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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ونډې</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-تعریف" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#تعریف"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>تعریف</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-تعریف-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle تعریف subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-تعریف-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-کاذب/دروغي_انقراض" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#کاذب/دروغي_انقراض"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱.۱</span> <span>کاذب/دروغي انقراض</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-کاذب/دروغي_انقراض-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچينې_او_ياداښتونه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچينې_او_ياداښتونه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>سرچينې او ياداښتونه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچينې_او_ياداښتونه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">انقراض/ له منځه تلل</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۹۷ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۹۷ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitsterwing" title="Uitsterwing – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Uitsterwing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinci%C3%B3n" title="Extinción – اراگونېسي" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Extinción" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="اراگونېسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="انقراض – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انقراض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="انقراض – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انقراض" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estinci%C3%B3n" title="Estinción – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estinción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%99sil_k%C9%99silm%C9%99si" title="Nəsil kəsilməsi – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nəsil kəsilməsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نسیل کسیلمه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نسیل کسیلمه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D2%A1%D2%A1%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Юҡҡа сығыу – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Юҡҡа сығыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Выміранне – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Выміранне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Измиране – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Измиране" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="বিলুপ্তি – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিলুপ্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumiranje" title="Izumiranje – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Izumiranje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinci%C3%B3" title="Extinció – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Extinció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkapuo" title="Pagkapuo – سیبوانوي" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pagkapuo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="سیبوانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قڕان – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قڕان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vym%C3%ADr%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Vymírání – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vymírání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difodiant" title="Difodiant – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Difodiant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udryddelse" title="Udryddelse – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Udryddelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aussterben" title="Aussterben – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aussterben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Εξαφάνιση (βιολογία) – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξαφάνιση (βιολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Extinction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formorto" title="Formorto – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Formorto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinci%C3%B3n" title="Extinción – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Extinción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ljasuremine" title="Väljasuremine – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Väljasuremine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espezieen_iraungipen" title="Espezieen iraungipen – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espezieen iraungipen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinci%C3%B3n" title="Extinción – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Extinción" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="انقراض – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقراض" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukupuutto" title="Sukupuutto – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukupuutto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_des_esp%C3%A8ces" title="Extinction des espèces – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Extinction des espèces" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utstjerren_(biology)" title="Utstjerren (biology) – لوېديځ فريشي" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Utstjerren (biology)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="لوېديځ فريشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ADobhadh_(speiceas)" title="Díobhadh (speiceas) – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Díobhadh (speiceas)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstenksyon_di_s%C3%A9_l%C3%A8sp%C3%A8s" title="Ekstenksyon di sé lèspès – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Ekstenksyon di sé lèspès" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinci%C3%B3n" title="Extinción – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Extinción" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF" title="વિલુપ્ત જાતિ – ګجراتي" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિલુપ્ત જાતિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="ګجراتي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhie%CC%8Dt-ch%C3%BAng" title="Chhie̍t-chúng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhie̍t-chúng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%97%D7%93%D7%95" title="מינים שנכחדו – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינים שנכחדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="विलुप्ति – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलुप्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumiranje" title="Izumiranje – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izumiranje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstenksyon" title="Ekstenksyon – هيټي کريول" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ekstenksyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="هيټي کريول" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihal%C3%A1s" title="Kihalás – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kihalás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepunahan" title="Kepunahan – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepunahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mgbukp%E1%BB%8D" title="Mgbukpọ – اګبو" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mgbukpọ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="اګبو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannakaungaw" title="Pannakaungaw – الوکو" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pannakaungaw" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="الوکو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ейна дӀаялар – انگش" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ейна дӀаялар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="انگش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atdau%C3%B0i" title="Útdauði – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Útdauði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estinzione" title="Estinzione – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estinzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B6%E6%BB%85" title="絶滅 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="絶滅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesies_cures" title="Spesies cures – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Spesies cures" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ამოწყდომა – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამოწყდომა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angar" title="Angar – کیبیل" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Angar" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="کیبیل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Қырылу – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қырылу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%A9%B8" title="절멸 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="절멸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemab%C3%BBy%C3%AE" title="Nemabûyî – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nemabûyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difeudhans" title="Difeudhans – کورنيشي" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Difeudhans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="کورنيشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exstinctio" title="Exstinctio – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Exstinctio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1nykimas" title="Išnykimas – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išnykimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izmir%C5%A1ana" title="Izmiršana – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izmiršana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fongana" title="Fongana – ملغاسي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fongana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ملغاسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="വംശനാശം സംഭവിച്ച ജീവികൾ – مالايالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വംശനാശം സംഭവിച്ച ജീവികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="नामशेष प्रजाती – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नामशेष प्रजाती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepupusan" title="Kepupusan – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepupusan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မျိုးသုဉ်းခြင်း – برمایی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျိုးသုဉ်းခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uitsterven" title="Uitsterven – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Uitsterven" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utd%C3%B8ydde_artar" title="Utdøydde artar – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Utdøydde artar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utryddelse" title="Utryddelse – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Utryddelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extincion_de_las_esp%C3%A8cias" title="Extincion de las espècias – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Extincion de las espècias" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA" title="ਲੋਪ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੋਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymieranie" title="Wymieranie – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wymieranie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extin%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Extinção – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Extinção" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27aq_wa%C3%B1uy" title="Rikch'aq wañuy – کېچوا" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'aq wañuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="کېچوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinc%C8%9Bie" title="Extincție – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Extincție" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Вымирание – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вымирание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction – سکاټس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Extinction" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکاټس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumiranje" title="Izumiranje – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izumiranje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B3_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8" title="වඳ වී යාම – سينهالي" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වඳ වී යාම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سينهالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Extinction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyhynutie_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Vyhynutie (biológia) – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vyhynutie (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumrtje" title="Izumrtje – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izumrtje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabar_Go%27" title="Dabar Go' – سومالي" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dabar Go'" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="سومالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llojet_e_zhdukura" title="Llojet e zhdukura – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Llojet e zhdukura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Изумирање – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Изумирање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utd%C3%B6d" title="Utdöd – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Utdöd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அற்றுவிட்ட இனம் – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அற்றுவிட்ட இனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="కనుమరుగైన జాతులు – تېليګو" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కనుమరుగైన జాతులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="تېليګو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D2%9B%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Инқироз – تاجکي" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Инқироз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C" title="การสูญพันธุ์ – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสูญพันธุ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkalipol" title="Pagkalipol – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagkalipol" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_t%C3%BCkenmesi" title="Soy tükenmesi – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Soy tükenmesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83" title="Юкка чыгу – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Юкка чыгу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Вимирання – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вимирання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="معدومیت – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معدومیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%E1%BB%87t_ch%E1%BB%A7ng" title="Tuyệt chủng – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tuyệt chủng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naubos_pagkamatay" title="Naubos pagkamatay – وارۍ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Naubos pagkamatay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارۍ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="灭绝 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="灭绝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%9D%E7%81%AD" title="绝灭 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="绝灭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%CC%8Dt-choa%CC%8Dt" title="Bia̍t-choa̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bia̍t-choa̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%A8%AE" title="絕種 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="絕種" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q123509#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نوم-تشيالونه"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6/_%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" title="د مخ مېنځپانگه کتل [c]" accesskey="c"><span>مخ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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کې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Extinction" hreflang="en"><span>ويکيمېډيا کامنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q123509" title="د نښلېدلي اومتوک زېرمتون توکي سره تړنه [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ويکي‌ډېټا توکی</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>انقراض د ژوندیو موجوداتو د یو ډول یا یو ګروپ (تاکسون/ taxon) له منځه تلل دي چې معمولاً یو ډول په کې شامل وي. په ټوله کې د ورکېدو شېبه د ډول/نوعې د وروستي فرد مړینه ده، که څه هم ښايي د نسل د بقا او تکثر ځواک یې له دې پړاو څخه مخکې له منځه تللی وي. د يو ډول پوتانشيل محدوده ښايي زیاته وي له دې امله د یادې شېبې تعینول ستونزمن دي او معمولاً په شاتګ/تېرحالت ته په کتو تعينيږي. دا ستونزمنتیا د لازاروس ټکسا (Lazarus taxa) په شان پېښو ته لار هواروي، چې په هغه کې هغه ډول چې ګومان کېږي له انقراض سره مخ دی تر لنډ‌مهاله ورک‌والي وروسته په ناڅاپي ډول (معمولاً په فوسیلي ریکارډونو کې) بیاځلي راڅرګنديږي.  </p><p>اټکل کېږي ټولو ډولونو چې تر دې مهاله يې د ځمکې پر مخ ژوند کاوه له ۹۹ سلنه څخه زیات له منځه تللي، چې له پنځه زره ميلیارد څخه زیات ډولونه کېږي. اټکل کېږي چې اوس‌مهال د نړۍ په کچه شاوخوا ۸.۷ میلیونه ایوکاریوت (یو حجروي) ډولونه شته او په احتمالي ډول که چېرې نور میکرواورګانیزمونه لکه باکتري‌ګانې په کې شامل شي څو چنده کېږي. نه الوتونکي ډایناسورونه (non-avian dinosaurs)، د سبېر غاښ‌لرونکې پیشو (saber-toothed cats)، ډوډوګان (dodos)، ماموتونه (mammoths)، ګرونډ سلوتس (ground sloths)، تایلاسېنس (thylacines)، تريلوبېټس (trilobites) او طلايي چنګښه (golden toads.) د پام‌وړ منقرض حیوانات دي.<sup id="cite_ref-Book-Biology_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book-Biology-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PLoSbiologyspeciescensus_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PLoSbiologyspeciescensus-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NSF-2016002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF-2016002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د تکامل له مخې، ډولونه د ډولونو د رامنځته کېدلو د پروسو له لارې رامنځته شوي، چېرته چې د یو ژوندي موجود نوي واریټۍ/ varieties د یو ایکولوژیکي ځای د موندلو او د ګټې اخیستنې له ځواک سره رامنځته کېږي او وده کوي. ډولونه هغه مهال نور ژوندي نه‌شي پاتې کېدلی او له انقراض سره مخ کېږي چې د عالي رقابت پر وړاندې د شرایطو له بدلون سره د ژوندي پاتې کېدلو ځواک ونه لري. د ایکولوژیکو ځایونو او حیواناتو تر منځ اړیکه په کلک ډول جوړه شوې ده. په معمولي توګه یو ډول/نوعه له خپل لومړني ظهور څخه لس کاله وروسته له انقراض سره مخ کېږي، که څه هم ځیني ډولونه د ژوندیو فوسیلونو په نوم له هېڅ ډول مورفولوژيکي بدلون پرته سلګونه کال ژوندي پاتې کېږي. <sup id="cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newman2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ډله‌اییز ورکېدل/انقراض نادرې پېښې دي. که څه هم بېل شوي (isolated) انقراضونه په دې وروستیو کې ثبت شوي او ډېر دود دي، پوهان د انقراضونو د کچې د لوړوالي په اړه اندېښمن دي. ډېری ډولونه چې ورکېږي هېڅ‌کله په علمي توګه نه دي مستند شوي. ځینې پوهان داسې اټکل کوي چې د بوټو او حیواناتو د اوسنیو شته ډولونو څخه نیمايي ښايي تر ۲۱۰۰ کال پورې له انقراض سره مخ شي. په ۲۰۱۸ کال کې یو راپور وښوده چې د ۳۰۰ تي‌لرونکو فیلیوجنتیکي تنوع (phylogenetic diversity) د انساني دوران په بهیر کې له وروستي پلېستوسن/ Late Pleistocene (د ځمکې پېژندنې په نړیوال زماني مقیاس کې يوه غیر رسمي دوره) څخه پاکه شوې ده، چې بېرته موندل یې له ۵ څخه تر ۷ میلونه کلونو وخت ته اړتیا لري. <sup id="cite_ref-MSNBC_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSNBC-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-davis2018_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis2018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د ژويو د تنوع او ایکوسیستم د خدماتو په اړه د نړیوالې ارزونې د راپور له مخې چې په ۲۰۱۹ کال کې د IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services / د ژويو د تنوع او ایکوسیستم د خدماتو په اړه بین الدولتي ساینسي-علمي پلټفارم) له خوا خپورشو د ځنګلي تي‌لرونکو ژويو حیاتي کتله (biomass) ۸۲ سلنه راکمه شوې ده، طبعي ایکوسیستمونو شاوخوا خپل نیم مساحت له لاسه ورکړی او یو میلیون ډولونه د انقراض له ګواښ سره مخ دي، دا ټول د انساني اعمالو پایله ده.  د بوټو او حیواناتو ۲۵ سلنه ډولونه د انقراض له ګواښ سره مخ دي. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20190506_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190506-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IPBES-20190506_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPBES-20190506-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د ۲۰۱۹ کال په جون میاشت کې د بوټو/نباتاتو او حیواناتو یو میلیون ډولونه د ورکېدو له خطر سره مخ وو. له ۱۷۵۰ کال راهیسې لږ تر لږه ۵۷۱ ډولونه ورک شوي، احتمالاً ښايي تر دې ډېر وي. انساني فعالیتونه لکه د ځنګلونو پرې کول او په کرنیزو ځمکو د وچو ځمکو بدلولو په واسطه د طبعي چاپېریال تخریب د انقراضونو اصلي لامل دی.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د یو ډول له نوم یا بل تاکسون (taxon) سره د خنجر (†) نښه معمولاً د هغه وضعیت د منقرض / ورک شوي په توګه ښيي. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تعریف"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.B9.D8.B1.DB.8C.D9.81"></span>تعریف</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6/_%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: تعریف"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>یو ډول/نوعه هغه وخت منقرضېږي چې وروستی شته غړی مړ شي. په دې اساس انقراض هغه مهال قطعي کېږي چې د نسل د بقا او یا نوي نسل د خلق کولو لپاره هېڅ ژوندی غړی نه وي. د یو ډول/ نوعې انقراض د عملکردي پلوه هغه مهال ممکن دی چې یوازې د ګوتو په شمېر افراد ژوندي پاتې وي، چې د نامناسب روغتیايي وضعیت، عمر، په پراخه محدوده کې تیت انتشار، په تکثیري حیواناتو کې د دواړو جنسونو د نشتوالي او نورو لاملونو په وجه تکثر نه شي کولی.  </p><p>د یو ډول د انقراض یا دروغي انقراض د کره تعینولو لپاره د هغه ډول روښانه تعریف لازم دی. که چېرې پرېکړه په دې وي چې منقرض اعلان شي، موخن ډول باید له خپل پلرني، لورني او نورو نژدې خپلوانو څخه په بې سارې ډول د تشخیص‌وړ وي. د یو ډول انقراض یا په لورني ډول ځای ناستي کېدل د سټېفن جې ګولډ (Niles Eldredge) او نایل اېلډېرج (Stephen Jay Gould ) د نقطه‌يي تعادل (punctuated equilibrium) په فرضیه کې کلیدي رول لري. <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>انقراض په ایکولوژي کې ځينې وختونه په غیر رسمي ډول سيمه‌اييزې ورکېدنې/انقراض ته په اشاره کارول کېږي، چې د مطالعې لپاره په ټاکل شوې سیمه کې هغه ډول نه‌شته وي، حال دا چې په نورو سیمو کې لاهم شته وي. سيمه‌اييز انقراض ښايي له نورو سیمو څخه د همغه ډول/نوعې د نویو افرادو له معرفي کولو سره بیاځلي بهبود ومومي. د لېوه بیاځلې معرفي کول د دې یوه بېلګه ده. هغه ډولونه چې په نړیواله کچه نه دي منقرض شوي، د شته نسخې (extant) په نوم یادیږي. هغه ډلې چې شته دي خو د انقراض له ګواښ سره مخ دي، د انقراض له ګواښ سره مخ یا د مخ پرانقراض په نوم یاديږي.   </p><p>اوس مهال د انقراض اړینه جنبه د انقراض له خطر سره د مخ شویو ډولونو د ساتنې لپاره د انسان هڅې دي. چې په طبیعت کې د منقرض شوي خوندي وضعیت (EW) له رامنځته کولو سره منعکسېږي. هغه ډولونه چې د طبیعت د خوندیتوب نړیوالې اتحادیې (IUCN) له خوا د دغه  وضعیت په لړلیک کې شامل شوي، په طبیعت کې هېڅ ژوندی ډول نه لري یوازې په ژوبڼونو او ګڼو نورو مصنوعي چاپېریالونو کې ساتل کېږي. ځینې دغه ډولونه د عملکرد له پلوه منقرض شوي دي ځکه هغوی نور په طبعي چاپېریال کې نه دي او دا بیخي لږ ممکنه ده چې ډولونه به کله هم بېرته طبیعت ته وروګرځول شي.  د ژویو مدرنې مؤسسې په دې هڅه کې دي چې د کره پلان جوړونې له لارې د امکان په حالت کې د نسل د اصلاح/ سمونې د برنامو له کارولو سره یو نوی د دوام وړ نفوس د ډولونو د خوندیتوب او دوام لپاره په احتمالي ډول په راتلونکي کې د طبیعت د خوندیتوب په موخه طبیعت ته وروپېژني.<sup id="cite_ref-Maas_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maas-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د وحشي ډولونو په نفوس کې د یو ډول انقراض کولی شي بدې اغېزې ولري او د لا زیات انقراض  لامل شي، چې د انقراض د لړۍ په نوم هم یادیږي. دا چاره د کېسټون/Keystone په ډولونو کې ډېره عامه ده.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په 2018 کال کې د یوې څېړنې پایلې ښیي چې شپږم ډله اییز انقراض د پولېستونېس په وروستیو کې پیل شو ښايي له 5 څخه تر 7 میلیون کلونو پورې وخت وغواړي چې د تي لرونکو د بې ساري ډولونو  تنوع د بشر له تاریخ څخه 2,5  بیلیون کاله مخکی بېرته راوګرځوي.<sup id="cite_ref-davis20182_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis20182-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="کاذب/دروغي_انقراض"><span id=".DA.A9.D8.A7.D8.B0.D8.A8.2F.D8.AF.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.BA.D9.8A_.D8.A7.D9.86.D9.82.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.B6"></span>کاذب/دروغي انقراض</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6/_%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: کاذب/دروغي انقراض"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د مورنیو ډولونو انقراض چې په هغه کې لورني یا سب ډولونه (subspecies) لا هم شته وي د کاذب انقراض یا د فلیلایتیک (phyletic) انقراض په نوم یادیږي. پخوانی تاکسون (taxon) په اغېزمن ډول ورکېږي، اناجينيزس (anagenesis) یې ځای ناستی کېږي یا هم له یو څخه په زیاتو کلادوجینزس (cladogenesis) وېشل کېږي. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د دروغي انقراض ثابتول تر هغه ستونزمن کار دی چې د یو ډول له پخوانیو غړو سره د ژوندیو غړو د اړيکې په اړه د شواهدو پياوړې لړۍ موجوده نه وي. د مثال په ډول کله داسې ادعا کېږي چې هېراکوتېریم (<i>Hyracotherium</i>) چې لومړنی اس و او له نننيو اسونه سره یې نیکه مشترک و منقرض شوی دی، دا حالت د حقیقي انقراض په پرتله یو دورغي انقراض دی ځکه د اسونو څوګوني ډولونه شته، چې له دې ډلې زېبرا او خر یادولی شو، دا چې فوسیلي ډولونه معمولاً هېڅ جنتیکي ماده تر شا نه پرېږدي نو نه شو ویلی چې هېراکوتېریم (<i>Hyracotherium</i>) په لا مدرن ډول تکامل موندلی یا هم یوازې د اسونو له مشترکې نړۍ څخه تکامل ته رسېدلی. د دروغي انقراض اثبات د لویو طبقه‌بندیو د ډلو لپاره خورا اسان دی.   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې_او_ياداښتونه"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90_.D8.A7.D9.88_.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.AF.D8.A7.DA.9A.D8.AA.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>سرچينې او ياداښتونه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6/_%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچينې او ياداښتونه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Book-Biology-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Book-Biology_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFKunin,_W.E.Gaston,_Kevin1996" class="citation book cs1">Kunin, W.E.; Gaston, Kevin, eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LHnCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110"><i>The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare–common differences</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0412633805" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0412633805 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0412633805</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biology+of+Rarity%3A+Causes+and+consequences+of+rare%E2%80%93common+differences&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0412633805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LHnCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jablonski2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski2004_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFJablonski2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jablonski, D. (2004). "Extinction: past and present". <i>Nature</i>. <b>427</b> (6975): 589. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.427..589J">2004Natur.427..589J</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F427589a">10.1038/427589a</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14961099">14961099</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4412106">4412106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Extinction%3A+past+and+present&rft.volume=427&rft.issue=6975&rft.pages=589&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F427589a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4412106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14961099&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Natur.427..589J&rft.aulast=Jablonski&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StearnsStearns2000-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-StearnsStearns2000_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFStearnsStearnsStearns2000" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, S.C.; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0BHeC-tXIB4C&q=99%20percent"><i>Watching, from the Edge of Extinction</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yale_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yale University Press (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Yale University Press</a>. p. preface x. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د کتاب نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-300-08469-6" class="new" title="ځانگړی:کتاب سرچينې/978-0-300-08469-6 (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><bdi>978-0-300-08469-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watching%2C+from+the+Edge+of+Extinction&rft.pages=preface+x&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08469-6&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Beverly+Peterson&rft.au=Stearns%2C+S.C.&rft.au=Stearns%2C+Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0BHeC-tXIB4C%26q%3D99%2520percent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20141108-MJN-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20141108-MJN_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFNovacek2014" class="citation news cs1">Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html">"Prehistory's Brilliant Future"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New York Times (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2014-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prehistory%27s+Brilliant+Future&rft.date=2014-11-08&rft.aulast=Novacek&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F09%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fprehistorys-brilliant-future.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Newman_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Mark (1997). "<i>A model of mass extinction</i>". <i>Journal of Theoretical Biology</i>. <b>189</b> (3): 235–252. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88_(%D9%88%DB%90%D8%A8%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%87)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ارکايو (وېبپاڼه) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/adap-org/9702003">adap-org/9702003</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JThBi.189..235N">1997JThBi.189..235N</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjtbi.1997.0508">10.1006/jtbi.1997.0508</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9441817">9441817</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9892809">9892809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+Biology&rft.atitle=A+model+of+mass+extinction&rft.volume=189&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=235-252&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9892809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JThBi.189..235N&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fadap-org%2F9702003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9441817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjtbi.1997.0508&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PLoSbiologyspeciescensus-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PLoSbiologyspeciescensus_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMoraTittensorAdlSimpson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Worm, Boris (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336">"How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>9</b> (8): e1001127. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3160336">3160336</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21886479">21886479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=How+Many+Species+Are+There+on+Earth+and+in+the+Ocean%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e1001127&rft.date=2011&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160336%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21886479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001127&rft.aulast=Mora&rft.aufirst=Camilo&rft.au=Tittensor%2C+Derek+P.&rft.au=Adl%2C+Sina&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Alastair+G.+B.&rft.au=Worm%2C+Boris&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3160336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSF-2016002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NSF-2016002_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446">"Researchers find that Earth may be home to 1 trillion species"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Science_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Science Foundation (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">National Science Foundation</a></i>. 2 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Science+Foundation&rft.atitle=Researchers+find+that+Earth+may+be+home+to+1+trillion+species&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews_summ.jsp%3Fcntn_id%3D138446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-SahneyBentonFerry2010LinksDiversityVertebrates_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSahneyBentonFerry2010" class="citation journal cs1">Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Ferry, P.A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936204">"Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land"</a>. <i>Biology Letters</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 544–547. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.1024">10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936204">2936204</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20106856">20106856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Links+between+global+taxonomic+diversity%2C+ecological+diversity+and+the+expansion+of+vertebrates+on+land&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=544-547&rft.date=2010&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936204%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20106856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.1024&rft.aulast=Sahney&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&rft.au=Ferry%2C+P.A.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newman2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Newman2_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Newman, Mark (1997). "<i>A model of mass extinction</i>". <i>Journal of Theoretical Biology</i>. <b>189</b> (3): 235–252. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88_(%D9%88%DB%90%D8%A8%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%87)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ارکايو (وېبپاڼه) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/adap-org/9702003">adap-org/9702003</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JThBi.189..235N">1997JThBi.189..235N</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjtbi.1997.0508">10.1006/jtbi.1997.0508</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9441817">9441817</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9892809">9892809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theoretical+Biology&rft.atitle=A+model+of+mass+extinction&rft.volume=189&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=235-252&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9892809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JThBi.189..235N&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fadap-org%2F9702003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9441817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjtbi.1997.0508&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSNBC-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MSNBC_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6502368">Species disappearing at an alarming rate, report says</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=NBC_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NBC News (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">NBC News</a>. Retrieved July 26, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9gHuAwxwAs"><span class="plainlinks">The Sixth Extinction</span></a> پر <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8" title="يوټيوب">يوټيوب</a> باندې (<a href="/w/index.php?title=PBS_Digital_Studios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PBS Digital Studios (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PBS Digital Studios</a>, November 17, 2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFCeballosEhrlichBarnoskyGarcía2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_David_Barnosky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony David Barnosky (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Barnosky, Anthony D.</a>; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640606">"Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_Advances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science Advances (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Science Advances</a></i>. <b>1</b> (5): e1400253. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SciA....1E0253C">2015SciA....1E0253C</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1400253">10.1126/sciadv.1400253</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640606">4640606</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26601195">26601195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Accelerated+modern+human%E2%80%93induced+species+losses%3A+Entering+the+sixth+mass+extinction&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e1400253&rft.date=2015&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4640606%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26601195&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1400253&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015SciA....1E0253C&rft.aulast=Ceballos&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft.au=Ehrlich%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Barnosky%2C+Anthony+D.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft.au=Pringle%2C+Robert+M.&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Todd+M.&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4640606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFRippleWolfNewsomeGaletti2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Scientists%27_Warning_to_Humanity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Scientists' Warning to Humanity (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=BioScience&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BioScience (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">BioScience</a></i>. <b>67</b> (12): 1026–1028. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix125">10.1093/biosci/bix125</a></span>. <q>Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=World+Scientists%27+Warning+to+Humanity%3A+A+Second+Notice&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1026-1028&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix125&rft.aulast=Ripple&rft.aufirst=WJ&rft.au=Wolf%2C+C&rft.au=Newsome%2C+TM&rft.au=Galetti%2C+M&rft.au=Alamgir%2C+M&rft.au=Crist%2C+E&rft.au=Mahmoud%2C+MI&rft.au=Laurance%2C+WF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E.O._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E.O. Wilson (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wilson, E.O.</a>, <i>The Future of Life</i> (2002) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-679-76811-4" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/0-679-76811-4">0-679-76811-4</a>). See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Leakey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Leakey (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Leakey, Richard</a>, <i>The Sixth Extinction : Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-385-46809-1" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/0-385-46809-1">0-385-46809-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis2018-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-davis2018_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFDavisFaurbySvenning2018" class="citation journal cs1">Davis M, Faurby S, Svenning JC (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6217385">"Mammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i>. <b>115</b> (44): 11262–11267. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1804906115">10.1073/pnas.1804906115</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6217385">6217385</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30322924">30322924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.atitle=Mammal+diversity+will+take+millions+of+years+to+recover+from+the+current+biodiversity+crisis&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=11262-11267&rft.date=2018&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6217385%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30322924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1804906115&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Faurby%2C+S&rft.au=Svenning%2C+JC&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6217385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2019" class="citation news cs1">Watts, Jonathan (May 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/06/human-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report">"Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth's natural life"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Guardian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Guardian (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Human+society+under+urgent+threat+from+loss+of+Earth%27s+natural+life&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2Fmay%2F06%2Fhuman-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20190506-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20190506_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFPlumer2019" class="citation news cs1">Plumer, Brad (May 6, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/climate/biodiversity-extinction-united-nations.html">"Humans Are Speeding Extinction and Altering the Natural World at an 'Unprecedented' Pace"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_York_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New York Times (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Humans+Are+Speeding+Extinction+and+Altering+the+Natural+World+at+an+%27Unprecedented%27+Pace&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft.aulast=Plumer&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F05%2F06%2Fclimate%2Fbiodiversity-extinction-united-nations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPBES-20190506-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IPBES-20190506_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipbes.net/news/Media-Release-Global-Assessment">"Media Release: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species Extinction Rates 'Accelerating'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intergovernmental_Science-Policy_Platform_on_Biodiversity_and_Ecosystem_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services</a></i>. May 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intergovernmental+Science-Policy+Platform+on+Biodiversity+and+Ecosystem+Services&rft.atitle=Media+Release%3A+Nature%27s+Dangerous+Decline+%27Unprecedented%27%3B+Species+Extinction+Rates+%27Accelerating%27&rft.date=2019-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipbes.net%2Fnews%2FMedia-Release-Global-Assessment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jun/10/frightening-number-of-plant-extinctions-found-in-global-survey">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Frightening' number of plant extinctions found in global survey"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 10 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Frightening%27+number+of+plant+extinctions+found+in+global+survey&rft.date=2019-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2Fjun%2F10%2Ffrightening-number-of-plant-extinctions-found-in-global-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Niles Eldredge, <i>Time Frames: Rethinking of Darwinian Evolution and the Theory of Punctuated Equilibria</i>, 1986, Heinemann <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-434-22610-6" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/0-434-22610-6">0-434-22610-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maas-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Maas_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maas, Peter. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/wilduk.htm">Extinct in the Wild" <i>The Extinction Website</i>. URL accessed January 26 2007.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216030551/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/wilduk.htm">Archived</a> February 16, 2007, at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFQuince2004" class="citation journal cs1">Quince, Christopher; et al. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925092540/http://theory.ph.man.ac.uk/~ajm/qui05a.pdf">"Deleting species from model food webs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oikos</i>. <b>110</b> (2): 283–296. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88_(%D9%88%DB%90%D8%A8%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%87)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ارکايو (وېبپاڼه) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/q-bio/0401037">q-bio/0401037</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="بيبکوډ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004q.bio.....1037Q">2004q.bio.....1037Q</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0030-1299.2005.13493.x">10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13493.x</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16750824">16750824</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theory.ph.man.ac.uk/~ajm/qui05a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2007-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oikos&rft.atitle=Deleting+species+from+model+food+webs&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-296&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fq-bio%2F0401037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16750824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0030-1299.2005.13493.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004q.bio.....1037Q&rft.aulast=Quince&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheory.ph.man.ac.uk%2F~ajm%2Fqui05a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis20182-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-davis20182_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFDavisFaurbySvenning2018" class="citation journal cs1">Davis M, Faurby S, Svenning JC (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6217385">"Mammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i>. <b>115</b> (44): 11262–11267. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1804906115">10.1073/pnas.1804906115</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%85%DB%90%DA%89%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پبمېډسنټرل (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6217385">6217385</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%85%D8%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="پاب‌مد (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30322924">30322924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.atitle=Mammal+diversity+will+take+millions+of+years+to+recover+from+the+current+biodiversity+crisis&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=11262-11267&rft.date=2018&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6217385%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30322924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1804906115&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Faurby%2C+S&rft.au=Svenning%2C+JC&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6217385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMosbergen2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mosbergen, Dominique (2018-10-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/mammal-diversity-extinction-study_us_5bc59f68e4b055bc94796ecf">"Mammals Will Still Be Recovering From Human Destruction Long After We're Gone"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i> (په انګليسي)<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2018-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Mammals+Will+Still+Be+Recovering+From+Human+Destruction+Long+After+We%27re+Gone&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft.aulast=Mosbergen&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fmammal-diversity-extinction-study_us_5bc59f68e4b055bc94796ecf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKingMulliganStansfield2014" class="citation book cs1">King, Michael; Mulligan, Pamela; Stansfield, William (2014). <i>A Dictionary of Genetics</i> (8th ed.). Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Genetics&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Mulligan%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Stansfield%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFLeighton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Leighton, Lindsey R. (2009). "Taxon Characteristics That Promote Survivorship Through the Permian-Triassic Interval: Transition from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic Brachiopod Fauna". <i>Paleobiology</i>. <b>34</b>: 65–79. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1666%2F06082.1">10.1666/06082.1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86843206">86843206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&rft.atitle=Taxon+Characteristics+That+Promote+Survivorship+Through+the+Permian-Triassic+Interval%3A+Transition+from+the+Paleozoic+to+the+Mesozoic+Brachiopod+Fauna&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=65-79&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1666%2F06082.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86843206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leighton&rft.aufirst=Lindsey+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%2F+%D9%84%D9%87+%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%84" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" 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