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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_in_Nicaragua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estrada's_rebellion_(1909)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estrada's_rebellion_(1909)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Estrada's rebellion (1909)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estrada's_rebellion_(1909)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mena's_rebellion_(1912)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mena's_rebellion_(1912)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mena's rebellion (1912)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mena's_rebellion_(1912)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1912_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1912_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1912 occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1912_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1927_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1927_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1927 occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1927_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7" title="احتلال الولايات المتحدة لنيكاراغوا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="احتلال الولايات المتحدة لنيكاراغوا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_de_Nicaragua" title="Ocupación estadounidense de Nicaragua – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ocupación estadounidense de Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_am%C3%A9ricaine_du_Nicaragua" title="Occupation américaine du Nicaragua – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Occupation américaine du Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dka_okupacija_Nikaragve" title="Američka okupacija Nikaragve – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Američka okupacija Nikaragve" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendudukan_Nikaragua_oleh_Amerika_Serikat" title="Pendudukan Nikaragua oleh Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendudukan Nikaragua oleh Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupazione_statunitense_del_Nicaragua" title="Occupazione statunitense del Nicaragua – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occupazione statunitense del Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნიკარაგუის ოკუპაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიკარაგუის ოკუპაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A2%E5%8D%A0%E9%A0%98" title="アメリカ合衆国によるニカラグア占領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国によるニカラグア占領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasjonen_av_Nicaragua" title="Invasjonen av Nicaragua – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Invasjonen av Nicaragua" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_estadunidense_da_Nicar%C3%A1gua" title="Ocupação estadunidense da Nicarágua – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ocupação estadunidense da Nicarágua" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Американская оккупация Никарагуа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американская оккупация Никарагуа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dka_okupacija_Nikaragve" title="Američka okupacija Nikaragve – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Američka okupacija Nikaragve" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_Nicaraguan_miehitys" title="Yhdysvaltain Nicaraguan miehitys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain Nicaraguan miehitys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Окупація Нікарагуа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Окупація Нікарагуа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%A0%E9%A0%98%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C" title="美國占領尼加拉瓜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美國占領尼加拉瓜" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua&params=13.0000_N_85.0000_W_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°00′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">85°00′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.0000°N 85.0000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.0000; -85.0000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1912–1933 occupation as part of the Banana Wars</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">United States occupation of Nicaragua</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Marines_holding_Sandino%27s_Flag_-_Nicaragua_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/U.S._Marines_holding_Sandino%27s_Flag_-_Nicaragua_1932.jpg/300px-U.S._Marines_holding_Sandino%27s_Flag_-_Nicaragua_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/U.S._Marines_holding_Sandino%27s_Flag_-_Nicaragua_1932.jpg/450px-U.S._Marines_holding_Sandino%27s_Flag_-_Nicaragua_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/U.S._Marines_holding_Sandino%27s_Flag_-_Nicaragua_1932.jpg/600px-U.S._Marines_holding_Sandino%27s_Flag_-_Nicaragua_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2458" /></a></span><br />United States Marines with the captured flag of <a href="/wiki/Augusto_C._Sandino" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusto C. Sandino">Augusto C. Sandino</a> in 1932</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>August 4, 1912 – January 2, 1933<br />(20 years, 4 months, 4 weeks and 1 day) <ul><li>First Occupation: August 4, 1912 – August 4, 1925<br />(13 years)</li> <li>Second Occupation: May 7, 1926 – January 2, 1933<br />(6 years, 7 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> military victory<br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Nicaragua)" title="Democratic Party (Nicaragua)">Liberal Party</a> political victory </p> <ul><li>Change of regime in Nicaragua</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> marks US withdrawal (1933)</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="United States"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span><br /><span data-sort-value="Nicaragua"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Nicaragua)" title="Democratic Party (Nicaragua)">Liberal Party</a> (1912–1927)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bandera_sandinista.svg/23px-Bandera_sandinista.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bandera_sandinista.svg/35px-Bandera_sandinista.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bandera_sandinista.svg/45px-Bandera_sandinista.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Army_in_Defense_of_the_National_Sovereignty_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Army in Defense of the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Army in Defense of the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_Defensor_de_la_Soberan%C3%ADa_Nacional" class="extiw" title="es:Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional">es</a>]</span> (1927–1933)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hudson_Southerland" title="William Henry Hudson Southerland">William Henry Hudson Southerland</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Smedley_Butler" title="Smedley Butler">Smedley Butler</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Zeled%C3%B3n" title="Benjamín Zeledón">Benjamín Zeledón</a> (1912)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mena_(Nicaraguan_politician)" title="Luis Mena (Nicaraguan politician)">Luis Mena</a> (1912)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bandera_sandinista.svg/23px-Bandera_sandinista.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bandera_sandinista.svg/35px-Bandera_sandinista.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Bandera_sandinista.svg/45px-Bandera_sandinista.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino">Augusto César Sandino</a> (1927–1933)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>First occupation (1912–1925)</b>:<br />7 killed (5 marines & 2 sailors)<br />16 marines wounded<br />(all in 1912)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Second occupation (1926–1933)</b>:<br />136 marines killed (32 killed-in-action, 15 died of wounds, and 5 murdered by <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutinous</a> National Guardsmen)<sup id="cite_ref-Macaulay_239_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macaulay_239-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />75 killed (<a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)" title="National Guard (Nicaragua)">Nicaraguan National Guardsmen</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Macaulay_239_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macaulay_239-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>First occupation (1912–1925)</b>:<br />Unknown<br /><b>Second occupation (1926–1933)</b>:<br />1,115 Sandinista insurgents killed<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox United States occupation of Nicaragua"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._occupation_of_Nicaragua2268" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="font-size:86%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua</span></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="font-size:99%;"> <ul><li><b>1912</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Granada_(1912)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Granada (1912) (page does not exist)">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Masaya_(1912)" title="Battle of Masaya (1912)">Masaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coyotepe_Hill" title="Battle of Coyotepe Hill">Coyotepe Hill</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>1926–27</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Civil_War_(1926%E2%80%931927)" title="Nicaraguan Civil War (1926–1927)">Nicaraguan Civil War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>1927</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Paz_Centro" title="Battle of La Paz Centro">La Paz Centro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocotal" title="Battle of Ocotal">Ocotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fernando" title="Battle of San Fernando">San Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Clara_(1927)" title="Battle of Santa Clara (1927)">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Telpaneca" title="Battle of Telpaneca">Telpaneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sapotillal" title="Battle of Sapotillal">Sapotillal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Las_Cruces_(1927)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Las Cruces (1927) (page does not exist)">1st Las Cruces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Quilali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Quilali (page does not exist)">1st Quilali</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>1928</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Cruces_(1928)" title="Battle of Las Cruces (1928)">2nd Las Cruces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Quilali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Quilali (page does not exist)">2nd Quilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Bramadero" title="Battle of El Bramadero">El Bramadero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Flor" title="Battle of La Flor">La Flor</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>1930</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Achuapa" title="Battle of Achuapa">Achuapa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>1932</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agua_Carta" title="Battle of Agua Carta">Augua Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Sauce" title="Battle of El Sauce">El Sauce</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Banana_Wars4141" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Banana_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Banana Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Banana_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Banana Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Banana_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Banana Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Banana_Wars4141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government in Cuba">1st U.S. occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Cuba" title="Provisional Government of Cuba">2nd U.S. occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negro Rebellion">Negro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Intervention" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_campaign" title="Puerto Rico campaign">Puerto Rican campaign</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Honduras">Honduras</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Honduran_Civil_War" title="First Honduran Civil War">First Honduran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Honduran_Civil_War" title="Second Honduran Civil War">Second Honduran Civil War</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nicaragua</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Granada_(1912)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Granada (1912) (page does not exist)">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Masaya_(1912)" title="Battle of Masaya (1912)">Masaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coyotepe_Hill" title="Battle of Coyotepe Hill">Coyotepe Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Civil_War_(1926%E2%80%931927)" title="Nicaraguan Civil War (1926–1927)">1926–1927 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Paz_Centro" title="Battle of La Paz Centro">La Paz Centro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocotal" title="Battle of Ocotal">Ocotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Fernando" title="Battle of San Fernando">San Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Clara_(1927)" title="Battle of Santa Clara (1927)">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Telpaneca" title="Battle of Telpaneca">Telpaneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sapotillal" title="Battle of Sapotillal">Sapotillal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Las_Cruces_(1927)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Las Cruces (1927) (page does not exist)">1st Las Cruces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Cruces_(1928)" title="Battle of Las Cruces (1928)">2nd Las Cruces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Quilali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Quilali (page does not exist)">Quilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Bramadero" title="Battle of El Bramadero">El Bramadero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Flor" title="Battle of La Flor">La Flor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Achuapa" title="Battle of Achuapa">Achuapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agua_Carta" title="Battle of Agua Carta">Agua Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Sauce" title="Battle of El Sauce">El Sauce</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">Mexico</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_War_(1910%E2%80%9319)" class="mw-redirect" title="Border War (1910–19)">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">Veracruz</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Haiti</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dipitie" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Dipitie">Fort Dipitie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Rivi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of Fort Rivière">Fort Rivière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port-au-Prince_(1919)" title="Battle of Port-au-Prince (1919)">1st Port-au-Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port-au-Prince_(1920)" title="Battle of Port-au-Prince (1920)">2nd Port-au-Prince</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">Dominican Republic</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo_Affair" title="Santo Domingo Affair">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_Plata" title="Battle of Puerto Plata">Puerto Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Trencheras" title="Battle of Las Trencheras">Las Trencheras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guayacanas" title="Battle of Guayacanas">Guayacanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Francisco_de_Macoris" title="Battle of San Francisco de Macoris">San Francisco de Macoris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>United States occupation of Nicaragua</b> from August 4, 1912, to January 2, 1933, was part of the <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/U.S._military" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. military">U.S. military</a> invaded various <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries from 1898 to 1934. The formal occupation began on August 4, 1912, even though there were various other assaults by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> throughout this period. <a href="/wiki/Overseas_interventions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas interventions of the United States">American military interventions</a> in Nicaragua were designed to stop any nation other than the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> from building a <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan Canal">Nicaraguan Canal</a>. </p><p>Nicaragua assumed a quasi-<a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> status under the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Bryan%E2%80%93Chamorro_Treaty" title="Bryan–Chamorro Treaty">Bryan–Chamorro Treaty</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (1929–1933) opposed the relationship. On January 2, 1933, Hoover ended the American intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflicts_in_Nicaragua">Conflicts in Nicaragua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Conflicts in Nicaragua"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estrada's_rebellion_(1909)"><span id="Estrada.27s_rebellion_.281909.29"></span>Estrada's rebellion (1909)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Estrada's rebellion (1909)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Marines_and_Colonel_William_P._Biddle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/U.S._Marines_and_Colonel_William_P._Biddle.png/220px-U.S._Marines_and_Colonel_William_P._Biddle.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/U.S._Marines_and_Colonel_William_P._Biddle.png/330px-U.S._Marines_and_Colonel_William_P._Biddle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/U.S._Marines_and_Colonel_William_P._Biddle.png/440px-U.S._Marines_and_Colonel_William_P._Biddle.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marines leaving New York City in 1909 for deployment in Nicaragua. Then-Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_P._Biddle" title="William P. Biddle">William P. Biddle</a>, in charge of the detachment, is in civilian clothes at right.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1909 Nicaraguan President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santos_Zelaya" title="José Santos Zelaya">José Santos Zelaya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Nicaragua)" title="Democratic Party (Nicaragua)">Liberal Party</a> faced opposition from the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Nicaragua)" title="Conservative Party (Nicaragua)">Conservative Party</a>, led by governor <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Estrada" title="Juan José Estrada">Juan José Estrada</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a> who received support from the U.S. government as a result of American entrepreneurs providing financial assistance to Estrada's rebellion in the hopes of gaining economic concessions after the rebellion's victory.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States had limited military presence in Nicaragua, having only one patrolling U.S. Navy ship off the coast of Bluefields, allegedly to protect the lives and interests of American citizens who lived there. The Conservative Party sought to overthrow Zelaya which led to Estrada's rebellion in December 1909. Two Americans, Leonard Groce and Lee Roy Cannon, were captured and indicted for allegedly joining the rebellion and the laying of mines. Zelaya ordered the execution of the two Americans, which severed <a href="/wiki/U.S._relations" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. relations">U.S. relations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The forces of <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Chamorro_Vargas" title="Emiliano Chamorro Vargas">Emiliano Chamorro Vargas</a> and Nicaraguan General Juan Estrada, each leading conservative revolts against Zelaya's government, had captured three small towns on the border with <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> and were fomenting open rebellion in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. Naval warships that had been waiting off Mexico and Costa Rica moved into position.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protected cruisers <a href="/wiki/USS_Des_Moines_(CL-17)" title="USS Des Moines (CL-17)">USS <i>Des Moines</i> (CL-17)</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Tacoma_(CL-20)" title="USS Tacoma (CL-20)">USS <i>Tacoma</i> (CL-20)</a>, and collier <a href="/wiki/USS_Hannibal" title="USS Hannibal">USS <i>Hannibal</i> (AG-1)</a> lay in the harbor at <a href="/wiki/Bluefields,_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluefields, Nicaragua">Bluefields, Nicaragua</a>, on the Atlantic coast with <a href="/wiki/USS_Prairie_(AD-5)" title="USS Prairie (AD-5)">USS <i>Prairie</i> (AD-5)</a> en route for <a href="/wiki/Col%C3%B3n,_Panama" title="Colón, Panama">Colón, Panama</a>, with 700 Marines. On December 12, 1909, <i>Albany</i> with 280 <a href="/wiki/Naval_rating" title="Naval rating">bluejackets</a> and the gunboat <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(PG-1)" title="USS Yorktown (PG-1)">USS <i>Yorktown</i> (PG-1)</a> with 155, arrived at <a href="/wiki/Corinto,_Nicaragua" title="Corinto, Nicaragua">Corinto, Nicaragua</a>, to join the gunboat <a href="/wiki/USS_Vicksburg_(PG-11)" title="USS Vicksburg (PG-11)">USS <i>Vicksburg</i> (PG-11)</a> with her crew of 155 allegedly to protect American citizens and property on the Pacific coast of Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicaragua_rel_97.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nicaragua_rel_97.jpg/300px-Nicaragua_rel_97.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nicaragua_rel_97.jpg/450px-Nicaragua_rel_97.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Nicaragua_rel_97.jpg/600px-Nicaragua_rel_97.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>A map of Nicaragua</figcaption></figure> <p>Zelaya resigned on December 14, 1909,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his hand-picked successor, <a href="/wiki/Jose_Madriz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Madriz">Jose Madriz</a>, was elected by unanimous vote of the liberal Nicaraguan national assembly on December 20, 1909. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> admonished that the United States would not resume diplomatic relations with Nicaragua until Madriz demonstrated that his was a "responsible government ... prepared to make reparations for the wrongs" done to American citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His request for asylum granted by Mexico, Zelaya was escorted by armed guard to the Mexican gunboat <i>General Guerrero</i> and departed Corinto for <a href="/wiki/Salina_Cruz,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Salina Cruz, Mexico">Salina Cruz, Mexico</a>, on the night of December 23, with <i>Albany</i> standing by but taking no action.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the flagship of the Nicaraguan Expeditionary Squadron, under Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_Kimball" title="William Wirt Kimball">William W. Kimball</a>, <i>Albany</i> spent the next five months in Central America, mostly at Corinto, maintaining U.S. neutrality in the ongoing rebellion, sometimes under criticism by the U.S. press and business interests that were displeased by Kimball's "friendly" attitude toward the liberal Madriz administration.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-March 1910, the insurgency led by Estrada and Chamorro had seemingly collapsed and with the apparent and unexpected strength of Madriz, the U.S. Nicaraguan Expeditionary Squadron completed its withdrawal from Nicaraguan waters.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 27, 1910, U.S. Marine Corps Major <a href="/wiki/Smedley_Butler" title="Smedley Butler">Smedley Butler</a> arrived on the coast of Nicaragua with 250 Marines, for the purpose of providing security in Bluefields. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> condemned Zelaya's actions, favoring Estrada. Zelaya succumbed to U.S. political pressure and fled the country, leaving <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Madriz" title="José Madriz">José Madriz</a> as his successor. Madriz in turn had to face an advance by the reinvigorated eastern rebel forces, which ultimately led to his resignation. In August 1910, Juan Estrada became president of Nicaragua with the official recognition of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Mena's_rebellion_(1912)"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mena's_rebellion_(1912)"><span id="Mena.27s_rebellion_.281912.29"></span>Mena's rebellion (1912)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mena's rebellion (1912)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:History of Nicaragua">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">History of <span class="fn org label">Nicaragua</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Nicaragua"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Piracy on Lake Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Anacleto_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Anacleto Ordóñez">1823 Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_M%C3%A9ndez_de_Figueroa" title="Bernardo Méndez de Figueroa">18 Years of military rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_(President_of_Nicaragua)" class="mw-redirect" title="José Núñez (President of Nicaragua)">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malesp%C3%ADn%27s_War" title="Malespín's War">Malespín's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_War" title="Filibuster War">Filibuster War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruto_Chamorro" title="Fruto Chamorro">35 Years of conservative rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santos_Zelaya" title="José Santos Zelaya">Liberal Revolution of 1893</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">US occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Civil_War_(1926%E2%80%931927)" title="Nicaraguan Civil War (1926–1927)">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a> (1961–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nicaraguan_general_election" title="1990 Nicaraguan general election">Post-Sandinista period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nicaraguan_general_election" title="2006 Nicaraguan general election">Ortega return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Nicaragua" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Nicaragua">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua"><img alt="Nicaragua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Nicaragua" title="List of years in Nicaragua">Years in Nicaragua</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Nicaragua Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Nicaragua" title="Template:History of Nicaragua"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:History_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:History of Nicaragua (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Nicaragua" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Nicaragua"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Estrada's administration allowed President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> to apply the <a href="/wiki/Dollar_Diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar Diplomacy">Dollar Diplomacy</a> or "dollars for bullets" policy. The goal was to undermine European financial strength in the region, which threatened American interests to construct a canal in the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a>, and also to protect American private investment in the development of Nicaragua's natural resources. The policy opened the door for American banks to lend money to the Nicaraguan government, ensuring United States control over the country's finances.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143">: 143 </span></sup> </p><p>By 1912 the ongoing political conflict in Nicaragua between the liberal and conservative factions had deteriorated to the point that U.S. investments under President Taft's Dollar Diplomacy including substantial loans to the fragile coalition government of conservative President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Estrada" title="Juan José Estrada">Juan José Estrada</a> were in jeopardy. Minister of War General <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mena_(Nicaraguan_politician)" title="Luis Mena (Nicaraguan politician)">Luis Mena</a> forced Estrada to resign. He was replaced by his vice president, the conservative <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_D%C3%ADaz" title="Adolfo Díaz">Adolfo Díaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 143">: 143 </span></sup> </p><p>Díaz's connection with the United States led to a decline in his popularity in Nicaragua. Nationalistic sentiments arose in the Nicaraguan military, including <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mena_(Nicaraguan_politician)" title="Luis Mena (Nicaraguan politician)">Luis Mena</a>, the Secretary of War. Mena managed to gain the support of the National Assembly, accusing Díaz of "selling out the nation to New York bankers". Díaz asked the U.S. government for help, as Mena's opposition turned into rebellion. Knox appealed to president Taft for military intervention, arguing that the Nicaraguan railway from <a href="/wiki/Corinto,_Nicaragua" title="Corinto, Nicaragua">Corinto</a> to <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a> was threatened, interfering with U.S. interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 144">: 144 </span></sup> </p><p>In mid-1912 Mena persuaded the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nicaragua)" title="National Assembly (Nicaragua)">Nicaraguan national assembly</a> to name him successor to Díaz when Díaz's term expired in 1913. When the United States refused to recognize the Nicaraguan assembly's decision, Mena rebelled against the Díaz government. A force led by liberal General <a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Zeled%C3%B3n" title="Benjamín Zeledón">Benjamín Zeledón</a>, with its stronghold at <a href="/wiki/Masaya" title="Masaya">Masaya</a>, quickly came to the aid of Mena, whose <a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">headquarters</a> were at <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies.us_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies.us-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Díaz, relying on the U.S. government's traditional support of the Nicaraguan conservative faction, made clear that he could not guarantee the safety of U.S. persons and property in Nicaragua and requested U.S. intervention. In the first two weeks of August 1912, Mena and his forces captured steamers on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Managua" title="Lake Managua">Lakes Managua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Nicaragua" title="Lake Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> that were owned by a railroad company managed by U.S. interests. Insurgents attacked the capital, <a href="/wiki/Managua,_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Managua, Nicaragua">Managua</a>, subjecting it to a four-hour bombardment. U.S. minister George Wetzel cabled Washington to send U.S. troops to safeguard the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">legation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-countrystudies.us_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-countrystudies.us-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time the revolution broke out, the Pacific Fleet gunboat <a href="/wiki/USS_Annapolis_(PG-10)" title="USS Annapolis (PG-10)">USS <i>Annapolis</i> (PG-10)</a> was on routine patrol off the west coast of Nicaragua. In the summer of 1912, 100 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marines</a> arrived aboard the USS <i>Annapolis</i>. They were followed by <a href="/wiki/Smedley_Butler" title="Smedley Butler">Smedley Butler</a>'s return from <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> with 350 Marines. The commander of the American forces was <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hudson_Southerland" title="William Henry Hudson Southerland">William Henry Hudson Southerland</a>, joined by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Pendleton" title="Joseph Henry Pendleton">Joseph Henry Pendleton</a> and 750 Marines. The main goal was securing the railroad from Corinto to <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1912_occupation">1912 occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1912 occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 4, at the recommendation of the Nicaraguan president, a landing force of 100 <a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">bluejackets</a> was dispatched from <i>Annapolis</i> to the capital, <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>, to protect American citizens and guard the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Legation" title="Legation">legation</a> during the insurgency. On the east coast of Nicaragua, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Tacoma_(CL-20)" title="USS Tacoma (CL-20)">USS <i>Tacoma</i> (CL-20)</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruiser</a> from the American <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Fleet">North Atlantic Fleet</a>) was ordered to <a href="/wiki/Bluefields,_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluefields, Nicaragua">Bluefields, Nicaragua</a>, where she arrived on August 6 and landed a force of 50 men to protect American lives and property. A force of 350 <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a> shipped north on the <a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship_type)" class="mw-redirect" title="Collier (ship type)">collier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Justin_(1891)" title="USS Justin (1891)">USS <i>Justin</i></a> from the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Canal Zone</a> and disembarked at Managua to reinforce the legation guard on August 15, 1912. Under this backdrop, <i>Denver</i> and seven other ships from the Pacific Fleet arrived at <a href="/wiki/Corinto,_Nicaragua" title="Corinto, Nicaragua">Corinto, Nicaragua</a>, from late August to September 1912, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hudson_Southerland" title="William Henry Hudson Southerland">W.H.H. Southerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/USS_Denver_(CL-16)" title="USS Denver (CL-16)">USS <i>Denver</i> (CL-16)</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Washington" title="Thomas Washington">Thomas Washington</a> arrived at Corinto on August 27, 1912, with 350 navy <a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">bluejackets</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Marines">Marines</a> on board.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admiral Southerland's priorities were to re-establish and safeguard the disrupted railway and cable lines between the principal port of Corinto and Managua, 110 kilometres (70 mi) to the southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Denver_Nicaragua_Landing_Force_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USS_Denver_Nicaragua_Landing_Force_1912.jpg/220px-USS_Denver_Nicaragua_Landing_Force_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USS_Denver_Nicaragua_Landing_Force_1912.jpg/330px-USS_Denver_Nicaragua_Landing_Force_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USS_Denver_Nicaragua_Landing_Force_1912.jpg/440px-USS_Denver_Nicaragua_Landing_Force_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Denver_(CL-16)" title="USS Denver (CL-16)">USS Denver</a></i> ship's landing force under Lt. A. Reed rests beside the Corinto, Nicaragua railroad line, 1912.</figcaption></figure> <p>On August 29, 1912, a landing force of 120 men from USS <i>Denver</i>, under the command of the ship's navigator, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Allen_B._Reed" title="Allen B. Reed">Allen B. Reed</a>, landed at <a href="/wiki/Corinto,_Nicaragua" title="Corinto, Nicaragua">Corinto</a> to protect the railway line running from Corinto to Managua and then south to Granada on the north shore of Lake Nicaragua. This landing party reembarked aboard ship October 24 and 25, 1912. One officer and 24 men were landed from the <i>Denver</i> at <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_del_Sur" title="San Juan del Sur">San Juan del Sur</a> on the southern end of the Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> from August 30 to September 6, 1912, and from September 11 to 27, 1912 to protect the cable station, <a href="/wiki/Custom_house" title="Custom house">custom house</a> and American interests.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Denver</i> remained at San Juan del Sur to relay <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> messages from the other navy ships to and from Washington<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until departing on September 30, for patrol duty.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of September 22, two battalions of Marines and an artillery battery under Major <a href="/wiki/Smedley_Butler" title="Smedley Butler">Smedley Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S.M.C." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.M.C.">U.S.M.C.</a> had entered <a href="/wiki/Granada,_Nicaragua" title="Granada, Nicaragua">Granada, Nicaragua</a> (after being <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Masaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Masaya">ambushed by rebels at Masaya</a> on the nineteenth), where they were reinforced with the Marine first battalion commanded by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Pendleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph H. Pendleton">Joseph H. Pendleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S.M.C." class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.M.C.">U.S.M.C.</a> General Mena, the primary instigator of the failed <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d'etat">coup d'etat</a> surrendered his 700 troops to Southerland and was deported to <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning on the morning of September 27 and continuing through October 1, Nicaraguan government forces bombarded Barranca and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coyotepe_Hill" title="Battle of Coyotepe Hill">Coyotepe</a>, two hills overlooking the all-important railway line at Masaya that Zeledón and about 550 of his men occupied, halfway between Managua and Granada. </p><p>On October 2, Nicaraguan government troops loyal to President Diaz delivered a surrender ultimatum to Zelaydón, who refused. Rear Admiral Southerland realized that Nicaraguan government forces would not vanquish the insurgents by bombardment or infantry assault, and ordered the Marine commanders to prepare to take the hills.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xc1RBfZd3pcC_p._69_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xc1RBfZd3pcC_p._69-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 3, Butler and his men, returning from the capture of Granada, pounded the hills with artillery throughout the day, with no response from the insurgents. In the pre-dawn hours of October 4, Butler's 250 Marines began moving up the higher hill, Coyotepe, to converge with Pendletons's 600 Marines and a landing battalion of bluejackets from <i>California</i>. At the summit, the American forces seized the rebel's artillery and used it to rout Zeledón's troops on Barranca across the valley.<sup id="cite_ref-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zeledón and most of his troops had fled the previous day during the bombardment, many to Masaya, where Nicaraguan government troops captured or killed most of them, including Zeledón. With the insurgents driven from Masaya, Southerland ordered the occupation of Leon to stop any further interference with the U.S.-controlled railroad. On October 6, 1,000 bluejackets and Marines, from the cruisers <a href="/wiki/USS_California_(ACR-6)" title="USS California (ACR-6)">USS <i>California</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Colorado_(ACR-7)" title="USS Colorado (ACR-7)">USS <i>Colorado</i></a>, and <i>Denver</i> led by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Long" title="Charles G. Long">Charles G. Long</a>, U.S.M.C. captured the city of <a href="/wiki/Leon,_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon, Nicaragua">Leon, Nicaragua</a>, the last stronghold of the insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolution of General Diaz was essentially over. </p><p>On October 23, Southerland announced that but for the Nicaraguan elections in early November, he would withdraw most of the U.S. landing forces. At that point, peaceful conditions prevailed and nearly all of the embarked U.S. Marines and bluejackets that had numbered approximately 2,350 at their peak, not including approximately 1,000 shipboard sailors, withdrew, leaving a legation guard of 100 Marines in Managua.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xc1RBfZd3pcC_p._69_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xc1RBfZd3pcC_p._69-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 1,100 members of the United States military that intervened in Nicaragua, thirty-seven were killed in action. With Díaz safely in the presidency of the country, the United States proceeded to withdraw the majority of its forces from Nicaraguan territory, leaving one hundred Marines to "protect the American legation in Managua". </p><p>The Knox-Castrillo Treaty of 1911, ratified in 1912, put the U.S. in charge of much of Nicaragua's financial system.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiessen-Reily_2008_822–833_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiessen-Reily_2008_822–833-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1916, General <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Chamorro_Vargas" title="Emiliano Chamorro Vargas">Emiliano Chamorro Vargas</a>, a Conservative, assumed the presidency, and continued to attract foreign investment.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiessen-Reily_2008_822–833_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiessen-Reily_2008_822–833-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Marines remained in the country after the intervention, occasionally clashing with local residents. In 1921, a group of Marines who raided a Managua newspaper office were dishonorably discharged.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, a Marine private shot and killed a Nicaraguan policeman.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1927_occupation">1927 occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1927 occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Civil_War_(1926%E2%80%931927)" title="Nicaraguan Civil War (1926–1927)">Civil war erupted</a> between the conservative and liberal factions on May 2, 1926, with liberals capturing <a href="/wiki/Bluefields" title="Bluefields">Bluefields</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Moncada_Tapia" class="mw-redirect" title="José María Moncada Tapia">José María Moncada Tapia</a> capturing <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Cabezas" title="Puerto Cabezas">Puerto Cabezas</a> in August.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 291">: 291 </span></sup> On May 7, 1926, a U.S. Navy landing force, consisting of 213 officers and men, was landed from the <a href="/wiki/USS_Cleveland_(C-19)" title="USS Cleveland (C-19)">USS <i>Cleveland</i> (C-19)</a> at Bluefields to protect Americans and U.S. interests.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Sacasa" title="Juan Bautista Sacasa">Juan Bautista Sacasa</a> declared himself Constitutional President of Nicaragua from Puerto Cabezas on December 1, 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 292">: 292 </span></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Chamorro_Vargas" title="Emiliano Chamorro Vargas">Emiliano Chamorro Vargas</a>' resignation, the Nicaraguan Congress selected <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Diaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolfo Diaz">Adolfo Diaz</a> as <i>designado</i>, who then requested intervention from President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 292–293">: 292–293 </span></sup> On January 24, 1927, the first elements of U.S. forces arrived, with 400 Marines.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 293">: 293 </span></sup> </p><p>Government forces were defeated on February 6 at <a href="/wiki/Chinandega" title="Chinandega">Chinandega</a>, followed by another defeat at <a href="/wiki/Muy_Muy" title="Muy Muy">Muy Muy</a>, prompting U.S. Marine landings at <a href="/wiki/Corinto,_Nicaragua" title="Corinto, Nicaragua">Corinto</a> and the occupation of La Loma Fort in Managua.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 294–295">: 294–295 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ross_E._Rowell" title="Ross E. Rowell">Ross E. Rowell</a>'s Observation Squadron arrived on February 26, which included <a href="/wiki/DeHavilland_DH-4" class="mw-redirect" title="DeHavilland DH-4">DeHavilland DH-4s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 296">: 296 </span></sup> By March, the U.S. had 2,000 troops in Nicaragua under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Logan_Feland" title="Logan Feland">Logan Feland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 297">: 297 </span></sup> In May, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stimson">Henry Stimson</a> brokered a peace deal which included disarmament and promised elections in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 297–299">: 297–299 </span></sup> However, the Liberal commander <a href="/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino">Augusto César Sandino</a>, and 200 of his men refused to give up the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 299">: 299 </span></sup> </p><p>On June 30, Sandino seized the San Albino gold mine, denounced the Conservative government, and attracted recruits to continue operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 308">: 308 </span></sup> The next month saw the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocotal" title="Battle of Ocotal">Battle of Ocotal</a>. Despite additional conflict with Sandino's rebels, U.S.-supervised elections were held on November 4, 1928, with Moncada the winner.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 349">: 349 </span></sup> Manuel Giron was captured and executed in February 1929, and Sandino took a year's leave in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 350–351">: 350–351 </span></sup> By 1930, Sandino's guerrilla forces numbered more than 5,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Thiessen-Reily_2008_822–833_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thiessen-Reily_2008_822–833-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only American journalist who interviewed Sandino during this occupation was <a href="/wiki/Carleton_Beals" title="Carleton Beals">Carleton Beals</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Our_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Our-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> sent U.S. Marines to Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hoover administration started a U.S. pullout such that by February 1932, only 745 men remained.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 354">: 354 </span></sup> Juan Sacasa was elected president in the November 6, 1932, election.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 359">: 359 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Sauce" title="Battle of El Sauce">Battle of El Sauce</a> was the last major engagement of the U.S. intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_25-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 360">: 360 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">History of Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Campaign_Medal" title="Nicaraguan Campaign Medal">Nicaraguan Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_interventions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas interventions of the United States">Overseas interventions of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nicaraguan_Campaign_Medal" title="Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal">Second Nicaraguan Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States-Latin_American_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States-Latin American relations">United States-Latin American relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nicaragua–United States relations">Nicaragua–United States relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoot2003" class="citation book cs1">Boot, Max (May 27, 2003). <i>The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power</i>. New York City: Basic Books. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Savage+Wars+of+Peace%3A+Small+Wars+and+the+Rise+of+American+Power&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2003-05-27&rft.aulast=Boot&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macaulay_239-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macaulay_239_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macaulay_239_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay1998" class="citation book cs1">Macaulay, Neill (February 1998). <i>The Sandino Affair</i>. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. p. 239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sandino+Affair&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Quadrangle+Books&rft.date=1998-02&rft.aulast=Macaulay&rft.aufirst=Neill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay1998" class="citation book cs1">Macaulay, Neill (February 1998). <i>The Sandino Affair</i>. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">239–</span>240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sandino+Affair&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.pub=Quadrangle+Books&rft.date=1998-02&rft.aulast=Macaulay&rft.aufirst=Neill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Glass, "Marines withdraw from Nicaragua, Jan. 2, 1933" <i>Politico</i> (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2019/01/02/this-day-in-politics-jan-2-1933-1077356">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangley2002" class="citation book cs1">Langley, Lester D (2002). <i>The Banana Wars: United States in the Caribbean, 1898-1934</i>. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">56–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8420-5046-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8420-5046-9"><bdi>0-8420-5046-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Banana+Wars%3A+United+States+in+the+Caribbean%2C+1898-1934&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+DE&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8420-5046-9&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=Lester+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87078082/1909-12-01/ed-1/seq-1/;words=Chamorro+Cannon?date1=1909&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=cannon+chamorro&y=8&x=20&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=6">"<i>The Citizen</i>, Honesdale, PA December 1, 1909"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 1, 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Citizen%2C+Honesdale%2C+PA+December+1%2C+1909&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1909-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn87078082%2F1909-12-01%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F%3Bwords%3DChamorro%2BCannon%3Fdate1%3D1909%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1909%26proxtext%3Dcannon%2Bchamorro%26y%3D8%26x%3D20%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26index%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/11/23/101905987.pdf">"<i>The New York Times</i>, November 23, 1909"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times%2C+November+23%2C+1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1909%2F11%2F23%2F101905987.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85058398/1909-12-08/ed-1/seq-1/;words=captured+Estrada+Captured?date1=1909&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=estrada+captured&y=13&x=17&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=13">"<i>The Ogden Standard</i>, December 8, 1909"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 8, 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ogden+Standard%2C+December+8%2C+1909&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1909-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85058398%2F1909-12-08%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F%3Bwords%3Dcaptured%2BEstrada%2BCaptured%3Fdate1%3D1909%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1909%26proxtext%3Destrada%2Bcaptured%26y%3D13%26x%3D17%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26index%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85058398/1909-11-27/ed-1/seq-1/;words=Albany+Nicaragua?date1=1909&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=albany+nicaragua&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=3">"<i>The Ogden Standard</i>, November 27, 1909"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. November 27, 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ogden+Standard%2C+November+27%2C+1909&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1909-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85058398%2F1909-11-27%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F%3Bwords%3DAlbany%2BNicaragua%3Fdate1%3D1909%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1909%26proxtext%3Dalbany%2Bnicaragua%26y%3D0%26x%3D0%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26index%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1909-12-14/ed-1/seq-3/;words=Albany+Nicaragua?date1=1909&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=albany+nicaragua&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=2">"<i>The San Francisco Call</i>, December 14, 1909"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 14, 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+San+Francisco+Call%2C+December+14%2C+1909&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1909-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85066387%2F1909-12-14%2Fed-1%2Fseq-3%2F%3Bwords%3DAlbany%2BNicaragua%3Fdate1%3D1909%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1909%26proxtext%3Dalbany%2Bnicaragua%26y%3D0%26x%3D0%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26index%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015415/1909-12-13/ed-1/seq-1/;words=Albany+cruiser?date1=1909&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=cruiser+albany&y=6&x=18&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=11">"<i>The Hawaiian Star</i>, December 13, 1909"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 13, 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hawaiian+Star%2C+December+13%2C+1909&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1909-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn82015415%2F1909-12-13%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F%3Bwords%3DAlbany%2Bcruiser%3Fdate1%3D1909%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1909%26proxtext%3Dcruiser%2Balbany%26y%3D6%26x%3D18%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26index%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1909-12-15/ed-1/seq-3/;words=Albany+Nicaragua+Cruiser?date1=1909&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=albany+cruiser+nicaragua&y=8&x=8&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=0">"<i>The San Francisco Call</i>, December 15, 1909"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 15, 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+San+Francisco+Call%2C+December+15%2C+1909&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1909-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85066387%2F1909-12-15%2Fed-1%2Fseq-3%2F%3Bwords%3DAlbany%2BNicaragua%2BCruiser%3Fdate1%3D1909%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1909%26proxtext%3Dalbany%2Bcruiser%2Bnicaragua%26y%3D8%26x%3D8%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26index%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042462/1909-12-15/ed-1/seq-2/;words=navy+Albany?date1=1908&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=albany+navy&y=11&x=13&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=17">"<i>Los Angeles Herald</i>, December 15, 1909"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 15, 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+Angeles+Herald%2C+December+15%2C+1909&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1909-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85042462%2F1909-12-15%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2%2F%3Bwords%3Dnavy%2BAlbany%3Fdate1%3D1908%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1909%26proxtext%3Dalbany%2Bnavy%26y%3D11%26x%3D13%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26index%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1909-12-17/ed-1/seq-1/;words=ZELAYAS+resignation+Zelaya?date1=1909&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=zelaya+resigns&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=15">[2]</a> <i>New York Tribune</i>, December 17, 1909.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1909-12-21/ed-1/seq-1/;words=ZELAYA+Zelaya+Madriz?date1=1909&sort=relevance&sort=relevance&sort=relevance&sort=relevance&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=zelaya+madriz+&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4&page=3&page=2&page=3&page=1&index=8">"New York Tribune, December 21, 1909"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 21, 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+Tribune%2C+December+21%2C+1909&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1909-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83030214%2F1909-12-21%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F%3Bwords%3DZELAYA%2BZelaya%2BMadriz%3Fdate1%3D1909%26sort%3Drelevance%26sort%3Drelevance%26sort%3Drelevance%26sort%3Drelevance%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1909%26proxtext%3Dzelaya%2Bmadriz%2B%26y%3D0%26x%3D0%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26page%3D4%26page%3D3%26page%3D2%26page%3D3%26page%3D1%26index%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042462/1909-12-21/ed-1/seq-1/;words=Madriz+Zelaya+ZELAYA+MADRIZ?date1=1909&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=zelaya+madriz&y=10&x=17&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=7"><i>The Los Angeles Herald</i></a> December 21, 1909.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87062268/1909-12-17/ed-1/seq-1/;words=Zelayas+Madriz?date1=1909&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=zelaya+madriz&y=10&x=17&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=9">"The Pensacola Journal, December 17, 1909"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 17, 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pensacola+Journal%2C+December+17%2C+1909&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1909-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn87062268%2F1909-12-17%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F%3Bwords%3DZelayas%2BMadriz%3Fdate1%3D1909%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1909%26proxtext%3Dzelaya%2Bmadriz%26y%3D10%26x%3D17%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26index%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042462/1909-12-26/ed-1/seq-1/;words=Zelaya+Madriz?date1=1909&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=zelaya+madriz&y=13&x=16&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3&index=4">"<i>The Los Angeles Herald</i>, December 26, 1909"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 26, 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Los+Angeles+Herald%2C+December+26%2C+1909&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1909-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85042462%2F1909-12-26%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F%3Bwords%3DZelaya%2BMadriz%3Fdate1%3D1909%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1909%26proxtext%3Dzelaya%2Bmadriz%26y%3D13%26x%3D16%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26page%3D3%26index%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042462/1909-12-26/ed-1/seq-1/;words=Zelaya+Madriz?date1=1909&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1909&proxtext=zelaya+madriz&y=13&x=16&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3&index=4">"The <i>Los Angeles Tribune</i>, December 21, 1909"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. December 26, 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Los+Angeles+Tribune%2C+December+21%2C+1909&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1909-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85042462%2F1909-12-26%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F%3Bwords%3DZelaya%2BMadriz%3Fdate1%3D1909%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1909%26proxtext%3Dzelaya%2Bmadriz%26y%3D13%26x%3D16%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26page%3D3%26index%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045396/1910-01-14/ed-1/seq-5/;words=Kimball+Admiral?date1=1910&sort=relevance&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1910&proxtext=admiral+kimball&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=5&index=15">"The Salt Lake Tribune, January 14, 1910"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. January 14, 1910<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune%2C+January+14%2C+1910&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1910-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83045396%2F1910-01-14%2Fed-1%2Fseq-5%2F%3Bwords%3DKimball%2BAdmiral%3Fdate1%3D1910%26sort%3Drelevance%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1910%26proxtext%3Dadmiral%2Bkimball%26y%3D0%26x%3D0%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26page%3D5%26index%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045433/1910-01-29/ed-1/seq-4/;words=Kimbal+Kimball+Admiral?date1=1910&sort=relevance&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1910&proxtext=admiral+kimball&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4&index=3">"The Washington Herald, January 29, 1910"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. January 29, 1910<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Herald%2C+January+29%2C+1910&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1910-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83045433%2F1910-01-29%2Fed-1%2Fseq-4%2F%3Bwords%3DKimbal%2BKimball%2BAdmiral%3Fdate1%3D1910%26sort%3Drelevance%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1910%26proxtext%3Dadmiral%2Bkimball%26y%3D0%26x%3D0%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26page%3D4%26index%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavy_Dept1910" class="citation web cs1">Navy Dept, United States (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmI7AQAAIAAJ&q=nicaraguan+expeditionary+squadron+albany&pg=PA803">"Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy for the Fiscal Year 1910, p. 803"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Secretary+of+the+Navy+for+the+Fiscal+Year+1910%2C+p.+803&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Navy+Dept&rft.aufirst=United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNmI7AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dnicaraguan%2Bexpeditionary%2Bsquadron%2Balbany%26pg%3DPA803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88077573/1910-03-16/ed-1/seq-1/;words=Knox+Nicaragua?date1=1910&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1910&proxtext=Knox+nicaragua&y=16&x=18&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=2&index=5">"<i>The Marion Daily Mirror</i>, March 16, 1910"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. March 16, 1910<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Marion+Daily+Mirror%2C+March+16%2C+1910&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1910-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn88077573%2F1910-03-16%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F%3Bwords%3DKnox%2BNicaragua%3Fdate1%3D1910%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1910%26proxtext%3DKnox%2Bnicaragua%26y%3D16%26x%3D18%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26page%3D2%26index%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langley, Lester D. (1983). <i>The Banana Wars: An Inner History of American Empire, 1900–1934</i>. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musicant-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_25-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusicant1990" class="citation book cs1">Musicant, Ivan (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bananawarshistor00musi"><i>The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama</i></a></span>. New York: MacMillan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-588210-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-588210-2"><bdi>978-0-02-588210-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Banana+Wars%3A+A+History+of+United+States+Military+Intervention+in+Latin+America+from+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War+to+the+Invasion+of+Panama&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-02-588210-2&rft.aulast=Musicant&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbananawarshistor00musi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-countrystudies.us-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies.us_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-countrystudies.us_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nicaragua/10.htm">"<i>Nicaragua: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993</i>, edited by Tim Merrill"</a>. Countrystudies.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicaragua%3A+A+Country+Study.+Washington%3A+GPO+for+the+Library+of+Congress%2C+1993%2C+edited+by+Tim+Merrill&rft.pub=Countrystudies.us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fnicaragua%2F10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangley1912" class="citation book cs1">Langley, Lester D. (March 5, 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc1RBfZd3pcC&q=diaz+seize+managua&pg=PA64"><i><span></span></i>The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934<i>, by Lester D. Langley, pp. 60–70</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842050470" title="Special:BookSources/9780842050470"><bdi>9780842050470</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Banana+Wars%3A+United+States+Intervention+in+the+Caribbean%2C+1898%E2%80%931934%2C+by+Lester+D.+Langley%2C+pp.+60%E2%80%9370&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1912-03-05&rft.isbn=9780842050470&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=Lester+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXc1RBfZd3pcC%26q%3Ddiaz%2Bseize%2Bmanagua%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangley1912" class="citation book cs1">Langley, Lester D. (March 5, 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc1RBfZd3pcC&q=diaz+seize+managua&pg=PA64"><i><span></span></i>The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934<i>, by Lester D. Langley, pp. 60-70</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842050470" title="Special:BookSources/9780842050470"><bdi>9780842050470</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Banana+Wars%3A+United+States+Intervention+in+the+Caribbean%2C+1898%E2%80%931934%2C+by+Lester+D.+Langley%2C+pp.+60-70&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1912-03-05&rft.isbn=9780842050470&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=Lester+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXc1RBfZd3pcC%26q%3Ddiaz%2Bseize%2Bmanagua%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/annualreportsec38deptgoog#page/n20/mode/2up/search/denver">"Annual Report of the Secretary of the Navy for 1912"</a>. Washington, For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off. July 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Secretary+of+the+Navy+for+1912&rft.pub=Washington%2C+For+sale+by+the+Supt.+of+Docs.%2C+U.S.+Govt.+Print.+Off&rft.date=2010-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fannualreportsec38deptgoog%23page%2Fn20%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fdenver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangley1912" class="citation book cs1">Langley, Lester D. (March 5, 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc1RBfZd3pcC&q=diaz+seize+managua&pg=PA65"><i><span></span></i>The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934<i>, by Lester D. Langley, p. 65</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842050470" title="Special:BookSources/9780842050470"><bdi>9780842050470</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Banana+Wars%3A+United+States+Intervention+in+the+Caribbean%2C+1898%E2%80%931934%2C+by+Lester+D.+Langley%2C+p.+65&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1912-03-05&rft.isbn=9780842050470&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=Lester+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXc1RBfZd3pcC%26q%3Ddiaz%2Bseize%2Bmanagua%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88084272/1912-08-29/ed-1/seq-1/;words=Denver+cruiser?date1=1911&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1912&proxtext=cruiser+denver&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3&index=9">"<i>El Paso Herald</i>, August 29, 1912"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. August 29, 1912<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Paso+Herald%2C+August+29%2C+1912&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1912-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn88084272%2F1912-08-29%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F%3Bwords%3DDenver%2Bcruiser%3Fdate1%3D1911%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1912%26proxtext%3Dcruiser%2Bdenver%26y%3D0%26x%3D0%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26page%3D3%26index%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeede1994" class="citation book cs1">Beede, Benjamin R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC&q=end+of+nicaraguan+intervention+1912&pg=PA376"><i><span></span></i>The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898 to 1934: An Encyclopedia<i>, by Benjamin Beede, p. 376</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824056247" title="Special:BookSources/9780824056247"><bdi>9780824056247</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898+and+U.S.+Interventions%2C+1898+to+1934%3A+An+Encyclopedia%2C+by+Benjamin+Beede%2C+p.+376&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780824056247&rft.aulast=Beede&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48g116X9IIwC%26q%3Dend%2Bof%2Bnicaraguan%2Bintervention%2B1912%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045433/1912-08-27/ed-1/seq-2/;words=cruisers+Denver?date1=1911&sort=relevance&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1912&proxtext=cruiser+denver&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4&page=5&index=5">"The Washington Herald, August 27, 1912"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. August 27, 1912<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Herald%2C+August+27%2C+1912&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1912-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83045433%2F1912-08-27%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2%2F%3Bwords%3Dcruisers%2BDenver%3Fdate1%3D1911%26sort%3Drelevance%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1912%26proxtext%3Dcruiser%2Bdenver%26y%3D0%26x%3D0%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26page%3D4%26page%3D5%26index%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/haiti_list_exp.htm#1912">List of Expeditions 1901–1929, Navy Department Library, Navy History & Heritage Command</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203180759/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/haiti_list_exp.htm">Archived</a> December 3, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88084272/1912-08-30/ed-1/seq-1/;words=Denver+cruiser?date1=1911&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1912&proxtext=cruiser+denver&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=3&index=10">"El Paso Herald, August 30, 1912"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. August 30, 1912<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Paso+Herald%2C+August+30%2C+1912&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1912-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn88084272%2F1912-08-30%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F%3Bwords%3DDenver%2Bcruiser%3Fdate1%3D1911%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1912%26proxtext%3Dcruiser%2Bdenver%26y%3D0%26x%3D0%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26page%3D3%26index%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/09/04/100546637.pdf">"The New York Times, September 2, 1912"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times%2C+September+2%2C+1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1912%2F09%2F04%2F100546637.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045433/1912-09-01/ed-1/seq-1/;words=Nicaragua+Denver?date1=1911&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1912&proxtext=nicaragua+denver&y=7&x=15&dateFilterType=yearRange&index=2">"The Washington Herald, September 1, 1912"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. September 1, 1912<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Herald%2C+September+1%2C+1912&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1912-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83045433%2F1912-09-01%2Fed-1%2Fseq-1%2F%3Bwords%3DNicaragua%2BDenver%3Fdate1%3D1911%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1912%26proxtext%3Dnicaragua%2Bdenver%26y%3D7%26x%3D15%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26index%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1912-10-01/ed-1/seq-17/;words=Denver+cruiser?date1=1911&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1912&proxtext=cruiser+denver&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4&index=12">"The New York Sun, October 1, 1912"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. October 1, 1912<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Sun%2C+October+1%2C+1912&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1912-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83030272%2F1912-10-01%2Fed-1%2Fseq-17%2F%3Bwords%3DDenver%2Bcruiser%3Fdate1%3D1911%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1912%26proxtext%3Dcruiser%2Bdenver%26y%3D0%26x%3D0%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26page%3D4%26index%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1912-10-07/ed-1/seq-3/;words=cruisers+Denver?date1=1911&sort=relevance&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1912&proxtext=cruiser+denver&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4&page=5&index=8">"The San Francisco Call, October 7, 1912"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. October 7, 1912. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+San+Francisco+Call%2C+October+7%2C+1912&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1912-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85066387%2F1912-10-07%2Fed-1%2Fseq-3%2F%3Bwords%3Dcruisers%2BDenver%3Fdate1%3D1911%26sort%3Drelevance%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1912%26proxtext%3Dcruiser%2Bdenver%26y%3D0%26x%3D0%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26page%3D4%26page%3D5%26index%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeede1994" class="citation book cs1">Beede, Benjamin R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48g116X9IIwC&q=end+of+nicaraguan+intervention+1912&pg=PA377"><i><span></span></i>The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898 to 1934: An Encyclopedia<i>, by Benjamin Beede, p. 376–377</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824056247" title="Special:BookSources/9780824056247"><bdi>9780824056247</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+1898+and+U.S.+Interventions%2C+1898+to+1934%3A+An+Encyclopedia%2C+by+Benjamin+Beede%2C+p.+376%E2%80%93377&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780824056247&rft.aulast=Beede&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48g116X9IIwC%26q%3Dend%2Bof%2Bnicaraguan%2Bintervention%2B1912%26pg%3DPA377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xc1RBfZd3pcC_p._69-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Xc1RBfZd3pcC_p._69_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Xc1RBfZd3pcC_p._69_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangley1912" class="citation book cs1">Langley, Lester D. (March 5, 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc1RBfZd3pcC&q=diaz+seize+managua&pg=PA64"><i><span></span></i>The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934<i>, by Lester D. Langley, p. 69</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780842050470" title="Special:BookSources/9780842050470"><bdi>9780842050470</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Banana+Wars%3A+United+States+Intervention+in+the+Caribbean%2C+1898%E2%80%931934%2C+by+Lester+D.+Langley%2C+p.+69&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1912-03-05&rft.isbn=9780842050470&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=Lester+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXc1RBfZd3pcC%26q%3Ddiaz%2Bseize%2Bmanagua%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chroniclingamerica.loc.gov_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85066387/1912-10-07/ed-1/seq-3/;words=cruisers+Denver?date1=1911&sort=relevance&rows=20&searchType=basic&state=&date2=1912&proxtext=cruiser+denver&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=4&page=5&index=8">"The San Francisco Call, October 6, 1912"</a>. Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov. October 7, 1912. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+San+Francisco+Call%2C+October+6%2C+1912&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Chroniclingamerica.loc.gov&rft.date=1912-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn85066387%2F1912-10-07%2Fed-1%2Fseq-3%2F%3Bwords%3Dcruisers%2BDenver%3Fdate1%3D1911%26sort%3Drelevance%26rows%3D20%26searchType%3Dbasic%26state%3D%26date2%3D1912%26proxtext%3Dcruiser%2Bdenver%26y%3D0%26x%3D0%26dateFilterType%3DyearRange%26page%3D4%26page%3D5%26index%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/naval_infantry.htm">Sailors As Infantry in the U.S. Navy, The Navy Department Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121202222226/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/naval_infantry.htm">Archived</a> December 2, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thiessen-Reily_2008_822–833-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thiessen-Reily_2008_822–833_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiessen-Reily_2008_822–833_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thiessen-Reily_2008_822–833_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiessen-Reily2008" class="citation book cs1">Thiessen-Reily, Heather (2008). <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">822–</span>833.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Latin+American+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E822-%3C%2Fspan%3E833&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Thiessen-Reily&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/02/27/112673054.pdf">"Marines Sentenced For Managua Raid"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Vol. LXX, no. 23, 045. February 27, 1921<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Marines+Sentenced+For+Managua+Raid&rft.volume=LXX&rft.issue=23%2C+045&rft.date=1921-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1921%2F02%2F27%2F112673054.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNalty" class="citation book cs1">Nalty, Bernard C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/The%20US%20Marines%20in%20Nicaragua%20by%20Bernard%20C.%20Nalty.pdf?ver=2018-10-30-075558-780"><i>The United States Marines in Nicaragua</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Historical Branch, G-3, United States Marine Corps. p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Marines+in+Nicaragua&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Historical+Branch%2C+G-3%2C+United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.aulast=Nalty&rft.aufirst=Bernard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usmcu.edu%2FPortals%2F218%2FThe%2520US%2520Marines%2520in%2520Nicaragua%2520by%2520Bernard%2520C.%2520Nalty.pdf%3Fver%3D2018-10-30-075558-780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/l/list-of-expeditions-1901-1929.html">"List of Expeditions 1901-1929"</a>. <i>history.navy.mil</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.navy.mil&rft.atitle=List+of+Expeditions+1901-1929&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fl%2Flist-of-expeditions-1901-1929.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Our-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Our_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070311140411/http://www.thenation.com/doc/20000110/1920s">"Our Century: The Twenties"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/20000110/1920s">the original</a> on March 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Our+Century%3A+The+Twenties&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Fdoc%2F20000110%2F1920s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1926/12/29/archives/coolidge-confers-on-nicaragua-crisis-new-policy-hinted-calls.html">"COOLIDGE CONFERS ON NICARAGUA CRISIS; NEW POLICY HINTED; Calls Kellogg and Wilbur After Stating Marines Landed to Protect Americans"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. December 29, 1926.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=COOLIDGE+CONFERS+ON+NICARAGUA+CRISIS%3B+NEW+POLICY+HINTED%3B+Calls+Kellogg+and+Wilbur+After+Stating+Marines+Landed+to+Protect+Americans&rft.date=1926-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1926%2F12%2F29%2Farchives%2Fcoolidge-confers-on-nicaragua-crisis-new-policy-hinted-calls.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1927/01/21/archives/coolidge-predicts-peace-in-nicaragua-tells-dr-cesar-new-envoy-first.html">"COOLIDGE PREDICTS PEACE IN NICARAGUA; Tells Dr. Cesar, New Envoy, First Steps for Composing Differences Have Been Taken. DISCLAIMS SELFISH AIMS Says We Desire Freedom and Prosperity of Every Central American Republic. COOLIDGE PREDICTS PEACE IN NICARAGUA"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 21, 1927.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=COOLIDGE+PREDICTS+PEACE+IN+NICARAGUA%3B+Tells+Dr.+Cesar%2C+New+Envoy%2C+First+Steps+for+Composing+Differences+Have+Been+Taken.+DISCLAIMS+SELFISH+AIMS+Says+We+Desire+Freedom+and+Prosperity+of+Every+Central+American+Republic.+COOLIDGE+PREDICTS+PEACE+IN+NICARAGUA&rft.date=1927-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1927%2F01%2F21%2Farchives%2Fcoolidge-predicts-peace-in-nicaragua-tells-dr-cesar-new-envoy-first.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coolidgefoundation.org/resources/intervention-in-nicaragua/">"Intervention in Nicaragua"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intervention+in+Nicaragua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoolidgefoundation.org%2Fresources%2Fintervention-in-nicaragua%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+occupation+of+Nicaragua" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nicaragua/8.htm">Nicaragua 8 1850–1868</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nicaragua/10.htm">Nicaragua 10 1909–1933</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandinorebellion.com/">Sandino rebellion 1927–1934</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nicaragua_articles717" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nicaragua" title="History of Nicaragua">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicarao_(cacique)" title="Nicarao (cacique)">Nicarao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule (1822–1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States occupation (1912–1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somoza_family" title="Somoza family">Somoza Family (1936–1979)</a></li> <li><a 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Nicaragua">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Nicaragua" title="List of ecoregions in Nicaragua">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Nicaragua" title="Fauna of Nicaragua">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Nicaragua" title="List of islands of Nicaragua">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Nicaragua" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Mountains of Nicaragua">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nicaragua" title="Municipalities of Nicaragua">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Nicaragua" title="Protected areas of Nicaragua">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nicaragua" title="List of rivers of Nicaragua">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Nicaragua" title="List of volcanoes in Nicaragua">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Nicaragua" title="Water resources management in Nicaragua">Water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Nicaragua" title="Departments of Nicaragua">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nicaragua" title="Constitution of Nicaragua">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nicaragua" title="Elections in Nicaragua">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nicaragua" title="Foreign relations of Nicaragua">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nicaragua" title="Government of Nicaragua">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nicaragua" title="Human rights in Nicaragua">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nicaragua">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Nicaragua" title="Law enforcement in Nicaragua">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Armed_Forces" title="Nicaraguan Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nicaragua)" title="National Assembly (Nicaragua)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nicaragua" title="List of political parties in Nicaragua">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nicaragua" title="Politics of Nicaragua">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_Nicaragua" title="Territorial disputes of Nicaragua">Territorial disputes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nicaragua" title="Agriculture in Nicaragua">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Nicaragua" title="Banking in Nicaragua">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Nicaragua" title="Central Bank of Nicaragua">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_c%C3%B3rdoba" title="Nicaraguan córdoba">Córdoba <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nicaragua" title="Economic history of Nicaragua">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Nicaragua" title="Electricity sector in Nicaragua">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_build_a_canal_across_Nicaragua" title="Attempts to build a canal across Nicaragua">Nicaragua Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_de_Valores_de_Nicaragua" title="Bolsa de Valores de Nicaragua">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nicaragua" title="Tourism in Nicaragua">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nicaragua" title="Transport in Nicaragua">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Society of Nicaragua">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Nicaragua" title="Corruption in Nicaragua">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nicaragua" title="Demographics of Nicaragua">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Nicaragua" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Nicaragua">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nicaragua" title="Languages of Nicaragua">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nicaragua" title="Health in Nicaragua">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Nicaragua" title="Water supply and sanitation in Nicaragua">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nicaragua" title="Culture of Nicaragua">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nicaraguan_films" title="List of Nicaraguan films">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_literature" title="Nicaraguan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Nicaragua" title="Mass media in Nicaragua">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Nicaragua" title="List of museums in Nicaragua">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Nicaragua" title="National symbols of Nicaragua">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nicaragua" title="Public holidays in Nicaragua">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nicaragua" title="Outline of Nicaragua">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Nicaragua-related_articles" title="Index of Nicaragua-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nicaragua" title="Bibliography of Nicaragua">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nicaragua" title="Category:Nicaragua">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nicaragua" title="Portal:Nicaragua">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America259" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Template:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Template talk:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">United States intervention in Latin America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a> (1901–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Big_stick_ideology" title="Big stick ideology">Big stick ideology</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar diplomacy</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Mexican Border War</a> (1910–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution</a> (1916–1919)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overt actions<br /> and occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Cuba" title="Military Government of Cuba">First Occupation of Cuba</a> (1898–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation of Panama from Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Cuba" title="Provisional Government of Cuba">Second Occupation of Cuba</a> (1906–1909)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occupation of Nicaragua</a> (1912–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Veracruz" title="Military Government of Veracruz">Occupation of Veracruz</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Occupation of Haiti</a> (1915–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Military Government of Santo Domingo">Occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1916–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Intervention" title="Sugar Intervention">Sugar Intervention</a> (1917–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Operation Power Pack</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a> (1994–1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_PBFortune" title="Operation PBFortune">Operation PBFortune</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_PBHistory" title="Operation PBHistory">Operation PBHistory</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Brother_Sam" title="Operation Brother Sam">Operation Brother Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_FUBELT" title="Project FUBELT">Project FUBELT</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banzer_Plan" title="Banzer Plan">Banzer Plan</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> (1975–1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charly" title="Operation Charly">Operation Charly</a> (1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">United States involvement in regime change in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> (1979–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua's case against the United States</a> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America–United States relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_of_the_United_States310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_of_the_United_States310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_act" title="Organic act">Organic act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States#Former_organized_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Organized incorporated territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">U.S. territorial sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest</a> (1787–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest</a> (1790–1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a> (1798–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana</a> (1800–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Orleans</a> (1804–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Louisiana</a>/<a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a> (1805–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a> (1805–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory" title="Illinois Territory">Illinois</a> (1809–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Territory" title="Alabama Territory">Alabama</a> (1817–1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Territory" title="Arkansas Territory">Arkansas</a> (1819–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida</a> (1822–1845)</li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> 1834–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma Panhandle">Panhandle</a> 1850–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Territory</a> 1890–1907</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory" title="Wisconsin Territory">Wisconsin</a> (1836–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Territory" title="Iowa Territory">Iowa</a> (1838–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon</a> (1848–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota</a> (1849–1858)</li> <li>New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._provisional_government_of_New_Mexico" title="U.S. provisional government of New Mexico">Provisional</a> 1846–1850</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">Territory</a> 1850–1912</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah</a> (1850–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington</a> (1853–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas</a> (1854–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory" title="Nebraska Territory">Nebraska</a> (1854–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Territory" title="Nevada Territory">Nevada</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado</a> (1861–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota</a> (1861–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho</a> (1863–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona</a> (1863–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana</a> (1864–1889)</li> <li>Alaska <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Department</a> 1867–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alaska" title="District of Alaska">District</a> 1884–1912</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Alaska" title="Territory of Alaska">Territory</a> 1912–1959</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming</a> (1868–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Hawaii</a> (1900–1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Incorporated_vs._unincorporated_territories" title="Territories of the United States">Unincorporated territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1898–1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naval_Government_of_Guam" title="Naval Government of Guam">Naval Government</a> 1899–1950)</li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military Government</a> 1899–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a> 1902–1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a> 1935–1946</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Porto_Rico" title="Military Government of Porto Rico">Military Government</a> 1899–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_Porto_Rico" title="Insular Government of Porto Rico">Insular Government</a> 1900–1952</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> (1900–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a> (1917–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> (1986–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_trust_territories" title="United Nations trust territories">United Nations trust territories</a> and other inhabited territories governed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" 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