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(Hadrian's Wall)">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-20T15:51:16Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)&action=edit&undoafter=1008089326&undo=1258596053" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=User:Nickyjgarland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-userlink" title="User:Nickyjgarland (page does not exist)" data-mw-revid="1258596053"><bdi>Nickyjgarland</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Nickyjgarland" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Nickyjgarland">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Nickyjgarland" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Nickyjgarland">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>38</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#History">→<bdi dir="ltr">History</bdi></a>: </span> Add DOI from the #ArchaeologyDataService</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(38 intermediate revisions by 14 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Short description|Earthwork associated with Hadrian's Wall, England}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Image:Hadrian's Wall Vallum - 2007-05-19.jpg|thumb|Vallum of Hadrian's Wall, near [[Milecastle 42|Milecastle 42 (Cawfields)]]]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_6_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_3_0_lhs"></a>The '''Vallum''' is a huge earthwork associated with [[Hadrian's Wall]] in [[England]]. Unique on any [[Roman Empire|Roman]] frontier, it runs practically from coast to coast to the south of the wall. </div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:The Vallum at Downhill - geograph.org.uk - 1024039.jpg|thumb|300px|The Vallum at Downhill]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Vallum.png|thumb|250px|Typical cross-section of Hadrian's Wall and Vallum]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:The Vallum, Hadrian's Wall, Cawfields - geograph.org.uk - 1068619.jpg|thumb|300px|The Vallum at Cawfields]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:The road and Vallum at Shield on the Wall - geograph.org.uk - 1068669.jpg|thumb|300px|The road and Vallum at Shield on the Wall]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_3_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_6_0_rhs"></a>The '''Vallum''' is a huge <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Earthworks (engineering)|</ins>earthwork<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins> associated with [[Hadrian's Wall]] in [[England]]. Unique on any [[Roman Empire|Roman]] frontier, it runs practically from coast to coast to the south of the wall. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It was built a few years after the wall. Current opinion is that the Vallum demarcated the southern boundary of a military zone, bounded on the north by the wall.</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The earliest surviving mention of the earthwork is by [[Bede]] (''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]]'', I.12), who refers to a ''[[vallum]]'', or earthen [[rampart (fortification)|rampart]], as distinct from the wall, or ''murus''; the term is still used despite the fact that the essential element is a ditch, or ''fossa''. It was long thought that the Vallum predated the stone wall, whose most elaborate phasing was presented in 1801 by [[William Hutton (historian)|William Hutton]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Hutton, William |year=1802|title=[[s:The History of the Roman Wall|The History of the Roman Wall, Which Crosses the Island of Britain]]|location= London|publisher= J. Nichols and Son}}</ref> who thought, wrongly, that the south vallum mound and the marginal mound, with a ditch between, were the work of [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola|Agricola]], that the vallum ditch and north mound were added by [[Hadrian]], and that the stone wall was the work of [[Septimius Severus|Severus]]. In fact all these elements date to Hadrian's reign, with the stone wall having been built first.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The earliest surviving mention of the earthwork is by [[Bede]]<ref>[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]], I.12</ref> who refers to a ''[[vallum]]'', or earthen [[rampart (fortification)|rampart]], as distinct from the wall, or ''murus''; the term is still used despite the fact that the essential element is a ditch, or ''fossa''. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Layout and course ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Layout and course ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The Vallum comprises a ditch<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> nominally {{convert|6|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide and {{convert|3|m|ft|sigfig=1}} deep, with a flat bottom, flanked by two mounds about 6 metres wide and {{convert|2|m|ft|sigfig=1}} high, set back some {{convert|9|m|ft|sigfig=1}} from the ditch edges. For a great deal of its length a third lower mound, the so-called marginal mound occupies the south berm (flat area between mound and ditch), right on the southern lip of the ditch.<ref name=Heywood>Heywood, B. (1966). "The Vallum—Its Problems Restated", in M. G. Jarrett and B. Dobson, eds., ''Britain and Rome: Essays Presented to Eric Birley''. Kendal: Wilson, pp. 85–94</ref> The total width of the fortification (consisting<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> from north to south<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> of mound, berm, ditch, marginal mound, berm, mound) was thus about {{convert|36|m|ft|sigfig=1}}.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The Vallum comprises a ditch<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> that is</ins> nominally {{convert|6|m|ft|sigfig=1}} wide and {{convert|3|m|ft|sigfig=1}} deep, with a flat bottom, flanked by two mounds about 6 metres wide and {{convert|2|m|ft|sigfig=1}} high, set back some {{convert|9|m|ft|sigfig=1}} from the ditch edges. For a great deal of its length a third lower mound, the so-called marginal mound<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> occupies the south berm (flat area between mound and ditch), right on the southern lip of the ditch.<ref name=Heywood>Heywood, B. (1966). "The Vallum—Its Problems Restated", in M. G. Jarrett and B. Dobson, eds., ''Britain and Rome: Essays Presented to Eric Birley''. Kendal: Wilson, pp. 85–94</ref> The total width of the fortification (consisting from north to south of mound, berm, ditch, marginal mound, berm, mound) was thus about {{convert|36|m|ft|sigfig=1}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. In several places (for example at [[Heddon-on-the-Wall]] and [[Limestone Corner]]) the Vallum was cut through solid rock, sometimes for lengthy distances</ins>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_16_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_12_0_rhs"></a>The distance of the Vallum from the Wall varies. In general there was a preference for the earthwork to run close to the rear of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wall</ins> where topography allowed. In the central sector the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wall</ins> runs along the top of the crags of the [[Whin Sill]], while the Vallum, laid out in long straight stretches, lies in the valley below to the south, as much as {{convert|700|m|ft|sigfig=2}} away.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In several places – for example at [[Heddon-on-the-Wall]] and [[Limestone Corner]] – the Vallum was cut through solid rock, sometimes for lengthy distances.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>== History ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_12_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_16_0_lhs"></a>The distance of the Vallum from the Wall varies. In general there was a preference for the earthwork to run close to the rear of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wall</del> where topography allowed. In the central sector the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wall</del> runs along the top of the crags of the [[Whin Sill]], while the Vallum, laid out in long straight stretches, lies in the valley below to the south, as much as {{convert|700|m|ft|sigfig=2}} away.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Benwell vallum crossing.png|thumb|The Vallum Crossing at [[Benwell]] in western [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], just south of the fort of [[Condercum]]. The central ditch that it crosses has been largely filled in]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_27_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_19_0_rhs"></a>The Vallum <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">constructed</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">few</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">years</ins> after the wall was completed, as it deviates to the south around <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the first series of</ins> forts <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(including</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Cilurnum|Chesters]])</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">earlier</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">than</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Carrawburgh]],</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">datable</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">c. 130 by a</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fragmentary</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inscription</ins>.<ref>Simpson, F. G.; Richmond, I. A. (1937). "The Fort on Hadrian's Wall at Halton". ''Archaeologia Aeliana''. 4 (14): 151–71.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> {{Doi|10.5284/1059984}}</ins></ref> There would have been a crossing<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>point like a causeway or bridge to the south of each wall-fort<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;</ins> several such causeways are known, such as the one still visible with the base of an ornate arch at the fort of [[Condercum]] in [[Benwell]], a western suburb of Newcastle. Causeways have also been detected to the south of several [[milecastle]]s.<ref>Welfare, H. (2000). "Causeways, at Milecastles Across the Ditch of Hadrian’s Wall". ''Archaeologia Aeliana''. 5 (28): 13–25.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> {{Doi|10.5284/1061037}}</ins></ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>== Archaeology and purpose ==</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Before the middle of the 19th century, the Vallum was most commonly known as ''Agricola's Ditch'', since [[antiquarian]]s wrongly thought that it had been constructed during the period when [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola|Agricola]] was Governor of [[Britannia]], the Roman province spanning what is now England, [[Wales]] and southern [[Scotland]]. After [[John Hodgson (antiquary)|John Hodgson]] published the final portion of his ''History of Northumberland'' in 1840,<ref>[[John Hodgson (antiquary)|John Hodgson]] (1840). ''A History of Northumberland''. Newcastle: E. Walker.</ref> it became generally accepted that the Wall and Vallum had been built during the reign of [[Hadrian]]. Hodgson based his view on evidence which included a stone tablet now in the [[Great North Museum]], [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], which had been found in [[Milecastle 38]] on the Wall in the previous century, its significance having been overlooked. The inscription on the tablet, probably made and erected to mark the completion of the milecastle, includes the names of Hadrian and [[Aulus Platorius Nepos]] (Governor of Britannia during Hadrian's reign), as well as "[[Legio II Augusta]]" (Second Augustan [[Roman legion|Legion]]). It is now accepted that units of that Roman legion built the section of Hadrian's Wall which includes the milecastle, and they would have automatically included the names of the current emperor and governor on the tablet.<ref>Roger J. A. Wilson (2002). ''A Guide to the Roman Remains in Britain''. London: Constable & Robinson. p. 467.</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_30_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_23_0_rhs"></a>It is thought that the easternmost section of Hadrian's Wall between the forts of [[Pons Aelius]] ([[Newcastle upon Tyne]]) and [[Segedunum]] ([[Wallsend]]) was an addition to the original plan. The Vallum was not constructed behind this extra length of the wall <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</ins> did not apparently even reach the fort at Newcastle; instead it seems it stopped in the western Newcastle suburb of [[Elswick, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Newcastle</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">upon</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tyne</ins>|Elswick]]. This was probably because from here on the Vallum's function as a southern barrier to the wall was performed by the [[River Tyne]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_37_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_24_0_lhs"></a><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[File:The Vallum crossing at Benwell Fort - geograph.org.uk - 837826.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|left|The Vallum Crossing at [[Benwell]] in western [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], just south of the fort of [[Condercum]], now built over. The central ditch that it crosses has been largely filled in.]]</del>The first excavation was undertaken in 1893 at Great Hill (at [[Heddon-on-the-Wall]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, near Newcastle upon Tyne</del>),<ref>Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne (1894). "First Report of the Committee Appointed to make Excavations per Lineam Valli". ''Archaeologia Aeliana. 2 (16): xxvi–xxvii.</ref> where it was observed that the Vallum ditch was cut through a seam of fire-clay which was deployed in both mounds. This excavation demonstrated that the main north and south mounds were contemporary and built using material dug from the ditch. In the late 20th century several excavations established that the marginal mound was also contemporary.<ref>Wilmott, T. (forthcoming). "Four Investigations of the Linear Elements of Hadrian’s Frontier Works, 1980–2000". ''Hadrian’s Wall: Archaeological Research by English Heritage, 1976–2000'', ed. T. Wilmott.</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_35_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_26_0_rhs"></a>Sometime<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> later</ins> in the 2nd century <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and certainly by the 3rd</ins>, the Vallum was "[[Slighting|slighted]]"<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> that is, the ramparts were broken through and the ditch filled in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">especially</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">near</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">forts</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">undefended</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">settlements</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">grew up outside them. Archaeologists</ins> have speculated that either the Vallum was then deemed unnecessary<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> because economic development and pacification of the frontier district had rendered it obsolete</ins>, or that it was proving to be a hindrance to military and authorised civilian traffic. Some have suggested that this coincided with the building of the [[Antonine Wall]] in Scotland and the temporary abandonment of Hadrian's Wall.<ref name=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins>Heywood<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">" </ins>/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_19_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_27_0_lhs"></a>The Vallum <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">known</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to have been constructed</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time</del> after the wall was completed, as it deviates to the south around <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">several</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wall-</del>forts <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">either</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">completed</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">under</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">construction</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">when</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wall</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nearing</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">completion</del>.<ref>Simpson, F. G.; Richmond, I. A. (1937). "The Fort on Hadrian's Wall at Halton". ''Archaeologia Aeliana''. 4 (14): 151–71.</ref> There would have been a crossing<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</del>point like a causeway or bridge to the south of each wall-fort<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> –</del> several such causeways are known, such as the one still visible with the base of an ornate arch<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (photo above left)</del> at the fort of [[Condercum]] in [[Benwell]], a western suburb of Newcastle. Causeways have also been detected to the south of several [[milecastle]]s.<ref>Welfare, H. (2000). "Causeways, at Milecastles Across the Ditch of Hadrian’s Wall". ''Archaeologia Aeliana''. 5 (28): 13–25.</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>==Purpose==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_23_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_30_0_lhs"></a>It is thought that the easternmost section of Hadrian's Wall between the forts of [[Pons Aelius]] ([[Newcastle upon Tyne]]) and [[Segedunum]] ([[Wallsend]]) was an addition to the original plan. The Vallum was not constructed behind this extra length of the wall<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indeed it</del> did not apparently even reach the fort at Newcastle; instead it seems it stopped in the western Newcastle suburb of [[Elswick, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tyne</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wear</del>|Elswick]]. This was probably because from here on the Vallum's function as a southern barrier to the wall was performed by the [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">River Tyne, England|</del>River Tyne]].</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Although there is no definitive historical evidence as to why the Roman army built this unusual barrier, modern archaeological opinion is that the Vallum established the southern boundary of an exclusion zone bounded on the north by the wall itself.<ref>Bidwell, P. T. (2005). "The System of Obstacles on Hadrian’s Wall: Their Extent, Date and Purpose". ''Arbeia Journal'' '''8''': 53–76.</ref> The zone would have been "out-of-bounds" to civilians and those with no valid reason to be there<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. It might thus have been the Roman equivalent to a modern [[demilitarized zone]] or DMZ, such as the [[Korean Demilitarized Zone]] currently separating North Korea and South Korea</del>.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Although there is no definitive historical evidence as to why the Roman army built this unusual barrier, modern archaeological opinion is that the Vallum established the southern boundary of an exclusion zone bounded on the north by the wall itself.<ref>Bidwell, P. T. (2005). "The System of Obstacles on Hadrian’s Wall: Their Extent, Date and Purpose". ''Arbeia Journal'' '''8''': 53–76.</ref> The zone would have been "out-of-bounds" to civilians and those with no valid reason to be there.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>==Excavations==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_26_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_35_0_lhs"></a>Sometime in the 2nd century <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AD</del>, the Vallum was "[[Slighting|slighted]]"<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> –</del> that is, the ramparts were broken through and the ditch filled in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fairly</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">regular</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intervals</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">along</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">its</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">length.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Archaeologists</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">historians</del> have speculated that either the Vallum was then deemed unnecessary, or that it was proving to be a hindrance to military and authorised civilian traffic. Some have suggested that this coincided with the building of the [[Antonine Wall]] in Scotland and the temporary abandonment of Hadrian's Wall.<ref name=Heywood/></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_24_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_37_0_rhs"></a>The first excavation was undertaken in 1893 at Great Hill (at [[Heddon-on-the-Wall]]),<ref>Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne (1894). "First Report of the Committee Appointed to make Excavations per Lineam Valli". ''Archaeologia Aeliana<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>. 2 (16): xxvi–xxvii.</ref> where it was observed that the Vallum ditch was cut through a seam of fire-clay which was deployed in both mounds. This excavation demonstrated that the main north and south mounds were contemporary and built using material dug from the ditch. In the late 20th century several excavations established that the marginal mound was also contemporary.<ref>Wilmott, T. (forthcoming). "Four Investigations of the Linear Elements of Hadrian’s Frontier Works, 1980–2000". ''Hadrian’s Wall: Archaeological Research by English Heritage, 1976–2000'', ed. T. Wilmott.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>It is worth noticing at this point that the Antonine Wall was a less formidable barrier than Hadrian's Wall, for two main reasons: firstly, because it was built out of turf rather than stone; and secondly, because it had no equivalent ditch system like the Vallum behind the Wall. It may have been for these reasons that the Antonine Wall was not garrisoned for very long.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Commons category}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==References==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==References==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 30:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 38:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==External links==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==External links==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Commons category inline|Vallum (Hadrian's Wall)}}</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Milecastles}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Milecastles}}</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 15:51, 20 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Earthwork associated with Hadrian's Wall, England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Vallum_at_Downhill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1024039.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Vallum_at_Downhill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1024039.jpg/300px-The_Vallum_at_Downhill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1024039.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Vallum_at_Downhill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1024039.jpg/450px-The_Vallum_at_Downhill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1024039.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Vallum_at_Downhill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1024039.jpg/600px-The_Vallum_at_Downhill_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1024039.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Vallum at Downhill</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vallum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vallum.png/250px-Vallum.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vallum.png/375px-Vallum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vallum.png/500px-Vallum.png 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="168" /></a><figcaption>Typical cross-section of Hadrian's Wall and Vallum</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Vallum,_Hadrian%27s_Wall,_Cawfields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068619.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Vallum%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Cawfields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068619.jpg/300px-The_Vallum%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Cawfields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068619.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Vallum%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Cawfields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068619.jpg/450px-The_Vallum%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Cawfields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068619.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Vallum%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Cawfields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068619.jpg/600px-The_Vallum%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Cawfields_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068619.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Vallum at Cawfields</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_road_and_Vallum_at_Shield_on_the_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068669.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_road_and_Vallum_at_Shield_on_the_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068669.jpg/300px-The_road_and_Vallum_at_Shield_on_the_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068669.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_road_and_Vallum_at_Shield_on_the_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068669.jpg/450px-The_road_and_Vallum_at_Shield_on_the_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068669.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_road_and_Vallum_at_Shield_on_the_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068669.jpg/600px-The_road_and_Vallum_at_Shield_on_the_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1068669.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The road and Vallum at Shield on the Wall</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Vallum</b> is a huge <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">earthwork</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. Unique on any <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> frontier, it runs practically from coast to coast to the south of the wall. It was built a few years after the wall. Current opinion is that the Vallum demarcated the southern boundary of a military zone, bounded on the north by the wall. </p><p>The earliest surviving mention of the earthwork is by <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who refers to a <i><a href="/wiki/Vallum" title="Vallum">vallum</a></i>, or earthen <a href="/wiki/Rampart_(fortification)" title="Rampart (fortification)">rampart</a>, as distinct from the wall, or <i>murus</i>; the term is still used despite the fact that the essential element is a ditch, or <i>fossa</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layout_and_course">Layout and course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Layout and course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vallum comprises a ditch that is nominally 6 metres (20 ft) wide and 3 metres (10 ft) deep, with a flat bottom, flanked by two mounds about 6 metres wide and 2 metres (7 ft) high, set back some 9 metres (30 ft) from the ditch edges. For a great deal of its length a third lower mound, the so-called marginal mound, occupies the south berm (flat area between mound and ditch), right on the southern lip of the ditch.<sup id="cite_ref-Heywood_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heywood-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total width of the fortification (consisting from north to south of mound, berm, ditch, marginal mound, berm, mound) was thus about 36 metres (100 ft). In several places (for example at <a href="/wiki/Heddon-on-the-Wall" title="Heddon-on-the-Wall">Heddon-on-the-Wall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone_Corner" title="Limestone Corner">Limestone Corner</a>) the Vallum was cut through solid rock, sometimes for lengthy distances. </p><p>The distance of the Vallum from the Wall varies. In general there was a preference for the earthwork to run close to the rear of the wall where topography allowed. In the central sector the wall runs along the top of the crags of the <a href="/wiki/Whin_Sill" title="Whin Sill">Whin Sill</a>, while the Vallum, laid out in long straight stretches, lies in the valley below to the south, as much as 700 metres (2,300 ft) away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benwell_vallum_crossing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Benwell_vallum_crossing.png/220px-Benwell_vallum_crossing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Benwell_vallum_crossing.png/330px-Benwell_vallum_crossing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Benwell_vallum_crossing.png/440px-Benwell_vallum_crossing.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>The Vallum Crossing at <a href="/wiki/Benwell" title="Benwell">Benwell</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, just south of the fort of <a href="/wiki/Condercum" title="Condercum">Condercum</a>. The central ditch that it crosses has been largely filled in</figcaption></figure> <p>The Vallum was constructed a few years after the wall was completed, as it deviates to the south around the first series of forts (including <a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Chesters</a>) but earlier than that at <a href="/wiki/Carrawburgh" title="Carrawburgh">Carrawburgh</a>, datable to c. 130 by a fragmentary inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There would have been a crossing point like a causeway or bridge to the south of each wall-fort; several such causeways are known, such as the one still visible with the base of an ornate arch at the fort of <a href="/wiki/Condercum" title="Condercum">Condercum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Benwell" title="Benwell">Benwell</a>, a western suburb of Newcastle. Causeways have also been detected to the south of several <a href="/wiki/Milecastle" title="Milecastle">milecastles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is thought that the easternmost section of Hadrian's Wall between the forts of <a href="/wiki/Pons_Aelius" title="Pons Aelius">Pons Aelius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a>) was an addition to the original plan. The Vallum was not constructed behind this extra length of the wall and did not apparently even reach the fort at Newcastle; instead it seems it stopped in the western Newcastle suburb of <a href="/wiki/Elswick,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Elswick, Newcastle upon Tyne">Elswick</a>. This was probably because from here on the Vallum's function as a southern barrier to the wall was performed by the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a>. </p><p>Sometime later in the 2nd century and certainly by the 3rd, the Vallum was "<a href="/wiki/Slighting" title="Slighting">slighted</a>", that is, the ramparts were broken through and the ditch filled in especially near the forts and the undefended settlements which grew up outside them. Archaeologists have speculated that either the Vallum was then deemed unnecessary because economic development and pacification of the frontier district had rendered it obsolete, or that it was proving to be a hindrance to military and authorised civilian traffic. Some have suggested that this coincided with the building of the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> in Scotland and the temporary abandonment of Hadrian's Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-Heywood_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heywood-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there is no definitive historical evidence as to why the Roman army built this unusual barrier, modern archaeological opinion is that the Vallum established the southern boundary of an exclusion zone bounded on the north by the wall itself.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zone would have been "out-of-bounds" to civilians and those with no valid reason to be there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excavations">Excavations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Excavations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first excavation was undertaken in 1893 at Great Hill (at <a href="/wiki/Heddon-on-the-Wall" title="Heddon-on-the-Wall">Heddon-on-the-Wall</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it was observed that the Vallum ditch was cut through a seam of fire-clay which was deployed in both mounds. This excavation demonstrated that the main north and south mounds were contemporary and built using material dug from the ditch. In the late 20th century several excavations established that the marginal mound was also contemporary.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vallum (Hadrian's Wall)">Vallum (Hadrian's Wall)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum">Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum</a>, I.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heywood-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heywood_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heywood_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heywood, B. (1966). "The Vallum—Its Problems Restated", in M. G. Jarrett and B. Dobson, eds., <i>Britain and Rome: Essays Presented to Eric Birley</i>. Kendal: Wilson, pp. 85–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simpson, F. G.; Richmond, I. A. (1937). "The Fort on Hadrian's Wall at Halton". <i>Archaeologia Aeliana</i>. 4 (14): 151–71. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1059984">10.5284/1059984</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welfare, H. (2000). "Causeways, at Milecastles Across the Ditch of Hadrian’s Wall". <i>Archaeologia Aeliana</i>. 5 (28): 13–25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5284%2F1061037">10.5284/1061037</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bidwell, P. T. (2005). "The System of Obstacles on Hadrian’s Wall: Their Extent, Date and Purpose". <i>Arbeia Journal</i> <b>8</b>: 53–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne (1894). "First Report of the Committee Appointed to make Excavations per Lineam Valli". <i>Archaeologia Aeliana</i>. 2 (16): xxvi–xxvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilmott, T. (forthcoming). "Four Investigations of the Linear Elements of Hadrian’s Frontier Works, 1980–2000". <i>Hadrian’s Wall: Archaeological Research by English Heritage, 1976–2000</i>, ed. T. Wilmott.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hadrian's Wall"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forts_and_structures_of_Hadrian&#039;s_Wall" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Forts</a> and structures of <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Wall Forts (East to West)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons_Aelius" title="Pons Aelius">Pons Aelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condercum" title="Condercum">Condercum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobala" title="Vindobala">Vindobala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnum" title="Hunnum">Onnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Cilurnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrawburgh" title="Carrawburgh">Procolita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housesteads_Roman_Fort" title="Housesteads Roman Fort">Vercovicium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesica" title="Aesica">Aesica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Magnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camboglanna" title="Camboglanna">Camboglanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petriana" title="Petriana">Uxelodunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aballava" title="Aballava">Aballava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coggabata" title="Coggabata">Coggabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mais_(Bowness)" title="Mais (Bowness)">Maia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Britain_1.png/100px-Britain_1.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Britain_1.png/150px-Britain_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Britain_1.png/200px-Britain_1.png 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="1362" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg/100px-Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg/150px-Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg/200px-Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Outpost Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitancum" title="Habitancum">Habitancum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bewcastle_Roman_Fort" title="Bewcastle Roman Fort">Fanum Cocidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthuret#Netherby_Hall" title="Arthuret">Castra Exploratorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blatobulgium" title="Blatobulgium">Blatobulgium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Stanegate Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Corstopitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbrough" title="Newbrough">Newbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltwhistle_Burn#Roman_fort" title="Haltwhistle Burn">Haltwhistle Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Magnis</a></li> <li>Throp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nether_Denton" title="Nether Denton">Nether Denton</a></li> <li>Castle Hill Boothby</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brampton_Old_Church" title="Brampton Old Church">Brampton Old Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luguvalium" title="Luguvalium">Luguvalium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Supply Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauna_Carvetiorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Alauna Carvetiorum">Alauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia">Arbeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Coria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindomora" title="Vindomora">Vindomora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Cumbrian Coast Forts (North to South)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bibra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauna_(Maryport)" title="Alauna (Maryport)">Alauna</a></li> <li>Burrow Walls</li> <li>Gabrosentum</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Milecastle" title="Milecastle">Milecastles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_0" title="Milecastle 0">0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_1" title="Milecastle 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_2" title="Milecastle 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_3" title="Milecastle 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_4" title="Milecastle 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_5" title="Milecastle 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_6" title="Milecastle 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_7" title="Milecastle 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_8" title="Milecastle 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_9" title="Milecastle 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_10" title="Milecastle 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_11" title="Milecastle 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_12" title="Milecastle 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_13" title="Milecastle 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_14" title="Milecastle 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_15" title="Milecastle 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_16" title="Milecastle 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_17" title="Milecastle 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_18" title="Milecastle 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_19" title="Milecastle 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_20" title="Milecastle 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_21" title="Milecastle 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_22" title="Milecastle 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_23" title="Milecastle 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_24" title="Milecastle 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_25" title="Milecastle 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_26" title="Milecastle 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_27" title="Milecastle 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_28" title="Milecastle 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_29" title="Milecastle 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_30" title="Milecastle 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_31" title="Milecastle 31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_32" title="Milecastle 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_33" title="Milecastle 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_34" title="Milecastle 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_35" title="Milecastle 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_36" title="Milecastle 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_37" title="Milecastle 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_38" title="Milecastle 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_39" title="Milecastle 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_40" title="Milecastle 40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_41" title="Milecastle 41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_42" title="Milecastle 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_43" title="Milecastle 43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_44" title="Milecastle 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_45" title="Milecastle 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_46" title="Milecastle 46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_47" title="Milecastle 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_48" title="Milecastle 48">48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_49" title="Milecastle 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_50" title="Milecastle 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_50TW" title="Milecastle 50TW">50TW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_51" title="Milecastle 51">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_52" title="Milecastle 52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_53" title="Milecastle 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_54" title="Milecastle 54">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_55" title="Milecastle 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_56" title="Milecastle 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_57" title="Milecastle 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_58" title="Milecastle 58">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_59" title="Milecastle 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_60" title="Milecastle 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_61" title="Milecastle 61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_62" title="Milecastle 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_63" title="Milecastle 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_64" title="Milecastle 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_65" title="Milecastle 65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_66" title="Milecastle 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_67" title="Milecastle 67">67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_68" title="Milecastle 68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_69" title="Milecastle 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_70" title="Milecastle 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_71" title="Milecastle 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_72" title="Milecastle 72">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_73" title="Milecastle 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_74" title="Milecastle 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_75" title="Milecastle 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_76" title="Milecastle 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_77" title="Milecastle 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_78" title="Milecastle 78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_79" title="Milecastle 79">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_80" title="Milecastle 80">80</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Milefortlets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_1" title="Milefortlet 1">MF 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_2" title="Milefortlet 2">MF 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_3" title="Milefortlet 3">MF 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_4" title="Milefortlet 4">MF 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_5" title="Milefortlet 5">MF 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_9" title="Milefortlet 9">MF 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_10" title="Milefortlet 10">MF 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_11" title="Milefortlet 11">MF 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_12" title="Milefortlet 12">MF 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_13" title="Milefortlet 13">MF 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_14" title="Milefortlet 14">MF 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_15" title="Milefortlet 15">MF 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_16" title="Milefortlet 16">MF 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_17" title="Milefortlet 17">MF 17</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milefortlet_18&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milefortlet 18 (page does not exist)">MF 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milefortlet_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milefortlet 19 (page does not exist)">MF 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_20" title="Milefortlet 20">MF 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_21" title="Milefortlet 21">MF 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_22" title="Milefortlet 22">MF 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_23" title="Milefortlet 23">MF 23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milefortlet_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milefortlet 24 (page does not exist)">MF 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milefortlet_25" title="Milefortlet 25">MF 25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Other structures on Hadrian's Wall</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portgate" title="Portgate">Portgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetrees_(Hadrian%27s_Wall_section)" title="Planetrees (Hadrian's Wall section)">Planetrees (Hadrian's Wall section)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesters_Bridge" title="Chesters Bridge">Chesters Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_Corner" title="Limestone Corner">Limestone Corner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knag_Burn_Gateway" title="Knag Burn Gateway">Knag Burn Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_39#Peel_Gap_Tower" title="Milecastle 39">Peel Gap Tower</a></li> <li>Willowford Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Hill_Signal_Tower" title="Pike Hill Signal Tower">Pike Hill Signal Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Regular and linear features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Way_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Military Way (Hadrian's Wall)">Military Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall_Path" title="Hadrian's Wall Path">Hadrian's Wall Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turret_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)" title="Turret (Hadrian's Wall)">Turrets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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