Rhea - reaction knowledgebase

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en"> <head> <title>Rhea - reaction knowledgebase</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <meta name="google" content="notranslate"></meta> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="description" content="An expert-curated knowledgebase of chemical and transport reactions of biological interest" /> <link rel="preload" href="/style/fonts/material-design.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="/style/css/reaction.761810c39648c4ed8a97.css" /> <script defer src="/js/customelements.js"></script>  <script> var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://matomo.sib.swiss/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '9']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.async=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script>  </head> <body> <template class="chebi-name-tooltip-template"> <ul> <li><a style="text-decoration: underline">Search chemical reactions</a> in Rhea for this molecule.</li> <li><a style="text-decoration: underline">Search Rhea</a> for molecules that contain or resemble this structure.</li> <li><a style="text-decoration: underline">See the description</a> of this molecule in ChEBI.</li> <li><a style="text-decoration: underline">Search proteins</a> in UniProtKB for this molecule.</li> </ul> </template> <template class="rheacomp-name-tooltip-template"> <ul> <li><a style="text-decoration: underline">Search chemical reactions</a> in Rhea for this molecule.</li> <li><a style="text-decoration: underline">Search proteins</a> in UniProtKB for this molecule.</li> </ul> </template> <template class="go-tooltip-template"> <ul> <li><a style="text-decoration: underline">See the description</a> of this term in AmiGO.</li> <li><a style="text-decoration: underline">See the description</a> of this term in QuickGO.</li> </ul> </template> <template class="ec-tooltip-template"> <ul> <li><a style="text-decoration: underline">Search chemical reactions</a> in Rhea for this EC number.</li> <li><a style="text-decoration: underline">Search proteins</a> in UniProtKB for this EC number.</li> <li><a style="text-decoration: underline">See the description</a> of this EC number.</li> </ul> </template> <input id="rheaId" type="hidden" value="40954"></input> <header class="row-container"> <div class="logos"> <a class="sib_logo" href="https://www.sib.swiss"> <img alt="SIB logo" height="50px" width="65px" src="/style/images/sib_logo_short.png" /> </a> <a class="rhea_logo" href="/"> <img alt="Rhea logo" height="50px" width="103px" src="/style/images/rhea_logo.png" /> </a> </div> <div class="formContainer column-container"> <div class="row-container"> <form id="searchForm" action="/rhea" method="get"> <input value="" type="text" autocomplete="off" id="query" name="query" placeholder="ex:adenosine / CHEBI:29748 / RHEA:16505 / 4.1.3.40 / inchikey:XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ..."></input> <button id="search-button" form="searchForm" type="submit">Search</button> </form> </div> <div class="row-container" style="align-items: center; margin-top: 5px;"> <rhea-search-examples></rhea-search-examples> <a id="advanced-search-button">Advanced search</a> <a id="browse-button">Browse</a> </div> </div> </header> <nav role="navigation" itemscope itemtype="http://www.schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" class="row-container"> <a itemprop="url" href="/structuresearch"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M4.59 6.89c.7-.71 1.4-1.35 1.71-1.22.5.2 0 1.03-.3 1.52-.25.42-2.86 3.89-2.86 6.31 0 1.28.48 2.34 1.34 2.98.75.56 1.74.73 2.64.46 1.07-.31 1.95-1.4 3.06-2.77 1.21-1.49 2.83-3.44 4.08-3.44 1.63 0 1.65 1.01 1.76 1.79-3.78.64-5.38 3.67-5.38 5.37 0 1.7 1.44 3.09 3.21 3.09 1.63 0 4.29-1.33 4.69-6.1H21v-2.5h-2.47c-.15-1.65-1.09-4.2-4.03-4.2-2.25 0-4.18 1.91-4.94 2.84-.58.73-2.06 2.48-2.29 2.72-.25.3-.68.84-1.11.84-.45 0-.72-.83-.36-1.92.35-1.09 1.4-2.86 1.85-3.52.78-1.14 1.3-1.92 1.3-3.28C8.95 3.69 7.31 3 6.44 3 5.12 3 3.97 4 3.72 4.25c-.36.36-.66.66-.88.93l1.75 1.71zm9.29 11.66c-.31 0-.74-.26-.74-.72 0-.6.73-2.2 2.87-2.76-.3 2.69-1.43 3.48-2.13 3.48z"/></svg> <span itemprop="name">Structure search</span> </a> <a itemprop="url" href="/mapping"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" enable-background="new 0 0 24 24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24"><g><rect fill="none" height="24" width="24" x="0"/></g><g><g><g><path d="M9.01,14H2v2h7.01v3L13,15l-3.99-4V14z M14.99,13v-3H22V8h-7.01V5L11,9L14.99,13z"/></g></g></g></svg> <span itemprop="name">Retrieve/ID mapping</span> </a> <a itemprop="url" class="sparqlEndpoint" href="https://sparql.rhea-db.org/sparql"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M3.9 12c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1h4V7H7c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5h4v-1.9H7c-1.71 0-3.1-1.39-3.1-3.1zM8 13h8v-2H8v2zm9-6h-4v1.9h4c1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1s-1.39 3.1-3.1 3.1h-4V17h4c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5z"/></svg> <span itemprop="name">SPARQL</span> </a> <a itemprop="url" href="/help/download"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M19.35 10.04C18.67 6.59 15.64 4 12 4 9.11 4 6.6 5.64 5.35 8.04 2.34 8.36 0 10.91 0 14c0 3.31 2.69 6 6 6h13c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5 0-2.64-2.05-4.78-4.65-4.96zM17 13l-5 5-5-5h3V9h4v4h3z"/></svg> <span itemprop="name">Download</span> </a> <a itemprop="url" href="/help"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z" fill="none"/><path d="M19.07 4.93l-1.41 1.41C19.1 7.79 20 9.79 20 12c0 4.42-3.58 8-8 8s-8-3.58-8-8c0-4.08 3.05-7.44 7-7.93v2.02C8.16 6.57 6 9.03 6 12c0 3.31 2.69 6 6 6s6-2.69 6-6c0-1.66-.67-3.16-1.76-4.24l-1.41 1.41C15.55 9.9 16 10.9 16 12c0 2.21-1.79 4-4 4s-4-1.79-4-4c0-1.86 1.28-3.41 3-3.86v2.14c-.6.35-1 .98-1 1.72 0 1.1.9 2 2 2s2-.9 2-2c0-.74-.4-1.38-1-1.72V2h-1C6.48 2 2 6.48 2 12s4.48 10 10 10 10-4.48 10-10c0-2.76-1.12-5.26-2.93-7.07z"/></svg> <span itemprop="name">Help</span> </a> <a itemprop="url" href="/feedback"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M20 4H4c-1.1 0-1.99.9-1.99 2L2 18c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h16c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V6c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 4l-8 5-8-5V6l8 5 8-5v2z"/></svg> <span itemprop="name">Feedback</span> </a> </nav>  <h2 class="rxnhead column-container"> <span class="row-container heading"> <span class="rheaid">RHEA:<span>40954</span></span> <span title="Reaction is a transport reaction" class="transport"> </span> <copy-reaction-button class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>Copy the textual chemical equation of the reaction in the clipboard.</p> </div> "></copy-reaction-button> <reaction-download-button class="tooltip-from-attribute" data-tippy-content="Download the reaction in RXN/RD format" label="get_app" leftToright="40952" rightToleft="40953"></reaction-download-button>  <textarea readonly style="transform:scale(0,0)" id="equationtext">(2S)-2-acetamido-4-aminobutanoate + H2O <=> L-2,4-diaminobutanoate + acetate</textarea> </span> <span class="rxndirection"> <span>Reaction with equal flow from both directions.</span> <sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>There are 4 types of reaction directions: undefined (the master Rhea reaction), left-to-right (forward direction), right-to-left (backward direction) or bidirectional.</p> </div> "> <i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i> </sup> </span> </h2> <aside> <ul> <li data-section="reaction-header">Reaction information</li> <li data-section="reaction-participants">Reaction participants</li> <li data-section="crossreferences">Cross-references</li> <li data-section="citations">Publications</li> <li data-section="comments">Comments</li> </ul> </aside>  <main> <section class="advanced-search" style="display:none"></section> <section class="reaction-header"> </section> <section class="reaction-participants"> <h2>Reaction participants <a class="participantsToggle tooltip-from-html" id="showParticipants" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>Show reaction participants details.</p> </div> " style="display:none">Show >></a> <a class="participantsToggle tooltip-from-html" id="hideParticipants" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>Hide reaction participants details.</p> </div> "><< Hide</a> </h2> <ul class="participants visible"> <li class="participant"> <span class="cell"> Name <sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>Rhea reaction participant name.<br /> For small molecule (CHEBI), the name used can differ from the ChEBI common name (it is called <em>UniProt name</em>).<br /> Source: Rhea biocuration.</p> </div> "><i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i></sup> </span> <span class="cell"> <a data-type="2" onclick="window.attachToolTip(this)" class="molName" data-molid="chebi:77587" smiles="true">(2<i>S</i>)-2-acetamido-4-aminobutanoate</a> </span> <span class="cell">Identifier</span> <span class="cell"> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=77587">CHEBI:77587</a> </span> <span class="cell">Charge</span> <span class="cell">0</span> <span class="cell">Formula</span> <span class="cell">C6H12N2O3</span> <span class="cell">InChIKey<sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>A hashed version of the full <em>InChI</em> (<strong>In</strong>ternational <strong>Ch</strong>emical <strong>I</strong>dentifier), which is a standard to encode molecular information (2D structure). <a href="/help/inchi-inchikey">More</a>...<br /> Source: ChEBI biocuration.</p> </div> "><i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i></sup></span> <span class="cell">SUUKRBBXVBJLSS-YFKPBYRVSA-N</span> <span class="cell">SMILES<sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>The <strong>S</strong>implified <strong>M</strong>olecular-<strong>I</strong>nput <strong>L</strong>ine-<strong>E</strong>ntry <strong>S</strong>ystem (SMILES) is a line notation describing the structure of chemical species using short ASCII strings. <a href="/help/smiles">More</a>...<br /> Source: ChEBI biocuration.</p> </div> "><i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i></sup></span> <span class="cell">CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC[NH3+])C([O-])=O</span> <span class="cell">2D coordinates</span> <span class="cell"> <a class="molfile" href="https://ftp.expasy.org/databases/rhea/ctfiles/mol/CHEBI_77587.mol"> Mol file for the small molecule </a> </span> <span class="cell">Search links</span> <span class="cell"> <a href="/rhea/?query=chebi:77587">Involved in 2 reaction(s)</a> <a class="similarproteinssearch" href="/structuresearch/?query=chebi:77587&landing=true">Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure</a> <a class="uniprotsearch" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/?query=chebi:77587"> Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule </a> </span> </li> <li class="participant"> <span class="cell"> Name <sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>Rhea reaction participant name.<br /> For small molecule (CHEBI), the name used can differ from the ChEBI common name (it is called <em>UniProt name</em>).<br /> Source: Rhea biocuration.</p> </div> "><i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i></sup> </span> <span class="cell"> <a data-type="2" onclick="window.attachToolTip(this)" class="molName" data-molid="chebi:15377" smiles="true">H<small><sub>2</sub></small>O</a> </span> <span class="cell">Identifier</span> <span class="cell"> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=15377">CHEBI:15377</a> <span> <span>(CAS: 7732-18-5)</span> <sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilstein%5Fdatabase">Beilstein Registry Number</a>. Source: ChEBI.</p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS%5FRegistry%5FNumber">Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number</a>. Source: ChEBI.</p> </div> "> <i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i> </sup> </span> </span> <span class="cell">Charge</span> <span class="cell">0</span> <span class="cell">Formula</span> <span class="cell">H2O</span> <span class="cell">InChIKey<sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>A hashed version of the full <em>InChI</em> (<strong>In</strong>ternational <strong>Ch</strong>emical <strong>I</strong>dentifier), which is a standard to encode molecular information (2D structure). <a href="/help/inchi-inchikey">More</a>...<br /> Source: ChEBI biocuration.</p> </div> "><i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i></sup></span> <span class="cell">XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N</span> <span class="cell">SMILES<sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>The <strong>S</strong>implified <strong>M</strong>olecular-<strong>I</strong>nput <strong>L</strong>ine-<strong>E</strong>ntry <strong>S</strong>ystem (SMILES) is a line notation describing the structure of chemical species using short ASCII strings. <a href="/help/smiles">More</a>...<br /> Source: ChEBI biocuration.</p> </div> "><i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i></sup></span> <span class="cell">[H]O[H]</span> <span class="cell">2D coordinates</span> <span class="cell"> <a class="molfile" href="https://ftp.expasy.org/databases/rhea/ctfiles/mol/CHEBI_15377.mol"> Mol file for the small molecule </a> </span> <span class="cell">Search links</span> <span class="cell"> <a href="/rhea/?query=chebi:15377">Involved in 6,337 reaction(s)</a> <a class="similarproteinssearch" href="/structuresearch/?query=chebi:15377&landing=true">Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure</a> <a class="uniprotsearch" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/?query=chebi:15377"> Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule </a> </span> </li> <li class="participant"> <span class="cell"> Name <sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>Rhea reaction participant name.<br /> For small molecule (CHEBI), the name used can differ from the ChEBI common name (it is called <em>UniProt name</em>).<br /> Source: Rhea biocuration.</p> </div> "><i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i></sup> </span> <span class="cell"> <a data-type="2" onclick="window.attachToolTip(this)" class="molName" data-molid="chebi:58761" smiles="true"><small>L</small>-2,4-diaminobutanoate</a> </span> <span class="cell">Identifier</span> <span class="cell"> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=58761">CHEBI:58761</a> </span> <span class="cell">Charge</span> <span class="cell">1</span> <span class="cell">Formula</span> <span class="cell">C4H11N2O2</span> <span class="cell">InChIKey<sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>A hashed version of the full <em>InChI</em> (<strong>In</strong>ternational <strong>Ch</strong>emical <strong>I</strong>dentifier), which is a standard to encode molecular information (2D structure). <a href="/help/inchi-inchikey">More</a>...<br /> Source: ChEBI biocuration.</p> </div> "><i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i></sup></span> <span class="cell">OGNSCSPNOLGXSM-VKHMYHEASA-O</span> <span class="cell">SMILES<sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>The <strong>S</strong>implified <strong>M</strong>olecular-<strong>I</strong>nput <strong>L</strong>ine-<strong>E</strong>ntry <strong>S</strong>ystem (SMILES) is a line notation describing the structure of chemical species using short ASCII strings. <a href="/help/smiles">More</a>...<br /> Source: ChEBI biocuration.</p> </div> "><i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i></sup></span> <span class="cell">[NH3+]CC[C@H]([NH3+])C([O-])=O</span> <span class="cell">2D coordinates</span> <span class="cell"> <a class="molfile" href="https://ftp.expasy.org/databases/rhea/ctfiles/mol/CHEBI_58761.mol"> Mol file for the small molecule </a> </span> <span class="cell">Search links</span> <span class="cell"> <a href="/rhea/?query=chebi:58761">Involved in 5 reaction(s)</a> <a class="similarproteinssearch" href="/structuresearch/?query=chebi:58761&landing=true">Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure</a> <a class="uniprotsearch" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/?query=chebi:58761"> Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule </a> </span> </li> <li class="participant"> <span class="cell"> Name <sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>Rhea reaction participant name.<br /> For small molecule (CHEBI), the name used can differ from the ChEBI common name (it is called <em>UniProt name</em>).<br /> Source: Rhea biocuration.</p> </div> "><i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i></sup> </span> <span class="cell"> <a data-type="2" onclick="window.attachToolTip(this)" class="molName" data-molid="chebi:30089" smiles="true">acetate</a> </span> <span class="cell">Identifier</span> <span class="cell"> <a href="http://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=30089">CHEBI:30089</a> <span> <span>(CAS: 71-50-1)</span> <sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beilstein%5Fdatabase">Beilstein Registry Number</a>. Source: ChEBI.</p> </div> <div> <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAS%5FRegistry%5FNumber">Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number</a>. Source: ChEBI.</p> </div> "> <i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i> </sup> </span> </span> <span class="cell">Charge</span> <span class="cell">-1</span> <span class="cell">Formula</span> <span class="cell">C2H3O2</span> <span class="cell">InChIKey<sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>A hashed version of the full <em>InChI</em> (<strong>In</strong>ternational <strong>Ch</strong>emical <strong>I</strong>dentifier), which is a standard to encode molecular information (2D structure). <a href="/help/inchi-inchikey">More</a>...<br /> Source: ChEBI biocuration.</p> </div> "><i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i></sup></span> <span class="cell">QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M</span> <span class="cell">SMILES<sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>The <strong>S</strong>implified <strong>M</strong>olecular-<strong>I</strong>nput <strong>L</strong>ine-<strong>E</strong>ntry <strong>S</strong>ystem (SMILES) is a line notation describing the structure of chemical species using short ASCII strings. <a href="/help/smiles">More</a>...<br /> Source: ChEBI biocuration.</p> </div> "><i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i></sup></span> <span class="cell">CC([O-])=O</span> <span class="cell">2D coordinates</span> <span class="cell"> <a class="molfile" href="https://ftp.expasy.org/databases/rhea/ctfiles/mol/CHEBI_30089.mol"> Mol file for the small molecule </a> </span> <span class="cell">Search links</span> <span class="cell"> <a href="/rhea/?query=chebi:30089">Involved in 180 reaction(s)</a> <a class="similarproteinssearch" href="/structuresearch/?query=chebi:30089&landing=true">Find molecules that contain or resemble this structure</a> <a class="uniprotsearch" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/?query=chebi:30089"> Find proteins in UniProtKB for this molecule </a> </span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="crossreferences"> <h2>Cross-references</h2> <table id="otherresources"> <thead> <tr> <th></th> <th> <a href="/rhea/40951"><b>RHEA:40951</b></a> </th> <th> <a href="/rhea/40952"><b>RHEA:40952</b></a> </th> <th> <a href="/rhea/40953"><b>RHEA:40953</b></a> </th> <th> <span>RHEA:40954</span> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td> <span class="tooltip-from-html info" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>There are 4 types of reaction directions: undefined (the master Rhea reaction), left-to-right (forward direction), right-to-left (backward direction) or bidirectional.</p> </div> "> <b>Reaction direction</b> <i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i> </span> </td> <td> <span>undefined</span> </td> <td> <span>left-to-right</span> </td> <td> <span>right-to-left</span> </td> <td> <span>bidirectional</span> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <b>UniProtKB</b> <sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>Enzyme sequences functionally annotated with the Rhea reaction. <a href="/help/enzyme-catalyzing-reaction">More</a>...<br /> Source: UniProt biocuration.</p> </div> "> <i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i> </sup> </td> <td> <ul> <li> <a data-rxn="40951" href="https://uniprot.org/uniprot/?query=rhea:40951">1 proteins</a> </li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul> <li> <a data-rxn="40952" href="https://uniprot.org/uniprot/?query=rhea:40952">1 proteins</a> </li> </ul> </td> <td></td> <td> <ul> <li> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <b>EC numbers</b> <sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p><strong>E</strong>nzyme <strong>C</strong>ommission numbers classify enzymes according to the reaction(s) they catalyze.<br /> Source: ENZYME biocuration.<br /> See <a href="/help/search-ec-number">Search Rhea for enzyme classes</a>.</p> </div> "> <i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i> </sup> </td> <td> <ul> <li> <a data-type="2" class="molName" onclick="window.attachToolTip(this);" data-molid="ec:3.5.1.125">3.5.1.125</a> </li> </ul> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <b>KEGG</b> <sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>Cross-reference to <a href="https://www.genome.jp/kegg/reaction/">KEGG</a> reaction(s). Source: Rhea.</p> </div> "> <i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i> </sup> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> <ul> <li> <a data-rxn="40954" href="https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?rn:R09801">R09801</a> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <b>MetaCyc</b> <sup class="tooltip-from-html" data-tooltip-content=" <div> <p>Cross-reference to <a href="https://metacyc.org/">MetaCyc</a> reaction(s). Source: Rhea.</p> </div> "> <i class="material-icons info">help_outline</i> </sup> </td> <td></td> <td> <ul> <li> <a data-rxn="40952" href="https://biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=REACTION&object=RXN-18396">RXN-18396</a> </li> </ul> </td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <section class="citations"> <h2>Publications</h2> <ul> <li> <h3>A blueprint of ectoine metabolism from the genome of the industrial producer Halomonas elongata DSM 2581(T).</h3> <p> <span>Schwibbert K., </span><span>Marin-Sanguino A., </span><span>Bagyan I., </span><span>Heidrich G., </span><span>Lentzen G., </span><span>Seitz H., </span><span>Rampp M., </span><span>Schuster S.C., </span><span>Klenk H.P., </span><span>Pfeiffer F., </span><span>Oesterhelt D., </span><span>Kunte H.J.</span> </p> <div class="togglePair"> <p> <span>The halophilic 纬-proteobacterium Halomonas elongata DSM 2581(T) thrives at high salinity by synthesizing and accumulating the compatible solute ectoine. Ectoine levels are highly regulated according to external salt levels but the overall picture of its metabolism and control is not well understoo</span> <a class="toggler">... >> More</a> </p> <p class="hide"> <span>The halophilic 纬-proteobacterium Halomonas elongata DSM 2581(T) thrives at high salinity by synthesizing and accumulating the compatible solute ectoine. Ectoine levels are highly regulated according to external salt levels but the overall picture of its metabolism and control is not well understood. Apart from its critical role in cell adaptation to halophilic environments, ectoine can be used as a stabilizer for enzymes and as a cell protectant in skin and health care applications and is thus produced annually on a scale of tons in an industrial process using H. elongata as producer strain. This paper presents the complete genome sequence of H. elongata (4,061,296 bp) and includes experiments and analysis identifying and characterizing the entire ectoine metabolism, including a newly discovered pathway for ectoine degradation and its cyclic connection to ectoine synthesis. The degradation of ectoine (doe) proceeds via hydrolysis of ectoine (DoeA) to N伪-acetyl-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid, followed by deacetylation to diaminobutyric acid (DoeB). In H. elongata, diaminobutyric acid can either flow off to aspartate or re-enter the ectoine synthesis pathway, forming a cycle of ectoine synthesis and degradation. Genome comparison revealed that the ectoine degradation pathway exists predominantly in non-halophilic bacteria unable to synthesize ectoine. Based on the resulting genetic and biochemical data, a metabolic flux model of ectoine metabolism was derived that can be used to understand the way H. elongata survives under varying salt stresses and that provides a basis for a model-driven improvement of industrial ectoine production.</span> <a class="toggler"> << Less</a> </p> </div> <p> <span>Environ. Microbiol. 13:1973-1994(2011)</span> [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20849449">PubMed</a>] [<a href="https://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/20849449">EuropePMC</a>] </p> <p> This publication is cited by <a href="/rhea?query=pubmed:20849449 NOT rhea:40954">2</a> other <span>entries.</span> </p> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="comments"> <h2>Comments</h2> <span>submitter: Friedhelm Pfeiffer</span> </section> </main> <footer class="row-container" style="text-align: center;"> <div class="row-container footer-logo"> <img alt="SIB logo" width="70px" height="37px" src="/style/images/sib_logo_short.png" /> <span> <a href="/help/license-disclaimer">License & Disclaimer</a> | <a href="https://www.sib.swiss/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a> </span> </div> <div class="row-container footer-logo"> <a href="https://www.elixir-europe.org/platforms/data/core-data-resources"> <img width="64px" height="64px" id="elixir-cdr-logo" alt="Elixir-cdr-logo" src="/style/images/elixir-cdr.gif"> </a> <h4>ELIXIR Core Data Resource</h4> </div> <div class="row-container footer-logo"> <a href="https://globalbiodata.org/scientific-activities/global-core-biodata-resources/"> <img width="64px" height="64px" id="global-cdr-logo" alt="Global-cdr-logo" src="/style/images/GCBR-Logo-RGB.svg"> </a> <h4>Global Core Biodata Resource</h4> </div> </footer> <script type="module" src="/js/reaction-bundle-40e27596a856eda8ae81.js"></script> </body> </html>

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