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href="#Integrative_cognitive_linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Integrative cognitive linguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrative_cognitive_linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computational_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computational_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Computational approaches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Computational_approaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Computational approaches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Computational_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cognitive_perspective_on_natural_language_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_perspective_on_natural_language_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cognitive perspective on natural language processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_perspective_on_natural_language_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cognitive linguistics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لسانيات معرفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لسانيات معرفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koqnitiv_dil%C3%A7ilik" title="Koqnitiv dilçilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koqnitiv dilçilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="সংজ্ঞানাত্মক ভাষাবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংজ্ঞানাত্মক ভাষাবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Когнитивна лингвистика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Когнитивна лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezhoniezh_kognitivel" title="Yezhoniezh kognitivel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoniezh kognitivel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_cognitiva" title="Lingüística cognitiva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lingüística cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivn%C3%AD_lingvistika" title="Kognitivní lingvistika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kognitivní lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitive_Linguistik" title="Kognitive Linguistik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kognitive Linguistik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiivne_lingvistika" title="Kognitiivne lingvistika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kognitiivne lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γνωσιακή γλωσσολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γνωσιακή γλωσσολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_cognitiva" title="Lingüística cognitiva – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lingüística cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان‌شناسی شناختی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌شناسی شناختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistique_cognitive" title="Linguistique cognitive – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Linguistique cognitive" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengoaylleeaght_smooinaghtagh" title="Çhengoaylleeaght smooinaghtagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengoaylleeaght smooinaghtagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_cognitiva" title="Lingüística cognitiva – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingüística cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%95%99" title="인지언어학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인지언어학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կոգնիտիվ լեզվաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոգնիտիվ լեզվաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="बोधात्मक भाषाविज्ञान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोधात्मक भाषाविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konocala_linguistiko" title="Konocala linguistiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Konocala linguistiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistik_kognitif" title="Linguistik kognitif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Linguistik kognitif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica_cognitiva" title="Linguistica cognitiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linguistica cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Когнитивті лингвистика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Когнитивті лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistica_cognisial" title="Linguistica cognisial – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguistica cognisial" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognit%C3%ADv_nyelv%C3%A9szet" title="Kognitív nyelvészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kognitív nyelvészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Когнитивна лингвистика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Когнитивна лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitieve_taalkunde" title="Cognitieve taalkunde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cognitieve taalkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="認知言語学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="認知言語学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiv_lingvistikk" title="Kognitiv lingvistikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kognitiv lingvistikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiv_tilshunoslik" title="Kognitiv tilshunoslik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kognitiv tilshunoslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwistyka_kognitywna" title="Lingwistyka kognitywna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lingwistyka kognitywna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingu%C3%ADstica_cognitiva" title="Linguística cognitiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linguística cognitiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Когнитивная лингвистика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Когнитивная лингвистика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivna_lingvistika" title="Kognitivna lingvistika – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kognitivna lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitivna_lingvistika" title="Kognitivna lingvistika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kognitivna lingvistika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiivinen_kielitiede" title="Kognitiivinen kielitiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kognitiivinen kielitiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kognitiv_lingvistik" title="Kognitiv lingvistik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kognitiv lingvistik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அறிதிற மொழியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறிதிற மொழியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bili%C5%9Fsel_dilbilim" title="Bilişsel dilbilim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilişsel dilbilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Когнітивна лінгвістика – Ukrainian" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1234201967">.mw-parser-output .linguistics-body{max-width:20em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks linguistics-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_linguistics_articles" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Diachronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Applied linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_documentation" title="Language documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">Ethnography of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">Formalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributionalism" title="Distributionalism">Distributionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">Glossematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">Functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics" title="Systemic functional linguistics">Systemic functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">Usage-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">Structuralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">Conservative and innovative language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">Iconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">LGBTQ linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orismology" title="Orismology">Orismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Philosophy of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistics" title="Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistics" title="Template talk:Linguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cognitive linguistics</b> is an interdisciplinary branch of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, combining knowledge and research from <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">neuropsychology</a> and linguistics.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Models and theoretical accounts of cognitive linguistics are considered as psychologically real, and research in cognitive linguistics aims to help understand <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> in general and is seen as a road into the human mind. </p><p>There has been scientific and terminological controversy around the label "cognitive linguistics"; there is no consensus on what specifically is meant with the term.<sup id="cite_ref-Peeters1998_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peeters1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz-Friesel2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-Friesel2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_linguistics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The roots of cognitive linguistics are in <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>'s 1959 critical review of <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Verbal_Behavior" title="Verbal Behavior">Verbal Behavior</a></i>. Chomsky's rejection of <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioural psychology">behavioural psychology</a> and his subsequent anti-behaviourist activity helped bring about a shift of focus from <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mentalism_(psychology)" title="Mentalism (psychology)">mentalism</a> in psychology under the new concepts of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chomsky considered linguistics as a subfield of cognitive science in the 1970s but called his model transformational or <a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">generative grammar</a>. Having been engaged with Chomsky in the <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic wars">linguistic wars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Lakoff" title="George Lakoff">George Lakoff</a> united in the early 1980s with <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Langacker" title="Ronald Langacker">Ronald Langacker</a> and other advocates of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">neo-Darwinian linguistics</a> in a so-called "Lakoff–Langacker agreement". It is suggested that they picked the name "cognitive linguistics" for their new framework to undermine the reputation of generative grammar as a cognitive science.<sup id="cite_ref-Peeters2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peeters2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequently, there are three competing approaches that today consider themselves as true representatives of cognitive linguistics. One is the Lakoffian–Langackerian brand with capitalised initials (<a href="#Cognitive_Linguistics_(linguistics_framework)">Cognitive Linguistics</a>). The second is generative grammar, while the third approach is proposed by scholars whose work falls outside the scope of the other two. They argue that cognitive linguistics should not be taken as the name of a specific selective framework, but as a whole field of scientific research that is assessed by its evidential rather than theoretical value.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz-Friesel2012_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-Friesel2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches">Approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_linguistics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generative_grammar">Generative grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_linguistics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Generative grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative grammar</a></div> <p>Generative grammar functions as a source of hypotheses about language computation in the mind and brain. It is argued to be the study of 'the cognitive neuroscience of language'.<sup id="cite_ref-Marantz_2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marantz_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generative grammar studies behavioural instincts and the biological nature of cognitive-linguistic algorithms, providing a computational–representational theory of mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Boeckx_2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeckx_2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This in practice means that sentence analysis by linguists is taken as a way to uncover cognitive structures. It is argued that a random genetic mutation in humans has caused syntactic structures to appear in the mind. Therefore, the fact that people have language does not rely on its communicative purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hauser_etal_2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hauser_etal_2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berwick&Chomsky_2015_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berwick&Chomsky_2015-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a famous example, it was argued by linguist <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> that sentences of the type "<i>Is the man who is hungry ordering dinner</i>" are so rare that it is unlikely that children will have heard them. Since they can nonetheless produce them, it was further argued that the structure is not learned but <i>acquired</i> from an innate cognitive language component. Generative grammarians then took as their task to find out all about innate structures through <a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">introspection</a> in order to form a picture of the hypothesised <a href="/wiki/Language_faculty" class="mw-redirect" title="Language faculty">language faculty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pullum&Scholz_2002_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pullum&Scholz_2002-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prefors_etal_2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prefors_etal_2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generative grammar promotes a <a href="/wiki/Modularity_of_mind" title="Modularity of mind">modular</a> view of the mind, considering language as an autonomous mind module. Thus, language is separated from mathematical logic to the extent that inference cannot explain language acquisition.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_2002_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The generative conception of human cognition is also influential in <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sudkamp_1997_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sudkamp_1997-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_Linguistics_(linguistics_framework)"><span id="Cognitive_Linguistics_.28linguistics_framework.29"></span>Cognitive Linguistics (linguistics framework)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_linguistics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cognitive Linguistics (linguistics framework)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the approaches to cognitive linguistics is called Cognitive Linguistics, with capital initials, but it is also often spelled cognitive linguistics with all lowercase letters.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft&Cruse_20042_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft&Cruse_20042-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This movement saw its beginning in early 1980s when <a href="/wiki/George_Lakoff" title="George Lakoff">George Lakoff</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_metaphor" title="Conceptual metaphor">metaphor</a> theory was united with <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Langacker" title="Ronald Langacker">Ronald Langacker</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">cognitive grammar</a>, with subsequent models of <a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">construction grammar</a> following from various authors. The union entails two different approaches to <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of language">linguistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">cultural evolution</a>: that of the conceptual metaphor, and the construction. </p><p>Cognitive Linguistics defines itself in opposition to generative grammar, arguing that language functions in the brain according to general cognitive principles.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft&Cruse_2004_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft&Cruse_2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lakoff's and Langacker's ideas are applied across sciences. In addition to linguistics and translation theory, Cognitive Linguistics is influential in <a href="/wiki/Literary_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary studies">literary studies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_etal_2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_etal_2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Corni_etal_2019_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corni_etal_2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cerulo_2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerulo_2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Spitzer_2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spitzer_2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mondal_2009_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mondal_2009-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feyaerts&Boeve_2018_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feyaerts&Boeve_2018-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conceptual_metaphor_theory">Conceptual metaphor theory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_linguistics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conceptual metaphor theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to American linguist George Lakoff, <i>metaphors</i> are not just figures of speech, but modes of thought. Lakoff hypothesises that principles of abstract reasoning may have evolved from visual thinking and mechanisms for representing spatial relations that are present in lower animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakoff_1990_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakoff_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conceptualisation is regarded as being based on the <i><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">embodiment</a></i> of knowledge, building on physical experience of vision and motion. For example, the 'metaphor' of emotion builds on downward motion while the metaphor of reason builds on upward motion, as in saying “The discussion <i>fell</i> to the emotional level, but I <i>raised it back up</i> to the rational plane."<sup id="cite_ref-Lakoff&Johnson_1980_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakoff&Johnson_1980-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is argued that language does not form an independent cognitive function but fully relies on other <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_skill" title="Cognitive skill">cognitive skills</a> which include perception, attention, motor skills, and visual and spatial processing.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft&Cruse_2004_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft&Cruse_2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Same is said of various other cognitive phenomena such as the <a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">sense of time</a>: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>"In our visual systems, we have detectors for motion and detectors for objects/locations. We do not have detectors for time (whatever that could mean). Thus, it makes good biological sense that time should be understood in terms of things and motion." —George Lakoff</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In Cognitive Linguistics, <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thinking</a> is argued to be mainly automatic and unconscious.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakoff&Johnson_1999_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakoff&Johnson_1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ibarretxe-Antuñano_2002_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibarretxe-Antuñano_2002-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibbs&Colston_1995_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs&Colston_1995-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cognitive linguists study the <a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">embodiment</a> of knowledge by seeking expressions which relate to <a href="/wiki/Image_schema" title="Image schema">modal schemas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Luodonpää-Manni&Viimaranta_2017_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luodonpää-Manni&Viimaranta_2017-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the expression "It is quarter to eleven", the preposition <i>to</i> represents a modal schema which is manifested in language as a visual or sensorimotoric 'metaphor'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cognitive_and_construction_grammar">Cognitive and construction grammar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_linguistics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cognitive and construction grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Constructions</i>, as the basic units of grammar, are conventionalised form–meaning pairings which are comparable to <a href="/wiki/Memes" class="mw-redirect" title="Memes">memes</a> as units of linguistic evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl_2001_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl_2001-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirby_2013_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirby_2013-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zehentner_2019_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zehentner_2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacWhinney_2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacWhinney_2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are considered multi-layered. For example, <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idioms</a> are higher-level constructions which contain words as middle-level constructions, and these may contain <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> as lower-level constructions. It is argued that humans do not only share the same body type, allowing a common ground for embodied representations; but constructions provide common ground for uniform expressions within a speech community.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_2015_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2015-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like biological organisms, constructions have <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycles</a> which are studied by linguists.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl_2001_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl_2001-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the cognitive and <i>constructionist</i> view, there is no grammar in the traditional sense of the word. What is commonly perceived as grammar is an inventory of constructions; a <a href="/wiki/Complex_adaptive_system" title="Complex adaptive system">complex adaptive system</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_2011_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis_2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a population of constructions.<sup id="cite_ref-Arbib_2008_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arbib_2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constructions are studied in all fields of language research from <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">corpus linguistics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis_2011_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis_2011-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrative_cognitive_linguistics">Integrative cognitive linguistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_linguistics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Integrative cognitive linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is also a third approach to cognitive linguistics, which neither directly supports the modular (Generative Grammar) nor the anti-modular (Cognitive Linguistics) view of the mind. Proponents of the third view argue that, according to brain research, <a href="/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain" title="Language processing in the brain">language processing</a> is specialized although not autonomous from other types of information processing. Language is thought of as one of the human <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive abilities</a>, along with perception, attention, memory, motor skills, and visual and spatial processing, rather than being subordinate to them. Emphasis is laid on a cognitive semantics that studies the contextual–conceptual nature of meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz-Friesel_2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-Friesel_2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computational_approaches">Computational approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_linguistics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Computational approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_perspective_on_natural_language_processing">Cognitive perspective on natural language processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_linguistics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cognitive perspective on natural language processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cognitive linguistics offers a scientific <a href="/wiki/First_principle" title="First principle">first principle</a> direction for quantifying states-of-mind through <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As mentioned earlier Cognitive Linguistics, approaches grammar with a nontraditional view. Traditionally <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> has been defined as a set of structural rules governing the composition of clauses, phrases and words in a natural language. From the perspective of Cognitive Linguistics, grammar is seen as the rules of arrangement of language which best serve communication of the experience of the human organism through its <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_skill" title="Cognitive skill">cognitive skills</a> which include perception, attention, motor skills, and visual and spatial processing.<sup id="cite_ref-Croft&Cruse_2004_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft&Cruse_2004-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such rules are derived from observing the conventionalized pairings of meaning to understand sub-context in the evolution of language patterns. <sup id="cite_ref-Dahl_2001_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl_2001-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cognitive approach to identifying sub-context by observing what comes before and after each linguistic construct provides a grounding of meaning in terms of sensorimotoric embodied experience. <sup id="cite_ref-Ibarretxe-Antuñano_2002_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibarretxe-Antuñano_2002-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When taken together, these two perspectives form the basis of defining approaches in <a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a> with strategies to work through the <a href="/wiki/Symbol_grounding_problem" title="Symbol grounding problem">symbol grounding problem</a> which posits that, for a computer, a word is merely a symbol, which is a symbol for another symbol and so on in an unending chain without grounding in human experience. <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The broad set of tools and methods of <a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a> are available as <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> or NLP. Cognitive linguistics adds a new set of capabilities to NLP. These cognitive NLP methods enable software to analyze sub-context in terms of internal embodied experience. <sup id="cite_ref-Ibarretxe-Antuñano_2002_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ibarretxe-Antuñano_2002-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_linguistics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goal of <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a> (NLP) is to enable a computer to "understand" the contents of text and documents, including the contextual nuances of the language within them. The perspective of traditional <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chomskyan_linguistics&redirect=no">Traditional Chomskyan Linguistics</a> offers NLP three approaches or methods to identify and quantify the literal contents, the who, what, where and when in text – in linguistic terms, the semantic meaning or <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> of the text. The perspective of cognitive linguistics offers NLP a direction to identify and quantify the contextual nuances, the why and how in text – in linguistics terms, the implied pragmatic meaning or <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a> of text. </p><p>The three NLP approaches to understanding literal semantics in text based on traditional linguistics are symbolic NLP, statistical NLP, and neural NLP. The first method, <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing#Symbolic_NLP_(1950s_–_early_1990s)" title="Natural language processing">symbolic NLP</a> (1950s – early 1990s) is based on first principles and rules of traditional linguistics. The second method, <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing#Statistical_NLP_(1990s–2010s)" title="Natural language processing">statistical NLP</a> (1990s–2010s), builds upon the first method with a layer of human curated & machine-assisted corpora for multiple contexts. The third approach <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing#Neural_NLP_(present)" title="Natural language processing">neural NLP</a> (2010 onwards), builds upon the earlier methods by leveraging advances in <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep neural network</a>-style methods to automate tabulation of corpora & parse models for multiple contexts in shorter periods of time. <sup id="cite_ref-goldberg:nnlp17_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goldberg:nnlp17-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goodfellow:book16_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodfellow:book16-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three methods are used to power NLP techniques like <a href="/wiki/Stemming" title="Stemming">stemming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemmatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemmatisation">lemmatisation</a> in order to obtain statistically relevant listing of the who, what, where & when in text through <a href="/wiki/Named-entity_recognition" title="Named-entity recognition">named-entity recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topic_model" title="Topic model">Topic model</a> programs. The same methods have been applied with NLP techniques like a <a href="/wiki/Bag-of-words_model" title="Bag-of-words model">bag-of-words model</a> to obtain statistical measures of emotional context through <a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">sentiment analysis</a> programs. The accuracy of a sentiment analysis system is, in principle, how well it agrees with human judgments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Because evaluation of sentiment analysis is becoming more and more specialty based, each implementation needs a separate training model and specialized human verification raising <a href="/wiki/Inter-rater_reliability" title="Inter-rater reliability">Inter-rater reliability</a> issues. However, the accuracy is considered generally acceptable for use in evaluating emotional context at a statistical or group level. <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A developmental trajectory of NLP to understand contextual pragmatics in text involving emulating intelligent behavior and apparent comprehension of natural language is <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing#General_tendencies_and_(possible)_future_directions" title="Natural language processing">cognitive NLP</a>. This method is a rules based approach which involves assigning meaning to a word, phrase, sentence or piece of text based on the information presented before and after the piece of text being analyzed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_linguistics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The specific meaning of cognitive linguistics, the proper address of the name, and the scientific status of the enterprise have been called into question. Criticism includes an overreliance on introspective data, a lack of experimental testing of hypotheses and little integration of findings from other fields of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers go as far as to consider calling the field 'cognitive' at all a misnomer.<sup id="cite_ref-Peeters2001_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peeters2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"It would seem to me that [cognitive linguistics] is the sort of linguistics that uses findings from cognitive psychology and neurobiology and the like to explore how the human brain produces and interprets language. In other words, cognitive linguistics is a cognitive science, whereas Cognitive Linguistics is not. Most of generative linguistics, to my mind, is not truly cognitive either."<sup id="cite_ref-Peeters1998_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peeters1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bert Peeters</cite></div></blockquote> <p>There has been criticism regarding the brain-related claims of both Chomsky's generative grammar, and Lakoff's Cognitive Linguistics. These are said to advocate too extreme views on the axis of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_module" title="Cognitive module">modular</a> versus general <a href="/wiki/Information_processing_theory" title="Information processing theory">processing</a>. The empirical evidence points to language being partially specialized and interacting with other systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz-Friesel2012_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-Friesel2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, to counter <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a>, Chomsky postulated that <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a> occurs inside an autonomous module, which he calls the <a href="/wiki/Language_faculty" class="mw-redirect" title="Language faculty">language faculty</a>, thus suggesting a very high degree of specialization of language in the brain. To offer an alternative to his view, Lakoff, in turn, postulated the opposite by claiming that language acquisition is not specialized at all because language does not constitute a <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive capacity">cognitive capacity</a> of its own but occurs in the sensory domains such as <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinesthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinesthesis">kinesthesis</a>. According to the critical view, these ideas were not motivated by brain research but by a struggle for power in linguistics. Members of such frameworks are also said to have used other researchers' findings to present them as their own work.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz-Friesel2012_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz-Friesel2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this criticism is accepted for most part, it is claimed that some of the research has nonetheless produced useful insights.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_linguistics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">Embodied cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">Usage-based models of language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitive_linguistics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2008" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Peter (2008). <i>Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics and Second Language Acquisition</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-805-85352-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-805-85352-0"><bdi>978-0-805-85352-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Cognitive+Linguistics+and+Second+Language+Acquisition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-805-85352-0&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peeters1998-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peeters1998_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peeters1998_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeeters1998" class="citation journal cs1">Peeters, Bert (1998). "Cognitive musings". <i>Word</i>. <b>49</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1998.11673884">10.1080/00437956.1998.11673884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.atitle=Cognitive+musings&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1998.11673884&rft.aulast=Peeters&rft.aufirst=Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarz-Friesel2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz-Friesel2012_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz-Friesel2012_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz-Friesel2012_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz-Friesel2012_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz-Friesel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Schwarz-Friesel, Monika (2012). 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-80386-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-80386-4"><bdi>978-0-511-80386-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+Linguistics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-511-80386-4&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Cruse%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Croft&Cruse_2004-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Croft&Cruse_2004_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croft&Cruse_2004_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croft&Cruse_2004_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroftCruse2004" class="citation book cs1">Croft, William; Cruse, Alan (2004). <i>Cognitive Linguistics</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-80386-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-80386-4"><bdi>978-0-511-80386-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+Linguistics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-511-80386-4&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Cruse%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison_etal_2014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_etal_2014_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonNuttallStockwellYuan2014" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Chloe; Nuttall, Louise; Stockwell, Peter; Yuan, Wenjuan (2014). 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University of Chicago Press Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-769720" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-769720"><bdi>0-226-769720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphor+and+Musical+Thought&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-226-769720&rft.aulast=Spitzer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mondal_2009-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mondal_2009_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondal2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mondal, Prakash (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y09-1039.pdf">"How language processing constrains (computational) natural language processing: a cognitive perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation</i>: <span class="nowrap">365–</span>374<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063664-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063664-7"><bdi>978-0-19-063664-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+metaphors+at+the+crossroads+between+apophatical+theology+and+Cognitive+Linguistics%3A+an+interdisciplinary+study&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Language%2C+and+the+Human+Mind&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-063664-7&rft.aulast=Feyaerts&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Boeve%2C+Lieven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lakoff_1990-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lakoff_1990_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakoff1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lakoff, George (1990). "Invariance hypothesis: is abstract reasoning based on image-schemas?". <i>Cognitive Linguistics</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fcogl.1990.1.1.39">10.1515/cogl.1990.1.1.39</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144380802">144380802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Invariance+hypothesis%3A+is+abstract+reasoning+based+on+image-schemas%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fcogl.1990.1.1.39&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144380802%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lakoff&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACognitive+linguistics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lakoff&Johnson_1980-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lakoff&Johnson_1980_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakoffJohnson1980" class="citation book cs1">Lakoff, George; Johnson, Mark (1980). <i>Metaphors We Live By</i>. 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