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id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Censorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Flowers for Algernon</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="أزهار ألغرنون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أزهار ألغرنون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elcernon_%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCn_g%C3%BCll%C9%99r" title="Elcernon üçün güllər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elcernon üçün güllər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Цветя за Алджърнън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цветя за Алджърнън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%AF%C5%BEe_pro_Algernon" title="Růže pro Algernon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Růže pro Algernon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_para_Algernon" title="Flores para Algernon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Flores para Algernon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%87_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="گل‌هایی به یاد الجرنون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گل‌هایی به یاد الجرنون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_fleurs_pour_Algernon" title="Des fleurs pour Algernon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Des fleurs pour Algernon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%EC%A0%80%EB%84%8C%EC%97%90%EA%B2%8C_%EA%BD%83%EC%9D%84" title="앨저넌에게 꽃을 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앨저넌에게 꽃을" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ծաղիկներ Էլջերնոնի համար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծաղիկներ Էլջերնոնի համար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvije%C4%87e_za_Algernona" title="Cvijeće za Algernona – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cvijeće za Algernona" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon" title="Flowers for Algernon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Flowers for Algernon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiori_per_Algernon" title="Fiori per Algernon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fiori per Algernon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פרחים לאלג'רנון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרחים לאלג'רנון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1" title="ყვავილები ელჯერნონისთვის – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყვავილები ელჯერნონისთვის" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Алджернонға арналған гүл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алджернонға арналған гүл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Элжернонго арналан гүлдөр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Элжернонго арналан гүлдөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%B7es_Ald%C5%BEernonam" title="Puķes Aldžernonam – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Puķes Aldžernonam" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%97l%C4%97s_Ald%C5%BEernonui" title="Gėlės Aldžernonui – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gėlės Aldžernonui" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vir%C3%A1got_Algernonnak" title="Virágot Algernonnak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Virágot Algernonnak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het_genie_in_de_muizeval" title="Het genie in de muizeval – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Het genie in de muizeval" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AB%E8%8A%B1%E6%9D%9F%E3%82%92" title="アルジャーノンに花束を – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルジャーノンに花束を" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eljernonga_atalgan_gullar" title="Eljernonga atalgan gullar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eljernonga atalgan gullar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwiaty_dla_Algernona" title="Kwiaty dla Algernona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwiaty dla Algernona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_para_Algernon" title="Flores para Algernon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Flores para Algernon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flori_pentru_Algernon" title="Flori pentru Algernon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Flori pentru Algernon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Цветы для Элджернона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цветы для Элджернона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon" title="Flowers for Algernon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flowers for Algernon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C5%BEe_za_Algernona" title="Rože za Algernona – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rože za Algernona" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Цвеће за Алџернона – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цвеће за Алџернона" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon" title="Flowers for Algernon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Flowers for Algernon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukkia_Algernonille" title="Kukkia Algernonille – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kukkia Algernonille" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blommor_till_Algy" title="Blommor till Algy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blommor till Algy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ดอกไม้สำหรับอัลเจอนอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดอกไม้สำหรับอัลเจอนอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algernon%27a_%C3%87i%C3%A7ekler" title="Algernon'a Çiçekler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Algernon'a Çiçekler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Квіти для Елджернона – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квіти для Елджернона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%BB%E7%B5%A6%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E5%84%82%E7%9A%84%E8%8A%B1%E6%9D%9F" title="獻給阿爾吉儂的花束 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="獻給阿爾吉儂的花束" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">1959 short story and 1966 novel by Daniel Keyes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the short story and novel. For the 2000 television movie, see <a href="/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon_(film)" title="Flowers for Algernon (film)">Flowers for Algernon (film)</a>. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon_(album)" title="Flowers for Algernon (album)">Flowers for Algernon (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Flowers for Algernon <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowers+for+Algernon&rft.author=%5B%5BDaniel+Keyes%5D%5D&rft.date=April+1959+%28short+story%29%3Cbr%2F%3EMarch+1966+%28novel%29&rft.pub=%5B%5BHarcourt+%28publisher%29%7CHarcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=311+%28novel%29&rft_id=info:oclcnum/232370"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:FlowersForAlgernon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/FlowersForAlgernon.jpg/220px-FlowersForAlgernon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ea/FlowersForAlgernon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="379" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Dust jacket of the novel’s first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Keyes" title="Daniel Keyes">Daniel Keyes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)" title="Harcourt (publisher)">Harcourt, Brace & World</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">April 1959 (short story)<br />March 1966 (novel)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (hardback & paperback)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">311 (novel)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-131510-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-131510-8">0-15-131510-8</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/232370">232370</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Flowers for Algernon</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> by American author <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Keyes" title="Daniel Keyes">Daniel Keyes</a>, later expanded by him into a novel and subsequently adapted for film and other media. The short story, written in 1958 and first published in the April 1959 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i>, won the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Short_Story" title="Hugo Award for Best Short Story">Hugo Award for Best Short Story</a> in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel was published in 1966 and was joint winner of that year's <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Nebula Award for Best Novel">Nebula Award for Best Novel</a> (with <i><a href="/wiki/Babel-17" title="Babel-17">Babel-17</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Nebula_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nebula-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Algernon is a laboratory mouse who has undergone surgery to increase his intelligence. The story is told by a series of progress reports written by Charlie Gordon, the first human subject for the surgery, and it touches on ethical and moral themes such as the treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Mentally_disabled" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentally disabled">mentally disabled</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Langer1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the book<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has often been <a href="/wiki/Challenge_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenge (literature)">challenged</a> for removal from libraries in the United States and Canada, sometimes successfully, it is frequently taught in schools around the world and has been adapted many times for television, theater, radio and as the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>-winning film <i><a href="/wiki/Charly_(1968_film)" title="Charly (1968 film)">Charly</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ALA100_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALA100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dkafaq_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dkafaq-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-birdsall_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birdsall-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flowers_for_Algernon" title="Special:EditPage/Flowers for Algernon">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Flowers+for+Algernon%22">"Flowers for Algernon"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Flowers+for+Algernon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Flowers+for+Algernon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Flowers+for+Algernon%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Flowers+for+Algernon%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Flowers+for+Algernon%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ideas for <i>Flowers for Algernon</i> developed over 14 years and were inspired by events in Keyes's life, starting in 1945 with Keyes's conflict with his parents, who were pushing a <a href="/wiki/Pre-medical" title="Pre-medical">pre-medical</a> education despite his desire to pursue a writing career. Keyes felt that his education was driving a wedge between himself and his parents, and this led him to wonder what would happen if it were possible to increase a person's intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-Langer1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dkafaq_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dkafaq-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on these considerations, Keyes further developed his ideas for <i>Flowers for Algernon</i> by transforming the initial concept into what Keyes asserted as "a classic <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keyes, in his 1999 memoir <i>Algernon, Charlie and I: A Writer's Journey</i>, explains more about his creative writing process and relates key insights for the conception of <i>Flowers for Algernon</i>. He said that he was inspired by Aristotle's dictum in the <i>Poetics</i>, which states that a tragedy can only occur for the highborn, because one could only have a tragic fall from a great height.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keyes's thought was: "let's test that".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He therefore made his story's main character a person who was initially "lowborn" (a mentally disabled young man) who then became a "highborn" after the intelligence-enhancing procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His goal was to elevate such a character to the heights of genius at the cost of being disconnected before having them lose it all. </p><p>A pivotal moment occurred in 1957 while Keyes was teaching English to students with <a href="/wiki/Disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabilities">disabilities</a>, and one of them asked if it would be possible for the student to be put into an ordinary class (<a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">mainstreamed</a>) if he worked hard and became smart.<sup id="cite_ref-Langer1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keyes also witnessed the dramatic change in another learning-disabled student who regressed after he was removed from regular lessons. Keyes said that "When he came back to school, he had lost it all. He could not read. He reverted to what he had been. It was a heart-breaker."<sup id="cite_ref-Langer1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Characters in the book were based on people in Keyes's life. The character of Algernon was inspired by a university dissection class, and the name was inspired by the poet <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Student essays are not reliable sources (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nemur and Strauss, the scientists who develop the intelligence-enhancing surgery in the story, were based on professors Keyes met while in graduate school.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Events that Charlie experiences were also based on Keyes's life, including the Rorschach test and Charlie's frustration with it, which was inspired by Keyes' past experience with the test when he was exploring the causes of his anxiety as a college student. As he was developing his story, he satirically transformed his frustrating Tests and Measurements advisor into Burt, the tester who similarly frustrates Charlie.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1958, Keyes was approached by <i><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction" title="Galaxy Science Fiction">Galaxy Science Fiction</a></i> magazine to write a story, at which point the elements of <i>Flowers for Algernon</i> fell into place.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Student essays are not reliable sources (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When the story was submitted to <i>Galaxy</i>, however, editor <a href="/wiki/Horace_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Gold">Horace Gold</a> suggested changing the ending so that Charlie retained his intelligence, married Alice Kinnian, and lived happily ever after.<sup id="cite_ref-locus_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keyes refused to make the change and sold the story to <i>The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</i> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Student essays are not reliable sources (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Keyes worked on the expanded novel between 1962 and 1965<sup id="cite_ref-Spark52_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spark52-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first tried to sell it to <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>, but they also wanted to change the ending. Again, Keyes refused and gave Doubleday back their advance.<sup id="cite_ref-locus_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five publishers rejected the story over the course of a year<sup id="cite_ref-locus_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until it was published by <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Trade_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Trade Publishers">Harcourt</a> in 1966. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication">Publication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The short story "Flowers for Algernon" was first published as the lead story in the April 1959 issue of <i>The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hill4_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Student essays are not reliable sources (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was later reprinted in <i>The Best from Fantasy and Science Fiction, 9th series</i> (1960),<sup id="cite_ref-sfsite_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfsite-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Fifth Annual of the Year's Best Science Fiction</i> (1960),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Best Articles and Stories</i> (1961),<sup id="cite_ref-Hill4_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Student essays are not reliable sources (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Literary Cavalcade</i> (1961),<sup id="cite_ref-Hill4_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Student essays are not reliable sources (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Science_Fiction_Hall_of_Fame,_Volume_One,_1929%E2%80%931964" title="The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929–1964">The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929–1964</a></i> (1970),<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction: A 30-Year Retrospective</i> (1980).<sup id="cite_ref-sfsite_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfsite-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</i> reprinted the original short story in its May 2000 issue along with an essay titled "Algernon, Charlie and I: A Writer's Journey" by the author.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magazine's cover announced the combination with "Flowers for Algernon / Daniel Keyes / the story and its origin". </p><p>The expanded novel was first published in 1966 by <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Brace" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Brace">Harcourt Brace</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam</a> paperback following in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill4_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Student essays are not reliable sources (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of 1997<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the novel had not been out of print since its publication.<sup id="cite_ref-locus_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-locus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2004, it had been translated into 27 languages, published in 30 countries and sold more than 5 million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill9_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Student essays are not reliable sources (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-wayne_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wayne-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The short story and the novel share many similar plot points, but the novel expands significantly on Charlie's developing emotional state as well as his intelligence, his memories of childhood, and the relationship with his family. Both are presented as a series of journal entries ("progress reports") written by the protagonist, Charlie Gordon. The style, grammar, spelling, and punctuation of these reports reflect changes in his mental and emotional growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_story">Short story</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Short story"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charlie Gordon is a 37-year-old man with an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Quotient" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Quotient">IQ</a> of 68 who works a <a href="/wiki/Menial_job" title="Menial job">menial job</a> as a janitor at a factory.<sup id="cite_ref-age_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his job, his main "friends" are his co-workers Joe Carp and Frank Reilly, but little does he know that Joe and Frank frequently bully and mock him behind his back. Charlie attends a literacy program taught by Ms. Kinnian in hopes to improve his intelligence. He is selected to undergo an experimental surgical technique to increase his intelligence. The technique has already been tested on a number of nonhuman animals; the great success was with Algernon, a laboratory mouse. Although these events proved fruitful, the procedure's full results were unknown. The surgery on Charlie is also a success, and his IQ triples. </p><p>With an increased intelligence, he realizes his co-workers at the factory, whom he thought were his friends, only liked having him around so they could tease him. His new intelligence frightens his co-workers, and they start a petition to have him fired. Additionally, Charlie's perspective on his professors shifts negatively as he recognizes that Dr. Nemur is only using Charlie to advance his scientific career instead of altruistically helping Charlie become smarter. Later on, Charlie demonstrates courage by standing up for a 16-year-old <a href="/wiki/Imbecile" title="Imbecile">imbecile</a> dishwasher who gets mocked by customers at a local diner. As Charlie's intelligence peaks, Algernon's suddenly declines. The mouse loses his increased intelligence and mental age and dies afterward; Charlie buries him in the back yard of his home. Charlie realizes his intelligence increase is also temporary and that his fate will mirror Algernon's. As the effects of his mental deterioration are becoming more evident, he finds flaws in the experiment, which he calls the "Algernon–Gordon Effect". By the time he finishes his work, his intelligence has regressed to its original state. Charlie is aware of and pained by what is happening to him, as he loses his knowledge. He resumes his old job as a janitor at the factory and tries to go back to how things used to be, but he cannot stand the pity and guilt from those around him, including his co-workers, his landlady, and Ms. Kinnian. Charlie states he plans to "go away" from New York, and his last wish is for someone to put flowers on Algernon's grave. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novel">Novel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Novel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The novel opens with an <a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">epigraph</a> taken from Book VII of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Republic_(Plato)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Anyone who has common sense will remember that the bewilderments of the eye are of two kinds, and arise from two causes, either from coming out of the light or from going into the light, which is true of the mind's eye, quite as much as of the bodily eye.</p></blockquote> <p>Charlie Gordon, 32 years old, demonstrates an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Quotient" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence Quotient">IQ</a> of 68.<sup id="cite_ref-age_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-age-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His uncle has arranged for him to hold a menial job at a bakery (not a factory) so that he will not have to live at the Warren State Home and Training School, a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">state institution</a>. Desiring to improve himself, Charlie attends reading and writing classes, taught by Miss Alice Kinnian, at the Beekman College Center for Retarded Adults. Two researchers at Beekman, Professor Nemur and Dr. Strauss, are looking for a human test subject on whom to try a new surgical technique intended to increase intelligence. They have already performed the surgery on a mouse named Algernon, resulting in a dramatic improvement in his mental performance. Based on Alice's recommendation and his motivation to improve, Nemur and Strauss choose Charlie over smarter pupils to undergo the procedure. </p><p>The operation is successful, and Charlie's IQ reaches 185 within the next three months. At the same time, he begins recalling his childhood and remembers that his mother Rose physically abused him and wasted money on fake treatments for his disability, while his younger sister Norma resented him. As Charlie's intelligence, education, and understanding of the world increase, his relationships with people deteriorate. His co-workers at the bakery, who used to amuse themselves at his expense, now fear and resent his increased intelligence and persuade his boss to fire him. Alice enters a relationship with Charlie but breaks up with him after she realizes that she can no longer relate to him and claims that his intelligence has changed his personality. Later, Charlie loses trust in Strauss and particularly Nemur, believing that they considered him a laboratory subject and not a human before the operation. While at a scientific convention in Chicago, Charlie feels humiliated when he is treated like an experiment and flees with Algernon in retaliation. </p><p>After moving to Manhattan with Algernon, Charlie becomes involved in a relationship with Fay Lillman, his neighbor, which quells his loneliness. After an incident with a disabled busboy, Charlie becomes inspired to continue to improve Nemur and Strauss's experiment and applies for a grant. However, he notices Algernon is beginning to behave erratically. In his research, he discovers a flaw behind Nemur and Strauss's procedure that indicates he might lose his intelligence and possibly regress back to his previous state. Before that happens, Charlie publishes his findings as the "Algernon–Gordon effect", as Algernon dies. </p><p>As Charlie begins to regress to his former mental state, he finds closure with his family. Rose, who still lives in the family's old home in Brooklyn, has developed <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> and recognizes him only briefly; his father Matt, who broke off contact with the family years earlier, does not recognize him at all. He is only able to reconnect with Norma, who is now caring for Rose in their newly depressed neighborhood, but he declines to stay with them. Charlie begins dating Alice again, but his frustration with declining intelligence eventually causes him to end his relationships with her and Dr. Strauss. Unable to bear the thought of being dependent and pitied by his friends and co-workers, he decides to live at the Warren State Home and Training School, where no one knows about the operation. In a final postscript to his writings, he requests that someone put flowers on Algernon's grave in the backyard of Charlie's former residence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the novel and the short story are written in an <a href="/wiki/Epistolary_novel" title="Epistolary novel">epistolary</a> style collecting together Charlie's personal "progress reports" from a few days before the operation until he regresses back to his original state almost five months later. Initially, the reports are filled with elementary spelling errors and awkwardly constructed sentences, reflecting the writing of a young child.<sup id="cite_ref-Bujalski21_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bujalski21-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story is told from Charlie's point of view, in a first-person perspective, allowing the reader to see through Charlie's eyes and hear each thought. Keyes shares the importance of this in his memoir, "This had to be told from Charlie's perspective. It had to be first person, major character angle—in Charlie's mind and through Charlie's eyes all the way."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an <a href="/wiki/Imbecile" title="Imbecile">imbecile</a>, Charlie is initially an <a href="/wiki/Unreliable_narrator" title="Unreliable narrator">unreliable narrator</a> who presents the story through an immature worldview; his low intelligence compromises his ability to understand the world around him. This results in a case of dramatic irony, as readers are often more aware of Charlie's situation than he is. </p><p>Following the operation, however, the reports begin to show marked improvements in spelling, grammar, punctuation, and diction, indicating a rise in his intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-Bujalski15_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bujalski15-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As his intelligence improves, Charlie's perception broadens, and he realizes that things are entirely different than he had perceived them to be. Charlie's awareness increases to match that of the reader's and quickly surpasses it. This transforms him into a reliable narrator, able to provide all relevant information accurately. </p><p>Charlie's regression is <a href="/wiki/Eye_dialect" title="Eye dialect">conveyed</a> by the loss of these skills.<sup id="cite_ref-Bujalski15_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bujalski15-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his final state, Charlie returns to a state of unreliability, his ability to accurately narrate events diminished by the regression. The polar differences in writing style emphasise the changes Charlie experiences from the operation and takes the reader along with Charlie's arc and growth/regression as well as supports the foil throughout the story. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Important themes in <i>Flowers for Algernon</i> include the treatment of the mentally disabled,<sup id="cite_ref-Langer1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spark13_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spark13-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the impact on happiness of the conflict between intellect and emotion,<sup id="cite_ref-Coules13_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coules13-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spark14_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spark14-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and how events in the past can influence a person later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-Spark14_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spark14-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Algernon</i> is an example of a story that incorporates the science-fiction theme of <a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">uplift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_legacy">Reception and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reception and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Algis_Budrys" title="Algis Budrys">Algis Budrys</a> of <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i> praised <i>Flowers for Algernon</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s realistic depiction of people as "rounded characters". Stating in August 1966 that Keyes had published little fiction and whether he would publish more was unknown, he concluded "If this is a beginning, then what a beginning it is, and if it is the high point in a very short career, then what a career".<sup id="cite_ref-budrys196608_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budrys196608-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1967 Budrys named the book the best novel of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-budrys196702_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budrys196702-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original short story won the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Short_Story" title="Hugo Award for Best Short Story">Hugo Award for Best Short Story</a> in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-Hugo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hugo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expanded novel was joint winner of the <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Nebula Award for Best Novel">Nebula Award for Best Novel</a> in 1966, tied with <i><a href="/wiki/Babel-17" title="Babel-17">Babel-17</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Nebula_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nebula-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Hugo Award for Best Novel">Hugo Award for Best Novel</a> in 1967, losing out to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Is_a_Harsh_Mistress" title="The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction Writers of America">Science Fiction Writers of America</a> (SFWA) decided to give Nebula Awards retroactively and voted for their favourite science fiction stories of the era ending December 31, 1964 (before the Nebula Award was conceived). The short story version of <i>Flowers for Algernon</i> was voted third out of 132 nominees and was published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Science_Fiction_Hall_of_Fame,_Volume_One,_1929%E2%80%931964" title="The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929–1964">The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929–1964</a></i> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keyes was elected the SFWA <a href="/wiki/Author_Emeritus" title="Author Emeritus">Author Emeritus</a> in 2000 for making a significant contribution to science fiction and fantasy, primarily as a result of <i>Flowers for Algernon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship">Censorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Censorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Flowers for Algernon</i> is on the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association's</a> list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–1999 at number 43.<sup id="cite_ref-ALA100_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALA100-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reasons for the <a href="/wiki/Challenge_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenge (literature)">challenges</a> vary, but usually center on those parts of the novel in which Charlie struggles to understand and express his sexual desires.<sup id="cite_ref-hillcensor_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hillcensor-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Student essays are not reliable sources (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many of the challenges have proved unsuccessful, but the book has occasionally been removed from school libraries, including some in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Student essays are not reliable sources (November 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence">Influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Flowers for Algernon</i> has been the inspiration for works that include the album <i><a href="/wiki/A_Curious_Feeling" title="A Curious Feeling">A Curious Feeling</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Genesis_(band)" title="Genesis (band)">Genesis</a> keyboardist <a href="/wiki/Tony_Banks_(musician)" title="Tony Banks (musician)">Tony Banks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also inspired the 2006 modern dance work <i>Holeulone</i> by Karine Pontiès, which won the Prix de la Critique de la <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_fran%C3%A7aise_de_Belgique" class="mw-redirect" title="Communauté française de Belgique">Communauté française de Belgique</a> for best dance piece.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2001 episode of the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> titled "<a href="/wiki/HOMR" title="HOMR">HOMR</a>" has a plot similar to the novel.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2013 episode of the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia" title="It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia">It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia</a></i> titled "Flowers for Charlie" is heavily based on the novel.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cliff_Robertson_Mona_Freeman_Two_Worlds_of_Charlie_Gordon_1961.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cliff_Robertson_Mona_Freeman_Two_Worlds_of_Charlie_Gordon_1961.JPG/220px-Cliff_Robertson_Mona_Freeman_Two_Worlds_of_Charlie_Gordon_1961.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cliff_Robertson_Mona_Freeman_Two_Worlds_of_Charlie_Gordon_1961.JPG/330px-Cliff_Robertson_Mona_Freeman_Two_Worlds_of_Charlie_Gordon_1961.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cliff_Robertson_Mona_Freeman_Two_Worlds_of_Charlie_Gordon_1961.JPG/440px-Cliff_Robertson_Mona_Freeman_Two_Worlds_of_Charlie_Gordon_1961.JPG 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mona_Freeman" title="Mona Freeman">Mona Freeman</a> (Alice) and <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Robertson" title="Cliff Robertson">Cliff Robertson</a> (Charlie Gordon) in "The Two Worlds of Charlie Gordon", a 1961 presentation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Steel_Hour" title="The United States Steel Hour">The United States Steel Hour</a></i>. Robertson reprised his role in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Charly_(1968_film)" title="Charly (1968 film)">Charly</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Flowers for Algernon</i> has been adapted many times for different media including stage, screen, and radio. These adaptations include: </p> <ul><li>A 1961 episode of the television drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Steel_Hour" title="The United States Steel Hour">The United States Steel Hour</a></i>, "The Two Worlds of Charlie Gordon", starring <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Robertson" title="Cliff Robertson">Cliff Robertson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mona_Freeman" title="Mona Freeman">Mona Freeman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dka_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dka-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1968 film, <i><a href="/wiki/Charly_(1968_film)" title="Charly (1968 film)">Charly</a></i>, also starring Cliff Robertson, for which he won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor" title="Academy Award for Best Actor">Academy Award for Best Actor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dka_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dka-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1969 stage play, <i>Flowers for Algernon</i> by David Rogers.<sup id="cite_ref-dka_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dka-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1975 stage play, <i>Entaha El-Dars Ya Ghabi</i> (<i>The Lesson Is Over, Stupid</i>) by Egyptian actor <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Sobhi_(actor)" title="Mohamed Sobhi (actor)">Mohamed Sobhi</a>.</li> <li>A 1978 stage musical, <i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_Algernon" title="Charlie and Algernon">Charlie and Algernon</a></i> by David Rogers and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Strouse" title="Charles Strouse">Charles Strouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dka_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dka-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1979 rock opera, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Curious_Feeling" title="A Curious Feeling">A Curious Feeling</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Banks_(musician)" title="Tony Banks (musician)">Tony Banks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1991 radio play, <i>Flowers for Algernon</i>, for <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Tom_Courtenay" title="Tom Courtenay">Tom Courtenay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1992 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lawnmower_Man_(film)" title="The Lawnmower Man (film)">The Lawnmower Man</a></i>.</li> <li>A 2000 television film, <i><a href="/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon_(film)" title="Flowers for Algernon (film)">Flowers for Algernon</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Modine" title="Matthew Modine">Matthew Modine</a>.</li> <li>A 2001 episode of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Invisible_Man_(2000_TV_series)" title="The Invisible Man (2000 TV series)">The Invisible Man</a></i>, "Flowers for Hobbes".</li> <li>A 2001 Spider-Man comic story, "<a href="/wiki/Flowers_for_Rhino" title="Flowers for Rhino">Flowers for Rhino</a>", by Peter Milligan and Duncan Fregredo.</li> <li>A 2001 episode of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons </a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/HOMR" title="HOMR">HOMR</a>".</li> <li>A 2002 Japanese drama, <i>Algernon ni Hanataba o</i> for <a href="/wiki/Fuji_Television" title="Fuji Television">Fuji Television</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABsuke_Santamaria" title="Yūsuke Santamaria">Yūsuke Santamaria</a>.</li> <li>A 2005 episode of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/SpongeBob_SquarePants" title="SpongeBob SquarePants">SpongeBob SquarePants</a></i>, "Patrick SmartPants".</li> <li>A 2006 French television film, <i>Des fleurs pour Algernon</i>.</li> <li>A 2013 episode of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia" title="It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia">It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia_(season_9)#ep8" class="mw-redirect" title="It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (season 9)">Flowers for Charlie</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 2013 episode of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_League" title="The League">The League</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/List_of_The_League_episodes" title="List of The League episodes">Flowers for Taco"</a>.</li> <li>A 2015 Japanese drama, <i>Algernon ni Hanataba o</i> for <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Broadcasting System">Tokyo Broadcasting System</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Yamashita_Tomohisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamashita Tomohisa">Yamashita Tomohisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiaki_Kuriyama" title="Chiaki Kuriyama">Chiaki Kuriyama</a>.</li> <li>A 2017 video game, <a href="/wiki/NieR:_Automata" class="mw-redirect" title="NieR: Automata">NieR: Automata</a>, titles its "A" ending <i>Flowers for Machines</i>.</li> <li>A 2020 episode of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm" title="Curb Your Enthusiasm">Curb Your Enthusiasm</a></i>, "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Curb_Your_Enthusiasm_episodes#ep99" title="List of Curb Your Enthusiasm episodes">Beep Panic</a>".</li> <li>A 2023 Japanese song, <i>Algernon</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Yorushika" title="Yorushika">Yorushika</a>.</li></ul> <p>Further stage and radio adaptations have been produced in France (1982), Ireland (1983), Australia (1984), Poland (1985), Japan (1987, 1990), and Czechoslovakia (1988).<sup id="cite_ref-dka_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dka-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-age-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-age_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-age_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlie's age is 37 in the short story and 32 in the novel.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Keyes1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Keyes" title="Daniel Keyes">Daniel Keyes</a> (1966). <i>Flowers for Algernon</i> (1st ed.). New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/232370">232370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowers+for+Algernon&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F232370&rft.au=Daniel+Keyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hugo-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hugo_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hugo_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/?page_id=59"><i>1960 Hugo Awards</i></a>, TheHugoAwards.org, July 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1960+Hugo+Awards&rft.pub=TheHugoAwards.org&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nebula-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nebula_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nebula_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605082209/http://www.sfwa.org/awards/archive/pastwin.htm#1966">"Past Winners of SWFA Nebula Awards"</a>. Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfwa.org/awards/archive/pastwin.htm#1966">the original</a> on June 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past+Winners+of+SWFA+Nebula+Awards&rft.pub=Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy+Writers+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfwa.org%2Fawards%2Farchive%2Fpastwin.htm%231966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langer1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Langer1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langer1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langer1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langer1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langer1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmily_Langer2014" class="citation news cs1">Emily Langer (June 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/daniel-keyes-author-of-the-classic-book-flowers-for-algernon-dies-at-86/2014/06/18/646e30d6-f6f4-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html">"Daniel Keyes, author of the classic book 'Flowers for Algernon,' dies at 86"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Daniel+Keyes%2C+author+of+the+classic+book+%27Flowers+for+Algernon%2C%27+dies+at+86&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft.au=Emily+Langer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2Fdaniel-keyes-author-of-the-classic-book-flowers-for-algernon-dies-at-86%2F2014%2F06%2F18%2F646e30d6-f6f4-11e3-a606-946fd632f9f1_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Keyes2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Keyes" title="Daniel Keyes">Daniel Keyes</a> (2004) [1966]. <i>Flowers for Algernon</i>. Orlando: Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780156030304" title="Special:BookSources/9780156030304"><bdi>9780156030304</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/0156030306">0156030306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowers+for+Algernon&rft.place=Orlando&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F0156030306&rft.isbn=9780156030304&rft.au=Daniel+Keyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ALA100-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ALA100_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ALA100_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ala.org/advocacy/bbooks/frequentlychallengedbooks/decade1999">The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–1999</a> -ALA.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle_Munley2008" class="citation web cs1">Kyle Munley (October 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730111811/http://suvudu.com/2008/10/challenged-and-banned-flowers-for-algernon.html">"Challenged and Banned: Flowers for Algernon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Suvudu" title="Suvudu">Suvudu</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suvudu.com/2008/10/challenged-and-banned-flowers-for-algernon.html">the original</a> on July 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Challenged+and+Banned%3A+Flowers+for+Algernon&rft.pub=Suvudu&rft.date=2008-10-03&rft.au=Kyle+Munley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuvudu.com%2F2008%2F10%2Fchallenged-and-banned-flowers-for-algernon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dkafaq-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dkafaq_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dkafaq_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danielkeyesauthor.com/faq.html">"Frequently Asked Questions and Updates"</a>. Daniel Keyes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+and+Updates&rft.pub=Daniel+Keyes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danielkeyesauthor.com%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birdsall-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birdsall_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdsall1978" class="citation book cs1">Birdsall, Peter (1978). <i>Mind War: Book Censorship in English Canada</i>. CANLIT. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920566-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-920566-01-4"><bdi>0-920566-01-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mind+War%3A+Book+Censorship+in+English+Canada&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=CANLIT&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-920566-01-4&rft.aulast=Birdsall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeyes1999">Keyes 1999</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes2004" class="citation book cs1">Keyes, Daniel (September 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDTD2hPNcjAC&pg=PA79"><i>Algernon, Charlie, And I: A Writer's Journey</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fifth+Annual+of+the+Year%27s+Best+SF.+Judith+Merril.+Simon+%26+Schuster+1960&rft.pub=bestsf.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bestsf.net%2Freviews%2Fmerril5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSilverberg1970">Silverberg 1970</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pl.cgi?60921">"Publication: The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, May 2000"</a>. <i>www.isfdb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wayne+State+University&rft.atitle=Meet+American+writer+Daniel+Keyes&rft.date=2019-09-07&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclas.wayne.edu%2Fenglish%2Fspotlight%2Fmeet-american-writer-daniel-keyes-72970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bujalski21-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bujalski21_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBujalski2002">Bujalski 2002</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bujalski15-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bujalski15_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bujalski15_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBujalski2002">Bujalski 2002</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spark13-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spark13_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBujalski2002">Bujalski 2002</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coules13-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coules13_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoules1991">Coules 1991</a>, p. ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spark14-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spark14_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spark14_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBujalski2002">Bujalski 2002</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a> (November 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/uplift">"Uplift"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">Clute, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">Langford, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Nicholls, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Sleight" title="Graham Sleight">Sleight, Graham</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Gollancz</a>. <q>For both the experimental mouse and the retarded narrator in <i>Flowers for Algernon</i> ... , the arc of uplifted intelligence rises high above the species norm into similarly lonely realms, only to fall again.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uplift&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Gollancz&rft.date=2017-11-22&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fuplift&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-budrys196608-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-budrys196608_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudrys1966" class="citation magazine cs1">Budrys, Algis (August 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v24n06_1966-08#page/n185/mode/2up">"Galaxy Bookshelf"</a>. <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. pp. 186–194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Galaxy+Bookshelf&rft.pages=186-194&rft.date=1966-08&rft.aulast=Budrys&rft.aufirst=Algis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGalaxy_v24n06_1966-08%23page%2Fn185%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-budrys196702-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-budrys196702_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudrys1967" class="citation magazine cs1">Budrys, Algis (February 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v25n03_1967-02#page/n187/mode/2up">"Galaxy Bookshelf"</a>. <i>Galaxy Science Fiction</i>. pp. 188–194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Galaxy+Bookshelf&rft.pages=188-194&rft.date=1967-02&rft.aulast=Budrys&rft.aufirst=Algis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGalaxy_v25n03_1967-02%23page%2Fn187%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/?page_id=52">"1967 Hugo Awards"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Controversial+book+removed+from+Texas+middle+school+after+one+parent+complains&rft.pub=firstamendmentcenter.org&rft.date=1999-06-22&rft.au=Jodi+Mathews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstamendmentcenter.org%2Fcontroversial-book-removed-from-texas-middle-school-after-one-parent-complains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tonybanks-online.com/bio.php?lang=en">Tony Banks Biography</a>, tonybanks-online.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721002825/http://www.journal-laterrasse.fr/holeulone-2-2429-1.html">"Agenda / Holeulone"</a>. La Terrasse. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal-laterrasse.fr/holeulone-2-2429-1.html">the original</a> on July 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agenda+%2F+Holeulone&rft.pub=La+Terrasse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journal-laterrasse.fr%2Fholeulone-2-2429-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckSmith" class="citation web cs1">Beck, Marilyn; Smith, Stacy Jenel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006051106/http://www.creators.com/lifestylefeatures/fashion-and-entertainment/hollywood-exclusive/a-talk-with-the-simpsons-al-jean-on-the-show-s-25th-anniversary-season.html">"A Talk with 'The Simpsons' Al Jean on the Show's 25th Anniversary"</a>. <i>creators.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.creators.com/lifestylefeatures/fashion-and-entertainment/hollywood-exclusive/a-talk-with-the-simpsons-al-jean-on-the-show-s-25th-anniversary-season.html">the original</a> on October 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=creators.com&rft.atitle=A+Talk+with+%27The+Simpsons%27+Al+Jean+on+the+Show%27s+25th+Anniversary&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft.au=Smith%2C+Stacy+Jenel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creators.com%2Flifestylefeatures%2Ffashion-and-entertainment%2Fhollywood-exclusive%2Fa-talk-with-the-simpsons-al-jean-on-the-show-s-25th-anniversary-season.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2999352/trivia"><i>"It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" Flowers for Charlie (TV Episode 2013)</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22It%27s+Always+Sunny+in+Philadelphia%22+Flowers+for+Charlie+%28TV+Episode+2013%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt2999352%2Ftrivia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dka-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dka_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dka_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dka_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dka_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dka_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danielkeyesauthor.com/algernon.html">"Flowers for Algernon"</a>. Daniel Keyes<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flowers+for+Algernon+by+David+Rogers&rft.pub=Dramatic+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dramaticpublishing.com%2Fp508%2FFlowers-for-Algernon%2Fproduct_info.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828223527/http://www.dramaticpublishing.com/p236/Charlie-and-Algernon/product_info.html">"Charlie and Algernon: book and lyrics by David Rogers, music by Charles Strouse"</a>. Dramatic Publishing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dramaticpublishing.com/p236/Charlie-and-Algernon/product_info.html">the original</a> on August 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charlie+and+Algernon%3A+book+and+lyrics+by+David+Rogers%2C+music+by+Charles+Strouse&rft.pub=Dramatic+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dramaticpublishing.com%2Fp236%2FCharlie-and-Algernon%2Fproduct_info.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicalnotesnmore.com/main-A-C.html">"Charlie and Algernon"</a>. Musical Notes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charlie+and+Algernon&rft.pub=Musical+Notes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicalnotesnmore.com%2Fmain-A-C.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genesis-news.com/c-Tony-Banks-A-Curious-Interview-30th-September-2009-s351.html">"Genesis News Com [it]: Tony Banks - A Curious Interview - 30th September 2009"</a>. <i>www.genesis-news.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.genesis-news.com&rft.atitle=Genesis+News+Com+%5Bit%5D%3A+Tony+Banks+-+A+Curious+Interview+-+30th+September+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genesis-news.com%2Fc-Tony-Banks-A-Curious-Interview-30th-September-2009-s351.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoules1991">Coules 1991</a>, p. xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2013" class="citation web cs1">Lang, Derrick J. (July 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/22/its-always-sunny-in-philadelphia-season-9_n_3633506.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' Season 9 Spoilers Revealed At Comic-Con"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=%27It%27s+Always+Sunny+In+Philadelphia%27+Season+9+Spoilers+Revealed+At+Comic-Con&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Derrick+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F07%2F22%2Fits-always-sunny-in-philadelphia-season-9_n_3633506.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/47px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/63px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBujalski2002" class="citation book cs1">Bujalski, Andrew (2002). Aglietti, Boomie; Quinio, Dennis (eds.). <i>Flowers for Algernon: Daniel Keyes</i>. Spark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58663-514-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58663-514-X"><bdi>1-58663-514-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flowers+for+Algernon%3A+Daniel+Keyes&rft.pub=Spark&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58663-514-X&rft.aulast=Bujalski&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoules1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bert_Coules" title="Bert Coules">Coules, Bert</a> (1991). <i>The Play of Daniel Keyes' Flowers for Algernon (including notes by Robert Chambers)</i>. Heinemann (published 1993). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-23293-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-435-23293-2"><bdi>0-435-23293-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Play+of+Daniel+Keyes%27+Flowers+for+Algernon+%28including+notes+by+Robert+Chambers%29&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-435-23293-2&rft.aulast=Coules&rft.aufirst=Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2004" class="citation web cs1">Hill, Cheryl (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221170959/http://www.slais.ubc.ca/PEOPLE/students/student-projects/C_Hill/hill_libr548f.pdf">"A History of Daniel Keyes' Flowers for Algernon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. LIBR 548F: History of the Book. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slais.ubc.ca/PEOPLE/students/student-projects/C_Hill/hill_libr548f.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Daniel+Keyes%27+Flowers+for+Algernon&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slais.ubc.ca%2FPEOPLE%2Fstudents%2Fstudent-projects%2FC_Hill%2Fhill_libr548f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Keyes" title="Daniel Keyes">Keyes, Daniel</a> (1999). <i>Algernon, Charlie and I: A Writer's Journey</i>. Boca Raton, FL: Challcrest Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929519-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-929519-00-1"><bdi>1-929519-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algernon%2C+Charlie+and+I%3A+A+Writer%27s+Journey&rft.pub=Boca+Raton%2C+FL%3A+Challcrest+Press+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-929519-00-1&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholes1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Scholes" title="Robert Scholes">Scholes, Robert</a> (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structuralfabula00scho"><i>Structural Fabulation: An Essay on Fiction of the Future</i></a></span>. Notre Dame, IN: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Press" title="University of Notre Dame Press">University of Notre Dame Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-268-00570-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-268-00570-2"><bdi>0-268-00570-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+Fabulation%3A+An+Essay+on+Fiction+of+the+Future&rft.pub=Notre+Dame%2C+IN%3A+University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-268-00570-2&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructuralfabula00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverberg1970" class="citation book cs1">Silverberg, Robert, ed. (1970). <a href="/wiki/The_Science_Fiction_Hall_of_Fame,_Volume_One,_1929%E2%80%931964" title="The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929–1964"><i>The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929–1964</i></a>. Tom Doherty Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7653-0537-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7653-0537-2"><bdi>0-7653-0537-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+Fiction+Hall+of+Fame%2C+Volume+One%2C+1929%E2%80%931964&rft.pub=Tom+Doherty+Associates&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-7653-0537-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/flowers_for_algernon">"Flowers For Algernon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Flowers+For+Algernon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fflowers_for_algernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlowers+for+Algernon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowers_for_Algernon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?49838"><i>"Flowers for Algernon" (short story)</i></a> title listing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?1927"><i>"Flowers for Algernon" (novel)</i></a> title listing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Fantasy_Science_Fiction_v016n04_1959-04_PDF/Fantasy__Science_Fiction_v016n04_1959-04_PDF#page/n3/mode/2up">"Flowers for Algernon"</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Daniel_Keyes" title="Template:Daniel Keyes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Daniel_Keyes" title="Template talk:Daniel Keyes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Daniel_Keyes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Daniel Keyes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Daniel_Keyes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Keyes" title="Daniel Keyes">Daniel Keyes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flowers for Algernon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Minds_of_Billy_Milligan" title="The Minds of Billy Milligan">The Minds of Billy Milligan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charly_(1968_film)" title="Charly (1968 film)">Charly</a></i> (1968 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_and_Algernon" title="Charlie and Algernon">Charlie and Algernon</a></i> (1978 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flowers_for_Algernon_(film)" title="Flowers for Algernon (film)">Flowers for Algernon</a></i> (2000 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crowded_Room" title="The Crowded Room">The Crowded Room</a></i> (2023 Tv Series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Short_Story_(1955–1960)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Short_Story_1955%E2%80%931960" title="Template:Hugo Award Best Short Story 1955–1960"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Award_Best_Short_Story_1955%E2%80%931960" title="Template talk:Hugo Award Best Short Story 1955–1960"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Short_Story_1955%E2%80%931960" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Award Best Short Story 1955–1960"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Short_Story_(1955–1960)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Short_Story" title="Hugo Award for Best Short Story">Best Short Story</a> (1955–1960)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Allamagoosa" title="Allamagoosa">Allamagoosa</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Frank_Russell" title="Eric Frank Russell">Eric Frank Russell</a> (1955)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Clarke_short_story)" title="The Star (Clarke short story)">The Star</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> (1956)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Or_All_the_Seas_with_Oysters" title="Or All the Seas with Oysters">Or All the Seas with Oysters</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Avram_Davidson" title="Avram Davidson">Avram Davidson</a> (1958)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/That_Hell-Bound_Train" title="That Hell-Bound Train">That Hell-Bound Train</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bloch" title="Robert Bloch">Robert Bloch</a> (1959)</li> <li>"<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flowers for Algernon</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Keyes" title="Daniel Keyes">Daniel Keyes</a> (1960)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Short_Story" title="Hugo Award for Best Short Story">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Retro_Hugo_Award_Best_Short_Story" title="Template:Retro Hugo Award Best Short Story">Retro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Short_Story_1955%E2%80%931960" title="Template:Hugo Award Best Short Story 1955–1960">1955–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Short_Story_1961%E2%80%931980" title="Template:Hugo Award Best Short Story 1961–1980">1961–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Short_Story_1981%E2%80%932000" title="Template:Hugo Award Best Short Story 1981–2000">1981–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Short_Story_2001%E2%80%932020" title="Template:Hugo Award Best Short Story 2001–2020">2001–2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Short_Story_2021%E2%80%932040" title="Template:Hugo Award Best Short Story 2021–2040">2021–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nebula_Award_for_Best_Novel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nebula_Award_Best_Novel" title="Template:Nebula Award Best Novel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nebula_Award_Best_Novel" title="Template talk:Nebula Award Best Novel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nebula_Award_Best_Novel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nebula Award Best Novel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nebula_Award_for_Best_Novel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Nebula Award for Best Novel">Best Novel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1966–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dune_(novel)" title="Dune (novel)">Dune</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Babel-17" title="Babel-17">Babel-17</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a> and <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flowers for Algernon</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Keyes" title="Daniel Keyes">Daniel Keyes</a> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Einstein_Intersection" title="The Einstein Intersection">The Einstein Intersection</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Passage_(novel)" title="Rite of Passage (novel)">Rite of Passage</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Panshin" title="Alexei Panshin">Alexei Panshin</a> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_Darkness" title="The Left Hand of Darkness">The Left Hand of Darkness</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ringworld" title="Ringworld">Ringworld</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Time_of_Changes" title="A Time of Changes">A Time of Changes</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gods_Themselves" title="The Gods Themselves">The Gods Themselves</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_with_Rama" title="Rendezvous with Rama">Rendezvous with Rama</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispossessed" title="The Dispossessed">The Dispossessed</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forever_War" title="The Forever War">The Forever War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haldeman" title="Joe Haldeman">Joe Haldeman</a> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_Plus" title="Man Plus">Man Plus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gateway_(novel)" title="Gateway (novel)">Gateway</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreamsnake" title="Dreamsnake">Dreamsnake</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vonda_N._McIntyre" title="Vonda N. McIntyre">Vonda N. McIntyre</a> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountains_of_Paradise" title="The Fountains of Paradise">The Fountains of Paradise</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Timescape" title="Timescape">Timescape</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Benford" title="Gregory Benford">Gregory Benford</a> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Claw_of_the_Conciliator" title="The Claw of the Conciliator">The Claw of the Conciliator</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Wolfe" title="Gene Wolfe">Gene Wolfe</a> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Enemy_But_Time" title="No Enemy But Time">No Enemy But Time</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bishop_(author)" title="Michael Bishop (author)">Michael Bishop</a> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Startide_Rising" title="Startide Rising">Startide Rising</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Brin" title="David Brin">David Brin</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ender%27s_Game" title="Ender's Game">Ender's Game</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead" title="Speaker for the Dead">Speaker for the Dead</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Falling_Woman" title="The Falling Woman">The Falling Woman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pat_Murphy_(writer)" title="Pat Murphy (writer)">Pat Murphy</a> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falling_Free" title="Falling Free">Falling Free</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Healer%27s_War" title="The Healer's War">The Healer's War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Scarborough" title="Elizabeth Ann Scarborough">Elizabeth Ann Scarborough</a> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tehanu" title="Tehanu">Tehanu: The Last Book of Earthsea</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Tide" title="Stations of the Tide">Stations of the Tide</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Swanwick" title="Michael Swanwick">Michael Swanwick</a> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Book_(novel)" title="Doomsday Book (novel)">Doomsday Book</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_trilogy" title="Mars trilogy">Red Mars</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Mars" title="Moving Mars">Moving Mars</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Bear" title="Greg Bear">Greg Bear</a> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Terminal_Experiment" title="The Terminal Experiment">The Terminal Experiment</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Sawyer" title="Robert J. Sawyer">Robert J. Sawyer</a> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slow_River" title="Slow River">Slow River</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Griffith" title="Nicola Griffith">Nicola Griffith</a> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sun" title="The Moon and the Sun">The Moon and the Sun</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vonda_N._McIntyre" title="Vonda N. McIntyre">Vonda N. McIntyre</a> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forever_Peace" title="Forever Peace">Forever Peace</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haldeman" title="Joe Haldeman">Joe Haldeman</a> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Talents_(novel)" title="Parable of the Talents (novel)">Parable of the Talents</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_Radio" title="Darwin's Radio">Darwin's Radio</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Bear" title="Greg Bear">Greg Bear</a> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Quantum_Rose" title="The Quantum Rose">The Quantum Rose</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Asaro" title="Catherine Asaro">Catherine Asaro</a> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Gods" title="American Gods">American Gods</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_Dark" title="Speed of Dark">Speed of Dark</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Moon" title="Elizabeth Moon">Elizabeth Moon</a> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paladin_of_Souls" title="Paladin of Souls">Paladin of Souls</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_(novel)" title="Camouflage (novel)">Camouflage</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haldeman" title="Joe Haldeman">Joe Haldeman</a> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seeker_(McDevitt_novel)" title="Seeker (McDevitt novel)">Seeker</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jack_McDevitt" title="Jack McDevitt">Jack McDevitt</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Yiddish_Policemen%27s_Union" title="The Yiddish Policemen's Union">The Yiddish Policemen's Union</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powers_(novel)" title="Powers (novel)">Powers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Windup_Girl" title="The Windup Girl">The Windup Girl</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Bacigalupi" title="Paolo Bacigalupi">Paolo Bacigalupi</a> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blackout/All_Clear" title="Blackout/All Clear">Blackout/All Clear</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Among_Others" title="Among Others">Among Others</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jo_Walton" title="Jo Walton">Jo Walton</a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2312_(novel)" title="2312 (novel)">2312</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancillary_Justice" title="Ancillary Justice">Ancillary Justice</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ann_Leckie" title="Ann Leckie">Ann Leckie</a> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annihilation_(VanderMeer_novel)" title="Annihilation (VanderMeer novel)">Annihilation</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_VanderMeer" title="Jeff VanderMeer">Jeff VanderMeer</a> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uprooted_(novel)" title="Uprooted (novel)">Uprooted</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Novik" title="Naomi Novik">Naomi Novik</a> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Birds_in_the_Sky" title="All the Birds in the Sky">All the Birds in the Sky</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Jane_Anders" title="Charlie Jane Anders">Charlie Jane Anders</a> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Sky" title="The Stone Sky">The Stone Sky</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/N._K._Jemisin" title="N. K. Jemisin">N. K. Jemisin</a> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Calculating_Stars" title="The Calculating Stars">The Calculating Stars</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinette_Kowal" title="Mary Robinette Kowal">Mary Robinette Kowal</a> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_for_a_New_Day" title="A Song for a New Day">A Song for a New Day</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Pinsker" title="Sarah Pinsker">Sarah Pinsker</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Network_Effect_(novel)" title="Network Effect (novel)">Network Effect</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Wells" title="Martha Wells">Martha Wells</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Master_of_Djinn" title="A Master of Djinn">A Master of Djinn</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/P._Dj%C3%A8l%C3%AD_Clark" title="P. 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Kuang</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Saint_of_Bright_Doors" title="The Saint of Bright Doors">The Saint of Bright Doors</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vajra_Chandrasekera" title="Vajra Chandrasekera">Vajra Chandrasekera</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837934#identifiers" 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