and+economic+transformation&rft.pages=188-210&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07792-8&rft.aulast=Gilbar&rft.aufirst=Gad+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXgRDT9wMUhYC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbar1990" class="citation book cs1">Gilbar, Gad G., ed. (1990). <i>Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914: studies in economic and social history</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07785-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07785-0"><bdi>978-90-04-07785-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Palestine%3A+1800%E2%80%931914%3A+studies+in+economic+and+social+history&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07785-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2005). <i>The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35900-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35900-9"><bdi>978-0-415-35900-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Atlas+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35900-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XLBKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147"><i>Jews and Christians: Getting Our Stories Straight</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-776-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-776-5"><bdi>978-1-57910-776-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Christians%3A+Getting+Our+Stories+Straight&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-776-5&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXLBKAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2004" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&pg=PAPA355&dq=%22gave%2Bthe%2BJews%2Bpermission%2Bto%2Breturn%2Bto%2BYehud%2Bprovince%2Band%2Bto%2Brebuild%2Bthe%22"><i>A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1</i></a>. T & T Clark. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4"><bdi>978-0-567-08998-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+Yehud+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+the+Persian+Province+of+Judah+v.+1&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08998-4&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-MnE5T_0RbMC%26pg%3DPAPA355%26dq%3D%2522gave%252Bthe%252BJews%252Bpermission%252Bto%252Breturn%252Bto%252BYehud%252Bprovince%252Band%252Bto%252Brebuild%252Bthe%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrief2008" class="citation book cs1">Grief, Howard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yqk3XE196GsC&pg=PA33"><i>The Legal Foundation and Borders of Israel Under International Law</i></a>. Mazo Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-7344-52-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-7344-52-1"><bdi>978-965-7344-52-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legal+Foundation+and+Borders+of+Israel+Under+International+Law&rft.pub=Mazo+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-965-7344-52-1&rft.aulast=Grief&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyqk3XE196GsC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrisantiHoward2003" class="citation book cs1">Grisanti, Michael A.; Howard, David M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stMd0QV97IYC&pg=PA160"><i>Giving the Sense: understanding and using Old Testament historical texts</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Kregel Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-2892-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-2892-0"><bdi>978-0-8254-2892-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giving+the+Sense%3A+understanding+and+using+Old+Testament+historical+texts&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Kregel+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-2892-0&rft.aulast=Grisanti&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Howard%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstMd0QV97IYC%26pg%3DPA160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGWV2001" class="citation book cs1"><i>Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte</i> [<i>Atlas of World History</i>] (2nd ed.). Braunschweig: Georg Westermann Verlag. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-07-509520-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-07-509520-1"><bdi>978-3-07-509520-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gro%C3%9Fer+Atlas+zur+Weltgeschichte&rft.place=Braunschweig&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Georg+Westermann+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-07-509520-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajjar2005" class="citation book cs1">Hajjar, Lisa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mcjoHq2wqdUC&pg=PA96"><i>Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24194-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24194-7"><bdi>978-0-520-24194-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courting+Conflict%3A+The+Israeli+Military+Court+System+in+the+West+Bank+and+Gaza&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24194-7&rft.aulast=Hajjar&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmcjoHq2wqdUC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2000" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Mogens Herman, ed. (2000). <i>A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: an investigation</i>. Copenhagen: Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7876-177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7876-177-4"><bdi>978-87-7876-177-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Thirty+City-state+Cultures%3A+an+investigation&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Kgl.+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskab&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-87-7876-177-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1996" class="citation book cs1">Harris, David Russell (1996). <i>The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-537-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-537-6"><bdi>978-1-85728-537-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Spread+of+Agriculture+and+Pastoralism+in+Eurasia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-537-6&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=David+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayesMandell1998" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, John H.; Mandell, Sara R (1998). <i>The Jewish People in Classical Antiquity: from Alexander to Bar Kochba</i>. Louisville KY: Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25727-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25727-9"><bdi>978-0-664-25727-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+People+in+Classical+Antiquity%3A+from+Alexander+to+Bar+Kochba&rft.place=Louisville+KY&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25727-9&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Mandell%2C+Sara+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus1858" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (1858). <a href="/wiki/George_Rawlinson" title="George Rawlinson">Rawlinson, George</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.html"><i>The Histories, full text of all books (Book I to Book IX)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories%2C+full+text+of+all+books+%28Book+I+to+Book+IX%29&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Herodotus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FHerodotus%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerodotus_3:91:1" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0125:book=3:chapter=91:section=1">"Herodotus, The Histories, book 3, chapter 91, section 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herodotus%2C+The+Histories%2C+book+3%2C+chapter+91%2C+section+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0125%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D91%3Asection%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1999" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Mark (1999). <i>Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917–1919</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4920-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4920-7"><bdi>978-0-7146-4920-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allenby+and+British+Strategy+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1917%E2%80%931919&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4920-7&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngrams1972" class="citation book cs1">Ingrams, Doreen (1972). <i>Palestine Papers 1917–1922</i>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8076-0648-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8076-0648-3"><bdi>978-0-8076-0648-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Papers+1917%E2%80%931922&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8076-0648-3&rft.aulast=Ingrams&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson, David (1999). "Palestine and Israel". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>313</b> (313): 65–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357617">10.2307/1357617</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357617">1357617</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163303829">163303829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Palestine+and+Israel&rft.volume=313&rft.issue=313&rft.pages=65-74&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163303829%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357617%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357617&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2001" class="citation cs2">Jacobson, David (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=27&Issue=3&ArticleID=3">"When Palestine Meant Israel"</a>, <i>Biblical Archaeology Review</i>, <b>27</b> (3)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=When+Palestine+Meant+Israel&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.bib-arch.org%2Fpublication.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBA%26Volume%3D27%26Issue%3D3%26ArticleID%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICBoS:_Jews2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_09&CYear=2016">"Jews, by Continent of Origin, Continent of Birth & Period of Immigration"</a>. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews%2C+by+Continent+of+Origin%2C+Continent+of+Birth+%26+Period+of+Immigration&rft.pub=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Freader%2Fshnaton%2Ftempl_shnaton_e.html%3Fnum_tab%3Dst02_09%26CYear%3D2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoblingRose1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Jobling" title="David Jobling">Jobling, David</a>; Rose, Catherine (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfFRhC4FpZkC&pg=PA404">"Reading as a Philistine"</a>. In Brett, Mark G. (ed.). <i>Ethnicity and the Bible</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04126-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04126-4"><bdi>978-0-391-04126-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reading+as+a+Philistine&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+the+Bible&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-391-04126-4&rft.aulast=Jobling&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Rose%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfFRhC4FpZkC%26pg%3DPA404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2004" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004). <i>Religions of the Ancient World: a guide</i>. Cambridge, MA: MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01517-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+a+guide&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MA%3A+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01517-3&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Iles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoudah1987" class="citation book cs1">Joudah, Ahmad Hasan (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zQAdAAAAMAAJ&q=dayr+hanna"><i>Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʻUmar</i></a>. Kingston Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940670-11-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940670-11-2"><bdi>978-0-940670-11-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolt+in+Palestine+in+the+Eighteenth+Century%3A+The+Era+of+Shaykh+Zahir+Al-%CA%BBUmar&rft.pub=Kingston+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-940670-11-2&rft.aulast=Joudah&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Hasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzQAdAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddayr%2Bhanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaegi1995" class="citation book cs1">Kaegi, Walter Emil (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YSULouFrzx4C&pg=PA41"><i>Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests</i></a> (Reprint, illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48455-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48455-8"><bdi>978-0-521-48455-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+and+the+Early+Islamic+Conquests&rft.edition=Reprint%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-48455-8&rft.aulast=Kaegi&rft.aufirst=Walter+Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYSULouFrzx4C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpat2002" class="citation book cs1">Karpat, Kemal H (2002). <i>Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12101-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12101-0"><bdi>978-90-04-12101-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Ottoman+Social+and+Political+History&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-12101-0&rft.aulast=Karpat&rft.aufirst=Kemal+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKårtveit2014" class="citation book cs1">Kårtveit, Bård (2014). <i>Dilemmas of Attachment: Identity and Belonging among Palestinian Christians</i>. BRILL. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27639-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27639-0"><bdi>978-90-04-27639-0</bdi></a>. <q>is widely regarded as the cradle of Christianity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dilemmas+of+Attachment%3A+Identity+and+Belonging+among+Palestinian+Christians&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-27639-0&rft.aulast=K%C3%A5rtveit&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A5rd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (1997). <i>Palestinian Identity. The Construction of Modern National Consciousness</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10515-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10515-6"><bdi>978-0-231-10515-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Identity.+The+Construction+of+Modern+National+Consciousness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10515-6&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (2007) [1st ed. 2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3EOJGiBBpQC&pg=PR5">"The Palestinians and 1948: the underlying causes of failure"</a>. In Rogan, Eugene L.; Shlaim, Avi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h3EOJGiBBpQC"><i>The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69934-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69934-1"><bdi>978-0-521-69934-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Palestinians+and+1948%3A+the+underlying+causes+of+failure&rft.btitle=The+War+for+Palestine%3A+Rewriting+the+History+of+1948&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69934-1&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh3EOJGiBBpQC%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillebrew2005" class="citation book cs1">Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). <i>Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines and Early Israel 1300–1100 BC</i>. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-097-4"><bdi>978-1-58983-097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Peoples+and+Ethnicity%3A+An+Archaeological+Study+of+Egyptians%2C+Canaanites%2C+Philistines+and+Early+Israel+1300%E2%80%931100+BC&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-097-4&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmerlingMigdal1994" class="citation book cs1">Kimmerling, Baruch; Migdal, Joel S (1994). <i>Palestinians: The Making of a People</i>. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-65223-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-65223-1"><bdi>978-0-674-65223-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinians%3A+The+Making+of+a+People&rft.place=Cambridge+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-674-65223-1&rft.aulast=Kimmerling&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft.au=Migdal%2C+Joel+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmerlingMigdal2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Kimmerling" title="Baruch Kimmerling">Kimmerling, Baruch</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joel_S._Migdal" title="Joel S. Migdal">Migdal, Joel S.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC&q=Hebron+Ibrahim+August+1834"><i>The Palestinian People: A History</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01129-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01129-8"><bdi>978-0-674-01129-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestinian+People%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01129-8&rft.aulast=Kimmerling&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft.au=Migdal%2C+Joel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NRYEr8FR1IC%26q%3DHebron%2BIbrahim%2BAugust%2B1834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirk2011" class="citation book cs1">Kirk, J Andrew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ckEzKBFqQPQC&pg=PA46"><i>Civilisations in Conflict?: Islam, the West and Christian Faith</i></a>. OCMS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870345-87-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870345-87-3"><bdi>978-1-870345-87-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilisations+in+Conflict%3F%3A+Islam%2C+the+West+and+Christian+Faith&rft.pub=OCMS&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-870345-87-3&rft.aulast=Kirk&rft.aufirst=J+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DckEzKBFqQPQC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKliot1995" class="citation cs2">Kliot, Nurit (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/publications/download/?id=207"><i>The Evolution of the Egypt-Israel Boundary: From Colonial Foundations to Peaceful Borders</i></a>, vol. 1, International Boundaries Research Unit, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-897643-17-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-897643-17-4"><bdi>978-1-897643-17-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Egypt-Israel+Boundary%3A+From+Colonial+Foundations+to+Peaceful+Borders&rft.pub=International+Boundaries+Research+Unit&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-897643-17-4&rft.aulast=Kliot&rft.aufirst=Nurit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dur.ac.uk%2Fibru%2Fpublications%2Fdownload%2F%3Fid%3D207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöchler1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Köchler, Hans</a> (1981). <i>The Legal Aspects of the Palestine Problem with Special Regard to the Question of Jerusalem</i>. Vienna: Braumüller. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7003-0278-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7003-0278-0"><bdi>978-3-7003-0278-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legal+Aspects+of+the+Palestine+Problem+with+Special+Regard+to+the+Question+of+Jerusalem&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=Braum%C3%BCller&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3-7003-0278-0&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6chler&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrämer2011" class="citation book cs1">Krämer, Gudrun (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrW_CKODdQC"><i>A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15007-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15007-9"><bdi>978-0-691-15007-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%3A+From+the+Ottoman+Conquest+to+the+Founding+of+the+State+of+Israel&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-15007-9&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%A4mer&rft.aufirst=Gudrun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtWrW_CKODdQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKretzmer2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kretzmer" title="David Kretzmer">Kretzmer, David</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/review/2012/irrc-885-kretzmer.pdf">"The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Review of the Red Cross</i>. <b>94</b> (885): 207–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1816383112000446">10.1017/S1816383112000446</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32105258">32105258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=The+law+of+belligerent+occupation+in+the+Supreme+Court+of+Israel&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=885&rft.pages=207-236&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1816383112000446&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32105258%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kretzmer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Feng%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Freview%2F2012%2Firrc-885-kretzmer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurz2005" class="citation book cs1">Kurz, Anat N (2005). <i>Fatah and the Politics of Violence: the institutionalization of a popular Struggle</i>. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-032-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-032-3"><bdi>978-1-84519-032-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatah+and+the+Politics+of+Violence%3A+the+institutionalization+of+a+popular+Struggle&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-032-3&rft.aulast=Kurz&rft.aufirst=Anat+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLassnerTroen2007" class="citation book cs1">Lassner, Jacob; Troen, Selwyn Ilan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYNCUXGoFWMC&pg=PA55"><i>Jews and Muslims in the Arab world: haunted by pasts real and imagined</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5842-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5842-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-5842-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Muslims+in+the+Arab+world%3A+haunted+by+pasts+real+and+imagined&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5842-7&rft.aulast=Lassner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Troen%2C+Selwyn+Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYNCUXGoFWMC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lehmann, Clayton Miles (Summer 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090811054625/http://www.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm">"Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy"</a>. <i>The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces</i>. University of South Dakota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/history.htm">the original</a> on 11 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2014</span>. <q>In the aftermath of the Bar Cochba Revolt, the Romans excluded Jews from a large area around Aelia Capitolina, which Gentiles only inhabited. The province now hosted two legions and many auxiliary units, two colonies, and--to complete the disassociation with Judaea--a new name, Syria Palaestina.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palestine%3A+History%3A+135%E2%80%93337%3A+Syria+Palaestina+and+the+Tetrarchy&rft.btitle=The+On-line+Encyclopedia+of+the+Roman+Provinces&rft.pub=University+of+South+Dakota&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Clayton+Miles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usd.edu%2F~clehmann%2Ferp%2FPalestine%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Levin, Yigal (24 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11100487">"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>11</b> (10): 487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11100487">10.3390/rel11100487</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=The+Religion+of+Idumea+and+Its+Relationship+to+Early+Judaism&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=487&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel11100487&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Yigal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel11100487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewin2005" class="citation book cs1">Lewin, Ariel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlToSqE0k_cC"><i>The Archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine</i></a>. Getty Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-800-6"><bdi>978-0-89236-800-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Judea+and+Palestine&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-800-6&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzlToSqE0k_cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1954" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Bernard (1954). "Studies in the Ottoman Archives—I". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 469–501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00086808">10.1017/s0041977x00086808</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162304704">162304704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Studies+in+the+Ottoman+Archives%E2%80%94I&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=469-501&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x00086808&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162304704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1993). <i>Islam in History: ideas, people and events in the Middle East</i>. Chicago: Open Court Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9518-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9518-2"><bdi>978-0-8126-9518-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+History%3A+ideas%2C+people+and+events+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8126-9518-2&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoftus1948" class="citation journal cs1">Loftus, J. P. (1948). "Features of the demography of Palestine". <i>Population Studies</i>. <b>2</b>: 92–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00324728.1948.10416341">10.1080/00324728.1948.10416341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Studies&rft.atitle=Features+of+the+demography+of+Palestine&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=92-114&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00324728.1948.10416341&rft.aulast=Loftus&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis1969" class="citation journal cs1">Louis, Wm Roger (1969). "The United Kingdom and the Beginning of the Mandates System, 1919–1922". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_(journal)" title="International Organization (journal)">International Organization</a></i>. <b>23</b> (1): 73–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818300025534">10.1017/S0020818300025534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154745632">154745632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=The+United+Kingdom+and+the+Beginning+of+the+Mandates+System%2C+1919%E2%80%931922&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-96&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818300025534&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154745632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Wm+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._A._Stewart_Macalister" title="R. A. Stewart Macalister">Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Arthur_Cook" title="Stanley Arthur Cook">Cook, Stanley Arthur</a>; Hart, John Henry Arthur (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Palestine"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Palestine">"Palestine" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 600–626.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palestine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=600-626&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Macalister&rft.aufirst=Robert+Alexander+Stewart&rft.au=Cook%2C+Stanley+Arthur&rft.au=Hart%2C+John+Henry+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakdisi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saree_Makdisi" title="Saree Makdisi">Makdisi, Saree</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dBM3Ago2BAC&pg=PA299"><i>Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33844-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33844-7"><bdi>978-0-393-33844-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Inside+Out%3A+An+Everyday+Occupation&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33844-7&rft.aulast=Makdisi&rft.aufirst=Saree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dBM3Ago2BAC%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalamatTadmor1976" class="citation book cs1">Malamat, Abraham; Tadmor, Hayim (1976). Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC&pg=PA226"><i>A History of the Jewish People</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6"><bdi>978-0-674-39731-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39731-6&rft.aulast=Malamat&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft.au=Tadmor%2C+Hayim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kSovzudhFUC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel1976" class="citation book cs1">Mandel, Neville J (1976). <i>The Arabs and Zionism Before World War I</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02466-3"><bdi>978-0-520-02466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+and+Zionism+Before+World+War+I&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02466-3&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Neville+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManiscalco2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Maniscalco" title="Fabio Maniscalco">Maniscalco, Fabio</a> (2005). <i>Protection, conservation and valorisation of Palestinian Cultural Patrimony</i>. Massa Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87835-62-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-87835-62-5"><bdi>978-88-87835-62-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protection%2C+conservation+and+valorisation+of+Palestinian+Cultural+Patrimony&rft.pub=Massa+Publisher&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-88-87835-62-5&rft.aulast=Maniscalco&rft.aufirst=Fabio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992" class="citation book cs1">Martindale, John R.; Jones, A.H.M.; Morris, John (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBImqkpzQPsC"><i>The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: AD 527–641</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20160-5"><bdi>978-0-521-20160-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire%2C+Volume+III%3A+AD+527%E2%80%93641&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20160-5&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Jones%2C+A.H.M.&rft.au=Morris%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBImqkpzQPsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LAUeWo8NDK4C&pg=PA32"><i>Invented Traditions, Archaeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine-Israel</i></a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-761-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-761-9"><bdi>978-1-84277-761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invented+Traditions%2C+Archaeology+and+Post-Colonialism+in+Palestine-Israel&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-761-9&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLAUeWo8NDK4C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1990" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Justin (1990). <i>The Population of Palestine</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07110-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07110-9"><bdi>978-0-231-07110-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Population+of+Palestine&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07110-9&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Metz, Helen Chapin</a>, ed. (1989). "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/jordan/10.htm"><i>Jordan: A Country Study</i></a>. GPO for the Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-033746-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-033746-8"><bdi>978-0-16-033746-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hashemite+Kingdom+of+Jordan&rft.btitle=Jordan%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=GPO+for+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-16-033746-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fjordan%2F10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzer1998" class="citation book cs1">Metzer, Jacob (1998). <i>The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine</i>. Cambridge Middle East Studies, Series Number 11. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46550-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46550-2"><bdi>978-0-521-46550-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divided+Economy+of+Mandatory+Palestine&rft.series=Cambridge+Middle+East+Studies%2C+Series+Number+11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46550-2&rft.aulast=Metzer&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyersChancey2012" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Eric M.; Chancey, Mark A. (25 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw-u7j4JxNYC"><i>Alexander to Constantine: Archaeology of the Land of the Bible</i></a>. Vol. III. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14179-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14179-5"><bdi>978-0-300-14179-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+to+Constantine%3A+Archaeology+of+the+Land+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012-09-25&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14179-5&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Eric+M.&rft.au=Chancey%2C+Mark+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVw-u7j4JxNYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMezzofiore2015" class="citation news cs1">Mezzofiore, Gianluca (2 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/will-palestinians-outnumber-israeli-jews-by-2016-1481628">"Will Palestinians outnumber Israeli Jews by 2016?"</a>. <i>International Business Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Will+Palestinians+outnumber+Israeli+Jews+by+2016%3F&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft.aulast=Mezzofiore&rft.aufirst=Gianluca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fwill-palestinians-outnumber-israeli-jews-by-2016-1481628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills1990" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Watson E (1990). <i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7"><bdi>978-0-86554-373-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-373-7&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Watson+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiskin2012" class="citation news cs1">Miskin, Maayana (5 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844#.U5TD6vmICm6">"PA Weighs 'State of Palestine' Passport"</a>. <i>Arutz Sheva</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121207082503/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>A senior PA official revealed the plans in an interview with <i>Al-Quds</i> newspaper. The change to 'state' status is important because it shows that 'the state of Palestine is occupied,' he said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arutz+Sheva&rft.atitle=PA+Weighs+%27State+of+Palestine%27+Passport&rft.date=2012-12-05&rft.aulast=Miskin&rft.aufirst=Maayana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F162844%23.U5TD6vmICm6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2001) [First published 1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZawVAQAACAAJ"><i>Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–1999</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74475-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74475-7"><bdi>978-0-679-74475-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Victims%3A+A+History+of+the+Zionist%E2%80%93Arab+Conflict%2C+1881%E2%80%931999&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-679-74475-7&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZawVAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1983" class="citation book cs1">Neusner, J. (1983). "Jews in Iran". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 (2); the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24693-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24693-4"><bdi>978-0-521-24693-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jews+in+Iran&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+3+%282%29%3B+the+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+periods&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24693-4&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoth1939" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Noth" title="Martin Noth">Noth, Martin</a> (1939). "Zur Geschichte des Namens Palästina". <i>Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins</i>. <b>62</b> (1/2). Deutscher Verein zur Erforschung Palästinas: 125–144. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27930226">27930226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Deutschen+Pal%C3%A4stina-Vereins&rft.atitle=Zur+Geschichte+des+Namens+Pal%C3%A4stina&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=125-144&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27930226%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Noth&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mahony2003" class="citation book cs1">O'Mahony, Anthony (2003). "The Christian Communities, religion, politics and church-state relations in Jerusalem: an historical survey". <i>The Christian communities of Jerusalem and the Holy Land: Studies in History, Religion and Politics</i>. University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1772-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1772-3"><bdi>978-0-7083-1772-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Communities%2C+religion%2C+politics+and+church-state+relations+in+Jerusalem%3A+an+historical+survey&rft.btitle=The+Christian+communities+of+Jerusalem+and+the+Holy+Land%3A+Studies+in+History%2C+Religion+and+Politics&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1772-3&rft.aulast=O%27Mahony&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewish_Encyclopedia1906" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=31&letter=P&search=palestine">"Palestine"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>, Funk & Wagnalls, 1906</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palestine&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D31%26letter%3DP%26search%3Dpalestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuters:_recognition2012" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129">"Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 29 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Palestinians+win+implicit+U.N.+recognition+of+sovereign+state&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappé1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappé, Ilan</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAJZCKAwtPMC&pg=PR5">"Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAJZCKAwtPMC"><i>The Making of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1947–1951</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/I.B.Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B.Tauris">I.B.Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-819-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-819-9"><bdi>978-1-85043-819-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+Conflict%2C+1947%E2%80%931951&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-85043-819-9&rft.aulast=Papp%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzAJZCKAwtPMC%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappe1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Pappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Pappe">Pappe, Ilan</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OjuKhNEmFvoC&pg=PA38"><i>The Israel/Palestine Question</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16948-6"><bdi>978-0-415-16948-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel%2FPalestine+Question&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16948-6&rft.aulast=Pappe&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOjuKhNEmFvoC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor1997" class="citation book cs1">Pastor, Jack (1997). <i>Land and Economy in Ancient Palestine</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15960-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15960-9"><bdi>978-0-415-15960-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+Economy+in+Ancient+Palestine&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15960-9&rft.aulast=Pastor&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipp2013" class="citation book cs1">Phillipp, Thomas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95I5QVdp4_gC&q=Zahir+Umar&pg=PA242"><i>Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50603-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50603-8"><bdi>978-0-231-50603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acre%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Palestinian+City%2C+1730%E2%80%931831&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50603-8&rft.aulast=Phillipp&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95I5QVdp4_gC%26q%3DZahir%2BUmar%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFICBoS:_Population2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_01&CYear=2016">"Population, by Population Group"</a>. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population%2C+by+Population+Group&rft.pub=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Freader%2Fshnaton%2Ftempl_shnaton_e.html%3Fnum_tab%3Dst02_01%26CYear%3D2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorath1974" class="citation book cs1">Porath, Yehoshua (1974). <i>The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement, 1918–1929</i>. London: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-2939-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-2939-1"><bdi>978-0-7146-2939-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Palestinian-Arab+National+Movement%2C+1918%E2%80%931929&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-2939-1&rft.aulast=Porath&rft.aufirst=Yehoshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedmount1999" class="citation book cs1">Redmount, Carol A (1999). "Bitter Lives: Israel in and out of Egypt". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). <i>The Oxford History of the Biblical World</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508707-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508707-9"><bdi>978-0-19-508707-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bitter+Lives%3A+Israel+in+and+out+of+Egypt&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508707-9&rft.aulast=Redmount&rft.aufirst=Carol+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1865" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Edward (1865). <i>Physical geography of the Holy Land</i>. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+geography+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Crocker+%26+Brewster&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogan2002" class="citation book cs1">Rogan, Eugene L (2002). <i>Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89223-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89223-0"><bdi>978-0-521-89223-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+the+State+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Transjordan%2C+1850%E2%80%931921&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89223-0&rft.aulast=Rogan&rft.aufirst=Eugene+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoom2006" class="citation book cs1">Room, Adrian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&pg=PA285"><i>Placenames of the World: origins and meanings of the names for 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, and historic sites</i></a> (2nd, illustrated ed.). McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2248-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2248-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-2248-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Placenames+of+the+World%3A+origins+and+meanings+of+the+names+for+6%2C600+countries%2C+cities%2C+territories%2C+natural+features%2C+and+historic+sites&rft.edition=2nd%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2248-7&rft.aulast=Room&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1JIPAN-eJ4C%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen1997" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Steven A (1997). <i>Lithics After the Stone Age: a handbook of stone tools from the Levant</i>. Rowman Altamira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9124-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9124-3"><bdi>978-0-7619-9124-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lithics+After+the+Stone+Age%3A+a+handbook+of+stone+tools+from+the+Levant&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9124-3&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Steven+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachar2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Sachar" title="Howard Sachar">Sachar, Howard M.</a> (2006). <i>A History of Israel: from the rise of Zionism to our time</i> (2nd ed.). Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76563-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76563-9"><bdi>978-0-679-76563-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israel%3A+from+the+rise+of+Zionism+to+our+time&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-679-76563-9&rft.aulast=Sachar&rft.aufirst=Howard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said, Edward</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SUt6EAoH0xgC&pg=PA33"><i>Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said</i></a>. Pluto Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2017-5"><bdi>978-0-7453-2017-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Resistance%3A+Conversations+with+Edward+W.+Said&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2017-5&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSUt6EAoH0xgC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaidHitchens2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said, Edward</a>; Hitchens, Christopher (2001). <i>Blaming the Victims: spurious scholarship and the Palestinian Question</i>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-340-6"><bdi>978-1-85984-340-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blaming+the+Victims%3A+spurious+scholarship+and+the+Palestinian+Question&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-340-6&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Hitchens%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaldarini1994" class="citation book cs1">Saldarini, Anthony (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btSZh4_vzqoC&pg=PA28"><i>Matthew's Christian-Jewish Community</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73421-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73421-7"><bdi>978-0-226-73421-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew%27s+Christian-Jewish+Community&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73421-7&rft.aulast=Saldarini&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbtSZh4_vzqoC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalibi1993" class="citation book cs1">Salibi, Kamal Suleiman (1993). <i>The Modern History of Jordan</i>. I.B.Tauris. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-331-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-331-6"><bdi>978-1-86064-331-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+History+of+Jordan&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-331-6&rft.aulast=Salibi&rft.aufirst=Kamal+Suleiman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger2011" class="citation book cs1">Sanger, Andrew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hYiIWVlpFzEC&pg=PA429">"The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla"</a>. In Schmitt, M.N.; Arimatsu, Louise; McCormack, Tim (eds.). <i>Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010</i>. Vol. 13. p. 429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-90-6704-811-8_14">10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6704-811-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6704-811-8"><bdi>978-90-6704-811-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Contemporary+Law+of+Blockade+and+the+Gaza+Freedom+Flotilla&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+International+Humanitarian+Law+-+2010&rft.pages=429&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-90-6704-811-8_14&rft.isbn=978-90-6704-811-8&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhYiIWVlpFzEC%26pg%3DPA429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2003" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YBarWAR2qVkC"><i>The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30585-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30585-3"><bdi>978-0-415-30585-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Jews+in+the+Greco-Roman+World&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30585-3&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYBarWAR2qVkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller2009" class="citation book cs1">Schiller, Jon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ-VAkIdiX0C&pg=PA98"><i>Internet View of the Arabic World</i></a>. PublishAmerica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-6326-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-6326-6"><bdi>978-1-4392-6326-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+View+of+the+Arabic+World&rft.pub=PublishAmerica&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4392-6326-6&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHQ-VAkIdiX0C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlor1999" class="citation book cs1">Schlor, Joachim (1999). <i>Tel Aviv: From Dream to City</i>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-033-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-033-7"><bdi>978-1-86189-033-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tel+Aviv%3A+From+Dream+to+City&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-033-7&rft.aulast=Schlor&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmelz1990" class="citation book cs1">Schmelz, Uziel O. (1990). "Population Characteristics of Jerusalem and Hebron Regions According to Ottoman Census of 1905". In Gilbar, Gar G (ed.). <i>Ottoman Palestine: 1800–1914</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07785-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07785-0"><bdi>978-90-04-07785-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Population+Characteristics+of+Jerusalem+and+Hebron+Regions+According+to+Ottoman+Census+of+1905&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Palestine%3A+1800%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07785-0&rft.aulast=Schmelz&rft.aufirst=Uziel+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholch1985" class="citation journal cs1">Scholch, Alexander (1985). "The Demographic Development of Palestine 1850–1882". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>XII</b> (4): 485–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800029445">10.1017/S0020743800029445</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/00207438">00207438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154921401">154921401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Demographic+Development+of+Palestine+1850%E2%80%931882&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=485-505&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154921401%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F00207438%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800029445&rft.aulast=Scholch&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrader1878" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Schrader" title="Eberhard Schrader">Schrader, Eberhard</a> (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/keilinschriften00schrgoog#page/n136/mode/1up"><i>Keilinschriften und Geschichtsforschung ("KGF", in English "Cuneiform inscriptions and Historical Research")</i></a> (in German). J. Ricker'sche Buchhandlung – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keilinschriften+und+Geschichtsforschung+%28%22KGF%22%2C+in+English+%22Cuneiform+inscriptions+and+Historical+Research%22%29&rft.pub=J.+Ricker%27sche+Buchhandlung&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=Eberhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fkeilinschriften00schrgoog%23page%2Fn136%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScobbie2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iain_Scobbie" title="Iain Scobbie">Scobbie, Iain</a> (2012). Wilmshurst, Elizabeth (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GM90Xp03uuEC&pg=PA295"><i>International Law and the Classification of Conflicts</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965775-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965775-9"><bdi>978-0-19-965775-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Law+and+the+Classification+of+Conflicts&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965775-9&rft.aulast=Scobbie&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGM90Xp03uuEC%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegev2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Segev, Tom</a> (2001) [Original in 2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvT8CWv2DakC&pg=PA127">"Nebi Musa, 1920"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvT8CWv2DakC"><i>One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate</i></a>. Trans. Haim Watzman. London: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6587-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6587-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-6587-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nebi+Musa%2C+1920&rft.btitle=One+Palestine%2C+Complete%3A+Jews+and+Arabs+Under+the+British+Mandate&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6587-9&rft.aulast=Segev&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvT8CWv2DakC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1969" class="citation book cs1">Setton, Kenneth, ed. (1969). <i>A History of the Crusades</i>. University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span> In six volumes: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?id=History.CrusOne"><i>The first hundred years</i></a> (2nd ed. 1969); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusTwo"><i>The later Crusades, 1189–1311</i></a> (1969); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusThree"><i>The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries</i></a> (1975); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusFour"><i>The art and architecture of the crusader states</i></a> (1977); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusFive"><i>The impact of the Crusades on the Near East</i></a> (1985); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=header&id=History.CrusSix"><i>The impact of the Crusades on Europe</i></a> (1989)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahin2005" class="citation book cs1">Shahin, Mariam (2005). <i>Palestine: a Guide</i>. Interlink Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-557-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-557-8"><bdi>978-1-56656-557-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+a+Guide&rft.pub=Interlink+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56656-557-8&rft.aulast=Shahin&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2014" class="citation book cs1">Shapira, Anita (2014). <i>Israel a history, translated from Hebrew by Anthony Berris</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-352-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-352-3"><bdi>978-1-61168-352-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+a+history%2C+translated+from+Hebrew+by+Anthony+Berris&rft.place=London&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61168-352-3&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Anita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon1988" class="citation book cs1">Sharon, Moshe (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec4UAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP15"><i>The Holy Land in History and Thought: papers submitted to the International Conference on the Relations between the Holy Land and the World Outside It, Johannesburg, 1986</i></a>. Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08855-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08855-9"><bdi>978-90-04-08855-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Land+in+History+and+Thought%3A+papers+submitted+to+the+International+Conference+on+the+Relations+between+the+Holy+Land+and+the+World+Outside+It%2C+Johannesburg%2C+1986&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08855-9&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEc4UAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPP15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiloh1980" class="citation journal cs1">Shiloh, Yigal (1980). "The Population of Iron Age Palestine in the Light of a Sample Analysis of Urban Plans, Areas, and Population Density". <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>239</b> (239): 25–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356754">10.2307/1356754</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356754">1356754</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163824693">163824693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Population+of+Iron+Age+Palestine+in+the+Light+of+a+Sample+Analysis+of+Urban+Plans%2C+Areas%2C+and+Population+Density&rft.volume=239&rft.issue=239&rft.pages=25-35&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163824693%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356754&rft.aulast=Shiloh&rft.aufirst=Yigal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSicker1999" class="citation book cs1">Sicker, Martin (1999). <i>Reshaping Palestine: from Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922</i>. New York: Praeger/Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96639-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96639-3"><bdi>978-0-275-96639-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reshaping+Palestine%3A+from+Muhammad+Ali+to+the+British+Mandate%2C+1831%E2%80%931922&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger%2FGreenwood&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96639-3&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverburg2009" class="citation book cs1">Silverburg, Sanford R. (2009). "Diplomatic Recognition of States <i>in statu nascendi</i>: The Case of Palestine". In Silverburg, Sanford R. (ed.). <i>Palestine and International Law: Essays on Politics and Economics</i>. Diplomatic Recognition of States. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4248-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-4248-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Diplomatic+Recognition+of+States+in+statu+nascendi%3A+The+Case+of+Palestine&rft.btitle=Palestine+and+International+Law%3A+Essays+on+Politics+and+Economics&rft.pub=Diplomatic+Recognition+of+States&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4248-5&rft.aulast=Silverburg&rft.aufirst=Sanford+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSivan2008" class="citation book cs1">Sivan, Hagith (2008). <i>Palestine in Late Antiquity</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160867-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160867-4"><bdi>978-0-19-160867-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-160867-4&rft.aulast=Sivan&rft.aufirst=Hagith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morton_Smith" title="Morton Smith">Smith, Morton</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MA-4VX5gWS4C&pg=PA210">"The Gentiles in Judaism"</a>. <i>Cambridge History of Judaism</i>. Vol. 3. CUP. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24377-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24377-3"><bdi>978-0-521-24377-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gentiles+in+Judaism&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+Judaism&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24377-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMA-4VX5gWS4C%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAP2013" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110025703/http://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html">"State of Palestine name change shows limitations"</a>. AP. 17 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2013. <q>Israel remains in charge of territories the world says should one day make up that state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=State+of+Palestine+name+change+shows+limitations&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fstate-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamari2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tamari, Salim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/images/ArticlesPdf/47-%20Shifting%20Ottoman.pdf">"Shifting Ottoman Conceptions of Palestine-Part 1: Filistin Risalesi and the two Jamals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Jerusalem Quarterly</i> (49): 28–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Shifting+Ottoman+Conceptions+of+Palestine-Part+1%3A+Filistin+Risalesi+and+the+two+Jamals&rft.issue=49&rft.pages=28-37&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Tamari&rft.aufirst=Salim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jerusalemquarterly.org%2Fimages%2FArticlesPdf%2F47-%2520Shifting%2520Ottoman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2012" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Joan E. (15 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&q=bar+kokhba%22+genocide%22&pg=PA243"><i>The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955448-5"><bdi>978-0-19-955448-5</bdi></a>. <q>Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essenes%2C+the+Scrolls%2C+and+the+Dead+Sea&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955448-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWIMFY4VnI4C%26q%3Dbar%2Bkokhba%2522%2Bgenocide%2522%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemple_of_Jerusalem" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Temple-of-Jerusalem">"Temple of Jerusalem | Description, History, & Significance | Britannica"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temple+of+Jerusalem+%7C+Description%2C+History%2C+%26+Significance+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTemple-of-Jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTessler1994" class="citation book cs1">Tessler, Mark (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3kbU4BIAcrQC&pg=PA163"><i>A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20873-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20873-6"><bdi>978-0-253-20873-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20873-6&rft.aulast=Tessler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3kbU4BIAcrQC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a>; Roberts, Priscilla, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-842-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-842-2"><bdi>978-1-85109-842-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=1553&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-842-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYAd8efHdVzIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUN_News_Centre2012" class="citation news cs1">UN News Centre (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=42751#.UP35DaF4YZc">"Lack of sufficient services in Gaza could get worse without urgent action, UN warns"</a>. UN Publications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lack+of+sufficient+services+in+Gaza+could+get+worse+without+urgent+action%2C+UN+warns&rft.date=2012&rft.au=UN+News+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D42751%23.UP35DaF4YZc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVermes2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Vermes, Géza</a> (2014). <i>The True Herod</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-48841-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-48841-1"><bdi>978-0-567-48841-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Herod&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-567-48841-1&rft.aulast=Vermes&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalmsley2000" class="citation book cs1">Walmsley, Alan (2000). "Production, exchange and regional trade in the Islamic Wast Mediterranean: old structures, new systems?". In Hansen, Inge Lyse; Wickham, Chris (eds.). <i>The Long Eighth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11723-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11723-5"><bdi>978-90-04-11723-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Production%2C+exchange+and+regional+trade+in+the+Islamic+Wast+Mediterranean%3A+old+structures%2C+new+systems%3F&rft.btitle=The+Long+Eighth+Century%3A+Production%2C+Distribution+and+Demand&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11723-5&rft.aulast=Walmsley&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeill2014" class="citation book cs1">Weill, Sharon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDnnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22"><i>The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968542-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968542-4"><bdi>978-0-19-968542-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+National+Courts+in+Applying+International+Humanitarian+Law&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968542-4&rft.aulast=Weill&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDnnAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWenning2007" class="citation book cs1">Wenning, Robert (2007). "The Nabataeans in History (Before AD 106)". In Politis, Konstantinos D (ed.). <i>The World of the Nabataeans: Volume 2 of the International Conference the World of the Herods and the Nabataeans Held at the British Museum, 17-19 April, 2001</i>. Oriens Et Occidens. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08816-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-08816-9"><bdi>978-3-515-08816-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nabataeans+in+History+%28Before+AD+106%29&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Nabataeans%3A+Volume+2+of+the+International+Conference+the+World+of+the+Herods+and+the+Nabataeans+Held+at+the+British+Museum%2C+17-19+April%2C+2001&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=Oriens+Et+Occidens&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-515-08816-9&rft.aulast=Wenning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitelam1996" class="citation book cs1">Whitelam, Keith W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sHYeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-79916-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-79916-0"><bdi>978-1-317-79916-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Ancient+Israel%3A+The+Silencing+of+Palestinian+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-317-79916-0&rft.aulast=Whitelam&rft.aufirst=Keith+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsHYeAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYazbak1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Yazbak" title="Mahmoud Yazbak">Yazbak, Mahmoud</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DPseCvbPsKsC"><i>Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, A Muslim Town in Transition, 1864–1914</i></a>. Brill Academic Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11051-9"><bdi>978-90-04-11051-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haifa+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Period%2C+A+Muslim+Town+in+Transition%2C+1864%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Pub&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11051-9&rft.aulast=Yazbak&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDPseCvbPsKsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeevi1996" class="citation cs2">Zeevi, Dror (1996), <i>An Ottoman century: the district of Jerusalem in the 1600s</i>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2915-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2915-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-2915-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ottoman+century%3A+the+district+of+Jerusalem+in+the+1600s&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2915-0&rft.aulast=Zeevi&rft.aufirst=Dror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZissu2018" class="citation book cs1">Zissu, Boaz (2018). "Interbellum Judea 70-132 CE: An Archaeological Perspective". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988856967"><i>Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries: The Interbellum 70‒132 CE</i></a>. Joshua Schwartz, Peter J. Tomson. Leiden, The Netherlands. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34986-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34986-5"><bdi>978-90-04-34986-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988856967">988856967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interbellum+Judea+70-132+CE%3A+An+Archaeological+Perspective&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Christians+in+the+First+and+Second+Centuries%3A+The+Interbellum+70%E2%80%92132+CE&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988856967&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34986-5&rft.aulast=Zissu&rft.aufirst=Boaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F988856967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalestine+%28region%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Palestine (region)</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Palestine_(region)" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Palestine (region)">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Palestine" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Palestine">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Palestine_(region)" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Palestine (region)">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Palestine" class="extiw" title="q:Palestine">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Palestine_(region)" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Palestine (region)">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Palestine_(region)" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Palestine (region)">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Palestine_(region)" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Palestine (region)">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Palestinian_territories#Q23792" class="extiw" title="voy:Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Palestinian_nationalism_and_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palestinian_nationalism" title="Template:Palestinian nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palestinian_nationalism" title="Template talk:Palestinian nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinian_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinian nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Palestinian_nationalism_and_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Palestinian Territory">Occupied Palestinian Territory</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine (British Mandate borders)</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-top:0.25em;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 0.25em 0.5em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li><b>Name</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine" title="Timeline of the name Palestine">Timeline of the name "Palestine"</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="padding:0.5em 0.25em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_periods_in_the_Palestine_region" title="Time periods in the Palestine region">Time periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.5em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Palestine" title="Culture of Palestine">Culture</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Refugees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Right of return</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.25em;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 0.25em 0.5em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Status_of_territories_occupied_by_Israel_in_1967" title="Status of territories occupied by Israel in 1967">Political status</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.5em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a></b></li></ul> <div style="line-height:1.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Enclaves</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.25em;line-height:1.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li></ul> </div><div style="padding:0.25em 0.25em 0.5em;line-height:1.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Governorate" title="Jerusalem Governorate">Jerusalem Governorate</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-top:0.25em;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <div style="padding:0.25em 0.25em 0.5em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord" title="Oslo II Accord">Oslo II Accord</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="padding:0.5em 0.25em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="Politics of the Palestinian National Authority">Politics</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_administered_by_the_Palestinian_Authority" title="List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority">Cities <span style="font-size:85%;">(PNA–administered)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Palestine" title="Governorates of Palestine">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_law" title="Palestinian law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council" title="Palestinian Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="padding-top:0.5em;line-height:1.45em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of political parties in the State of Palestine">Political parties</a></b></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Palestine_region_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palestine_(historical_region)_topics" title="Template:Palestine (historical region) topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palestine_(historical_region)_topics" title="Template talk:Palestine (historical region) topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palestine_(historical_region)_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palestine (historical region) topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Palestine_region_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palestine region</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Palestine" title="Timeline of the name Palestine">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians#History" title="Palestinian Christians">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_history_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim history in Palestine">Muslim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_the_region_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the history of the region of Palestine">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_periods_in_the_Palestine_region" title="Time periods in the Palestine region">periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geographic definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Palestine" title="Cartography of Palestine">Historical maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelogues_of_Palestine" title="Travelogues of Palestine">Historical literature</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Modern_Palestine%2C_Illustrated_atlas%2C_and_modern_history_of_the_World%2C_1851.jpg/130px-Modern_Palestine%2C_Illustrated_atlas%2C_and_modern_history_of_the_World%2C_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Modern_Palestine%2C_Illustrated_atlas%2C_and_modern_history_of_the_World%2C_1851.jpg/195px-Modern_Palestine%2C_Illustrated_atlas%2C_and_modern_history_of_the_World%2C_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Modern_Palestine%2C_Illustrated_atlas%2C_and_modern_history_of_the_World%2C_1851.jpg/260px-Modern_Palestine%2C_Illustrated_atlas%2C_and_modern_history_of_the_World%2C_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="4700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">holy places</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph%27s_Tomb" title="Joseph's Tomb">Joseph's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Na%27im#Tomb_of_Lot" title="Bani Na'im">Lot's Tomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Annunciation" title="Basilica of the Annunciation">Basilica of the Annunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Gaza" title="Great Mosque of Gaza">Great Mosque of Gaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Four Holy Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah#Persian_period" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Persian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Hellenistic Greece</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Roman Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusaders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">The Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Modern state of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt">Egyptian rule of Gaza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian rule of West Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palestine_(region)" title="Category:Palestine (region)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nakba" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F5F5DC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nakbaend" title="Template:Nakbaend"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nakbaend" title="Template talk:Nakbaend"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nakbaend" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nakbaend"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nakba" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">1947 partition plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_Day" title="Nakba Day">Nakba Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine refugee camps">Palestine refugee camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_absentee" title="Present absentee">Present absentee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Committee" title="Transfer Committee">Transfer Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">Resolution 194</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Key incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_battle_of_Hatikvah_Neighborhood" title="The battle of Hatikvah Neighborhood">The battle of Hatikvah Neighborhood</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1948)" title="Battle of Haifa (1948)">Battle of Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aref_al-Aref" title="Aref al-Aref">Aref al-Aref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Efraim Karsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Tom Segev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Avraham Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_and_Evolution_of_the_Palestine_Problem" title="The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem">The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Related categories/lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus">Villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Related templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Palestinians" title="Template:Palestinians">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Template:Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Template:Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Template:Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F5F5DC"><div><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">The Holocaust and the Nakba</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/21px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/42px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Palestine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/42px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23792#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23792#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23792#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138926424">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044381-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80009667">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569050">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Palestina"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130360&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000041749&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/687995">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/041644">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044839">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/filistin">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Palestine_(region)&params=31_N_35_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°N</span> <span class="longitude">35°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31°N 35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31; 35</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palestine_(region)&oldid=1258592138">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palestine_(region)&oldid=1258592138</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palestine_(region)" title="Category:Palestine (region)">Palestine (region)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Israel" title="Category:Geography of Israel">Geography of Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Jordan" title="Category:Geography of Jordan">Geography of Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Geography of the State of Palestine">Geography of the State of Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_West_Asia" title="Category:Geography of West Asia">Geography of West Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_regions" title="Category:Historical regions">Historical regions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Asia" title="Category:Regions of Asia">Regions of Asia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_EasyTimeline_extension" title="Category:Pages using the EasyTimeline extension">Pages using the EasyTimeline extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">Lang and lang-xx template errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_extended-confirmed-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages">Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2020">Use dmy dates from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_November_2022" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from November 2022">Use Oxford spelling from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_manual_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images">Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2015" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 15:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palestine_(region)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-jmw2b","wgBackendResponseTime":220,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.571","walltime":"4.141","ppvisitednodes":{"value":25638,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":795147,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":102192,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":51,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":602908,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3432.446 1 -total"," 23.00% 789.423 129 Template:Cite_book"," 18.75% 643.580 147 Template:Sfn"," 9.44% 324.176 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 6.94% 238.078 2 Template:Reflist"," 6.67% 228.886 31 Template:Efn-lr"," 6.52% 223.782 31 Template:Efn"," 5.78% 198.536 26 Template:Navbox"," 5.23% 179.469 16 Template:Lang"," 4.91% 168.649 11 Template:Small"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.221","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20435126,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAP2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu-Lughod1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu-Manneh1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdwan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAharoni1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhlström1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexandrowicz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnspacher1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvneri1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvni2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBachi1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelfer-CohenBar-Yosef2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeloe1821\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBianquis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiger1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoas2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreasted2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Museumn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroshi1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrummitt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurns2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByatt1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBüssow2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCavendish2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChancey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChase2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChronicle_of_Nebuchadnezzar_II2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrotty2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrouch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDellaPergola2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomínguez_de_Olazábal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoumani1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrews1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmberPeregrine2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEphal2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEshel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvenari1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahlbuschLochmanBromileyBarrett2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarsounAruri2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelsteinMazarSchmidt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlusin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGWV2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGawerc2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelber1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerber1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGil1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbar1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbar1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabbe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrief2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrisantiHoward2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaaretz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajjar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayesMandell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerodotus1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerodotus_3:91:1\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFICBoS:_Jews2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFICBoS:_Population2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngrams1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJewish_Encyclopedia1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoblingRose1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoudah1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaegi1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpat2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillebrew2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimmerlingMigdal1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimmerlingMigdal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKliot1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKretzmer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrämer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKårtveit2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöchler1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLassnerTroen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoftus1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakdisi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalamatTadmor1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandel1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManiscalco2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartindaleJonesMorris1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasalha2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetz1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyersChancey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMezzofiore2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiskin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeusner1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoth1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Mahony2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPCBoS:_Estd_Population2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappe1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappé1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPastor1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillipp2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorath1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPublishing2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedmount1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuters:_recognition2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRivoal2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogan2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoom2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSachar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaid2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaidHitchens2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaldarini1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalibi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlor1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmelz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholch1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchrader1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchäfer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScobbie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegev2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSetton1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapira2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiloh1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSicker1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverburg2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSivan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvirskyBen-Arie2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamari2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTemple_of_Jerusalem\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTessler1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerRoberts2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN_GA/113172012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUN_News_Centre2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVermes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalmsley2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeill2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWenning2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitelam1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYazbak1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeevi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZissu2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Administration in the Palestine region\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated image\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotation\"] = 24,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Characters and names in the Quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 129,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 7,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-lr\"] = 31,\n [\"Flag\"] = 3,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 20,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 14,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 7,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 16,\n [\"Langx\"] = 6,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 5,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Nakbaend\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-lr\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Palestine (historical region) topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Palestinian nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Palestinian territory development\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Arabic\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 4,\n [\"Scrollable\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 147,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Sp\"] = 2,\n [\"Timeline of Palestine Sovereign Powers\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 9,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","480","20.9"],["?","320","13.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","8.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","3.5"],["(for generator)","80","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","2.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","2.6"],["type","60","2.6"],["[others]","680","29.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-jhvjh","timestamp":"20241122140945","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Palestine (region)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palestine_(region)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23792","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23792","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-10-29T13:45:37Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T15:22:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/64\/Historical_boundaries_of_Palestine_%28plain%29.svg","headline":"geographic region in western Asia"}</script> </body> </html>