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id="toc-Mladost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Začetek_vojaške_kariere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Začetek_vojaške_kariere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Začetek vojaške kariere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Začetek_vojaške_kariere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kraljevi_namestnik_na_Nizozemskem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kraljevi_namestnik_na_Nizozemskem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kraljevi namestnik na Nizozemskem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kraljevi_namestnik_na_Nizozemskem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Viri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alessandro Farnese, vojvoda Parmski</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 38 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="ألساندرو فارنيزي – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألساندرو فارنيزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%89" title="الساندرو فارنيزى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الساندرو فارنيزى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8D_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96)" title="Алесандра Фарнезэ (герцаг Пармскі) – beloruščina" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алесандра Фарнезэ (герцаг Пармскі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="beloruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5_(%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Алесандро Фарнезе (Парма и Пиаченца) – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алесандро Фарнезе (Парма и Пиаченца)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese_(1545-1592)" title="Alessandro Farnese (1545-1592) – bretonščina" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alessandro Farnese (1545-1592)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_I_de_Parma" title="Alexandre I de Parma – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexandre I de Parma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese_(1545%E2%80%931592)" title="Alessandro Farnese (1545–1592) – češčina" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alessandro Farnese (1545–1592)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese_af_Parma" title="Alessandro Farnese af Parma – danščina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alessandro Farnese af Parma" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese_(1545%E2%80%931592)" title="Alessandro Farnese (1545–1592) – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alessandro Farnese (1545–1592)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%B5_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αλέξανδρος Φαρνέζε της Πάρμας – grščina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλέξανδρος Φαρνέζε της Πάρμας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Farnesio_(duque_de_Parma)" title="Alejandro Farnesio (duque de Parma) – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alejandro Farnesio (duque de Parma)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese,_Parma_hertsog" title="Alessandro Farnese, Parma hertsog – estonščina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alessandro Farnese, Parma hertsog" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandro_Farnese_(1545-1592)" title="Alexandro Farnese (1545-1592) – baskovščina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexandro Farnese (1545-1592)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese" title="Alessandro Farnese – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alessandro Farnese" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Farn%C3%A8se_(1545-1592)" title="Alexandre Farnèse (1545-1592) – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre Farnèse (1545-1592)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese_(duque_de_Parma)" title="Alessandro Farnese (duque de Parma) – galicijščina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alessandro Farnese (duque de Parma)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%94,_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94" title="אלסנדרו פארנזה, דוכס פארמה – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלסנדרו פארנזה, דוכס פארמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese_(1545%E2%80%931592)" title="Alessandro Farnese (1545–1592) – madžarščina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alessandro Farnese (1545–1592)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="madžarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese_(1545-1592)" title="Alessandro Farnese (1545-1592) – indonezijščina" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alessandro Farnese (1545-1592)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese" title="Alessandro Farnese – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alessandro Farnese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC_(%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E5%85%AC)" title="アレッサンドロ・ファルネーゼ (パルマ公) – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレッサンドロ・ファルネーゼ (パルマ公)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%94" title="ალესანდრო ფარნეზე – gruzijščina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალესანდრო ფარნეზე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%88%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C_%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%84%A4%EC%84%B8_(%ED%8C%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%88)" title="알레산드로 파르네세 (파르마) – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알레산드로 파르네세 (파르마)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnesius_(dux_Parmae_et_Placentiae)" title="Alexander Farnesius (dux Parmae et Placentiae) – latinščina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alexander Farnesius (dux Parmae et Placentiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese" title="Alexander Farnese – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexander Farnese" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese,_hertug_av_Parma_og_Piacenza" title="Alessandro Farnese, hertug av Parma og Piacenza – knjižna norveščina" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alessandro Farnese, hertug av Parma og Piacenza" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="knjižna norveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Farnese_(ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Parmy)" title="Aleksander Farnese (książę Parmy) – poljščina" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksander Farnese (książę Parmy)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Farn%C3%A9sio_de_Parma_e_Plac%C3%AAncia" title="Alexandre Farnésio de Parma e Placência – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexandre Farnésio de Parma e Placência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese,_Duce_de_Parma" title="Alessandro Farnese, Duce de Parma – romunščina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alessandro Farnese, Duce de Parma" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Фарнезе, Алессандро (герцог Пармский) – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фарнезе, Алессандро (герцог Пармский)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Farnese" title="Alessandro Farnese – sardinščina" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Alessandro Farnese" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5,_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Александар Фарнесе, војвода од Парме – 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.infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn">Alessandro Farnese, vojvoda Parmski</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Vaenius_-_Alexander_Farnese.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portret" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Vaenius_-_Alexander_Farnese.png/220px-Vaenius_-_Alexander_Farnese.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Vaenius_-_Alexander_Farnese.png/330px-Vaenius_-_Alexander_Farnese.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Vaenius_-_Alexander_Farnese.png/440px-Vaenius_-_Alexander_Farnese.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1269" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Rojstvo</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P569" data-wikidata-claim-id="q312903$B25F102F-DA38-4499-BEA5-144B9C959C45"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/27._avgust" title="27. avgust">27. avgust</a> <a href="/wiki/1545" title="1545">1545</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q35127&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q77541206&quot;&gt;BeWeb&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q77541206]]&lt;/div&gt;_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q35127&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q77541206&quot;&gt;BeWeb&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q77541206]]&lt;/div&gt;-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P19" data-wikidata-claim-id="q312903$FDFD3728-CD6A-425C-B2F6-FE8906844FC8"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/Rim" title="Rim">Rim</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q856638_citetype_Q1982918_citetype_Q36524&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q13550863&quot;&gt;Nacionalna_zbirka_normativnih_podatkov_Češke_republike&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q13550863]]&lt;/div&gt;_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q856638_citetype_Q1982918_citetype_Q36524&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q13550863&quot;&gt;Nacionalna_zbirka_normativnih_podatkov_Češke_republike&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q13550863]]&lt;/div&gt;-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Smrt</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P570" data-wikidata-claim-id="q312903$DECADA25-ECBB-4268-B14C-9916D8BFCF3B"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/3._december" title="3. december">3. december</a> <a href="/wiki/1592" title="1592">1592</a></span><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday">{{padleft:1592|4|0}}-{{padleft:12|2|0}}-{{padleft:3|2|0}}</span>)</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q36524_citetype_Q7094076_citetype_Q27031827_citetype_Q595971&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q19938912&quot;&gt;[http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12289241r_data.bnf.fr]:_platforma_za_odprte_podatke&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;_—_2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q193563]][[d:Track:Q19938912]]&lt;/div&gt;_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q36524_citetype_Q7094076_citetype_Q27031827_citetype_Q595971&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q19938912&quot;&gt;[http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12289241r_data.bnf.fr]:_platforma_za_odprte_podatke&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;_—_2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q193563]][[d:Track:Q19938912]]&lt;/div&gt;-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q43229_citetype_Q36570165&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q1868372&quot;&gt;[http://www.biografischportaal.nl/persoon/36031607_Alexander_Farnese]&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;_—_2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q1868372]]&lt;/div&gt;_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q43229_citetype_Q36570165&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q1868372&quot;&gt;[http://www.biografischportaal.nl/persoon/36031607_Alexander_Farnese]&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;_—_2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q1868372]]&lt;/div&gt;-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312903#P570" class="extiw" title="d:Q312903">[…]</a></sup> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(47 let)</span></span><br /><span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P20" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q312903$9CEAFF93-E5C1-49F3-82C2-B4E89458A889"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Državljanstvo</th><td class="infobox-data category"><span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P27" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q312903$D892FA62-6E0B-4E2F-A55D-7F4322AFE2EF"><span class="country-name"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0panija" title="Španija">Španija</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Poklic</th><td class="infobox-data role"><span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P106" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q312903$18B10C1E-25DD-4268-AA93-BA9E14638C3C"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47064" class="extiw" title="d:Q47064">vojaško osebje</a></span>, <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P106" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q312903$DF66AA0D-2BE5-4B36-9672-BFCC2476B808"><a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a></span>, <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P106" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q312903$DC98C253-7913-4078-817F-AA11DF780662"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17010072" class="extiw" title="d:Q17010072">militantnež</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alessandro Farnese</b>, vojvoda v <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parmi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0panija" title="Španija">španski</a> <a href="/wiki/Vojskovodja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vojskovodja">vojskovodja</a> in <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a> <a href="/wiki/Italija" title="Italija">italijanskega</a> rodu, * <a href="/wiki/27._avgust" title="27. avgust">27. avgust</a> <a href="/wiki/1545" title="1545">1545</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rim" title="Rim">Rim</a>, † <a href="/wiki/3._december" title="3. december">3. december</a> <a href="/wiki/1592" title="1592">1592</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arras</a>. </p><p>Alessandro je bil sin parmskega vojvode Ottavija Farneseja, vnuka <a href="/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_Pavel_III." title="Papež Pavel III.">papeža Pavla III.</a>, in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margareta_Parmska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Margareta Parmska (stran ne obstaja)">Margarete</a>, nezakonske hčere cesarja <a href="/wiki/Karel_V._Habsbur%C5%A1ki" title="Karel V. Habsburški">Karla V.</a> Kot vojak se je prvič izkazal v bitki proti <a href="/wiki/Osmansko_cesarstvo" title="Osmansko cesarstvo">Turkom</a> <a href="/wiki/Bitka_pri_Lepantu" class="mw-disambig" title="Bitka pri Lepantu">pri Lepantu</a>. V letih 1580-92 je bil namestnik španskega kralja na Nizozemskem in vodja španske vojske, ki se je <a href="/wiki/Nizozemska_osamosvojitvena_vojna_(prvi_del)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizozemska osamosvojitvena vojna (prvi del)">borila proti upornikom</a>. V veliki meri je zaslužen, da so <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0panska_Nizozemska" class="mw-redirect" title="Španska Nizozemska">južne nizozemske province</a> ostale španske in <a href="/wiki/Katoli%C5%A1tvo" title="Katolištvo">katoliške</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mladost">Mladost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Farnese,_vojvoda_Parmski&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Mladost" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Farnese,_vojvoda_Parmski&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Mladost"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alessandrovo življenjsko pot je v mladosti usmeril napet odnos med <a href="/wiki/Habsbur%C5%BEani" title="Habsburžani">Habsburžani</a> in družino Farnese: Papež Pavel III, po rodu Alessandro Farnese, je Parmo in Piacenzo ločil od <a href="/wiki/Pape%C5%A1ka_dr%C5%BEava" title="Papeška država">papeške države</a> in ju oblikoval v <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">vojvodino</a>, ki jo je podelil v <a href="/wiki/Fevd" title="Fevd">fevd</a> svojemu nezakonskemu sinu Pieru Luigiju. Ko je Pierov sin Ottavio po očetovi smrti leta 1547 skušal uveljaviti svojo vojvodsko pravico, je prišel v spor s svojim tastom Karlom V. Spor je dokončno zgladil šele Karlov sin <a href="/wiki/Filip_II._%C5%A0panski" title="Filip II. Španski">Filip II.</a>, potem ko je prevzel prestol španskega kralja; leta 1557 je Ottaviju priznal vojvodstvo v Parmi in Piacenzi. V zavarovanje Ottavijeve lojalnosti Habsburžanom je zahteval prisotnost tedaj dvanajstletnega Alessandra na španskem dvoru. </p><p>Prva leta (1557-59) je Alessandro preživel v <a href="/wiki/Bruselj" title="Bruselj">Bruslju</a>, kjer je prišel v stik z otroki tamkajšnjih veljakov, svojimi vrstniki, kasnejšimi akterji v nizozemskem uporu proti španski oblasti. Leta 1559 je sledil španskemu dvoru v <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, kjer je živel skupaj s člani habsburške kraljeve družine, med njimi s kasnejšim <a href="/wiki/Juan_Avstrijski" title="Juan Avstrijski">Juanom Avstijskim</a>, nezakonskim sinom Karla V. (ki je bil torej Alessandrov stric, čeprav je bil dve leti mlajši). Na dvoru si je pridobil dobro izobrazbo in znanje jezikov (govoril je italijansko, špansko, latinsko, francosko, nizozemsko). </p><p>Alessandro se je leta 1565 poročil s <a href="/wiki/Portugalska" title="Portugalska">portugalsko</a> princeso Marijo, eno od mnogih vnukinj portugalskega kralja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_I.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel I. (stran ne obstaja)">Manuela I.</a>, in si naslednje leto ustvaril dom v Parmi, kjer se je v glavnem ukvarjal z jahanjem, lovom in vadil vojaške veščine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Začetek_vojaške_kariere"><span id="Za.C4.8Detek_voja.C5.A1ke_kariere"></span>Začetek vojaške kariere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Farnese,_vojvoda_Parmski&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Začetek vojaške kariere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Farnese,_vojvoda_Parmski&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Začetek vojaške kariere"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prvo priložnost za sodelovanje v vojski je dobil v <a href="/wiki/Bitka_pri_Lepantu" class="mw-disambig" title="Bitka pri Lepantu">bitki pri Lepantu</a> leta 1571, kjer se je pod poveljstvom Juana Avstrijskega v boju s Turki izkazal kot odličen oficir. Leta 1577 je bil poslan na čelu španske armade v pomoč Juanu Avstrijskemu, tedaj kraljevemu namestniku na Nizozemskem, ki je, brez vojske (Španija zaradi bankrota od leta 1576 ni mogla plačevati najemnikov), moral nemočen pristajati na pogoje upornikov. Alessandro je koncem januarja 1578 z dobro strategijo razbil vojsko nizozemskih provinc v bitki pri Gemblouxu in s tem močno zaustavil njihov polet. Leta 1578 je Juan Avstrijski umrl. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kraljevi_namestnik_na_Nizozemskem">Kraljevi namestnik na Nizozemskem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Farnese,_vojvoda_Parmski&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Kraljevi namestnik na Nizozemskem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Farnese,_vojvoda_Parmski&action=edit&section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Kraljevi namestnik na Nizozemskem"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filip II. je za Juanovega naslednika imenoval Alessandra Ferneseja. Z njim je prvič dobil na tem položaju človeka, ki je bil po svojem vojaškem znanju, intelektualnih sposobnostih ter socialni in verski strpnosti kos položaju pa tudi svojemu znancu iz mladosti, vodji upornikov, <a href="/wiki/Viljem_I._Oranski" title="Viljem I. Oranski">Viljemu I. Oranskemu</a>. Farnese, ki je poznal neenotnost verskih in političnih stališč v provincah, zlasti v južnih, katoliško usmerjenih, se je začel pogajati. Medtem ko je oblegal <a href="/wiki/Mastricht" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastricht">Mastricht</a> (ki se je predal v juniju 1579), je sprejel pogoje <a href="/wiki/Arra%C5%A1ka_zveza" title="Arraška zveza">arraške zveze</a> in si zagotovil njihovo nevtralnost. Podpis miru v <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Arrasu</a> v maju 1579 ga je obvezoval, da umakne z ozemlja zveze najemniško vojsko, dokler zveza od zunaj ne bo ogrožena. </p><p>V naslednjih dveh letih je Farnese deloval z vojsko, ki jo je za silo sestavil iz lokalnih vojakov, ki pa so bili nezanesljivi v pripadnosti vojski in slabo izurjeni, tako da je nekaj mest, med njimi <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>, kjer si je ustvaril rezidenco, zavzel bolj s pogajanji in popuščanjem kot z vojsko. V tem času pa so tudi nasprotniki, povezani v <a href="/wiki/Utrechtska_zveza_(1579)" title="Utrechtska zveza (1579)">utrechtski zvezi</a>, imeli svoje notranje težave. </p><p>Potem ko je v juniju 1581 utrechtska zveza tudi formalno proglasila neodvisnost od španskega kralja in je arraška zveza omilila svoja stališča glede neprisotnosti tujih čet (in se je tudi končala vojna Filipa II. s Turki), so na Nizozemsko ponovno začeli prihajati španski in italijanski najemniki. Koncem leta 1582 je imel Farnese na razpolago že 60.000 dobro izurjenih mož. S premišljeno taktiko je iz področja arraške zveze začel postopoma osvajati ozemlja upornikov. Leta 1581 je padla <a href="/wiki/Breda,_Nizozemska" title="Breda, Nizozemska">Breda</a>, matično mesto družine <a href="/wiki/Rodbina_Orange-Nassau" title="Rodbina Orange-Nassau">Oranskih</a>, ki je imela zato tudi simboličen pomen. Leta 1582 je napredoval na vzhodu v <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Overijssel" title="Overijssel">Overijssel</a>. Poleti 1583 sta padla <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nieuwpoort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nieuwpoort (stran ne obstaja)">Nieuwpoort</a> na <a href="/wiki/Flandrija" title="Flandrija">flandrijski</a> obali, leta 1584 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ieper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ieper (stran ne obstaja)">Ieper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brugge" title="Brugge">Brugge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gent" title="Gent">Gent</a>. Oblegati je začel <a href="/wiki/Antwerpen" title="Antwerpen">Antwerpen</a>. Da bi mesto lahko obkolil, je dal pod mestom zgraditi <a href="/wiki/Pontonski_most" title="Pontonski most">pontonski most</a> preko reke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schelde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schelde (stran ne obstaja)">Schelde</a>. Mesto se je predalo po trinajstmesečnem obleganju avgusta 1585. Držal je obljubo, ki jo je dal oblegancem, in dovolil, da so se v naslednjih letih iz mesta izselili z imetjem vsi, ki so se želeli še v naprej javno opredeljevati za <a href="/wiki/Protestantizem" title="Protestantizem">protestante</a>. </p><p>Zavzetje Antwerpna je bil višek Alessandrove kariere. Trdna obrambna črta napram <a href="/wiki/Republika_Nizozemska" title="Republika Nizozemska">Republiki Nizozemski</a> je konsolidirala ozemlje katoliške <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0panska_Nizozemska" class="mw-redirect" title="Španska Nizozemska">Španske Nizozemske</a>, ki je kasneje postalo <a href="/wiki/Belgija" title="Belgija">Belgija</a>. Leta 1586 je ob smrti očeta postal vojvoda Parmski, vendar mu dolžnosti v kraljevi službi in nadaljevanje bojevanja niso nikdar dopuščali, da bi zavladal doma. </p><p>Pri načrtovanju invazije na <a href="/wiki/Anglija" title="Anglija">Anglijo</a> leta 1588 je imel svoje predloge, ki pa jih kralj ni sprejel. Alessandro je dobil nalogo, da se s svojo vojsko priključi španskim silam ob <a href="/wiki/Rokavski_preliv" title="Rokavski preliv">Rokavskem prelivu</a>, kamor pa ni pravočasno prispel. Za katastrofo španske "nepremagljive" mornarice, ki je sledila angleškemu napadu na čakajočo floto pred pristaniščem <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bitka_pri_Gravelinesu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bitka pri Gravelinesu (stran ne obstaja)">Gravelines</a>, so v Madridu deloma krivili tudi vojvodo Parmskega in njegova popularnost je odtlej hitro padala. </p><p>Vojvoda Parmski je še naprej obkoljeval in stiskal Republiko Nizozemsko. Septembra 1590 je bil poklican v <a href="/wiki/Francija" title="Francija">Francijo</a> na pomoč katoliškim četam v obleganem <a href="/wiki/Pariz" title="Pariz">Parizu</a> (ki jih je po uboju <a href="/wiki/Henrik_III._Francoski" title="Henrik III. Francoski">Henrika III.</a>, oblegal pretendent za francoskega kralja, protestant, kasnejši <a href="/wiki/Henrik_IV._Francoski" title="Henrik IV. Francoski">Henrik IV.</a>) in aprila 1592 s podobno nalogo v <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouenu</a>, kjer je bil ranjen v roko. Umrl je v decembru za posledicami rane, še preden je lahko zvedel, da je padel pri kralju v nemilost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viri">Viri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Farnese,_vojvoda_Parmski&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Viri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Farnese,_vojvoda_Parmski&action=edit&section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Viri"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5980307">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«""›""‹"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia14ency"><i>The new encyclopaedia Britannica</i></a>. Chicago [etc.]: Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1992. <a href="/wiki/Vzajemni_bibliografski_sistem_COBISS" title="Vzajemni bibliografski sistem COBISS">COBISS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/sl/bib/13736197">13736197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=The+new+encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago+%5Betc.%5D&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplus.cobiss.net%2Fcobiss%2Fsi%2Fsl%2Fbib%2F13736197%23full%23id-name%3DCOBISS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia14ency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3AAlessandro+Farnese%2C+vojvoda+Parmski" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121029417">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifikator)">VIAF</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/88906355">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/88906355">WorldCat (via VIAF)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narodne knjižnice</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1141792">Španija</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12289241r">Francija</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12289241r">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517726806706">Katalonija</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118701932">Nemčija</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV105654">Italija</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007395644505171">Izrael</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nr90023912">ZDA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2014827685&CON_LNG=ENG">Češka republika</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record225883">Grčija</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069306664">Nizozemska</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=1&NU=1&IM=4&WI=9811246254805606">Poljska</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/495_16477">Vatikan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inštituti za umetnostno raziskovanje</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/490332">RKD Artists (Nizozemska)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500339410">Artist Names (Getty)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biografski slovarji</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/36031607">Nizozemska</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/07679358">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118701932.html?language=en">Nemčija</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugo</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/277936/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISM_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="RISM (identifikator)">RISM (Francija)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/41340">1</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6765ntk">Social Networks and Archival Context</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifikator)">SUDOC (Francija)</a> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031731546">1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q35127&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q77541206&quot;&gt;BeWeb&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q77541206]]&lt;/div&gt;-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q35127&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q77541206&quot;&gt;BeWeb&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q77541206]]&lt;/div&gt;_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="wikidata_cite citetype_Q35127" data-entity-id="Q77541206">BeWeb<span class="wef_low_priority_links"></span></span><div style="display:none"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q77541206" class="extiw" title="d:Track:Q77541206">d:Track:Q77541206</a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q856638_citetype_Q1982918_citetype_Q36524&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q13550863&quot;&gt;Nacionalna_zbirka_normativnih_podatkov_Češke_republike&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q13550863]]&lt;/div&gt;-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q856638_citetype_Q1982918_citetype_Q36524&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q13550863&quot;&gt;Nacionalna_zbirka_normativnih_podatkov_Češke_republike&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q13550863]]&lt;/div&gt;_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="wikidata_cite citetype_Q856638 citetype_Q1982918 citetype_Q36524" data-entity-id="Q13550863">Nacionalna zbirka normativnih podatkov Češke republike<span class="wef_low_priority_links"></span></span><div style="display:none"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q13550863" class="extiw" title="d:Track:Q13550863">d:Track:Q13550863</a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q36524_citetype_Q7094076_citetype_Q27031827_citetype_Q595971&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q19938912&quot;&gt;[http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12289241r_data.bnf.fr]:_platforma_za_odprte_podatke&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;_—_2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q193563]][[d:Track:Q19938912]]&lt;/div&gt;-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q36524_citetype_Q7094076_citetype_Q27031827_citetype_Q595971&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q19938912&quot;&gt;[http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12289241r_data.bnf.fr]:_platforma_za_odprte_podatke&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;_—_2011.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q193563]][[d:Track:Q19938912]]&lt;/div&gt;_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="wikidata_cite citetype_Q36524 citetype_Q7094076 citetype_Q27031827 citetype_Q595971" data-entity-id="Q19938912"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12289241r">data.bnf.fr</a>: platforma za odprte podatke<span class="wef_low_priority_links"> — 2011.</span></span><div style="display:none"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q193563" class="extiw" title="d:Track:Q193563">d:Track:Q193563</a><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q19938912" class="extiw" title="d:Track:Q19938912">d:Track:Q19938912</a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q43229_citetype_Q36570165&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q1868372&quot;&gt;[http://www.biografischportaal.nl/persoon/36031607_Alexander_Farnese]&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;_—_2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q1868372]]&lt;/div&gt;-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q43229_citetype_Q36570165&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q1868372&quot;&gt;[http://www.biografischportaal.nl/persoon/36031607_Alexander_Farnese]&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;_—_2009.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q1868372]]&lt;/div&gt;_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="wikidata_cite citetype_Q43229 citetype_Q36570165" data-entity-id="Q1868372"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/persoon/36031607">Alexander Farnese</a><span class="wef_low_priority_links"> — 2009.</span></span><div style="display:none"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1868372" class="extiw" title="d:Track:Q1868372">d:Track:Q1868372</a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q8513_citetype_Q35127_citetype_Q36524_citetype_Q194166&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q29861311&quot;&gt;SNAC&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;_—_2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q29861311]]&lt;/div&gt;-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-&lt;span_class=&quot;wikidata_cite_citetype_Q8513_citetype_Q35127_citetype_Q36524_citetype_Q194166&quot;_data-entity-id=&quot;Q29861311&quot;&gt;SNAC&lt;span_class=&quot;wef_low_priority_links&quot;&gt;_—_2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div_style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;[[d:Track:Q29861311]]&lt;/div&gt;_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="wikidata_cite citetype_Q8513 citetype_Q35127 citetype_Q36524 citetype_Q194166" data-entity-id="Q29861311">SNAC<span class="wef_low_priority_links"> — 2010.</span></span><div style="display:none"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q29861311" class="extiw" title="d:Track:Q29861311">d:Track:Q29861311</a></div></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Pridobljeno iz »<a dir="ltr" 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