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aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pingo" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pingo" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hydrostatic_pingos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrostatic_pingos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hydrostatic pingos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrostatic_pingos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydraulic_pingos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydraulic_pingos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hydraulic pingos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydraulic_pingos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Locations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Locations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greenland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Greenland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tuktoyaktuk_Peninsula_pingos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuktoyaktuk_Peninsula_pingos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula pingos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuktoyaktuk_Peninsula_pingos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alaska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alaska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Alaska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alaska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Siberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Scandinavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Mars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects of climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="पिंगो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पिंगो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Пинго – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пинго" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClmak%C3%BChm" title="Külmakühm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Külmakühm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A9" title="Հիդրոլակոլիթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիդրոլակոլիթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B" title="पिंगो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिंगो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гидролакколиттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гидролакколиттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyngo" title="Pyngo – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pyngo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingas" title="Pingas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pingas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping%C3%B3" title="Pingó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pingó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бугры пучения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бугры пучения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Булгунньах – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Булгунньах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pingo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Гідролаколіт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гідролаколіт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%A0%B8%E4%B8%98" title="冰核丘 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冰核丘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q613963#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pingo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pingo (disambiguation)">Pingo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mound of earth-covered ice</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg/220px-Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg/330px-Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg/440px-Ibyuk_-_Canada%27s_Tallest_Pingo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3606" data-file-height="2623" /></a><figcaption>Ibyuk pingo near Tuktoyaktuk, northern Canada</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mackenzie_Delta,_Pingo,_Tuktoyaktuk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk.jpg/220px-Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk.jpg/330px-Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk.jpg/440px-Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="2170" /></a><figcaption>View from top of a pingo towards another, within a partly drained lake, the Arctic Ocean in the background (near Tuktoyaktuk). July 20, 1975.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pingos</b> are intrapermafrost ice-cored hills, 3–70 m (10–230 ft) high and 30–1,000 m (98–3,281 ft) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are typically conical in shape and grow and persist only in <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> environments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pingo is a <a href="/wiki/Periglaciation" title="Periglaciation">periglacial</a> landform, which is defined as a non-glacial landform or process linked to colder climates.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that there are more than 11,000 pingos on Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Tuktoyaktuk" title="Tuktoyaktuk">Tuktoyaktuk</a> peninsula area having the greatest concentration at a total of 1,350.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is currently remarkably limited data on pingos.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mackenzie_Delta,_Pingo,_Tuktoyaktuk_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%283%29.jpg/220px-Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%283%29.jpg/330px-Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%283%29.jpg/440px-Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Collapsed pingo in the Mackenzie Delta. The outline of the previously drained lake can be seen. August 8, 1987.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1825, <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin" title="John Franklin">John Franklin</a> made the earliest description of a pingo when he climbed a small pingo on Ellice Island in the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie Delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackay_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackay-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was in 1938 that the term <i>pingo</i> was first borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit" title="Inuvialuit">Inuvialuit</a> by the Arctic botanist <a href="/wiki/Erling_Porsild" title="Erling Porsild">Alf Erling Porsild</a> in his paper on Earth mounds of the western Arctic coast of Canada and Alaska. Porsild Pingo in <a href="/wiki/Tuktoyaktuk" title="Tuktoyaktuk">Tuktoyaktuk</a> is named in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term pingo, which in <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a> means conical hill, has now been accepted as a scientific term in English-language literature.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a></div> <p>Pingos can only form in a <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> environment. Evidence of collapsed pingos in an area suggests that there was once permafrost. Pingos can collapse due to the melting of the supporting ice and give rise to a depression in the landscape showing an inverse shape (horizontal mirror).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydrostatic_pingos">Hydrostatic pingos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hydrostatic pingos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Closed_pingos_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Closed_pingos_diagram.jpg/300px-Closed_pingos_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Closed_pingos_diagram.jpg/450px-Closed_pingos_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Closed_pingos_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing how closed system (hydrostatic) pingos are formed</figcaption></figure> <p>Closed systems, also known as hydrostatic pingos, are formed as a result of <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatics#Hydrostatic_pressure" title="Hydrostatics">hydrostatic pressure</a> that has built up within the core of pingos due to water.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They occur in regions of <a href="/wiki/Permafrost#Continuous_permafrost" title="Permafrost">continuous permafrost</a> where there is an impermeable ground layer.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pingos are found in flat, poorly drained areas with limited groundwater available such as shallow lakes and river deltas.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of these landforms occurs when layers of permafrost generate an upwards movement or pressure, resulting in masses of confined soil freezing, which pushes material upwards due to expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The figure above illustrates this process and the changes that occur throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of closed system pingos is formed in an area where a lake has been infilled with sediment. This indicates that the ground is insulated, allowing liquid water to collect underneath the sediment.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In winter months this sediment begins to freeze which leads to expansion of sediment, confining the water and increasing the pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in the formation of a mound due to the upwards pressure. However, during summer months the ice core of the pingo begins to melt which causes the mound to cave in.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hydraulic_pingos">Hydraulic pingos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hydraulic pingos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pingos.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pingos.png/220px-Pingos.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pingos.png/330px-Pingos.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Pingos.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing how open system (hydraulic) pingos are formed</figcaption></figure> <p>Hydraulic (open-system) pingos result from groundwater flowing from an outside source, i.e. sub-permafrost or intra-permafrost <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>. Hydrostatic pressure initializes the formation of the ice core as water is pushed up and subsequently freezes.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open-system pingos have no limitations to the amount of water available unless the aquifers freeze. They often occur at the base of slopes and are commonly known as Greenland type.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> is put under <a href="/wiki/Artesian_aquifer" class="mw-redirect" title="Artesian aquifer">artesian</a> pressure and forces the ground up as it makes an expanding ice core.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not the artesian pressure itself that forces the ground up, but rather the ice core that is being fed the water from the aquifer. These are often formed in a thin, discontinuous permafrost. These conditions allow an ice core to form, but also provide it with a supply of artesian ground water. If water pressure entering an artesian pingo is strong enough, it can lift the pingo up allowing a sub-pingo water lens to form underneath. However, if the water lens starts to leak water it can cause subsidence which can compromise the structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackay_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackay-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pingos are often oval or oblong shaped. It is still not entirely understood why open system or hydraulic pingos normally occur in unglaciated terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pingos usually grow only a couple of centimetres per year, with Ibyuk Pingo growing at a rate of 2 cm (0.79 in) a year,<sup id="cite_ref-pcl_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcl-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the largest take decades or even centuries to form. The process that creates pingos is believed to be closely related to <a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">frost heaving</a>. The base of the pingo tends to reach its maximum diameter in its early youth. This means pingos tend to grow higher rather than growing in diameter and height at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackay_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackay-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The height of pingos can range anywhere from 3 to 70 m (9.8 to 229.7 ft) and their diameters range from 30 to 1,000 m (98 to 3,281 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-:52_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shape of pingos is usually circular. Smaller pingos tend to have curved tops whereas larger pingos usually have collapsed mounds or craters due to the melting of exposed ice.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenland">Greenland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Greenland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The landscape of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> contains many pingos and other glacial landforms. In western Greenland it is estimated that there are 29 pingos, whilst in eastern Greenland it is estimated there are 71 pingos. The majority of pingos in Greenland are located within <a href="/wiki/Disko_Bay" title="Disko Bay">Disko Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuussuaq_Peninsula" title="Nuussuaq Peninsula">Nuussuaq Peninsula</a> within western Greenland as well as some in eastern Greenland in <a href="/wiki/Mestersvig" title="Mestersvig">Mesters Vig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thickness of the permafrost at Disko Bay is around 150 m (490 ft) deep, providing for ideal conditions for the development of closed system pingos. There are 20 pingos located on Disko Island, with the largest located on Kuganguaq alluvial plain at 100 m (330 ft) wide and 15 m (49 ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In eastern Greenland, pingos are found in <a href="/wiki/Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden" title="Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden">Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden</a>. They are well known because they are the northernmost pingos of eastern Greenland. The largest of these pingos is 100 m (330 ft) wide and 8 m (26 ft) high, taking the shape of a semicircle. This pingo is still active, meaning it is increasing in elevation over time.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tuktoyaktuk_Peninsula_pingos">Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula pingos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula pingos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mackenzie_Delta_Ice-Wedge_Tuktoyaktuk_Pingo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mackenzie_Delta_Ice-Wedge_Tuktoyaktuk_Pingo.jpg/220px-Mackenzie_Delta_Ice-Wedge_Tuktoyaktuk_Pingo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mackenzie_Delta_Ice-Wedge_Tuktoyaktuk_Pingo.jpg/330px-Mackenzie_Delta_Ice-Wedge_Tuktoyaktuk_Pingo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mackenzie_Delta_Ice-Wedge_Tuktoyaktuk_Pingo.jpg/440px-Mackenzie_Delta_Ice-Wedge_Tuktoyaktuk_Pingo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3063" data-file-height="2070" /></a><figcaption>Mackenzie delta with drained lake (foreground), <a href="/wiki/Ice_wedging" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice wedging">ice-wedge</a> polygons and a growing pingo, August 1987</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pingo_in_the_Mackenzie_delta_area.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pingo_in_the_Mackenzie_delta_area.jpg/220px-Pingo_in_the_Mackenzie_delta_area.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pingo_in_the_Mackenzie_delta_area.jpg/330px-Pingo_in_the_Mackenzie_delta_area.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pingo_in_the_Mackenzie_delta_area.jpg/440px-Pingo_in_the_Mackenzie_delta_area.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Pingo in the Mackenzie delta area</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tuktoyaktuk" title="Tuktoyaktuk">Tuktoyaktuk</a> Peninsula is an area with a marine <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_tundra" title="Canadian Arctic tundra">tundra</a> environment on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, Canada. This peninsula is covered in thick permafrost, which is known to be more than 50,000 years old. There are many pingos within the <a href="/wiki/Pingo_Canadian_Landmark" title="Pingo Canadian Landmark">Pingo Canadian Landmark</a> area, all ranging in size and diameter. The most well known pingo in this area is Ibyuk Pingo, which is the tallest pingo in Canada. The height of this pingo is 50 m (160 ft) above sea level, but the pingo is still increasing in height by a few centimetres every year. This pingo is one of the younger pingos in the area, estimated at around 1,000 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-:62_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since about 1990, several larger pingos have started to melt out as the injection ice of the core is exposed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alaska">Alaska</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alaska"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mackenzie_Delta,_Pingo,_Tuktoyaktuk_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%284%29.jpg/220px-Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%284%29.jpg/330px-Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%284%29.jpg/440px-Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3181" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Collapsed pingo in the Mackenzie Delta with thick injection ice. The outline of the previously drained lake can be seen. August 8, 1987.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mackenzie_Delta,_Pingo,_Tuktoyaktuk_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%285%29.jpg/220px-Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%285%29.jpg/330px-Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%285%29.jpg/440px-Mackenzie_Delta%2C_Pingo%2C_Tuktoyaktuk_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Detail of pingo in the Mackenzie Delta with massive injection ice. August 8, 1987.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melting_pingo_wedge_ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Melting_pingo_wedge_ice.jpg/220px-Melting_pingo_wedge_ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Melting_pingo_wedge_ice.jpg/330px-Melting_pingo_wedge_ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Melting_pingo_wedge_ice.jpg/440px-Melting_pingo_wedge_ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Melting pingos near Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Approximately 80% of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> is covered in permafrost, with 29% of this continuous permafrost, 35% discontinuous permafrost and the rest sporadic or isolated permafrost. Throughout Alaska, there are more than 1,500 known pingos with the majority being open system pingos.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The height of pingos in Alaska ranges from 3 to 54 m (9.8 to 177.2 ft) in height and 15 to 450 m (49 to 1,476 ft) in width.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's tallest pingo is located in Alaska, known as the <a href="/wiki/Kadleroshilik_Pingo" title="Kadleroshilik Pingo">Kadleroshilik Pingo</a>. The Kadleroshilik Pingo is 54 m (177 ft) in height, but is continuing to rise in elevation by a few centimeters a year.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siberia">Siberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Siberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, an area containing a high density of close system pingos can be found near <a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a> located on the <a href="/wiki/Lena_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lena River">Lena River</a>. In this area there are more than 500 pingos next to the Lena River. The area consists of <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plains</a> areas of thick permafrost, allowing pingos to form and develop.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Areas of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> are known to have pingos at the highest elevations in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> has pingos at above 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in elevation due to its permanently frozen terrain. This environment is perfect for pingo production, and the cold, dry permafrost along with cold temperatures deters pingo collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite its high latitude and the occurrence of permafrost, no modern pingos are known from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a> mounds in Scandinavia have been mistaken for pingos. Some depressions found in <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>, and some circular lakes in the <a href="/wiki/Finnmarksvidda" title="Finnmarksvidda">Finnmarksvidda</a> plateau may be remnants of collapsed pingos. The possible Jutland pingos could have developed during the <a href="/wiki/Weichselian_glaciation" title="Weichselian glaciation">Weichselian glaciation</a> and the possible Finnmarkvidda pingos during <a href="/wiki/Stadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadial">cold periods</a> of the last <a href="/wiki/Deglaciation" title="Deglaciation">deglaciation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Svensson1976_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svensson1976-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars">Mars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although no pingos have been confirmed to be located on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, there are signs of pingo-like features (PLFs).<sup id="cite_ref-:32_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PLFs are periglacial features that are not classed as pingos. This is usually because they are not large enough or there is not enough evidence to class them as pingos.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_climate_change">Effects of climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Effects of climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a> is causing <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> temperatures to rapidly rise, causing <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> to thaw.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, permafrost environments are extremely vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Arctic" title="Climate of the Arctic">climate change in the Arctic</a>. Permafrost degradation caused by climate warming is indicated by increased mean annual ground temperature, increased <a href="/wiki/Active_layer" title="Active layer">active layer</a> thickness, <a href="/wiki/Talik" title="Talik">talik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermokarst" title="Thermokarst">thermokarst</a> development and disappearance of permafrost islands.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interchange between permafrost degradation and aggradation shapes sub-Arctic and Arctic lowland landscapes, and therefore contain records of past climate and landscape development.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pingos are vulnerable to surface disturbance given the considerable amount of ground ice stored within them. Abrupt permafrost thaw processes can cause <a href="/wiki/Ice_wedge" title="Ice wedge">ice wedges</a> within pingos to melt, which can result in increased pingo collapse and the formation of remnant lakes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are currently few studies investigating how climate change could affect formation and growth of pingos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_hydrate_pingo" title="Gas hydrate pingo">Gas hydrate pingo</a> - Submarine dome structure formed by the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Clathrate_hydrate" title="Clathrate hydrate">gas hydrates</a> under the seafloor that resembles a pingo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">Cryovolcano</a> – Type of volcano that erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia or methane, instead of molten rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heaving</a> – Upwards swelling of soil during freezing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle (landform)</a> – Depression or hole in an outwash plain formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters, some are known as <i>pingo ponds</i> especially in Norfolk, England.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccolith" title="Laccolith">Laccolith</a> – Mass of igneous rock formed from magma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a> – A low, often oval, frost heave occurring in polar and subpolar climates, a low oval elevation in areas with <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, frequently <a href="/wiki/Peat_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat bog">peat bogs</a>, where a perennial ice lens has developed within the soil.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periglacial_lake" title="Periglacial lake">Periglacial lake</a> – Lake bordering a glacier or ice sheet</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-:52_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPidwirny2006" class="citation web cs1">Pidwirny, M (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10ag.html">"Periglacial Processes and Landforms"</a>. <i>Fundamentals of Physical Geography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fundamentals+of+Physical+Geography&rft.atitle=Periglacial+Processes+and+Landforms&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pidwirny&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicalgeography.net%2Ffundamentals%2F10ag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li 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Ross (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erudit.org/revue/gpq/1998/v52/n3/004847ar.pdf">"Pingo Growth and Collapse, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula Area, Western Arctic Coast, Canada: A Long-Term Field Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Géographie Physique et Quaternaire</i>. <b>52</b> (3). University of Montreal: 311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F004847ar">10.7202/004847ar</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ross (1 January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14430%2Farctic1731">"The Birth and Growth of Porsild Pingo, Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula, District of Mackenzie"</a>. <i>Arctic</i>. <b>41</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14430%2Farctic1731">10.14430/arctic1731</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1923-1245">1923-1245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arctic&rft.atitle=The+Birth+and+Growth+of+Porsild+Pingo%2C+Tuktoyaktuk+Peninsula%2C+District+of+Mackenzie&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1988-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14430%2Farctic1731&rft.issn=1923-1245&rft.aulast=Mackay&rft.aufirst=J.+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14430%252Farctic1731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/gallery/climate-landforms/">"Six bizarre landforms created by global warming"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norfolk+Wildlife+Trust&rft.atitle=Ponds+and+pingos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norfolkwildlifetrust.org.uk%2Fwildlife-in-norfolk%2Fhabitat-explorer%2Fponds-and-pingos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APingo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Easterbrook, O'Neill, G. Fin (2010) and O'Neill, W. Scott. (1999) <i>Surface Processes and Landforms.</i> Second Edition. 1999, 1993. Prentice-Hall, inc. p. 412-416.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrTanakaYoshikawa2009" class="citation journal cs1">Burr, Devon M.; Tanaka, Kenneth L.; Yoshikawa, Kenji (2009). "Pingos on Earth and Mars". <i>Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>57</b> (5–6): 541–555. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009P&SS...57..541B">2009P&SS...57..541B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2008.11.003">10.1016/j.pss.2008.11.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-0633">0032-0633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&rft.atitle=Pingos+on+Earth+and+Mars&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=541-555&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0032-0633&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pss.2008.11.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009P%26SS...57..541B&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.aufirst=Devon+M.&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Kenneth+L.&rft.au=Yoshikawa%2C+Kenji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APingo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pingos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pingos">Pingos</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pingo" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/pingo">pingo</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Snow_and_Ice_Data_Center_(NSIDC)" class="citation web cs1">National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101218080832/http://nsidc.org/frozenground/how_fg_affects_land.html">"All about frozen ground: How does it affect land?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsidc.org/frozenground/how_fg_affects_land.html">the original</a> on 18 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Kurum (landform)">Kurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithalsa" title="Lithalsa">Lithalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_(landform)" title="Paha (landform)">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periglacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Periglacial">Periglacial lake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protalus_rampart" title="Protalus rampart">Protalus rampart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_glacier" title="Rock glacier">Rock glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strandflat" title="Strandflat">Strandflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciokarst" title="Glaciokarst">Glaciokarst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermokarst" title="Thermokarst">Thermokarst</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Patterned_ground" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background: #addfad;"><a href="/wiki/Patterned_ground" title="Patterned ground">Patterned ground</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frost_boil" title="Frost boil">Frost boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterned_ground#Polygons" title="Patterned ground">Polygons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solifluction_lobes_and_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Solifluction lobes and sheets">Solifluction lobes and sheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterned_ground#Stripes" title="Patterned ground">Sorted stripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone ring">Stone ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#addfad;;width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryoplanation" title="Cryoplanation">Cryoplanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosuction" title="Cryosuction">Cryosuction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryoturbation" title="Cryoturbation">Cryoturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvio-thermal_erosion" title="Fluvio-thermal erosion">Fluvio-thermal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_weathering" title="Frost weathering">Frost weathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelifluction" title="Gelifluction">Gelifluction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_segregation" title="Ice segregation">Ice segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_methane_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic methane release">Methane release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivation" title="Nivation">Nivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solifluction" title="Solifluction">Solifluction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngenetic_permafrost_growth" title="Syngenetic permafrost growth">Syngenetic permafrost growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-curtain_effect" title="Zero-curtain effect">Zero-curtain effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#addfad;;width:1%">Soils and deposits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_layer" title="Active layer">Active layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelisols">Gelisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wedge" title="Ice wedge">Ice wedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratified_slope_deposit" title="Stratified slope deposit">Stratified slope deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talik" title="Talik">Talik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedoma" title="Yedoma">Yedoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#addfad;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecotone" title="Ecotone">ecotones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tundra#Arctic" title="Tundra">Arctic tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_line#Arctic_tree_lines" title="Tree line">Arctic tree line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_oasis" title="Antarctic oasis">Antarctic oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golets_(geography)" title="Golets (geography)">Golets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra#Antarctic" title="Tundra">Antarctic tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montane_grasslands_and_shrublands" title="Montane grasslands and shrublands">Montane grasslands and shrublands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_line#Alpine" title="Tree line">Alpine tree line</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massenerhebung_effect" title="Massenerhebung effect">Massenerhebung effect</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Drunken_trees" title="Drunken trees">Drunken trees</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#addfad;;width:1%">Climate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subpolar_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Subpolar climate">Subpolar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#addfad;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Periglacial_landforms" title="Category:Periglacial landforms">Category:Periglacial landforms</a></li> <li><a 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