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<span>Counts of Tusculum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counts_of_Tusculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Holy Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crescentii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crescentii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Crescentii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crescentii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counts_of_Tusculum_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counts_of_Tusculum_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice,_canon_law.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scale of justice"><img alt="Scale of justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice%2C_canon_law.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="182" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Category:Canon law of the Catholic Church">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law of the Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><i>Ius vigens</i> (current law)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnium_in_mentem" title="Omnium in mentem">Omnium in mentem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnum_principium" title="Magnum principium">Magnum principium</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_tuendam_fidem" title="Ad tuendam fidem">Ad tuendam fidem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_corde_Ecclesiae" title="Ex corde Ecclesiae">Ex corde Ecclesiae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indulgentiarum_Doctrina" title="Indulgentiarum Doctrina">Indulgentiarum Doctrina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praedicate_evangelium" title="Praedicate evangelium">Praedicate evangelium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veritatis_gaudium" title="Veritatis gaudium">Veritatis gaudium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Custom (Catholic canon law)">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_nullity_trial_reforms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis">Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis</a></li> <li>Documents of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christus_Dominus" title="Christus Dominus">Christus Dominus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Optatam_Totius" title="Optatam Totius">Optatam totius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium ecclesiarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presbyterorum_Ordinis" title="Presbyterorum Ordinis">Presbyterorum ordinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum concilium</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precepts_of_the_Church" title="Precepts of the Church">Precepts of the Church</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dt><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_antiquum" title="Jus antiquum">Jus antiquum</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 33</span>-1140)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Church Orders">Ancient Church Orders</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Constitutions" title="Apostolic Constitutions">The Apostolic Constitutions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_the_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons of the Apostles">Canons of the Apostles</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_of_ancient_canons" title="Collections of ancient canons">Collections of ancient canons</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Collectiones_canonum_Dionysianae" title="Collectiones canonum Dionysianae">Collectiones canonum Dionysianae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collectio_canonum_quadripartita" title="Collectio canonum quadripartita">Collectio canonum quadripartita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collectio_canonum_Quesnelliana" title="Collectio canonum Quesnelliana">Collectio canonum Quesnelliana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collectio_canonum_Wigorniensis" title="Collectio canonum Wigorniensis">Collectio canonum Wigorniensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelasian_Decree" title="Gelasian Decree">Gelasian Decree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmachian_forgeries" title="Symmachian forgeries">Symmachian forgeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Isidorian_Decretals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals">Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Lay investiture controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictatus_papae" title="Dictatus papae">Dictatus papae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Libertas_ecclesiae" title="Libertas ecclesiae">Libertas ecclesiae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plenitudo_potestatis" title="Plenitudo potestatis">Plenitudo potestatis</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Jus novum</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1140</span>-1563)</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Canonici" title="Corpus Juris Canonici">Corpus Juris Canonici</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretist" title="Decretist">Decretist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canon_Episcopi" title="Canon Episcopi">Canon Episcopi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaritae" title="Margaritae">Margaritae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_commune" title="Jus commune">Jus commune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decretales_Gregorii_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Decretales Gregorii IX">Decretals of Gregory IX</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretalist" title="Decretalist">Decretalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regul%C3%A6_Juris#Catholic_canonical_use" title="Regulæ Juris">Regulæ Juris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extravagantes" title="Extravagantes">Extravagantes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Septimus" title="Liber Septimus">Liber Septimus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Jus novissimum</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1563</span>-1918)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictus_Deus_(Pius_IV)" title="Benedictus Deus (Pius IV)"><i>Benedictus Deus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tametsi" title="Tametsi">Tametsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apostolicae_Sedis_moderationi" title="Apostolicae Sedis moderationi">Apostolicae Sedis moderationi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Jus codicis</i> (1918-present)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiae_Sanctae" title="Ecclesiae Sanctae">Ecclesiae Sanctae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contractum_trinius" title="Contractum trinius">Contractum trinius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_judge-delegate" title="Papal judge-delegate">Papal judge-delegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_Option" title="Right of Option">Right of option</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_canon_law" title="Eastern Catholic canon law">Eastern law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_canonical_reforms_of_Pius_XII" title="Eastern canonical reforms of Pius XII">Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomocanon" title="Nomocanon">Nomocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarch#Modern_Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Exarch">Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholic_faithful" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful">Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protosyncellus" title="Protosyncellus">Protosyncellus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Liturgical law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dt>Latin Church</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_liturgical_days_in_the_Roman_Rite" title="Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite">Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Instruction_of_the_Roman_Missal" title="General Instruction of the Roman Missal">General Instruction of the Roman Missal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Rubrics" title="Code of Rubrics">Code of Rubrics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">Sacrosanctum Concilium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mysterii_Paschalis" title="Mysterii Paschalis">Mysterii Paschalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicam_sacram" title="Musicam sacram">Musicam sacram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scripturarum_thesaurus" title="Scripturarum thesaurus">Scripturarum thesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liturgiam_authenticam" title="Liturgiam authenticam">Liturgiam authenticam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quattuor_abhinc_annos" title="Quattuor abhinc annos">Quattuor abhinc annos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_Dei" title="Ecclesia Dei">Ecclesia Dei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summorum_Pontificum" title="Summorum Pontificum">Summorum Pontificum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnum_principium" title="Magnum principium">Magnum principium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Traditionis_custodes" title="Traditionis custodes">Traditionis custodes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Mass" title="Red Mass">Red Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">Holy day of obligation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacramental law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_844" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon 844"><i>Communicatio in sacris</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">Ex opere operato</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnium_in_mentem" title="Omnium in mentem">Omnium in mentem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">Validity and liceity</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments in the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy Orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediment (Catholic canon law)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstemius" title="Abstemius">Abstemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defect_of_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Defect of birth">Defect of birth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Obligation of celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">Nullity of Sacred Ordination</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apostolicae_curae" title="Apostolicae curae">Apostolicae curae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimissorial_letters" title="Dimissorial letters">Dimissorial letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrator#Catholic_Church" title="Consecrator">Episcopal consecrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approbation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Approbation (Catholic canon law)">Approbation (Catholic canon law)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Confession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penitential_canons" title="Penitential canons">Penitential canons</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paenitentiale_Theodori" title="Paenitentiale Theodori">Paenitentiale Theodori</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confessional_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the Confessional in the Catholic Church">Seal of the Confessional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_and_external_forum_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal and external forum (Catholic canon law)">Internal and external forum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Note_on_the_importance_of_the_internal_forum_and_the_inviolability_of_the_Sacramental_Seal" title="Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal">Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_penitentiary" title="Canon penitentiary">Canon penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complicit_absolution" title="Complicit absolution">Complicit absolution</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sacramentum_Poenitentiae" title="Sacramentum Poenitentiae">Sacramentum Poenitentiae</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_discipline#Catholic_practice" title="Eucharistic discipline">Eucharistic discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_915" title="Canon 915">Canon 915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebret" title="Celebret">Celebret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stipend" title="Mass stipend">Mass stipend</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sacramental#Catholic" title="Sacramental">Sacramentals</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgence</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Indulgentiarum_doctrina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indulgentiarum doctrina">Indulgentiarum doctrina</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sacred places</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Altar in the Catholic Church">Altars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Major basilica">Major basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">Minor basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_(worship)#Catholic_Church" title="Oratory (worship)">Oratory</a> (chapel)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Sacred times</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church">Fast days and abstinence</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paenitemini" title="Paenitemini">Paenitemini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">Holy day of obligation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimonial law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li>Canonical form (Latin Church) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tametsi" title="Tametsi">Tametsi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ne_Temere" title="Ne Temere">Ne Temere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banns_of_marriage#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Banns of marriage">Banns of marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_nullity" title="Declaration of nullity">Declaration of Nullity</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_connubii" title="Dignitas connubii">Dignitas connubii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_nullity_trial_reforms_of_Pope_Francis" title="Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis">Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vetitum" title="Vetitum">Vetitum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Defender of the Bond">Defender of the Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediments to Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Affinity (Catholic canon law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Clandestinity (Catholic canon law)">Clandestinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_of_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Impediment of crime">Impediment of crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparity_of_cult" title="Disparity of cult">Disparity of cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligamen" title="Ligamen">Ligamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_propriety" title="Public propriety">Public propriety</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_dispensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrimonial dispensation">Matrimonial dispensation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratum_sed_non_consummatum" title="Ratum sed non consummatum">Ratum sed non consummatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Validation_of_marriage" title="Validation of marriage">Sanatio in radice</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_marriage" title="Natural marriage">Natural marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_privilege" title="Pauline privilege">Pauline privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrine_privilege" title="Petrine privilege">Petrine privilege</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Supreme authority, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">particular churches</a>, and canonical structures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dt>Supreme authority of the Church</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Roman Pontiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Bishops" title="College of Bishops">College of Bishops</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Conference of bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a></dt></dl> <ul><li>Churches <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui juris</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li></ul></li> <li>Local particular churches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointment_of_Catholic_bishops" title="Appointment of Catholic bishops">Appointment of bishops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbey" title="Territorial abbey">Abbacy <i>nullius</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Apostolic vicariate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_vicariate" title="Apostolic vicariate">Apostolic vicar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administration" title="Apostolic administration">Apostolic administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administration" title="Apostolic administration">Apostolic administrator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese (Roman Catholic)">Diocese/Archdiocese</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeque_principaliter" title="Aeque principaliter">Aeque principaliter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathedraticum" title="Cathedraticum">Cathedraticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_persona_episcopi" title="In persona episcopi">In persona episcopi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_(Catholic_Church)" title="Curia (Catholic Church)">Diocesan Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderator_of_the_curia" title="Moderator of the curia">Moderator of the Curia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_chancery#Catholic_dioceses" title="Diocesan chancery">Chancery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deanery" title="Deanery">Deanery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_forane" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar forane">Vicar forane</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia_(Catholic_Church)#Patriarchal_curia" title="Curia (Catholic Church)">Eparchal curia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_ordinariate" title="Military ordinariate">Military ordinariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_sui_iuris" title="Mission sui iuris">Mission <i>sui juris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Personal ordinariate</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Anglicanorum Coetibus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Juridic persons</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parish_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish in the Catholic Church">Parish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Team_of_priests_in_solidum" title="Team of priests in solidum">Team of priests <i>in solidum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">Collegiate church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">Parish register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusteeism" title="Trusteeism">Lay trusteeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Pontifical council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_prelature" title="Personal prelature">Personal prelature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_membership_of_Opus_Dei" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of membership of Opus Dei">Types of membership of Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Association of the Christian faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_general" title="Vicar general">Vicar general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquennial_visit_ad_limina" title="Quinquennial visit ad limina">Quinquennial visit ad limina</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Jurisprudence of Catholic canon law">Jurisprudence</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_coronation" title="Canonical coronation">Canonical coronation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canonically_crowned_images" title="List of canonically crowned images">Canonically crowned images</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computation_of_time_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Computation of time (Catholic canon law)">Computation of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Custom (Catholic canon law)">Custom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delegata_potestas_non_potest_delegari" title="Delegata potestas non potest delegari">Delegata potestas non potest delegari</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derogation" title="Derogation">Derogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Dispensation (Catholic canon law)">Dispensation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taxa_Innocentiana" title="Taxa Innocentiana">Taxa Innocentiana</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_faculties_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical faculties (Catholic canon law)">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indult" title="Indult">Indult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impediment_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Impediment (Catholic canon law)">Impediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Donation (Catholic canon law)">Donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Interpretation (Catholic canon law)">Interpretation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Legislative_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts">Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritus" title="Peritus">Peritus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obreption_and_subreption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Obreption and subreption (Catholic canon law)">Obreption & subreption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obrogation" title="Obrogation">Obrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promulgation_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Promulgation (Catholic canon law)">Promulgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">Resignation of the Roman Pontiff</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">Sede vacante</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simony#Catholic_Church" title="Simony">Simony</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vacatio_legis" title="Vacatio legis">Vacatio legis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Validity_and_liceity_(Catholic_Church)" title="Validity and liceity (Catholic Church)">Validity and liceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_visitation" title="Canonical visitation">Visitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_visitor" title="Apostolic visitor">Apostolic visitor</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Determinatio" title="Determinatio">Determinatio</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Temporal goods (property)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benefice#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Benefice">Benefice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cathedraticum" title="Cathedraticum">Cathedraticum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Contract (Catholic canon law)">Contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_stipend" title="Mass stipend">Mass stipend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altarage" title="Altarage">Stole fee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporalities" title="Temporalities">Temporalities</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Law of persons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Person (Catholic canon law)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_act_of_defection_from_the_Catholic_Church" title="Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church">Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Canonical age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_emancipation" title="Ecclesiastical emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Exemption (Catholic canon law)">Exemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Heresy in the Catholic Church">Heresy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Clerics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">Secular clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_clergy" title="Regular clergy">Regular clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Obligation of celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_priests_in_public_office" title="Catholic priests in public office">Clerics and public office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incardination_and_excardination" title="Incardination and excardination">Incardination and excardination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of clerical state (Catholic Church)">Laicization (dispensation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_faculties_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical faculties (Catholic canon law)">Canonical faculties</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Office</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_provision" title="Canonical provision">Canonical provision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_election" title="Canonical election">Canonical election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Person_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Person (Catholic canon law)">Juridic and physical persons</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_patronatus" title="Jus patronatus">Jus patronatus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations of the faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Canonical documents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Sanctae_Sedis" class="mw-redirect" title="Acta Sanctae Sedis">Acta Sanctae Sedis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Censor librorum</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Imprimatur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimi_potest" title="Imprimi potest">Imprimi potest</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notary_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Notary (Catholic canon law)">Notary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protonotary_apostolic" title="Protonotary apostolic">Protonotary apostolic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">Apostolic constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Decree (Catholic canon law)">Decree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretal" title="Decretal">Decretal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">Encyclical</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">Motu proprio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(canon_law)#Catholic_Church" title="Ordinance (canon law)">Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_brief" title="Papal brief">Papal brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitential" title="Penitential">Penitential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_positive_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical positive law">Positive law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_rescripts" title="Papal rescripts">Rescript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">Parish register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical Latin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Penal law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_1324" title="Canon 1324">Canon 1324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_1397_%C2%A72" title="Canon 1397 §2">Canon 1397 §2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Censure (Catholic canon law)">Censure (Catholic canon law)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_delictis_gravioribus" title="De delictis gravioribus">De delictis gravioribus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complicit_absolution" title="Complicit absolution">Complicit absolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crimen_sollicitationis" title="Crimen sollicitationis">Crimen sollicitationis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excommunication_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunication (Catholic Church)">Excommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_excommunicable_offences_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church">List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_excommunicated_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church">List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cardinals_excommunicated_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church">List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">Interdict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_clerical_state_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of clerical state (Catholic Church)">Laicization (penal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latae_sententiae_and_ferendae_sententiae" title="Latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae"><i>Latae sententiae</i> and <i>ferendae sententiae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_prayer_and_penance" title="Life of prayer and penance">Lifetime of prayer and penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_admonitions" title="Canonical admonitions">Canonical admonitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_prison" title="Ecclesiastical prison">Ecclesiastical prison</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Procedural law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <dl><dt><i>Pars statica</i> (tribunals & ministers/parties)</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court#Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical court">Tribunals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Signatura" title="Apostolic Signatura">Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Tribunal of the Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ministers of Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_vicar" title="Judicial vicar">Judicial Vicar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Official#Ecclesiastical_judiciary" title="Official">Officialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Auditor (ecclesiastical)">Auditor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Defender of the Bond">Defender of the Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Procurator (Catholic canon law)">Procurator</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Pars dynamica</i> (trial procedure)</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_connubii" title="Dignitas connubii">Dignitas connubii</a></i> (matrimonial causes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_as_from_an_abuse" title="Appeal as from an abuse">Appeal as from an abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presumption_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Presumption (Catholic canon law)">Presumption</a></li> <li>Penal procedure <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vos_estis_lux_mundi" title="Vos estis lux mundi">Vos estis lux mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Canonization#Catholic_Church" title="Canonization">Canonization</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for the Causes of Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiorem_hac_dilectionem" title="Maiorem hac dilectionem">Maiorem hac dilectionem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_advocate" title="Devil's advocate"><i>Advocatus Diaboli</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oblatio_vitae" title="Oblatio vitae">Oblatio vitae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Positio" title="Positio">Positio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification_and_canonization_process_in_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatification and canonization process in 1914">Beatification and canonization process in 1914</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Election of the Roman Pontiff</dt></dl> <ul><li>Current law <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Universi_Dominici_gregis" title="Universi Dominici gregis">Universi Dominici gregis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_renunciation" title="Papal renunciation">Papal renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_reforms_of_Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Papal election reforms of Pope Benedict XVI">Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI</a></li></ul></li> <li>Historical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cum_proxime" title="Cum proxime">Cum proxime</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_exclusivae" title="Jus exclusivae">Jus exclusivae</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papal appointment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeterni_Patris_Filius" title="Aeterni Patris Filius">Aeterni Patris Filius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romano_Pontifici_eligendo" title="Romano Pontifici eligendo">Romano Pontifici eligendo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingravescentem_aetatem" title="Ingravescentem aetatem">Ingravescentem aetatem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ubi_periculum" title="Ubi periculum">Ubi periculum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quia_propter" title="Quia propter">Quia propter</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Legal practice and scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canon_law_legal_abbreviations_(Catholic_canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of canon law legal abbreviations (Catholic canon law)">List of legal abbreviations</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Academic degrees</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_Canon_Law" title="Licentiate of Canon Law">Licentiate of Canon Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Canon Law">Doctor of Canon Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_both_laws" title="Doctor of both laws">Doctor of both laws</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Journals and Professional Societies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_Law_Society_of_America" title="Canon Law Society of America">Canon Law Society of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jurist_(journal)" title="The Jurist (journal)">The Jurist</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt>Faculties of canon law</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Canon Law">School of Canon Law</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Canonists</dt></dl> <ul><li>Medieval <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Segusio" title="Henry of Segusio">Hostiensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lemoine" title="Jean Lemoine">Jean Lemoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Penyafort" title="Raymond of Penyafort">Raymond of Penyafort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinus_(decretist)" title="Rufinus (decretist)">Rufinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Teutonicus_Zemeke" title="Johannes Teutonicus Zemeke">Johannes Teutonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Trani" title="Geoffrey of Trani">Geoffrey of Trani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchard_of_Worms" title="Burchard of Worms">Burchard of Worms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocard_(law)" title="Brocard (law)">Brocard</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Modern & Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Corecco" title="Eugenio Corecco">Eugenio Corecco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Faris" title="John D. Faris">John D. Faris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Gasparri" title="Pietro Gasparri">Pietro Gasparri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislas_Orsy" title="Ladislas Orsy">Ladislas Orsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Peters" title="Edward N. Peters">Edward N. Peters</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Law of <a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">consecrated life</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_vow" title="Solemn vow">Solemn vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclaustration" title="Exclaustration">Exclaustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_Conscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifestation of Conscience">Manifestation of Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_erection_of_a_house_of_religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonical erection of a house of religious">Canonical erection of a house of religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_right" title="Pontifical right">Pontifical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_diocesan_right" title="Congregation of diocesan right">Diocesan right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Institutes_of_Consecrated_Life_and_Societies_of_Apostolic_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life">Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life" title="Institute of consecrated life">Institute of consecrated life</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Religious institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_congregation" title="Religious congregation">Congregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism#Roman_Catholicism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Canons regular">Canons regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">Mendicant orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerics_regular" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerics regular">Clerics regular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_institute" title="Secular institute">Secular institute</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cum_Sanctissimus" title="Cum Sanctissimus">Cum Sanctissimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primo_Feliciter" title="Primo Feliciter">Primo Feliciter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Provida_Mater_Ecclesia" title="Provida Mater Ecclesia">Provida Mater Ecclesia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">Society of apostolic life</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Decretum_laudis" title="Decretum laudis">Decretum laudis</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/17px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/26px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/34px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_canon_law" title="Template:Catholic canon law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_canon_law" title="Template talk:Catholic canon law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_canon_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic canon law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/220px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/330px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Gesupietrochiave.jpg/440px-Gesupietrochiave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Primacy of Simon Peter">According to Catholic doctrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> as the first pope.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Papal appointment</b> was a medieval method of selecting the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. Popes have always been selected by a council of Church fathers; however, <a href="/wiki/Papal_selection_before_1059" title="Papal selection before 1059">Papal selection before 1059</a> was often characterized by confirmation or nomination by secular European rulers or by the preceding pope.<sup id="cite_ref-cc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later procedures of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_conclave" title="Papal conclave">Papal conclave</a> are in large part designed to prohibit interference of secular rulers, which to some extent characterized the first millennium of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, e. g. in practices such as the creation of <a href="/wiki/Crown-cardinal" title="Crown-cardinal">crown-cardinals</a> and the claimed but invalid <i><a href="/wiki/Jus_exclusivae" title="Jus exclusivae">jus exclusivae</a></i>. Appointment may have taken several forms, with a variety of roles for the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> and civic leaders, Byzantine and Germanic emperors, and noble Roman families.<sup id="cite_ref-g20_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of the election vis-a-vis the general population and the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> was prone to vary considerably, with a nomination carrying weight that ranged from nearly determinative to merely suggestive, or as ratification of a concluded election. </p><p>The practice originated in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, where on many occasions the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> stepped in to resolve disputes over the legitimacy of Papal contenders. An important precedent from this period is an edict of <a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius (emperor)">Emperor Honorius</a>, issued after a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> he convoked to depose <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Eulalius" title="Antipope Eulalius">Antipope Eulalius</a>. The practice passed to, and grew with, the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">King of the Ostrogoths</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Emperor</a> (or his delegate, the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarch of Ravenna</a>). After an interregnum, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">Kings of the Franks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> (whose selection the Pope also <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor#Coronation" title="Holy Roman Emperor">sometimes influenced</a>), generally assumed the role of confirming Papal elections. For a period, today known as the "<a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">saeculum obscurum</a>", the practice passed from the Emperor to powerful Roman nobles—the <a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Tusculum" title="Counts of Tusculum">Counts of Tusculum</a>. </p><p>In many cases, the <a href="/wiki/Papal_coronation" title="Papal coronation">Papal coronation</a> was delayed until the election had been confirmed. Some <a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">antipopes</a> were similarly, putatively, appointed. The practice ended with the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a> (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_of_bishops" title="Confirmation of bishops">confirmation of bishops</a>) due largely to the efforts of Cardinal Hildebrand, the future <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a>, who was a guiding force in the selection of his four predecessors, and the 1059 <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a> <i><a href="/wiki/In_Nomine_Domini" class="mw-redirect" title="In Nomine Domini">In Nomine Domini</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Pope Nicholas II</a>; some writers consider this practice to be an extreme form of "investiture" in and of itself.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the practice was forbidden by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Antioch">Council of Antioch</a> (341) and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Rome" title="Council of Rome">Council of Rome</a> (465), the Bishops of Rome, as with other bishops, often exercised great control over selection of their successors, even after the sixth century.<sup id="cite_ref-colomer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colomer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, most popes of the fourth to twelfth centuries were nominated or confirmed by a secular power.<sup id="cite_ref-colomer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colomer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As to the earliest ages, St. Peter himself constituted a senate for the Roman Church, consisting of twenty-four priests and deacons. These were the councillors of the Bishop of Rome and the electors of his successors. This statement is drawn from a canon in the "Corpus Juris Canonici" (can. "Si Petrus", caus. 8, Q. 1). Historians and canonists, however, generally hold that the Roman bishopric was filled on its vacancy in the same manner as other bishoprics, that is, the election of the new pope was made by the neighbouring bishops and the clergy and faithful of Rome. Nevertheless, some maintain that the naming of the successor of St. Peter was restricted to the Roman clergy, and that the people were admitted to a part in the elections only after the time of Sylvester I (fourth century).<sup id="cite_ref-cc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Constantine had given peace to the Church, the Christian Roman emperors often took part in the institution of a new pope and at times their influence was very marked. From the fourth century onwards, therefore, a new force had to be reckoned with. The occasion for the interference of the Roman emperors and later of the kings of Italy was afforded by disputed elections to the papal chair. The most noted of the earlier instance was at the election of Boniface I (418). This gave occasion to the decree (c. 8, dist. 79) that when an election was disputed a new candidate should be chosen. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pope </th> <th>Pontificate </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter, Apostle, Saint</a> </td> <td>Reigned 33–67 </td> <td>According to Catholic doctrine, Peter was appointed Pope when Jesus said: "Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build My Church, and even the gates of Hell shall not prevail against it. Behold, I give you the keys to the kingdom of Heaven."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 Linus, Saint </td> <td>Reigned c.67 – 76 </td> <td>elected by Church fathers following martyrdom of St. Peter </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Anacletus, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 76–88 </td> <td>aka Cletus </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 Clement I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 88–97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 Evaristus, Saint </td> <td>Reigned c.98 – c.106 </td> <td>Aristus in the Liberian Catalogue </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 Alexander I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned c.106 – 115 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 Sixtus I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 115–125 XYSTUS in the oldest documents </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 Telesphorus, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 125–136 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 Hyginus, Saint </td> <td>Reigned c.136 – 140 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 Pius I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned c.140 – c.154 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 Anicetus, Saint </td> <td>Reigned c.157 – 168 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Soter, Saint </td> <td>Reigned c.166 – c.174 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 Eleutherius, Saint </td> <td>Reigned c.175 – 189 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 Victor I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 189 – c.198 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 Zephyrinus, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 198–217 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 Callistus I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 218 – c.222 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 Urban I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 222–230 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 Pontian, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 230–235 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 Anterus, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 235–236 </td> <td>aka Anteros </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 Fabian, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 236–250 </td> <td>A dove flew into the crowd and settled on Fabian’s head; the gathered clergy and laity took this as a sign that Fabian had been anointed by the Holy Spirit, and he was chosen the 20th Pope by acclamation<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 Cornelius, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 251–253 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 Lucius I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 253–254 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 Stephen I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 254–257 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 Sixtus II, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 257–258 </td> <td>XYSTUS in the oldest documents </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 Dionysius, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 260–268 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 Felix I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 269–274 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 Eutychianus, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 275–283 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 Caius, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 283–296 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 Marcellinus, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 296–304 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 Marcellus I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 308–309 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 Eusebius, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 309 or 310 </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 Miltiades, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 311–314 </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 Sylvester I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 314–335 </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 Mark, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 336; aka Marcus </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 Julius I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 337–352 </td></tr> <tr> <td>36 Liberius </td> <td>Reigned 352–366 </td> <td>Considered a saint by the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches but not officially canonized by the Roman Catholic Church </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 Damasus I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 366–383 </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 Siricius, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 384–399 </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 Anastasius I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 399–401 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 Innocent I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 401–417 </td></tr> <tr> <td>41 Zosimus, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 417–418 </td></tr> <tr> <td>42 Boniface I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 418–422 </td></tr> <tr> <td>43 Celestine I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 422–432 </td></tr> <tr> <td>44 Sixtus III, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 432–440 </td> <td>XYSTUS in the oldest documents </td></tr> <tr> <td>45 Leo I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 440–461 </td></tr> <tr> <td>46 Hilarus, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 461–468 </td></tr> <tr> <td>47 Simplicius, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 468–483 </td></tr> <tr> <td>48 Felix III (II), Saint </td> <td>Reigned 483–492 </td></tr> <tr> <td>49 Gelasius I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 492–496 </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 Anastasius II </td> <td>Reigned 496–498 </td></tr> <tr> <td>51 Symmachus, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 498–514 </td></tr> <tr> <td>52 Hormisdas, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 514–523 </td></tr> <tr> <td>53 John I, Saint </td> <td>Reigned 523 – c.526 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ostrogoths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 22, 498, both <a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Pope Symmachus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Laurentius" title="Antipope Laurentius">Antipope Laurentius</a> were elected pope; both <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anastasius I (emperor)">Byzantine Emperor Anastasius I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a> King <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a> originally supported Laurentius, who was installed in the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Palace" title="Lateran Palace">Lateran Palace</a>, but Symmachus prevailed when Theodoric expelled Laurentius from Rome, fearing that he was too influenced by the Byzantine ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Appointer </th> <th width="*">Pope </th> <th width="*">Pontificate </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric the Great</a>/<a href="/wiki/Athalaric" title="Athalaric">Athalaric</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a> </td> <td>July 13, 526 – September 22, 530 </td> <td>"On Theodoric's recommendation, Felix was elected pope, and his election was confirmed by Athalaric, the successor of Theodoric"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Appointed "for all practical purposes" by Theodoric<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Pope Felix IV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Athalaric" title="Athalaric">Athalaric</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Boniface II</a> </td> <td>September 17, 530 – October 532 </td> <td>Appointment meant to avoid split between "Byzantine" and "Gothic" factions<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Athalaric" title="Athalaric">Athalaric</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">John II</a> </td> <td>January 2, 533 – May 8, 535 </td> <td>During the <i><a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">sede vacante</a></i> of over two months, "shameless trafficking in sacred things was indulged in. Even sacred vessels were exposed for sale. The matter was brought before the Senate, and before the Arian Ostrogothic Court at Ravenna" (c.f. <i>Senatus Consultum</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Theodahad" title="Theodahad">Theodahad</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a> </td> <td>May 13, 535 – April 22, 536 </td> <td>"Theodahad was well placed to coerce the new pope Agapetus, for he had been elected with his support"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a> </td> <td>June 8, 536 – June 20, 537 </td> <td>Legitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Pope Hormisdas</a><sup id="cite_ref-c99_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c99-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Byzantine">Byzantine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Byzantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy" title="Byzantine Papacy">Byzantine Papacy</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:100%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div style="text-align:left;">"We have reached the turning-point in Papal history. There had been a <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_Dukes" title="Rule of the Dukes">Duke of Rome</a>, resident of the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_Palace" title="Flavian Palace">Imperial house on the Palatine</a>; an <i>exercitus Romanus</i>, which comprised the nobles who, however mixed their blood, fabled a descent from the <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(gens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelia (gens)">Cornelii</a> and the other Patricians of classic renown; last, but greatest, the <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a> held his court with its array of clerics about the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Holy_Saviour" title="Monastery of the Holy Saviour">Church of the Saviour</a>. And how did he stand to Dukes and nobles? While the Emperor governed, he was a subject, his election not valid till confirmed from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horn" title="Golden Horn">Golden Horn</a>; and the "army," which claimed to be the Roman People, shared in his naming with the "venerable clergy." Now, was the Duke to continue when the Emperor has ceased? If not, the whole of Italy might be absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard Kingdom</a>, and the Pope, exercising a purely spiritual jurisdiction, would still have been a subject, liable to the military chief at <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, whose government he would consecrate but never share."</div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Barry" title="William Francis Barry">William Francis Barry</a>, 1902<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Appointer </th> <th width="*">Pope </th> <th width="*">Pontificate </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vigilius" title="Pope Vigilius">Vigilius</a> </td> <td>March 29, 537 – 555 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-c99_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c99-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously appointed by his successor <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_II" title="Pope Boniface II">Pope Boniface II</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_I" title="Pope Pelagius I">Pelagius I</a> </td> <td>April 16, 556 – March 4, 561 </td> <td>"Pelagius, as the nominee of Justinian, at once succeeded on his arrival in Rome, but most of the clergy, suspecting his orthodoxy, and believing him to have had some share in the unlooked-for removal of his predecessor, shunned his fellowship, and only two bishops and presbyter could be got to take part in his ordination to the pontificate"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_III" title="Pope John III">John III</a> </td> <td>July 17, 561 – July 13, 574 </td> <td>"At the death of Pelagius I, Rome had been under Byzantine control for many years, and according to the procedure imposed by Constantinople, the name of the elected candidate had to be submitted to the emperor for approval. This explains the long vacancy [...]"<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_I" title="Pope Benedict I">Benedict I</a> </td> <td>June 2, 575 – June 30, 579 </td> <td>"The ravages of the Lombards rendered it very difficult to communicate with the emperor at Constantinople, who claimed the privilege of confirming the election of the popes. Hence there was a vacancy of nearly eleven months between the death of John III and the arrival of the imperial confirmation of Benedict's election, 2 June, 575."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pelagius_II" title="Pope Pelagius II">Pelagius II</a> </td> <td>November 26, 579 – February 7, 590 </td> <td>"He succeeded Benedict I, when the Lombards were besieging Rome, but his consecration was delayed in the hope of securing the confirmation of the election by the emperor. But the blockade of Rome by the Lombards, and their control of the great thoroughfares was effective and, after four months, he was consecrated (26 Nov., 579)."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a> </td> <td>September 3, 590 – March 12, 604 </td> <td>"The choice of a successor lay with the clergy and people of Rome, and without any hesitation they elected Gregory [... Gregory] wrote personally to the Emperor Maurice, begging him with all earnestness not to confirm the election. Germanus, prefect of the city, suppresses this letter, however, and sent instead of it the formal schedule of the election. In the interval while awaiting the emperor's reply the business of the vacant see was transacted by Gregory [...] At length, after six months of waiting, came the emperor's confirmation of Gregory's election."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sabinian" title="Pope Sabinian">Sabinian</a> </td> <td>September 13, 604 – February 22, 606 </td> <td>"[...] chosen to succeed Gregory soon after the death of that great pontiff; but as the imperial confirmation of his election did not arrive for some months, he was not consecrated till September."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_III" title="Pope Boniface III">Boniface III</a> </td> <td>February 19, 607 – November 12, 607 </td> <td>"[...] as apocrisiarius, or legate, to the court of Constantinople, where, by his tact and prudence, he appears to have gained the favourable regard of the Emperor Phocas"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a> </td> <td>August 25, 608 – May 8, 615 </td> <td>"Boniface obtained leave from the Emperor Phocas [...]"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Severinus" title="Pope Severinus">Severinus</a> </td> <td>October 638 – August 2, 640 </td> <td>"Severinus [...] was elected [...] and envoys were at once sent to Constantinople, to obtain the confirmation of his election (Oct., 638). But the emperor, instead of granting the confirmation, ordered Severinus to sign his <i>Ecthesis</i> [...] This the pope-elect refused to do [...] Meanwhile his envoys at Constantinople, [...] finally secured the imperial confirmation."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exarchate_of_Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exarchate of Ravenna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Appointer </th> <th width="*">Pope </th> <th width="*">Pontificate </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_the_Armenian" title="Isaac the Armenian">Isaac the Armenian</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IV" title="Pope John IV">John IV</a> </td> <td>December 24, 640 – October 12, 642 </td> <td>"As John's consecration followed very soon after his election, it is supposed that the papal elections were now confirmed by the exarchs resident at Ravenna."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Theodore_I" title="Pope Theodore I">Theodore I</a> </td> <td>November 24, 642 – May 14, 649 </td> <td>"His election as pope was promptly confirmed by the Exarch of Ravenna, perhaps because he was a Greek, and he was consecrated 24 Nov., 642."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a> </td> <td>July 649 – September 16, 655 </td> <td>"After his election, Martin had himself consecrated without waiting for the imperial confirmation, and soon called a council in the Lateran [...] The Acts with a Greek translation were also sent to the Emperor Constans II."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Calliopas" title="Theodore I Calliopas">Theodore I Calliopas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a> </td> <td>August 10, 654 – June 2, 657 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a> </td> <td>July 30, 657 – January 27, 672 </td> <td>"Like his predecessor, Vitalian sought to restore the connection with Constantinople by friendly advances to the Eastern Emperor Constans II (641-668) and to prepare the way for the settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelite controversy</a>. He sent letters (<i>synodica</i>) announcing his elevation by envoys both to the emperor and to Patriarch Peter of Constantinople [...]"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Byzantine_2">Byzantine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Byzantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Appointer </th> <th width="*">Pope </th> <th width="*">Pontificate </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a> </td> <td>December 681 – July 3, 683 </td> <td>"Though elected pope a few days after the death of St. Agatho (10 June, 681), he was not consecrated till after the lapse of a year and seven months (17 Aug., 682). Under Leo's predecessor St. Agatho, negotiations had been opened between the Holy See and Emperor Constantine Pogonatus concerning the relations of the Byzantine Court to papal elections. Constantine had already promised Agatho to abolish or reduce the tax which for about a century the popes had had to pay to the imperial treasury on the occasion of their consecration, and under Leo's successor he made other changes in what had hitherto been required of the Roman Church at the time of a papal election. In all probability, therefore, it was continued correspondence on this matter which caused the delay of the imperial confirmation of Leo's election, and hence the long postponement of his consecration."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exarchate_of_Ravenna_2">Exarchate of Ravenna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exarchate of Ravenna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Appointer </th> <th width="*">Pope </th> <th width="*">Pontificate </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_(exarch)" title="Theodore II (exarch)">Theodore II</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a> </td> <td>683/June 26, 684 – May 8, 685 </td> <td>"To abridge the vacancies of the Holy See which followed the deaths of the popes, he obtained from the Emperor Constantine Pogonatus a decree which either abolished imperial confirmations altogether or made them obtainable from the exarch in Italy."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_V" title="Pope John V">John V</a> </td> <td>July 12, 685 – August 2, 686 </td> <td>"The necessity of waiting for the imperial confirmation of papal elections having been abolished by Constantine Pognatus, John was straightway conducted to the Lateran palace as pope."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_(exarch)" title="Theodore II (exarch)">Theodore II</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Conon" title="Pope Conon">Conon</a> </td> <td>October 21, 686 – September 22, 687 </td> <td>"He was consecrated (21 October, 686) after notice of his election had been sent to the Exarch of Ravenna, or after it had been confirmed by him."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a> </td> <td>December 15, 687 – September 8, 701 </td> <td>"While Pope Conon lay dying, the archdeacon Pascal offered the exarch a large sum to bring about his election as his successor. Through the exarch's influence the archdeacon was accordingly elected by a number of people; about the same time another faction elected the archpriest Theodore. The mass of clergy and people, however, set them both aside and chose Sergius, who was duly consecrated."<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_1913_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia_1913-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VI" title="Pope John VI">John VI</a> </td> <td>March 1, 705 – October 18, 707 </td> <td>"Some time during his reign there came to Rome from Sicily Theophylactus, "chamberlain, patricius, and exarch of Italy". After the treatment which some of his predecessors in the exarchate had meted out to the popes, [...] local militias hurriedly marched to Rome [...] To avoid bloodshed, John sent a number of priests to them, and succeeded in pacifying them; as far at least as the exarch himself was concerned. [...] Taking advantage of this [...] the Lombards renewed their attacks [...] Several towns belonging to the Duchy of Rome were seized, Gisulf advanced as far as "Horrea" Puteoli - or perhaps the "fundus Horrea" at the fifth milestone on the Via Latina. As "there was no one who had power to resist him by force of arms", the pope [...] sent a number of priests furnished with money into the camp of the Lombard duke."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eutychius_(exarch)" title="Eutychius (exarch)">Eutychius</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a> </td> <td>March 18, 731 – November 28, 741 </td> <td>"[...] the Romans elected him pope by <a href="/wiki/Acclamation" title="Acclamation">acclamation</a>, when he was accompanying the funeral procession of his predecessor, 11 February, 731. As he was not consecrated for more than a month after his election, it is presumed that he waited for the confirmation of his election by the exarch at Ravenna."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a> </td> <td>December 3, 741 – March 14/March 22, 752 </td> <td>"After the burial of his predecessor Gregory III on 29 November, 741, he was immediately and unanimously elected pope and consecrated and enthroned on 5 December. [...] Soon after his elevation he notified Constantinople of his election; it is noticeable that his <i>synodica</i> (letter) was not addressed to the iconoclastic Patriarch Anastasius but to the Church of Constantinople."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frankish_interregnum">Frankish interregnum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Frankish interregnum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Appointer </th> <th width="*">Pope </th> <th width="*">Pontificate </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II">Stephen II</a> </td> <td>March 26, 752 – April 26, 757 </td> <td>"He had at once to face the Lombards who were resolved to bring all Italy under their sway. With the capture of Ravenna (751), they had put an end to the power of the Byzantine exarchs and were preparing to seize the Duchy of Rome. In vain did Stephen apply for help to Constantinople [...] He accordingly [...] endeavoured to obtain assistance from Pepin and the Franks. [...] he went himself to Gaul to plead his cause before the Frankish king. Receiving a most favourable reception, he <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">crowned Pepin as King of the Franks</a> [...]"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a> </td> <td>May 29, 757 – June 28, 767 </td> <td>Brother of Stephen II; "While Paul was with his dying brother at the Lateran, a party of the Romans gathered in the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Tusculum" title="Counts of Tusculum">house of Archdeacon Theophylact</a> in order to secure the latter's succession to the papal see. However, immediately after the burial of Stephen (died 26 April, 757), Paul was elected by a large majority, and received episcopal consecration on the twenty-ninth of May. Paul continued his predecessor's policy towards the Frankish king, Pepin, and thereby continued the papal supremacy over Rome and the districts of central Italy in opposition to the efforts of the Lombards and the Eastern Empire."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III" title="Pope Stephen III">Stephen III</a> </td> <td>August 1, 767 – January 24, 772 </td> <td>"Paul I was not dead when trouble began about the election of his successor. Toto of Nepi with a body of Tuscans burst into Rome, and, despite the opposition of the primicerius Christopher, forcibly intruded his brother Constantine, a layman, into the chair of Peter (June, 767). In the spring of 768, however, Christopher and his son Sergius contrived to escape from the city, and with the aid of the Lombards deposed the usurper. They were also able to overthrow the monk Philip, whom some of their Lombard allies had clandestinely elected pope. By their efforts Stephen [...] was at length canonically elected and consecrated (7 August, 768). [...] Through Stephen's support the archdeacon Leo was enabled to hold the See of Ravenna against a lay intruder, and in turn through the support of the brothers Charlemagne and Carloman, Kings of the Franks, Stephen was able to recover some territories from the Lombards. But their king, Desiderius [...] brought about a marriage between his daughter and Charlemagne, and in some mysterious manner effected the fall of the pope's chief ministers, Christopher and Sergius."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I" title="Pope Adrian I">Adrian I</a> </td> <td>August 1, 767 – December 26, 795 </td> <td>C.f. <a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius</a><br />"Pavia fell into the hands of Charles; the kingdom of the Lombards was extinguished, and the Papacy was forever delivered from its persistent and hereditary foe."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kings_of_the_Franks/Holy_Roman_Empire"><span id="Kings_of_the_Franks.2FHoly_Roman_Empire"></span>Kings of the Franks/Holy Roman Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kings of the Franks/Holy Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Appointer </th> <th width="*">Pope </th> <th width="*">Pontificate </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a> </td> <td>December 26, 795 – June 12, 816 </td> <td>"Pope Adrian died in 795 and Leo III was chosen to fill his place. This election Charlemagne confirmed, sending <a href="/wiki/Angilbert" title="Angilbert">Angilbert, Abbot of St. Regnier</a>, to Rome to carry to the new Pope admonitions about the proper filling of his office."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"He was elected on the very day his predecessor was buried (26 Dec., 795), and consecrated on the following day. It is quite possible that this haste may have been due to a desire on the part of the Romans to anticipate any interference of the Franks with their freedom of election."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a>* </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a> </td> <td>June 12, 816 – January 24, 817 </td> <td>"[...] he was elected pope and consecrated immediately after Leo's death, about 22 June, 816. He at once caused the Romans to take an oath to the Emperor Louis the Pious as their <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerain</a>, and he sent notice of his election to him. He then went to France and crowned Louis."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a> </td> <td>January 25, 817 – February 11, 824 </td> <td>"On the death of Stephen IV (24 January, 817) Paschal was unanimously chosen as his successor. On the following day he was consecrated and enthroned. He entered into relations with Emperor Louis, sending him several ambassadors in rapid succession. In 817 he received from the emperor a document, "Pactum Ludovicianum", confirming the rights and possessions of the Holy See. This document with later amendments is still extant [...]"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_II" title="Pope Eugene II">Eugene II</a> </td> <td>May 8, 824 – August 827 </td> <td>"[...] Pascal I [...] had turned for support to the Frankish power. [...] nobles [...] secured the consecration of Eugene [...] The election of Eugene II was a triumph for the Franks [...] Emperor Louis the Pious accordingly sent his son Lothair to Rome to strengthen the Frankish influence. [...] A concordat or constitution was then agreed upon between the pope and the emperor (824). [...] By command of the pope and Lothair the people had to swear that, saving the fidelity they had promised the pope, they would obey the Emperors Louis and Lothair; [...] and would not suffer the pope-elect to be consecrated save in the presence of the emperor's envoys."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IV" title="Pope Gregory IV">Gregory IV</a> </td> <td>827 – January 844 </td> <td>"This man [...] was raised to the chair of Peter [...] mainly by the instrumentality of the secular nobility of Rome who were then securing a preponderating influence in papal elections. But the representatives in Rome of the Emperor Louis the Pious would not allow him to be consecrated until his election had been approved by their master. This interference caused such delay that it was not, seemingly, till about March, 828, that he began to govern the Church."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_II" title="Pope Sergius II">Sergius II</a> </td> <td>January 844 – January 7, 847 </td> <td>"As Sergius was, after a disputed election, consecrated without any reference to the <a href="/wiki/Lothair_I" title="Lothair I">Emperor Lothaire</a>, the latter was indignant, and sent <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">his son Louis</a> with an army to examine into the validity of the election. But Sergius succeeded in pacifying Louis, whom he crowned king, but to whom he would not take an oath of fealty."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a> </td> <td>January 847 – July 17, 855 </td> <td>"[...] he was consecrated (10 April, 847) without the consent of the emperor."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_III" title="Pope Benedict III">Benedict III</a> </td> <td>855 – April 7, 858 </td> <td>"On the death of Leo IV (17 July, 855) Benedict was chosen to succeed him, and envoys were despatched to secure the ratification of the decree of election by the Emperors Lothaire and Louis II. But the legates betrayed their trust and allowed themselves to be influenced in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Anastasius_Bibliothecarius" title="Anastasius Bibliothecarius">ambitious and excommunicated Cardinal Anastasius</a>. The imperial missi, gained over in turn by them, endeavoured to force Anastasius on the Roman Church."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II of Italy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a> </td> <td>April 24, 858 – November 13, 867 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"In 858 Louis had come to Rome for the Easter celebrations; he had already begun his return journey, when he was greeted with the news of Pope Benedict's demise (17 April). He immediately went back to Rome, and by his influence decided the election of the deacon Nicholas. The clergy were in favour of another candidate, but as the emperor's choice had fallen on a man of worth, the election was confirmed without much ado."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"After Benedict's death (7 April, 858) the Emperor Louis II, who was in the neighbourhood of Rome, came into the city to exert his influence upon the election. On 24 April Nicholas was elected pope, and on the same day was consecrated and enthroned in St. Peter's in the presence of the emperor."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Unknown</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_II" title="Pope Adrian II">Adrian II</a> </td> <td>December 14, 867 – December 14, 872 </td> <td>"He strove to maintain peace among the greedy and incompetent descendants of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_I" title="Pope Marinus I">Marinus I</a> </td> <td>December 16, 882 – May 15, 884 </td> <td>"There is reason for believing that Marinus I was elected on the very day of the death of John VIII (16 Dec., 882), and that he was consecrated without waiting for the consent of the incompetent emperor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_V" title="Pope Stephen V">Stephen V</a> </td> <td>885 – September 14, 891 </td> <td>"He was consecrated in September, 885, without waiting for the imperial confirmation; but when <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a> found with what unanimity he had been elected he let the matter rest."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lambert_II_of_Spoleto" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambert II of Spoleto">Lambert II of Spoleto</a>* </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Romanus" title="Pope Romanus">Romanus</a> </td> <td>August 897 – November 897 </td> <td>"His coins bear the name of the Emperor Lambert, and his own monogram with 'Scs. Petrus'"<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_IX" title="Pope John IX">John IX</a> </td> <td>January 898 – January 900 </td> <td>"At this period factions filled the city of Rome, and one of them tried to force their candidate, Sergius, afterwards Sergius III, on the papal throne in opposition to John. Perhaps because he was favoured by the ducal House of Spoleto, John was able to maintain his position, and Sergius was driven from the city and excommunicated. [...] The Synod of Rome [...] decided that the pope-elect was not to be consecrated except in the presence of the imperial envoys."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Unknown</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_V" title="Pope Leo V">Leo V</a> </td> <td>July 903 – September 903 </td> <td>"Very little is known of him. We have no certainty either as to when he was elected or as to exactly how long he reigned."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counts_of_Tusculum">Counts of Tusculum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Counts of Tusculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Saeculum obscurum</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Appointer </th> <th width="*">Pope </th> <th width="*">Pontificate </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Marozia" title="Marozia">Marozia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Tusculum" title="Counts of Tusculum">Senatrix of Rome</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Sergius III</a> </td> <td>January 29, 904 – April 14, 911 </td> <td>Mistress of Marozia<sup id="cite_ref-g20_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_X" title="Pope John X">John X</a> </td> <td>March 914 – May 928 </td> <td>Appointed and then deposed by Marozia<sup id="cite_ref-g20_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VI" title="Pope Leo VI">Leo VI</a> </td> <td>May 928 – December 928 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-g20_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_VII" title="Pope Stephen VII">Stephen VII</a> </td> <td>December 928 – February 931 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-g20_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XI" title="Pope John XI">John XI</a> </td> <td>February/March 931 – December 935 </td> <td>Illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III" title="Pope Sergius III">Pope Sergius III</a> and Marozia, and half-brother of Alberic II<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alberic_II_of_Spoleto" title="Alberic II of Spoleto">Alberic II of Spoleto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senator_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Senator of Rome">Senator of Rome</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VII" title="Pope Leo VII">Leo VII</a> </td> <td>3 January 936 – 13 July 939 </td> <td>Cooperated with Henry I and Otto I<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marinus_II" title="Pope Marinus II">Marinus II</a> </td> <td>October 30, 942 – May 946 </td> <td>"[...] he was one of the popes placed on the throne of St. Peter by the power of Alberic, Prince of the Romans [...]"<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_II" title="Pope Agapetus II">Agapetus II</a> </td> <td>May 10, 946 – December 955 </td> <td>"The temporal power had practically vanished and Rome was ruled by the vigorous Princeps and Senator Albericht, who was the prototype of the later Italian tyrants."<sup id="cite_ref-cathag_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathag-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XII" title="Pope John XII">John XII</a> </td> <td>December 16, 955 – May 14, 964 </td> <td>Son of Alberic II<sup id="cite_ref-cathag_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathag-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"During his lifetime, his successor was virtually appointed in the person of Albericht's notorious son Octavian, later John XII, whose father forced the Romans to swear that they would elect him as their temporal and spiritual lord upon the demise of Agapetus."<sup id="cite_ref-cathag_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathag-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holy_Roman_Empire">Holy Roman Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Holy Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:100%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div style="text-align:left;">"Soon after the German Emperors were seated on the throne, the political subjection of the Pope is, as a matter of history, unquestionable. [...] For a time this doctrine was a formidable instrument in the hands of the Emperor. The great Protector of the Church, in the exercise of his office, watched over the interests of the Roman See, convened general councils, and claimed the tremendous prerogative of nominating, or at least confirming, the Pope. Such a prerogative was exercised from the times of Otho the Great to that of Henry IV. Henry III deposed three schismatical Popes, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_popes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German popes">nominated more than one German Pope</a>."</div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Phillimore,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Phillimore, 1st Baronet">Robert Phillimore</a>, 1855<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Appointer </th> <th width="*">Pope </th> <th width="*">Pontificate </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_V" title="Pope Benedict V">Benedict V</a> </td> <td>May 22, 964 – June 23, 964 </td> <td>"Benedict V was elected pope (May, 964) in very critical circumstances. The powerful emperor, Otho I, had forcibly deposed [...] John XII, and had replaced him by a nominee of his own who took the title of Leo VIII. But [...] the Romans expelled Leo, and on the death (14 May, 964) of [...] John XII, elected [...] Benedict [...] Otho [...] marched on Rome, seized Benedict, and put an end to his pontificate [...] After reinstating Leo, Otho left Rome and carried Benedict with him to Germany."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_VIII" title="Pope Leo VIII">Leo VIII</a> </td> <td>July 964 – March 1, 965 </td> <td>Sometimes considered an <a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">antipope</a> for the first year of his papacy<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">John XIII</a> </td> <td>October 1, 965 – September 6, 972 </td> <td>Brother of <a href="/wiki/Crescentius_the_Elder" title="Crescentius the Elder">Crescentius the Elder</a><br />"In presence of the imperial envoys, Liutprand, Bishop of Cremona, and Otgar, Bishop of Speyer, the emperor's candidate, John, Bishop of Narni, was elected pope, and crowned on 1 October, 965, as John XIII."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Benedict VI</a> </td> <td>January 19, 973 – June 974 </td> <td>Deposed and strangled by <a href="/wiki/Crescentius_the_Elder" title="Crescentius the Elder">Crescentius the Elder</a><br />"[...] the necessity of waiting for the ratification of the Emperor Otho delayed his consecration till 19 January, 973."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Benedict VII</a> </td> <td>October 974 – July 10, 983 </td> <td>Elected by the Roman clergy through the influence of Siccio, envoy of Otto II<br />Related to <a href="/wiki/Alberic_II_of_Spoleto" title="Alberic II of Spoleto">Alberic II of Spoleto</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Tusculum" title="Counts of Tusculum">Count of Tusculum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a> </td> <td>December 983 – August 20, 984 </td> <td>"After the death of Benedict VII, Bishop Peter Campanora of Pavia, earlier imperial chancellor of Italy, was elected pope with the consent of Emperor Otto II [...]"<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Unknown; existence is disputed</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">John XV</a> </td> <td>August 985 – March 996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crescentius_the_Younger" title="Crescentius the Younger">Crescentius the Younger</a> as <i>Patricius Romanorum</i> likely interfered in the succession of John XV, if, in fact, it occurred<br />"John remained throughout his pontificate under the influence of the powerful patricius, though he maintained friendly relations with the German court and with both empresses-Adelaide, widow of Otto I, and Theophano, widow of Otto II."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Gregory V</a> </td> <td>996–999 </td> <td>Cousin of Otto III; <a href="/wiki/Crescentius_the_Younger" title="Crescentius the Younger">Crescentius the Younger</a> and the Roman clergy did not choose a successor to John XV immediately, but rather deferred to Otto III to select one.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Sylvester II</a> </td> <td>April 2, 999 – May 12, 1003 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crescentii">Crescentii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crescentii"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crescentii" title="Crescentii">Crescentii</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Crescentius_the_Elder" title="Crescentius the Elder">Crescentius the Elder</a>, the brother of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIII" title="Pope John XIII">Pope John XIII</a>, had previously deposed and had strangled <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VI" title="Pope Benedict VI">Pope Benedict VI</a>, and helped install <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Boniface_VII" title="Antipope Boniface VII">Antipope Boniface VII</a> in Rome in opposition to the imperial candidates, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VII" title="Pope Benedict VII">Pope Benedict VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">Pope John XIV</a>, the latter of which perished in the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Castel Sant'Angelo</a> like Benedict V. <a href="/wiki/Crescentius_the_Younger" title="Crescentius the Younger">Crescentius the Younger</a>, the son of Crescentius the Elder, likely had a strong hand in the election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XV" title="Pope John XV">Pope John XV</a>, although the details of that papacy are incomplete and disputed. However, it is known that Crescentius the Younger deferred to <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor</a> for the choice of the successor of John XV: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">Pope Gregory V</a>, Otto III's cousin. Yet, not long afterward, disputes with the emperor and Gregory V caused Crescentius the Younger to support <a href="/wiki/Antipope_John_XVI" title="Antipope John XVI">Antipope John XVI</a>, who was deposed with some difficulty by Otto III, who proceeded to have John XVI mutilated and Crescentius the Younger killed. </p><p>Three years later, after a revolt in Rome involving <a href="/wiki/John_Crescentius" title="John Crescentius">John Crescentius</a>, the son of Crescentius the Younger, Otto III and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_II" title="Pope Sylvester II">Pope Sylvester II</a> were expelled from Rome; the three successors of Sylvester II (who was later permitted to return to Rome) were appointed by John Crescentius before he died in the spring of 1012, nearly simultaneously with Sergius IV, allowing the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Tusculum" title="Counts of Tusculum">Counts of Tusculum</a> to displace the Crescentii. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Appointer </th> <th width="*">Pope </th> <th width="*">Pontificate </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/John_Crescentius" title="John Crescentius">John Crescentius</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVII" title="Pope John XVII">John XVII</a> </td> <td>June 1003 – December 1003 </td> <td>Began in opposition to Gregory V<sup id="cite_ref-cc_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XVIII" title="Pope John XVIII">John XVIII</a> </td> <td>December 25, 1003 – July 1009 </td> <td>"He, too, owed his elevation to the influence of Crescentius."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_IV" title="Pope Sergius IV">Sergius IV</a> </td> <td>July 31, 1009 – May 12, 1012 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-cc_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counts_of_Tusculum_2">Counts of Tusculum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Counts of Tusculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Tusculum" title="Counts of Tusculum">Counts of Tusculum</a></div> <p>Unlike the Tusculan popes during the "<a href="/wiki/Saeculum_obscurum" title="Saeculum obscurum">Pornocracy</a>", Benedict VIII, John XIX, and Benedict IX were the Count of Tusculum themselves immediately prior to their becoming pope. Benedict VIII subjugated the Crescentii and made peace with the Holy Roman Empire, crowning <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> on February 14, 1014, nearly two years after his accession to the papacy. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:100%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div style="text-align:left;">"After the death of the last <i>patricius</i> of the House of Crescentius, the counts of Tusculum seized the authority in Rome, a scion of this family was raised to the papal throne as Benedict VIII, while his brother, Romanus, exercised the temporal power in the city as consul and senator. After Benedict's death Romanus, though a layman, was elected pope between 12 April and 10 May 1024, immediately after which he received all the orders in succession, took the name of John, and sought by lavish expenditure to win the Romans to his cause."</div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">J.P. Kirsch, 1913<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Appointer </th> <th width="*">Pope </th> <th width="*">Pontificate </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Tusculum" title="Counts of Tusculum">Counts of Tusculum</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII" title="Pope Benedict VIII">Benedict VIII</a> </td> <td>May 18, 1012 – April 9, 1024 </td> <td>Count of Tusculum immediately prior to becoming pope<sup id="cite_ref-cc_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"[...] though a layman, imposed on the chair of Peter by force (18 May 1012)"<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIX" title="Pope John XIX">John XIX</a> </td> <td>April/May 1024 – October 20, 1032 </td> <td>Count of Tusculum immediately prior to becoming pope; brother of Benedict VIII<sup id="cite_ref-cc_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_IX" title="Pope Benedict IX">Benedict IX</a> </td> <td>1032–1044 </td> <td>Count of Tusculum immediately prior to becoming pope; nephew of his two immediate predecessors as the son of their brother, <a href="/wiki/Alberic_III,_Count_of_Tusculum" title="Alberic III, Count of Tusculum">Alberic III, Count of Tusculum</a><br />"Regarding it as a sort of heirloom, his father Alberic placed him upon [the Chair of Peter] when a mere youth, not, however, apparently of only twelve years of age [...]"<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />First term; abdicated twice for financial reward (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_III" title="Pope Sylvester III">Pope Sylvester III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VI" title="Pope Gregory VI">Pope Gregory VI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-cc_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holy_Roman_Empire_2">Holy Roman Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Holy Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:100%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div style="text-align:left;">"In the autumn of 1046 the King of Germany, Henry III, crossed the Alps at the head of a large army and accompanied by a brilliant retinue of the secular and ecclesiastical princes of the empire, for the twofold purpose of receiving the imperial crown and of restoring order in the Italian Peninsula. The condition of Rome in particular was deplorable. In St. Peter's, the Lateran, and St. Mary Major's, sat three rival claimants to the papacy. [...] Two of them, Benedict IX and Sylvester III, represented rival factions of the Roman nobility [...] Gregory VI, was peculiar. [...] It was decided that he should summon a synod to meet at Sutri near Rome, at which the entire question should be ventilated. [...] Of the three papal claimants, Benedict refused to appear; he was again summoned and afterwards pronounced deposed at Rome. Sylvester was "stripped of his sacerdotal rank and shut up in a monastery". Gregory [...] deposed himself [...] the papal chair was declared vacant. As King Henry was not yet crowned emperor, he had no canonical right to take part in the new election; but the Romans had no candidate to propose and begged the monarch to suggest a worthy subject.<br /><br />[...] Short-sighted reformers [...] who saw in this surrender of the freedom of papal elections to the arbitrary will of the emperor the opening of a new era, lived long enough to regret the mistake that was made."</div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_F._Loughlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James F. Loughlin (page does not exist)">James F. Loughlin</a>, 1913<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Appointer </th> <th width="*">Pope </th> <th width="*">Pontificate </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_II" title="Pope Clement II">Clement II</a> </td> <td>December 25, 1046 – October 9, 1047 </td> <td>Proceeded to crown Henry III; first "German Pope"<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_II" title="Pope Damasus II">Damasus II</a> </td> <td>July 17, 1048 – August 9, 1048 </td> <td>With the concurrence of <a href="/wiki/Boniface_III_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface III of Tuscany">Boniface III of Tuscany</a><sup id="cite_ref-hhotw608_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhotw608-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a> </td> <td>February 12, 1048 – April 19, 1054 </td> <td>Selected by the emperor at an assembly in <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> with the concurrence of Roman nobles, with the subsequent assent of the Roman clergy;<sup id="cite_ref-hhotw608_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhotw608-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cousin of the emperor;<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought Hildebrand (future <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a>) to Rome with him.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_II" title="Pope Victor II">Victor II</a> </td> <td>April 13, 1055 – July 28, 1057 </td> <td>"After the death of Leo IX (19 April 1054) Cardinal-subdeacon Hildebrand came to the emperor at the head of a Roman legation with the urgent request to designate Gebhard as pope. At the Diet of Mainz, in September, 1054, the emperor granted this request, but Gebhard refused to accept the papal dignity. At a court Diet held at Ratisbon in March, 1055, he finally accepted the papacy, but only on condition that the emperor restored to the Apostolic See all the possessions that had been taken from it. The emperor consented to this condition and Gebhard accompanied Hildebrand to Rome, where he was formally elected and solemnly enthroned on Maundy Thursday [sic], 13 April 1055, taking the name of Victor II."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IX" title="Pope Stephen IX">Stephen IX</a> </td> <td>August 2, 1057 – March 29, 1058 </td> <td>"He was made cardinal-priest of St. Chrysogonus by Victor II, and, on the latter's death, he was freely chosen his successor, and consecrated on the following day (3 August 1057)."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_II" title="Pope Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a> </td> <td>December 6, 1058 – July 27, 1061 </td> <td>Promulgated <i><a href="/wiki/In_Nomine_Domini" class="mw-redirect" title="In Nomine Domini">In Nomine Domini</a></i> (1059)<br />"As soon as the news of the death of Stephen X at Florence reached Rome (4 April 1058). the Tusculan party appointed a successor in the person of John Mincius, Bishop of Velletri, under the name of Benedict X. His elevation, due to violence and corruption, was contrary to the specific orders of Stephen X that, at his death, no choice of a successor was to be made until Hildebrand's return from Germany. Several cardinals protested against the irregular proceedings, but they were compelled to flee from Rome. Hildebrand was returning from his mission when the news of these events reached him. He interrupted his journey at Florence, and after agreeing with Duke Godfrey of Lorraine-Tuscany upon Bishop Gerhard for elevation to the papacy, he won over part of the Roman population to the support of his candidate. An embassy dispatched to the imperial court secured the confirmation of the choice by the Empress Agnes. At Hildebrand's invitation, the cardinals met in December, 1058, at Siena and elected Gerhard who assumed the name of Nicholas II. On his way to Rome the new pope held at Sutri a well-attended synod at which, in the presence of Duke Godfrey and the imperial chancellor, Guibert of Parma, he pronounced deposition against Benedict X."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burchard_II,_Bishop_of_Halberstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchard II, Bishop of Halberstadt">Burchard II, Bishop of Halberstadt</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Alexander II</a> </td> <td>September 30, 1061 – April 21, 1073 </td> <td>"<a href="/wiki/Papal_election,_1061" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal election, 1061">Alexander's election was confirmed by an envoy</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a>* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a> </td> <td>April 22, 1073 – May 25, 1085 </td> <td>"Last pope whose election was confirmed by the Emperor"<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair III</a>*<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Innocent II</a> </td> <td>February 14, 1130 – September 24, 1143 </td> <td>"[...] the election of Innocent was ratified at a synod assembled at <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> at the request of the German king [...]"<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Papal_election,_1061" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal election, 1061">Papal election, 1061</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_anti-papal_appointments">List of anti-papal appointments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of anti-papal appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="*">Secular power </th> <th width="*">Antipope </th> <th width="*">Pontificate </th> <th width="50%">Notes </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Felix_II" title="Antipope Felix II">Felix II</a> </td> <td>355–358 </td> <td>Opposed to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Liberius" title="Pope Liberius">Pope Liberius</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Exarchate of Ravenna</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Theodore" title="Antipope Theodore">Theodore</a> </td> <td>687 </td> <td>"While Pope Conon lay dying, the archdeacon Pascal offered the exarch a large sum to bring about his election as his successor. Through the exarch's influence the archdeacon was accordingly elected by a number of people; about the same time another faction elected the archpriest Theodore. The mass of clergy and people, however, set them both aside and chose Sergius, who was duly consecrated."<sup id="cite_ref-Catholic_Encyclopedia_1913_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Encyclopedia_1913-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_III,_Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine">Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_III" title="Antipope Clement III">Clement III</a> </td> <td>1080–1100 </td> <td>Bishop of Ravenna at the time Rome was captured from the Countess <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Tuscany" title="Matilda of Tuscany">Matilda of Tuscany</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Gregory_VIII" title="Antipope Gregory VIII">Gregory VIII</a> </td> <td>March 10, 1118 – April 22, 1121 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Nicholas_V" title="Antipope Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a> </td> <td>May 12, 1328 – July 25, 1330 </td> <td>Opposed to <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cc_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11456a.htm">Fanning, William. "Papal Elections." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 6 October 2017]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g20-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g20_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g20_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g20_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g20_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g20_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greeley, 2005, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brauer, Jerald C., and Gerrish, Brian Albert. 1971. <i>The Westminster Dictionary of Church History</i>. Westminster Press. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-21285-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-21285-9">0-664-21285-9</a>. p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-colomer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-colomer_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-colomer_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Josep_M._Colomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Josep M. Colomer">Josep M. Colomer</a> and Iain McLean. (1998). "Electing Popes: Approval Balloting and Qualified-Majority Rule". <i>The Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i>, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 1-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usccb.org/bible/matthew/16/">Matthew 16:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saints.sqpn.com/pope-saint-fabian/">“Pope Saint Fabian“. CatholicSaints.Info. 4 February 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814002542/http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=List_of_Popes">"List of Popes - Original Catholic Encyclopedia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=List_of_Popes">the original</a> on 2014-08-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Popes+-+Original+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foce.catholic.com%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DList_of_Popes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeCormenin and de Lahaye, 1857, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 1842. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/pdf/Penny_cyclopaedia_of_the_Society_for_the.pdf?id=Ad9PAAAAMAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U1K0rfJZ99ekKVCZYZDzjDHG2fuTg">Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge</a></i>. C. Knight. p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holland, David. 1989. <i>The Encyclopedia Americana</i>. Grolier Incorporated. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7172-0120-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7172-0120-1">0-7172-0120-1</a>. p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulombe, 2003, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. 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New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Paul+I&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Stephen (III) IV"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Stephen_(III)_IV">"Pope Stephen (III) IV" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Stephen+%28III%29+IV&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Adrian I"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Adrian_I">"Pope Adrian I" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Adrian+I&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landone, Brown. 1917. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/pdf/Civilization.pdf?id=4UoQAAAAYAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U2_o_wIRuqiRA_yVr_bny13PuzWsw">Civilization: An Appreciation of the Victories of Scholarship, Science and Art</a></i>. I. Squire. p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Leo III"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Leo_III">"Pope Leo III" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Leo+III&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Stephen (IV) V"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Stephen_(IV)_V">"Pope Stephen (IV) V" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Stephen+%28IV%29+V&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Paschal I"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Paschal_I">"Pope Paschal I" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Paschal+I&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Eugene II"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Eugene_II">"Pope Eugene II" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Eugene+II&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Gregory IV"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Gregory_IV">"Pope Gregory IV" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Gregory+IV&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Sergius II"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Sergius_II">"Pope Sergius II" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Sergius+II&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Leo IV"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Leo_IV">"Pope Leo IV" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Leo+IV&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Benedict III"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Benedict_III">"Pope Benedict III" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Benedict+III&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, 1905, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duchesne, Louis. 1907. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/pdf/The_Beginnings_of_the_Temporal_Sovereign.pdf?id=BiRuqszCjf8C&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U0NsU5z8xwiJCPZ17ApPrwe6eFJHQ">The Beginnings of the Temporal Sovereignty of the Popes: A. D. 754-1073</a></i>. K. 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Johnson. p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Benedict V"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Benedict_V">"Pope Benedict V" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Benedict+V&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Newman, Albert Henry. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/pdf/A_Manual_of_Church_History.pdf?id=mbg9AAAAIAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U3_4QMmQtFKKd051yLS_Lrlo6NeCA">A Manual of Church History</a></i>. American Baptist publication society. p. 501.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryce Johnston, John Johnstone. 1807. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/pdf/A_Commentary_on_the_Revelation_of_St__Jo.pdf?id=0wI3AAAAMAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U0bQCpe6FqoOOx4rTqZQMzMgxsdmw">A Commentary on the Revelation of St. John</a></i>. Printed for William Creech. p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope John XIII"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_John_XIII">"Pope John XIII" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+John+XIII&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Benedict VI"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Benedict_VI">"Pope Benedict VI" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Benedict+VI&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope John XIV"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_John_XIV">"Pope John XIV" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+John+XIV&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. 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(1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Benedict VIII"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Benedict_VIII">"Pope Benedict VIII" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Benedict+VIII&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Benedict IX"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Benedict_IX">"Pope Benedict IX" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Benedict+IX&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Clement II"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Clement_II">"Pope Clement II" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Clement+II&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graboïs, 1980, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hhotw608-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hhotw608_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hhotw608_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/pdf/The_Historians__History_of_the_World.pdf?id=mRwQAAAAYAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U1MFUy3aEAtM58Sq1aud8-cHOxlcw&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0">The Historians' History of the World</a></i>. p. 608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doran, John. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/pdf/Monarchs_Retired_from_Business.pdf?id=PSULAAAAYAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U2vrj2p5yFVQ0uRcD5u5XdxW5qAcg">Monarchs Retired from Business</a></i>. Redfield. p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill, 1905, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuiper, B. K. 1988. <i>The Church in History</i>. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-1777-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-1777-7">0-8028-1777-7</a>. p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Victor II"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Victor_II">"Pope Victor II" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Victor+II&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Stephen (IX) X"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Stephen_(IX)_X">"Pope Stephen (IX) X" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Stephen+%28IX%29+X&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Nicholas II"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Nicholas_II">"Pope Nicholas II" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Nicholas+II&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Manual of Church History</i>. 1939. B. Herder. p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chetham Society. 1865. <i>Remains historical and literary connected with the Palatine counties</i>. Oxford University. p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watkin Wynn Williams. 1953. <i>Saint Bernard of Clairvaux</i>. Manchester University Press. p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Pope Innocent II"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Pope_Innocent_II">"Pope Innocent II" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pope+Innocent+II&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapal+appointment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulombe, 2003, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Duruy, Louis Edwin Van Norman. 1912. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/pdf/A_General_History_of_the_World.pdf?id=6b9FAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U0F802Ult-3H4iCpsYngF45DmC1cQ">A General History of the World</a></i>. The Review of Reviews Co. p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Willoughby Rosse, John Blair. 1858. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/pdf/An_Index_of_Dates.pdf?id=OfEMAAAAYAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U0XB-378hC04kCPRv-CxPYBrRWJAA">An Index of Dates</a></i>. H. G. Bohn. p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dahmus, 1984, p. 581.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Coulombe, Charles A. 2003. <i>Vicars of Christ: A History of the Popes</i>. Citadel Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8065-2370-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8065-2370-0">0-8065-2370-0</a>.</li> <li>Dahmus, Joseph Henry. 1984. <i>Dictionary of medieval civilization</i>. Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-907870-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-907870-9">0-02-907870-9</a>.</li> <li>Graboïs, Aryeh. 1980. <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Medieval Civilization</i>. Octopus.</li> <li>Greeley, Andrew M. 2005. <i>The Making of the Pope</i>. Little, Brown and Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-32560-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-32560-0">0-316-32560-0</a>.</li> <li>Hill, David Jayne. 1905. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/pdf/A_history_of_diplomacy_in_the_internatio.pdf?id=Ks8BAAAAYAAJ&output=pdf&sig=ACfU3U0L9Kx_YxKxxOHGwSvQC0bTZeL9kQ">A history of diplomacy in the international development of Europe</a></i>. Longmans, Green, and co.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&oldid=1276970804">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papal_appointment&oldid=1276970804</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caesaropapism" title="Category:Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Election_of_the_Pope" title="Category:Election of the Pope">Election of the Pope</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Investiture_Controversy" title="Category:Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Right_of_presentation" title="Category:Right of presentation">Right of presentation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 February 2025, at 21:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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