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(PDF) Prediction of carbondioxide emissions from crude palm oil industry case study: Palm Oil Mill X in Kampar Regency of Riau Province
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="z05qFSSYV3VcXS0N4t0szHLV47cqMc0LP_U4HgVdGepdpDOkXFuIakhRE1569u_fw4StzrY0UYIYDmdA9_AWyA" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Prediction of carbondioxide emissions from crude palm oil industry case study: Palm Oil Mill X in Kampar Regency of Riau Province" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2019/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Muhammad Reza" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/81504674/Prediction_of_carbondioxide_emissions_from_crude_palm_oil_industry_case_study_Palm_Oil_Mill_X_in_Kampar_Regency_of_Riau_Province" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Prediction of carbondioxide emissions from crude palm oil industry case study: Palm Oil Mill X in Kampar Regency of Riau Province" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The effects of solar radiation that are trapped in Earth’s atmosphere, because these events take place repeatedly, then there is accumulation of solar radiation in the earth’s atmosphere that causes the temperature on earth to become warmer. One of" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/192302937/55176321/43346354/s200_muhammad.reza.jpeg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/81504674/Prediction_of_carbondioxide_emissions_from_crude_palm_oil_industry_case_study_Palm_Oil_Mill_X_in_Kampar_Regency_of_Riau_Province" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Prediction of carbondioxide emissions from crude palm oil industry case study: Palm Oil Mill X in Kampar Regency of Riau Province" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The effects of solar radiation that are trapped in Earth’s atmosphere, because these events take place repeatedly, then there is accumulation of solar radiation in the earth’s atmosphere that causes the temperature on earth to become warmer. One of" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/MuhammadReza1198" /> <meta name="description" content="The effects of solar radiation that are trapped in Earth’s atmosphere, because these events take place repeatedly, then there is accumulation of solar radiation in the earth’s atmosphere that causes the temperature on earth to become warmer. One of" /> <title>(PDF) Prediction of carbondioxide emissions from crude palm oil industry case study: Palm Oil Mill X in Kampar Regency of Riau Province</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/81504674/Prediction_of_carbondioxide_emissions_from_crude_palm_oil_industry_case_study_Palm_Oil_Mill_X_in_Kampar_Regency_of_Riau_Province" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '1e60a92a442ff83025cbe4f252857ee7c49c0bbe'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740565295000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740565295000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"The effects of solar radiation that are trapped in Earth’s atmosphere, because these events take place repeatedly, then there is accumulation of solar radiation in the earth’s atmosphere that causes the temperature on earth to become warmer. One of the industrial sectors that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia is the palm oil mill. Indonesia is one of the largest producers of crude palm oil in the world. Palm oil agribusiness invites national and global attention related to environmental issues because they’re one of major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The research will be conducted on one of the existing Palm Oil Mill in Riau Province. The Mill that sampled is located at Kampar Regency. Primary data was obtained through field observation and interview with company employee. While the secondary data is obtained from the company’s regular reports and the relevant literature. From this research, the total emissions generated from the palm oil mill X are 1,4...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Muhammad Reza","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MuhammadReza1198"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-06-14","datePublished":"2019-01-01","headline":"Prediction of carbondioxide emissions from crude palm oil industry case study: Palm Oil Mill X in Kampar Regency of Riau Province","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87525487/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Environmental Science","Multidisciplinary","Palm Oil","IOP conference series-MSE"],"publication":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"IOP Publishing"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87525487/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/81504674/Prediction_of_carbondioxide_emissions_from_crude_palm_oil_industry_case_study_Palm_Oil_Mill_X_in_Kampar_Regency_of_Riau_Province"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: 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window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":81504674,"created_at":"2022-06-14T17:29:24.814-07:00","from_world_paper_id":208365115,"updated_at":"2022-06-20T12:47:32.720-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"The effects of solar radiation that are trapped in Earth’s atmosphere, because these events take place repeatedly, then there is accumulation of solar radiation in the earth’s atmosphere that causes the temperature on earth to become warmer. One of the industrial sectors that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia is the palm oil mill. Indonesia is one of the largest producers of crude palm oil in the world. Palm oil agribusiness invites national and global attention related to environmental issues because they’re one of major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The research will be conducted on one of the existing Palm Oil Mill in Riau Province. The Mill that sampled is located at Kampar Regency. Primary data was obtained through field observation and interview with company employee. While the secondary data is obtained from the company’s regular reports and the relevant literature. From this research, the total emissions generated from the palm oil mill X are 1,4...","publisher":"IOP Publishing","publication_date":"2019,,","publication_name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"low","language":"en","title":"Prediction of carbondioxide emissions from crude palm oil industry case study: Palm Oil Mill X in Kampar Regency of Riau Province","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [192302937]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":87525487,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Prediction of carbondioxide emissions from crude palm oil industry case study: Palm Oil Mill X in Kampar Regency of Riau Province”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/87525487/mini_magick20220614-3378-12l4p53.png?1655253039" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Prediction of carbondioxide emissions from crude palm oil industry case study: Palm Oil Mill X in Kampar Regency of Riau Province</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="192302937" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MuhammadReza1198"><img alt="Profile image of Muhammad Reza" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/192302937/55176321/43346354/s65_muhammad.reza.jpeg" />Muhammad Reza</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2019, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">7 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 81504674; 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One of the industrial sectors that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia is the palm oil mill. Indonesia is one of the largest producers of crude palm oil in the world. Palm oil agribusiness invites national and global attention related to environmental issues because they’re one of major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The research will be conducted on one of the existing Palm Oil Mill in Riau Province. The Mill that sampled is located at Kampar Regency. Primary data was obtained through field observation and interview with company employee. While the secondary data is obtained from the company’s regular reports and the relevant literature. From this research, the total emissions generated from the palm oil mill X are 1,4...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":87525487,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/81504674/Prediction_of_carbondioxide_emissions_from_crude_palm_oil_industry_case_study_Palm_Oil_Mill_X_in_Kampar_Regency_of_Riau_Province"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":87525487,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/81504674/Prediction_of_carbondioxide_emissions_from_crude_palm_oil_industry_case_study_Palm_Oil_Mill_X_in_Kampar_Regency_of_Riau_Province"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="81504674" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Energy is one of the important sectors in the inventory of GHG emissions. In energy consumption, GHGs are generated from the use of diesel fuel, burning shells and fiber. In addition to the use of diesel as its main fuel, shells and fiber are utilized for fuel. In this study, the calculation of the amount of emissions produced from palm oil mills in the energy sector was calculated according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines Volume 2 Chapter 2 concerning the Stationary Combustion. The calculation results obtained by the average emissions produced in observed palm oil mill for the energy sector is 1,570,883 kg CO 2 /year or 1.5 Gg CO 2 /year.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Energy Sector CO2 Emission In Palm Oil Mill","attachmentId":84311341,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76686057/Energy_Sector_CO2_Emission_In_Palm_Oil_Mill","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76686057/Energy_Sector_CO2_Emission_In_Palm_Oil_Mill"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="65186948" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65186948/Calculation_of_greenhouse_gas_emission_a_case_study_of_crude_palm_oil_production_in_Thailand">Calculation of greenhouse gas emission : a case study of crude palm oil production in Thailand</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67140452" href="https://independent.academia.edu/roihataikaewmai">roihatai kaewmai</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This research aimed at developing a methodology for the calculation of greenhouse gas (GHG) and estimating GHG reduction for palm oil mills in Thailand. It was prepared by setting up a system boundary to cover palm oil mills with the wet extraction process for the evaluation of the cradle to gate process. The existing methodologies for calculation were reviewed to develop a Thai GHG calculation methodology. There were 6 palm oil mills that participated in this study. They accounted for 11.9% of total crude palm oil (CPO) production capacity in Thailand. The GHG emissions of the wet extraction process arose from the acquisition of raw material, the chemicals used, the energy used, transportation and wastewater management. The GHG emissions from 1 metric ton of CPO production from the mills with biogas capture, without biogas capture, both with and without biogas capture, and the best cases observed were 883, 1,164, 935 and 548 kgCO2eq, respectively. The total CPO production in Thaila...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Calculation of greenhouse gas emission : a case study of crude palm oil production in Thailand","attachmentId":76894234,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65186948/Calculation_of_greenhouse_gas_emission_a_case_study_of_crude_palm_oil_production_in_Thailand","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65186948/Calculation_of_greenhouse_gas_emission_a_case_study_of_crude_palm_oil_production_in_Thailand"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="74741408" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74741408/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_of_palm_oil_mills_in_Thailand">Greenhouse gas emissions of palm oil mills in Thailand</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67140452" href="https://independent.academia.edu/roihataikaewmai">roihatai kaewmai</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This research is aimed at developing a methodology for the calculation of greenhouse gas (GHG) for palm oil mills in Thailand. It was prepared by setting up a system boundary to cover palm oil mills with the wet extraction process for the evaluation of the cradle to gate process. The existing methodologies for calculation were reviewed to develop a Thai GHG calculation methodology. There were 14 palm oil mills participated in the assessment of GHG emitted at source and the collection of data in relation to GHG calculation. They accounted for 34.6% of total crude palm oil (CPO) production capacity in Thailand. The GHG emissions of the wet extraction process arose from the acquisition of raw material, the chemicals used, the energy used, transportation and wastewater management. The average GHG emission value of fourteen mills without allocation was 1198 kgCO 2 e/metric ton (MT) CPO. The major sources emitting GHG were from the cultivation and harvesting of fresh fruit bunches and the wastewater treatment system. The total CPO production in Thailand in the year 2009 by the wet extraction process emitted an approximate total of 1.62 million GHG metric tons of CO 2 e. The GHG emission values of CPO by energy allocation from the mills with biogas capture, the mills without biogas capture, the Thailand average, and the best observed scenarios were 750, 1087, 871 and 440 kgCO 2 e/MT CPO, respectively.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Greenhouse gas emissions of palm oil mills in Thailand","attachmentId":83679567,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74741408/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_of_palm_oil_mills_in_Thailand","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74741408/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_of_palm_oil_mills_in_Thailand"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="86665357" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86665357/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_for_the_production_of_crude_palm_kernel_oil_a_gate_to_gate_case_study">Greenhouse gas emissions for the production of crude palm kernel oil - a gate-to-gate case study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50708831" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VijayaSubramaniam2">Vijaya Subramaniam</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Oil Palm Research, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Currently, carbon footprint, also known as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is such a catchphrase in the world that it has become a must for responsible producers to quantify the carbon footprint of their products. The Malaysian oil palm industry is an export-orientated industry which relies heavily on the world market. Export earnings of oil palm products in 2010 alone reached RM 59.77 billion, while palm kernel oil exports increased to 1.16 million tonnes. However, the oil palm industry is under constant attack for its performance from the perspective of the environment, especially with regard to its GHG emissions. Being an export-orientated industry, this issue has to be tackled head-on to quantify the GHG emissions of the oil palm industry. The objectives of this study were to quantify the GHG emissions from the production of 1 t of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) at the kernel-crushing plant, and to compare the GHG emissions of 1 t CPKO with and without biogas capture at the palm oil mill for a kernel-crushing plant located near the ports compared to a kernelcrushing plant located near the palm oil mill. The scope of this study is limited to the palm oil mill and the kernel-crushing plant. It starts at the palm oil mill where the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) are received, to the production of palm kernel at the mill, to the transportation of the palm kernel to the kernel-crushing plant, right up till the production of CPKO at the kernel-crushing plant. GHG emission was calculated using the global warming potential and emissions factors. Within the system boundary, the main contributor to GHG emission comes from the biogas at the palm oil mill, followed by the electricity from the grid for processing the palm kernel into CPKO. Capturing the biogas at the palm oil mill where the palm kernel is produced and using the biogas as a renewable energy source, reduces the main GHG emissions in this study. By integrating the kernel-crushing plant with the palm oil mill, GHG emissions from both the electricity to process the palm kernel into CPKO and transportation of the palm kernel to the kernel-crushing plant are reduced significantly. The best scenario will be to integrate the kernel-crushing plant with a palm oil mill that captures its biogas to obtain the best carbon footprint for the production of CPKO.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Greenhouse gas emissions for the production of crude palm kernel oil - a gate-to-gate case study","attachmentId":91064424,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86665357/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_for_the_production_of_crude_palm_kernel_oil_a_gate_to_gate_case_study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86665357/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_for_the_production_of_crude_palm_kernel_oil_a_gate_to_gate_case_study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="40207501" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40207501/Corporate_Carbon_Footprint_of_a_Palm_Oil_Mill">Corporate Carbon Footprint of a Palm Oil Mill</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="81880384" href="https://ecci.academia.edu/TECCIENCIAECCI">TECCIENCIA ECCI</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Colombia is the largest producer of palm oil in America. An estimate of the carbon footprint of a Colombian agro-industrial company during 2011 is presented in this paper. Only the operations conducted within the company's processing plant are considered. Greenhouse gas emissions are estimated by applying the methodology proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which considers the physical chemical properties and emission factors for fuels and activities described by the Colombian Mining and Energy Planning Unit. The carbon footprint is found to be 115,352 t CO2 for the studied year. Of these emissions, 58% correspond to anaerobic open lagoons for water treatment, 41% to stationary combustion equipment, and only 1% to transportation vehicles and heavy machinery owned by the company. By identifying emission sources and estimating the carbon footprint, this company is now able to set objectives leading to a reduction in emissions and the implementation of strategies to minimize environmental effects caused by this process.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Corporate Carbon Footprint of a Palm Oil Mill","attachmentId":60433699,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40207501/Corporate_Carbon_Footprint_of_a_Palm_Oil_Mill","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40207501/Corporate_Carbon_Footprint_of_a_Palm_Oil_Mill"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="11789655" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11789655/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_the_production_and_use_of_palm_methyl_ester_in_Thailand">Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of palm methyl ester in Thailand</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29011707" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SavitriGarivait">Savitri Garivait</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Global …, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Biodiesel, produced from various vegetable and/or animal oils, is one of the most promising alternative fuels for transportation in Thailand. Currently, the waste oils after use in cooking are not disposed adequately. Such oils could serve as a feedstock for biodiesel which would also address the waste disposal issue. This study compares the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from used cooking oil methyl ester (UCOME) and conventional diesel used in transport. The functional unit (FU) is 100 km transportation by light duty diesel vehicle (LDDV) under identical driving conditions. Life cycle GHG emissions from conventional diesel are about 32.57 kg CO 2 -eq/FU whereas those from UCOME are 2.35 kg CO 2 -eq/FU. The GHG emissions from the life cycle of UCOME are 93% less than those of conventional diesel production and use. Hence, a fuel switch from conventional diesel to UCOME will contribute greatly to a reduction in global warming potential. This will also support the Thai Government's policy to promote the use of indigenous and renewable sources for transportation fuels.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Greenhouse gas emissions from the production and use of palm methyl ester in Thailand","attachmentId":46524408,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11789655/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_the_production_and_use_of_palm_methyl_ester_in_Thailand","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11789655/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_the_production_and_use_of_palm_methyl_ester_in_Thailand"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="85769030" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85769030/Potential_reduction_of_carbon_emissions_from_Crude_Palm_Oil_production_based_on_energy_and_carbon_balances">Potential reduction of carbon emissions from Crude Palm Oil production based on energy and carbon balances</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38489153" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewEnglande">Andrew Englande</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Applied Energy, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">h i g h l i g h t s " We evaluate energy and carbon equivalence from CPO production based on a CBM. " Energy spent and produced via carbon movement from palm oil mill was determined. " Scenarios were formulated to evaluate the potential reduction of carbon emission. " Utilization of biomass from palm oil mill shows the high potential of C-reduction.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Potential reduction of carbon emissions from Crude Palm Oil production based on energy and carbon balances","attachmentId":90369093,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85769030/Potential_reduction_of_carbon_emissions_from_Crude_Palm_Oil_production_based_on_energy_and_carbon_balances","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85769030/Potential_reduction_of_carbon_emissions_from_Crude_Palm_Oil_production_based_on_energy_and_carbon_balances"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="8677616" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8677616/Determination_of_GHG_contributions_by_subsystems_in_the_oil_palm_supply_chain_using_the_LCA_approach">Determination of GHG contributions by subsystems in the oil palm supply chain using the LCA approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18159177" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZulkifliHashim1">Zulkifli Hashim</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Purpose With increasing attention on sustainable development, the environmental and social relevance of palm oil production are now important trade issues. The life cycle assessment (LCA) study of Malaysian oil palm products from mineral soils including palm biodiesel was aimed to provide baseline information on the environmental performance of the industry for drawing up policies pertaining to the sustainable production. The share of greenhouse gas (GHG) contribution by the various subsystems in the oil palm supply chain is considered here. Materials and methods The life cycle inventory data for the study were collected based on subsystems, i.e., gate-to-gate. The subsystems include activities in oil palm nurseries and plantations, palm oil mills, refineries, biodiesel plants and the use of biodiesel in diesel engine vehicles. Two scenarios were considered: extraction of crude palm oil (CPO) in a mill without and with a system for trapping biogas from palm oil mill effluent (POME). Inventory data were collected through questionnaires. On-site visits were carried out for data verification. Background data for resource exploitation and production of input materials were obtained through available databases and literature. Foreground data for all subsystems were site-specific data from nurseries, plantations, palm oil mills and refineries and biodiesel plants in Malaysia. Results and discussion Using a yield of 20.7 t oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB)/ha, the results showed that the production of 1 t of FFB produced 119 kg CO2 eq. The production of 1 t of CPO in a mill without and with biogas capture emitted 971 and 506 kg CO2 eq, respectively. For the production of 1 t of refined palm oil in a refinery which sourced the CPO from a mill without biogas capture and with biogas capture, the GHG emitted was 1,113 kg and 626 kg CO2 eq, respectively. For palm biodiesel, 33.19 and 21.20 g CO2 eq were emitted per MJ of biodiesel produced from palm oil sourced from a mill without and with biogas capture, respectively. Conclusions GHG contribution by the nursery subsystem was found to be minimal. In the plantation subsystem, the major sources of GHG were from nitrogen fertilizers, transport and traction energy. For the mill, biogas from POME was the major contributor if biogas was not trapped. Excluding contribution from upstream activities, boiler fuel and transport were the major sources of GHG in the refinery subsystem. In the biodiesel subsystem, activities for production of refined palm oil and methanol use were the most significant contributors.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Determination of GHG contributions by subsystems in the oil palm supply chain using the LCA approach","attachmentId":48022307,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8677616/Determination_of_GHG_contributions_by_subsystems_in_the_oil_palm_supply_chain_using_the_LCA_approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8677616/Determination_of_GHG_contributions_by_subsystems_in_the_oil_palm_supply_chain_using_the_LCA_approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="75353295" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75353295/Greenhouse_Gas_Assessment_and_Strategies_to_Achieve_CO2_Sequestration_in_the_Brazilian_Palm_Oil_Life_Cycle">Greenhouse Gas Assessment and Strategies to Achieve CO2 Sequestration in the Brazilian Palm Oil Life Cycle</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52144057" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jo%C3%A3oLuisNunesCarvalho">João Luis Nunes Carvalho</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">As the palm oil production is expanding in Brazilian Amazon region, this study aimed to determinate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions since the agricultural phase to transportation of crude palm oil (CPO) and then indicate strategies to achieve the CO 2 sequestration. The scope of this study comprised since the stage of oil palm seedlings production until the transportation of CPO. Inventory data for the year of 2009 included the agricultural production of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and the extraction and transportation of CPO. The management of palm oil mill effluent (POME), use of fertilizers, fuels, pesticides, and electricity contributed to 66.5, 17.9, 15.1, 0.4, and 0.1% of the total emissions, respectively. Agricultural phase, CPO extraction, and transportation emitted 32,131, 79,590, and 1,104 t CO 2 -eq, respectively. The carbon (C) footprint was 0.79 t CO 2 -eq / t CPO, and the highest GHG emissions were associated to the management of POME. On the other hand, the use of all residues from the mill as fertilizer substitute can minimize the GHG emissions and increase soil C stocks. In addition, the methane (CH 4 ) from POME captured and used for steam or electricity is also a viable alternative to reduce the GHG emissions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Greenhouse Gas Assessment and Strategies to Achieve CO2 Sequestration in the Brazilian Palm Oil Life Cycle","attachmentId":83154926,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/75353295/Greenhouse_Gas_Assessment_and_Strategies_to_Achieve_CO2_Sequestration_in_the_Brazilian_Palm_Oil_Life_Cycle","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/75353295/Greenhouse_Gas_Assessment_and_Strategies_to_Achieve_CO2_Sequestration_in_the_Brazilian_Palm_Oil_Life_Cycle"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="84359441" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/84359441/CRITICAL_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_GHG_CALCULATION_METHODOLOGY_OF_PALM_OIL">CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE GHG CALCULATION METHODOLOGY OF PALM OIL</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54532203" href="https://thuenen.academia.edu/HeinzStichnothe">Heinz Stichnothe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Conclusion and Recommendations. In conclusion the existing calculation methodology described in Annex V of the EU-RED and default values are insufficient for calculating the real GHG emission savings from palm oil and palm oil biodiesel. Current default values do not reflect relevant management practices. Conservative data for FFB yield and fugitive emissions from wastewater treatment should be introduced in order to foster environmental friendly management options. Moreover, it should be allowed to credit bioenergy production from residues in order to foster the mobilization of currently unused biomass and waste water. If good management practice is in place and the surplus electricity is credited, GHG savings from biodiesel can approach 80%.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE GHG CALCULATION METHODOLOGY OF PALM OIL","attachmentId":89410128,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84359441/CRITICAL_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_GHG_CALCULATION_METHODOLOGY_OF_PALM_OIL","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/84359441/CRITICAL_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_GHG_CALCULATION_METHODOLOGY_OF_PALM_OIL"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":87525487,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":87525487,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_87525487" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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