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<li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precolonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precolonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Precolonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precolonialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Somaliland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Somaliland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>British Somaliland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Somaliland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modernity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Location and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Berbera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84)" title="بربرة (الصومال) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بربرة (الصومال)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бербера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бербера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бербера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бербера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera_(lungsod)" title="Berbera (lungsod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Berbera (lungsod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera_(urbo)" title="Berbera (urbo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Berbera (urbo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87" title="بربره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بربره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%B2%A0%EB%9D%BC" title="베르베라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베르베라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="ברברה (עיר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברברה (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ბერბერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერბერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бербера – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бербера" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera_(stad)" title="Berbera (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Berbera (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%A9" title="ベルベラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルベラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бербера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бербера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Бербера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бербера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%81" title="بربرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بربرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Berbera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E5%9F%B9%E6%8B%89" title="柏培拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="柏培拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berbera&params=10_26_08_N_045_00_59_E_region:SO-WG_type:city(242344)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°26′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">045°00′59″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.43556°N 45.01639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.43556; 45.01639</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Berbara" title="Berbara">Berbara</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Sahil, Somaliland</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Berbera</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Somali-language text"><i lang="so">Barbara</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>)</span><br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">بربرة</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">City</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color:#ffffff;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:266px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#ffffff;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera_6666.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Berbera_6666.png/266px-Berbera_6666.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Berbera_6666.png/399px-Berbera_6666.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Berbera_6666.png/532px-Berbera_6666.png 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="879" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#ffffff;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera_seaside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Berbera_seaside.jpg/132px-Berbera_seaside.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Berbera_seaside.jpg/198px-Berbera_seaside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Berbera_seaside.jpg/264px-Berbera_seaside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1230" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera_Town_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Berbera_Town_Hall.jpg/132px-Berbera_Town_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Berbera_Town_Hall.jpg/198px-Berbera_Town_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Berbera_Town_Hall.jpg/264px-Berbera_Town_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#ffffff;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera_sahil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Berbera_sahil.jpg/132px-Berbera_sahil.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Berbera_sahil.jpg/198px-Berbera_sahil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Berbera_sahil.jpg/264px-Berbera_sahil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Berbera34.jpg/132px-Berbera34.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Berbera34.jpg/198px-Berbera34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Berbera34.jpg/264px-Berbera34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Berbera.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Berbera"><img alt="Flag of Berbera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Berbera.svg/150px-Flag_of_Berbera.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Berbera.svg/225px-Flag_of_Berbera.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Berbera.svg/300px-Flag_of_Berbera.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="540" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera_local_council_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Berbera"><img alt="Official seal of Berbera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Berbera_local_council_logo.svg/100px-Berbera_local_council_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Berbera_local_council_logo.svg/150px-Berbera_local_council_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Berbera_local_council_logo.svg/200px-Berbera_local_council_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 325px; height: 325px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="325" data-height="325" data-zoom="12" data-lat="10.433333333333" data-lon="45" data-overlays="["_4ef4d0a719bcce78aec81d6ef6e10980a84159b3"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/12/10.433333333333/45/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,10.433333333333,45,325x325.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Berbera&revid=1252573512&groups=_4ef4d0a719bcce78aec81d6ef6e10980a84159b3" width="325" height="325" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,12,10.433333333333,45,325x325@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Berbera&revid=1252573512&groups=_4ef4d0a719bcce78aec81d6ef6e10980a84159b3 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map outlining Berbera</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berbera&params=10_26_08_N_045_00_59_E_region:SO-WG_type:city(242344)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°26′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">045°00′59″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.43556°N 45.01639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.43556; 45.01639</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Somaliland" title="Regions of Somaliland">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland" title="Sahil, Somaliland">Sahil</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Somaliland" title="Districts of Somaliland">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Berbera_District" title="Berbera District">Berbera District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Berbera" title="Mayor of Berbera">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdishakur_Iddin" title="Abdishakur Iddin">Abdishakur Iddin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 m (10 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2019)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City</div></th><td class="infobox-data">242,344</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Somaliland" title="List of cities in Somaliland">4th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">478,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Barbaraawi<br />بربراوي</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Time" title="East Africa Time">EAT</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Berbera</b> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">burr-burr-<span style="font-size:90%">AH</span></i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Barbara</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بربرة</span>) is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Sahil,_Somaliland" title="Sahil, Somaliland">Sahil</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> and is the main sea port of the country, located approximately 160 km from the national capital, <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berbera is a coastal city and was the former capital of the <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> protectorate before Hargeisa. It also served as a major port of the <a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a> sultanates from the 13th to 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Tukpmorttsep_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tukpmorttsep-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In antiquity, Berbera was part of a chain of commercial port cities along the Somali seaboard. During the early modern period, Berbera was the most important place of trade in the Somali Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwood,_Gilbert_&_Piper_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood,_Gilbert_&_Piper-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It later served as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> from 1884 to 1941, when it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>. In 1960, the British Somaliland protectorate gained independence as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> and united five days later with the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory of Somalia">Trust Territory of Somalia</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a>) to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wssom1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wssom1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located strategically on the <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">oil</a> route, the city has a deep <a href="/wiki/Seaport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaport">seaport</a>, which serves as the region's main commercial harbour. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Maritime history of Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></div> <p>Berbera was part of the classical <a href="/wiki/Somali_maritime_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali maritime history">Somali city-states</a> that engaged in a lucrative trade network connecting <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> merchants with <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemic Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Saba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nabataea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataea">Nabataea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. Somali sailors used the ancient Somali maritime vessel known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">beden</a></i> to transport their cargo.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Berbera preserves the ancient name of the coast along the southern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>. It is believed to be the ancient port of <i><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Μαλαὼ</span>) described as 800 <a href="/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" title="Stadion (unit)">stadia</a> beyond the city of the <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Avalites</a>, described in the eighth chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a>, which was written by a Greek merchant in the first century AD. In the <i>Periplus</i> it is described as: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"After Avalites there is another market-town, better than this, called Malao, distant a sail of about eight hundred stadia. The anchorage is an open roadstead, sheltered by a spit running out from the east. Here the natives are more peaceable. There are imported into this place the things already mentioned, and many tunics, cloaks from Arsinoe, dressed and dyed; drinking-cups, sheets of soft copper in small quantity, iron, and gold and silver coin, but not much. There are exported from these places myrrh, a little frankincense, (that known as far-side), the harder cinnamon, duaca, Indian copal and macir, which are imported into Arabia; and slaves, but rarely."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chap.8.<sup id="cite_ref-Periplus_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Periplus-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG/200px-Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG/300px-Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG/400px-Al-Idrisi%27s_world_map.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Al-Idrisi</a>'s world map from 'Alî ibn Hasan al-Hûfî al-Qâsimî's 1456 copy. Berbera 'بربرة' can be clearly seen in this later edition of the Tabula Rogeriana</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Duan_Chengshi" title="Duan Chengshi">Duan Chengshi</a>, a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> scholar, described in his written work of AD 863 the <a href="/wiki/Somali_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali slave trade">slave trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">ivory trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a> trade of Bobali, which is thought to be Berbera. The great city was also later mentioned by the Islamic traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27id" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sa'id">Ibn Sa'id</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> in the thirteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Abu'l-Fida</a>'s, <i>A Sketch of the Countries</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تقويم البلدان</span>), the present-day <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> was called the Gulf of Berbera, which shows how important Berbera was in both regional and international trade during the medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_Majid_Berbera,_Ceel_Sheikh,_Siyara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ibn_Majid_Berbera%2C_Ceel_Sheikh%2C_Siyara.png/200px-Ibn_Majid_Berbera%2C_Ceel_Sheikh%2C_Siyara.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ibn_Majid_Berbera%2C_Ceel_Sheikh%2C_Siyara.png/300px-Ibn_Majid_Berbera%2C_Ceel_Sheikh%2C_Siyara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ibn_Majid_Berbera%2C_Ceel_Sheikh%2C_Siyara.png/400px-Ibn_Majid_Berbera%2C_Ceel_Sheikh%2C_Siyara.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C4%81jid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Mājid">Ibn Majid</a>'s notes on Berbera, <a href="/wiki/Ceel-Sheekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceel-Sheekh">El-Sheikh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siyara" title="Siyara">Siyara</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibn_Majid_Gulf_of_Berbera.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ibn_Majid_Gulf_of_Berbera.png/200px-Ibn_Majid_Gulf_of_Berbera.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ibn_Majid_Gulf_of_Berbera.png/300px-Ibn_Majid_Gulf_of_Berbera.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ibn_Majid_Gulf_of_Berbera.png/400px-Ibn_Majid_Gulf_of_Berbera.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Ibn Majid referring to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> as the <i>Gulf of Berbera</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Legendary Arab explorer <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C4%81jid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Mājid">Ahmad ibn Mājid</a> wrote of Berbera and a few other notable landmarks and ports of the northern Somali coast and referred to what is now the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> as the Gulf of Berbera. He also included <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> and its archipelago, <a href="/wiki/Siyara" title="Siyara">Siyara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heis_(town)" title="Heis (town)">Heis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alula,_Somalia" title="Alula, Somalia">Alula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruguda" title="Ruguda">Ruguda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maydh" title="Maydh">Maydh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceel-Sheekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceel-Sheekh">El-Sheikh</a> and <a href="/wiki/El-Darad" title="El-Darad">El-Darad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berbera was an important and well built settlement that served as a major harbor port for several successive <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> Kingdoms in the Middle Ages like the early <a href="/wiki/Adal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Adal Kingdom">Adal Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berbera, along with <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a>, were the two most important ports situated inside the <a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a>, and they provided vital political and commercial links with the wider Islamic World: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>To Adea belongs a very good Port, call’d Barraboa, whoſe chief City is Arat, obeys a King, who is an enemy to the Abiſſines. Barraboa and Zeila are places of great Trade, by reaſon of the conveniency of their Ports, towards the entry into the Red-Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>To Adel belongs a very good port, called Barbara, whose chief city is Harar, obeys a King, who is an enemy to the Abyssinians. Barbara and Zeila are places of great trade, by reason of the conveniency of their ports, towards the entry into the Red Sea. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Along with other ports and settlements in East Africa, explorers <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a> wrote brief accounts of the port town of Berbera in the early sixteenth century, mainly detailing her historic trading links with <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khambat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khambat">Khambat</a> (Cambay).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Duarte Barbosa's brief account of Berbera: </p> <blockquote><p>Further on, on the same coast, is a town of the Moors [Muslims] called Barbara; it has a port, at which many ships of Adeni and Cambay touch with their merchandise, and from there those of Cambay carry away much gold, and ivory, and other things, and those of Aden take many provisions, meat, honey, and wax, because, as they say, it is a very abundant country.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Not long after their departure from Zeila and Berbera, the Portuguese fleet under Lopo Soares de Albergaria and António de Saldanha sacked both port towns between 1516 and 1518.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Selman_Reis" title="Selman Reis">Selman Reis</a>, an ambitious Ottoman Red Sea admiral, Berbera was rich with <a href="/wiki/Pearls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls">pearls</a>, and the amount of merchandise and trade consisting of "<a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">musk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>" present at Berbera, on the Somali coast, was described by Selman as "limitless".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precolonialism">Precolonialism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera_Towers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Berbera_Towers.jpg/220px-Berbera_Towers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Berbera_Towers.jpg/330px-Berbera_Towers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Berbera_Towers.jpg/440px-Berbera_Towers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Selection from a letter to the Governor of <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Bombay_Presidency" title="List of governors of Bombay Presidency">Bombay</a> detailing Berbera's 5-6 towers and armed guards</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera_Somali_Exclusivity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Berbera_Somali_Exclusivity.png/220px-Berbera_Somali_Exclusivity.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Berbera_Somali_Exclusivity.png/330px-Berbera_Somali_Exclusivity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Berbera_Somali_Exclusivity.png/440px-Berbera_Somali_Exclusivity.png 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Somalis kept the interior free of foreigners and restricted their access to only Berbera itself</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_Musketeers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Somali_Musketeers.jpg/220px-Somali_Musketeers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Somali_Musketeers.jpg/330px-Somali_Musketeers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Somali_Musketeers.jpg/440px-Somali_Musketeers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Berbera's inhabitants proficiency with <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a>, possession of a large <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a> skills noted</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest precolonial accounts comes from Ibrahim Punkar, who wrote a memoir in 1801 and letter in 1809 to the Governor of Bombay <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Duncan_(Governor_of_Bombay)" title="Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)">John Duncan</a>. Noting that Berbera had 5-6 <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">towers</a> with armed guards, he would go to describe the trade and general outlook of the city. Further noting the <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> inhabitants adhering to the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school of Sunni <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> significant trade came from <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> in the interior alongside <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a>. Cloth, rice and tobacco came from <a href="/wiki/Kutch_district" title="Kutch district">Kutch</a> in Gujarat and <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocha, Yemen">Mocha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Mukalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Mukalla">Al Mukalla</a> being the source of dates and tin. Punkar stated that the Somalis of the area were skilled <a href="/wiki/Musketeers" class="mw-redirect" title="Musketeers">musketeers</a> and possessed powerful <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>, but were often internally divided except for when united against common enemies. All foreigners including <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a> who often frequented Berbera were prohibited from venturing further inland, lest they access the lucrative trade of Harar directly and bypass the Somalis.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One certainty about Berbera over the following centuries was that it was the site of an annual fair, held between October and April, which Mordechai Abir describes as "among the most important commercial events of the east coast of Africa."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major Somali sub-clans of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>, caravans from <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> and the interior, and <a href="/wiki/Banyan_merchants" title="Banyan merchants">Banyan merchants</a> from <a href="/wiki/Porbandar" title="Porbandar">Porbandar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> gathered to trade. All of this was kept secret from European merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lieutenant C. J. Cruttenden, who wrote a memoir describing this portion of the Somali coast dated 12 May 1848, provided an account of the Berbera fair and an account of the historic environs of the town: "an aqueduct of stone and chunam, some nine miles [15 km] in length", which had once emptied into a presently dry reservoir adjacent to the ruins of a mosque. He explored part of its course from the reservoir past a number of tombs built of stones taken from the aqueduct to reach a spring, above which lay "the remains of a small fort or tower of chunam and stone ... on the hill-side immediately over the spring." Cruttenden noted that in "style it was different to any houses now found on the Somali coast", and concluded with noting the presence in "the neighbourhood of the fort above mentioned [an] abundance of broken glass and pottery ... from which I infer that it was a place of considerable antiquity; but, though diligent search was made, no traces of inscriptions could be discovered."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berbera was the most important port in the Somali Peninsula between the 18th–19th centuries. For centuries, Berbera had extensive trade relations with several historic ports in Arabia and the Indian subcontinent. Additionally, the Somali and Ethiopian interiors were very dependent on Berbera for trade, where most of the goods for export arrived from.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1833 trading season, the port town swelled up to 70,000 people, and upwards of 6,000 camels laden with goods arrived from the interior within a single day. Berbera was the main marketplace in the entire Somali seaboard for various goods procured from the interior, such as <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acacia_gum" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia gum">acacia gum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Feathers">feathers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hide (skin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the trading season of 1840, French explorer Charles-Xavier Rochet d'Héricourt visited Berbera and estimated the total exports of the season to be around thirteen times greater than that of <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a trade journal published in 1856, Berbera was described as “the freest port in the world, and the most important trading place on the whole Arabian Gulf.”: </p> <blockquote><p>“The only seaports of importance on this coast are Feyla [Zeila] and Berbera; the former is an Arabian colony, dependent of Mocha, but Berbera is independent of any foreign power. It is, without having the name, the freest port in the world, and the most important trading place on the whole Arabian Gulf. From the beginning of November to the end of April, a large fair assembles in Berbera, and caravans of 6,000 camels at a time come from the interior loaded with coffee, (considered superior to Mocha in Bombay), gum, ivory, hides, skins, grain, cattle, and sour milk, the substitute of fermented drinks in these regions; also much cattle is brought there for the Aden market.”<sup id="cite_ref-The_Merchants'_Magazine_and_Commercial_Review_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Merchants'_Magazine_and_Commercial_Review-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera,_1884.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Berbera%2C_1884.png/300px-Berbera%2C_1884.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Berbera%2C_1884.png/450px-Berbera%2C_1884.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Berbera%2C_1884.png/600px-Berbera%2C_1884.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Berbera, 1884</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, the port of Berbera was controlled indigenously between the <a href="/wiki/Mercantile" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercantile">mercantile</a> Reer Ahmed Nur (Ayyal Ahmed) and Reer Yunis Nuh (Ayyal Yunis) sub-clans of the Sa'ad Musa, <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a>. These two sub-clans effectively administered the trade of the town, especially in the dealings of all transactions and brokerage between various parties to issuing protection agreements towards the foreign Arab and Indian traders. In the year 1845, the two sub-clans had a dissension over the control of the trade of Berbera, which lead to a wider altercation where each side sought outside support.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the backing of Haji <a href="/wiki/Sharmarke_Ali_Saleh" title="Sharmarke Ali Saleh">Sharmarke Ali Saleh</a>, the Reer Ahmed Nuh drove out their kinsmen and declared themselves the sole commercial masters of Berbera.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defeated Reer Yunis Nuh moved westwards and established the port of <a href="/wiki/Bulhar" title="Bulhar">Bulhar</a> which later, for a brief period, became a trading rival to nearby Berbera.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sharmarke_Ali_Saleh" title="Sharmarke Ali Saleh">Sharmarke Ali Saleh</a>'s actions were a political ruse to control Berbera for himself, which he achieved for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png/300px-Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png/450px-Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png/600px-Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Berbera and her trade routes, with the 'Ayal Achmet' (Reer Ahmed Nuh) located in Berbera and its environs</figcaption></figure> <p>Berbera commanded most of the trade traffic with the Somali and Ethiopian interiors. The two main caravan trade routes from Berbera extended to <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shewa" title="Shewa">Shewa</a> in the west, and to the <a href="/wiki/Shebelle_River" title="Shebelle River">Shebelle basin</a> in the south (although some caravans traveled to/from as far as the <a href="/wiki/Jubba_River" title="Jubba River">Jubba River</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the inland caravan trade routes were also concurrently used as pilgrim routes during the trading season by <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> <a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Hajj pilgrims</a> who resided in the deep interior.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiralty_Chart_No_675_Port_Burburra,_Published_1828.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Admiralty_Chart_No_675_Port_Burburra%2C_Published_1828.png/300px-Admiralty_Chart_No_675_Port_Burburra%2C_Published_1828.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Admiralty_Chart_No_675_Port_Burburra%2C_Published_1828.png/450px-Admiralty_Chart_No_675_Port_Burburra%2C_Published_1828.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Admiralty_Chart_No_675_Port_Burburra%2C_Published_1828.png/600px-Admiralty_Chart_No_675_Port_Burburra%2C_Published_1828.png 2x" data-file-width="3383" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty Chart">Admiralty Chart</a> of Berbera drawn by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_Septimus_Roe" title="John Septimus Roe">John Septimus Roe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocha, Yemen">Mocha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> and several other ports in Arabia had constant contact with Berbera in regard to general trade and commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early years of the nineteenth century, the local Somalis of Berbera (Habr Awal clan) had a navigation act where they excluded Arab vessels and brought the goods and produce of the interior in their own ships to the Arabian ports: </p> <blockquote><p>Berbera held an annual fair during the cool rain-free months between October and April. This long drawn out market handled immense quantities of coffee, gum Arabic, myrrh and other commodities. These goods in the early nineteenth century were almost exclusively handled by Somalis who, Salt says, had "a kind of navigation act by which they exclude the Arab vessels from their ports and bring the produce of their country either to Aden or Mocha in their own dows."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In much of the 19th century, the trade between Berbera and Aden was so important to the later that when disturbances effected the Berbera trading season, Aden too suffered as a result. According to Captain Haines, who was then the colonial administrator of Aden (1839-1854), 80% of Aden's revenue in 1848 was derived from duties charged on imported goods from Berbera. Additionally, most of the coffee imported by Mocha (centre of the coffee trade in early modern times) arrived via Somali merchants from Berbera, who procured the coffee beans from the environs of <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the coffee beans were grown in Harar (present-day Ethiopia), the coffee was named <i>Berbera Coffee</i> in the international market, and the beans were considered superior to the locally grown varieties in Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Merchants'_Magazine_and_Commercial_Review_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Merchants'_Magazine_and_Commercial_Review-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Approaching_Berbera_on_the_Tuna_(3948071623).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Approaching_Berbera_on_the_Tuna_%283948071623%29.jpg/220px-Approaching_Berbera_on_the_Tuna_%283948071623%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Approaching_Berbera_on_the_Tuna_%283948071623%29.jpg/330px-Approaching_Berbera_on_the_Tuna_%283948071623%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Approaching_Berbera_on_the_Tuna_%283948071623%29.jpg/440px-Approaching_Berbera_on_the_Tuna_%283948071623%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Berbera harbour, 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>The British explorer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Burton</a> made two visits to this port, and his second visit was marred by an attack on his camp by a group of local Somali warriors, and although Burton was able to escape to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, one of his companions was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burton, recognizing the importance of the port city wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the first place, Berberah is the true key of the Red Sea, the centre of East African traffic, and the only safe place for shipping upon the western Erythraean shore, from Suez to Guardafui. Backed by lands capable of cultivation, and by hills covered with pine and other valuable trees, enjoying a comparatively temperate climate, with a regular although thin monsoon, this harbour has been coveted by many a foreign conqueror. Circumstances have thrown it as it were into our arms, and, if we refuse the chance, another and a rival nation will not be so blind.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By 1869, a sub-clan of the Reer Ahmed Nur (Ayyal Ahmed, Habr Awal) were operating a fort in the port town and it was manned by several hired guards armed with <a href="/wiki/Muskets" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskets">muskets</a> and fiercely loyal to them. A British officer visiting the city from Aden noted the guards would not betray the Reer Ahmed Nur save death.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle">Battle</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berbera_1827" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Berbera 1827">Battle of Berbera 1827</a></div> <p>When a British vessel named the <i>Mary Anne</i> attempted to dock in Berbera's port in 1825 it was attacked and multiple members of the crew were massacred by the Habr Awal. In response the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> enforced a blockade and some accounts narrate a bombardment of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Laitin_1977_70_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laitin_1977_70-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1827 two years later the British arrived and extended an offer to relieve the blockade which had halted Berbera's lucrative trade in exchange for indemnity. Following this offer the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berbera_1827" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Berbera 1827">Battle of Berbera 1827</a> broke out. After the Habr Awal defeat, 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollars" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish dollars">Spanish dollars</a> was to be paid by the Habr Awal leaders for the destruction of the ship and loss of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Laitin_1977_70_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laitin_1977_70-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1830s, the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Farah_Guled" title="Farah Guled">Farah Guled</a> and Haji Ali penned a letter to <a href="/wiki/Sultan_bin_Saqr_Al_Qasimi" title="Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi">Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a> requesting military assistance and joint religious war against the British.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would not materialize as Sultan Saqr was incapacitated by prior <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">Persian Gulf campaign of 1819</a> and was unable to send aid to Berbera. Alongside their stronghold in the Persian Gulf & Gulf of Oman the Qasimi were very active both militarily and economically in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> and were given to plunder and attack ships as far west as the <a href="/wiki/Mocha,_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mocha, Yemen">Mocha</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had numerous commercial ties with the <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a>, leading vessels from Ras Al Khaimah and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> to regularly attend trade fairs in the large ports of Berbera and <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> and were very familiar with the Isaaq.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Somaliland">British Somaliland</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somalia1911.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Somalia1911.png/220px-Somalia1911.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Somalia1911.png/330px-Somalia1911.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Somalia1911.png/440px-Somalia1911.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>1911 map showing <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>, including Berbera</figcaption></figure> <p>After signing successive treaties with the various clans of the northern Somali coast between 1884 and 1886, the British established a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> in the region referred to as British Somaliland.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British garrisoned the protectorate from <a href="/wiki/Aden_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Aden Settlement">Aden</a> and administered it from their <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British India</a> colony until 1898. British Somaliland was then administered by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> until 1905 and afterwards by the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>. </p><p>Despite Berbera's strategic location, being the only port with a sheltered harbor on the southern side of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> (the gateway to the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>), the British later came to regret their nominal control of the region. In fact, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> once visited Berbera in 1907 when he was <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies">Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies</a>, and he noted the protectorate be abandoned, since it was "unproductive, inhospitable, and the people are very hostile to occupation."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stated purposes of the establishment of the protectorate were to "secure a supply market and to exclude the interference of foreign powers."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British principally viewed the protectorate as a source for supplies of meat for their British Indian outpost in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Aden">Aden</a> through the maintenance of order in the coastal areas and protection of the caravan routes from the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial administration during this period did not extend infrastructure beyond the coast (which left the Somali clans within the protectorate with greater autonomy),<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contrasted with the more interventionist colonial experience of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early days of the protectorate, some planned to invest in major infrastructure projects such as the abandoned Berbera-Harar Railway initiative; this was vetoed by parliament because it would harm the cordial agreement (<a href="/wiki/Entente_cordiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente cordiale">entente cordiale</a>) between France and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera_town.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Berbera_town.png/220px-Berbera_town.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Berbera_town.png/330px-Berbera_town.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Berbera_town.png/440px-Berbera_town.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Part of Berbera town in 1912</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bebrera_native_town.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bebrera_native_town.png/300px-Bebrera_native_town.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bebrera_native_town.png/450px-Bebrera_native_town.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bebrera_native_town.png/600px-Bebrera_native_town.png 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Bebrera native town as seen from the customs pier</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1940, during the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a>, British Somaliland was briefly <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">occupied by Italy</a> after a large invasion force defeated British colonial troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tug_Argan" title="Battle of Tug Argan">Battle of Tug Argan</a>. During this period, the British rounded up soldiers and governmental officials to evacuate them from the territory through Berbera. In total, 7,000 people, including civilians, were evacuated.<sup id="cite_ref-Playfair178_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Playfair178-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Somalis serving in the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Camel_Corps" title="Somaliland Camel Corps">Somaliland Camel Corps</a> were given the choice of evacuation or disbandment; the majority chose to remain and were allowed to retain their arms.<sup id="cite_ref-Wavell2724_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wavell2724-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1941, the British forces recaptured the protectorate during Operation Appearance after a six-month occupation. The <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Sweeny" title="Hugh Sweeny">first WW2 Australian POWs</a> were taken hostage here in 1940. </p><p>The British Somaliland protectorate gained its independence on 26 June 1960 as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes6_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes6-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before uniting as planned five days later with the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory of Somalia">Trust Territory of Somalia</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a>) to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2002_p.835-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes6_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes6-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernity">Modernity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera_Port_in_1983.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Berbera_Port_in_1983.jpg/220px-Berbera_Port_in_1983.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Berbera_Port_in_1983.jpg/330px-Berbera_Port_in_1983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Berbera_Port_in_1983.jpg/440px-Berbera_Port_in_1983.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marine Corp in Berbera during the Exercise Eastern Wind joint naval drill in 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>In the post-independence period, Berbera was administered as the part of the North-Western province of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>. It served as the main livestock port of the republic and in the 1970s and 1980s, nearly all of the <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> exports went out through the port of Berbera via <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> livestock traders. The entire livestock exports accounted to upwards of 90% of the Somali Republic's entire export figures in a given year, and Berbera's exports alone provided over 75% of the nation's recorded foreign currency income at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main consumers were the wealthy gulf states and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> in particular. </p><p>As early as 1962, The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> agreed to assist the nascent <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> towards the construction of modern port facilities and a military base, which was completed in 1969 and was called on by sixteen Soviet Ships in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coinciding with the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a> between The Somali Republic and Ethiopia in 1977, the Soviets left Berbera and the nation as a whole due to a disagreement, leaving the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to arrive with a $40 million investment and new health facilities in 1980. By 1985, the city had an estimated population of 70,000, with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">Somali National Movement</a> (SNM) ousted government troops from the city following aerial bombardments and extrajudicial killings inflicted on the population by the government. With the downfall of General Siad Barre in 1991, the Northern region of the Somali Republic, declared the state of Somaliland, of Somalia. A slow process of infrastructural reconstruction subsequently began in Berbera and other towns in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_DP_World_Berbera_Container_Terminal_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/New_DP_World_Berbera_Container_Terminal_Port.jpg/220px-New_DP_World_Berbera_Container_Terminal_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/New_DP_World_Berbera_Container_Terminal_Port.jpg/330px-New_DP_World_Berbera_Container_Terminal_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/New_DP_World_Berbera_Container_Terminal_Port.jpg/440px-New_DP_World_Berbera_Container_Terminal_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption> New <a href="/wiki/DP_World_Berbera_New_Port" title="DP World Berbera New Port">DP World Berbera</a> Container Terminal Expansion as of June 2020.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city remains a competitive regional port and in 2016 a US$442 million agreement was reached between <a href="/wiki/DP_World" title="DP World">DP World</a> and the government of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal involves enhancing and operating the regional trade and logistics hub at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Berbera" title="Port of Berbera">Port of Berbera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abaltiisbp_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abaltiisbp-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project, which will be phased in, will also involve the setting up of a <a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" title="Free economic zone">free zone</a>. </p><p>On 1 March 2018, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> became a major shareholder following an agreement with DP World and the Somaliland Port Authority. DP World holds a 51% stake in the project, Somaliland 30% and Ethiopia the remaining 19%. As part of the agreement, the government of Ethiopia will invest in infrastructure to develop the Berbera Corridor as a trade gateway for the inland country, which is one of the fastest growing countries in the world. There are also plans to construct an additional berth at the Port of Berbera, in line with the Berbera master plan, which DP World has started implementing, while adding new equipment to further improve efficiencies and productivity of the port.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 June 2021, The CEO of DP World officially announced the second phase of the Berbera port upgrade during the inauguration ceremony for the completion of the first phase. The second phase includes extending the new quay from 400 to 1,000 metres, and adding seven more ship-to-shore gantry cranes, bringing the total to ten and enabling the expanded port to handle up to two million TEU containers a year.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The agreement comes as part of a larger government-to-government <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> between Government of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and the Government of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> to further strengthen their strategic ties.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>'s attempts to obstruct and block the deal were frustrated and failed to stop the project from commencing.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A rail link to <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, the capital of Ethiopia, has remained a point of discussion and may materialize.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 1, 2024, it was announced that Ethiopia signed an agreement with Somaliland to utilize Berbera's sea port.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_habitat">Location and habitat</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_(6936711023)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Somaliland_%286936711023%29_%282%29.jpg/350px-Somaliland_%286936711023%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Somaliland_%286936711023%29_%282%29.jpg/525px-Somaliland_%286936711023%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Somaliland_%286936711023%29_%282%29.jpg/700px-Somaliland_%286936711023%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3878" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>The Berbera landscape</figcaption></figure> <p>Berbera is located in coastal region of northern Somalia. An old port city, it has the only sheltered harbour on the southern side of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a>. The landscape around town, along with Somaliland's coastal lowlands, is semi-arid land. </p><p>Popular local beaches, such as Bathela and Batalale, have earned the city the nickname <i>Beach City</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <p>Berbera features a <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Hot_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">hot arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>BWh</i>). It has long, sweltering summers and short, hot winters, as well as very little rainfall. Average high temperatures consistently exceed 40 °C or 104 °F during nearly four months of summertime (June, July, August and September). Daytime heat on summer nights is high, with average low temperatures of around 30 °C or 86 °F. During the coolest months of the year, average high temperatures remain above 29 °C or 84.2 °F and average low temperatures also surpass 20 °C or 68 °F. Although rainfall is low, the relative humidity is very high throughout the year and the atmosphere is simultaneously moist. The combination of the desert heat and the excessive moisture make <a href="/wiki/Heat_index" title="Heat index">apparent temperatures</a> reach extremely high levels. Annual average rainfall is minimal, with only 52 millimetres (2.0 inches) of precipitation. There are between 5 and 8 rainy days on average annually. Bright sunshine likely occur during about 84% of the total daytime hours and average annual cloudiness is very low. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Berbera </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3<br />(95.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2<br />(108.0) </td> <td style="background: #AF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.3<br />(117.1) </td> <td style="background: #960000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.1<br />(120.4) </td> <td style="background: #A90000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.7<br />(117.9) </td> <td style="background: #B70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.7<br />(116.1) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.0<br />(114.8) </td> <td style="background: #FC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.7<br />(107.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #960000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.1<br />(120.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(87.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.8<br />(109.0) </td> <td style="background: #EB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.9<br />(109.2) </td> <td style="background: #F90000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.9<br />(107.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7<br />(103.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1<br />(91.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1<br />(97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.8<br />(89.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.3<br />(84.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.8<br />(78.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #F7FFF7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(0.2) </td> <td style="background: #F8FFF8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">52<br />(2.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.6 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7 </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #4343FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49 </td> <td style="background: #5656FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">67 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFB9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">83 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Arab Meteorology Book (average temperatures, humidity and precipitation),<sup id="cite_ref-climate_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (precipitation days, 1908–1950 and extremes)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (percent sunshine)<sup id="cite_ref-Long_term_mean_monthly_sunshine_fraction_in_Somalia_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_term_mean_monthly_sunshine_fraction_in_Somalia-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habr_Awal_woman.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Habr_Awal_woman.png/150px-Habr_Awal_woman.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Habr_Awal_woman.png/225px-Habr_Awal_woman.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Habr_Awal_woman.png/300px-Habr_Awal_woman.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Habr Awal woman from Berbera, 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, Berbera was inhabited by the Reer Ahmed Nuh and Yunis Nuh lineages of the Sa'ad Musa, <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In more recent times, the <a href="/wiki/Issa_Musse" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa Musse">Issa Musse</a> sub-clan of the Habr Awal have come to make up the majority of the town's inhabitants,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Habr Yunis">Habr Yunis</a>, primarily belonging to the Musa Abdallah branch<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> also being present.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> <p>There are 30 primary schools operating in Berbera city totaling 63,641 students. The broader Berbera district has 49 schools serving 90,310 students.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <p>A number of products are exported through the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Berbera" title="Port of Berbera">Port of Berbera</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">gum arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>. Its seaborne trade is chiefly with <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, 240 kilometres (150 miles) to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, goods from Ethiopia are also exported through the facility.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seaside boasts watersport tourist activity such as scuba diving, snorkeling, surfing and coral reefs.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berbera_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Berbera_Airport.jpg/220px-Berbera_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Berbera_Airport.jpg/330px-Berbera_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Berbera_Airport.jpg/440px-Berbera_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Berbera Airport Terminal</figcaption></figure> <p>Berbera is the terminus of roads from <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burco" class="mw-redirect" title="Burco">Burco</a>. The city has one of Somaliland's major class seaports, the Port of Berbera.<sup id="cite_ref-Icsti_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icsti-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It historically served as a naval and missile base for the Somali government. Following an agreement between the Somali Republic and the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> in 1962, the port's facilities were patronized by the Soviets and was later significantly upgraded in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-Trafod_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trafod-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Berbera seaport was later expanded for U.S. military use, after the Somali authorities strengthened ties with the American government.<sup id="cite_ref-Ipcwi_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ipcwi-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For air transportation, the city is served by the <a href="/wiki/Berbera_Airport" title="Berbera Airport">Berbera Airport</a>. It has an extensive 4,140-metre (13,580-foot) runway.<sup id="cite_ref-airwaysv14i7_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-airwaysv14i7-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Somaliland" title="Portal:Somaliland">Somaliland portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://populationstat.com/somaliland/berbera">PopulationStat</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Population of Berbera, city and urban area</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2024/01/02/ethiopias-gambit-for-a-port-is-unsettling-a-volatile-region">"Ethiopia's gambit for a port is unsettling a volatile region"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 2024-01-02. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%E2%80%99s+gambit+for+a+port+is+unsettling+a+volatile+region&rft.date=2024-01-02&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2024%2F01%2F02%2Fethiopias-gambit-for-a-port-is-unsettling-a-volatile-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tukpmorttsep-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tukpmorttsep_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321062435/http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2006/270/3.shtml">"Issue 270"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2006/270/3.shtml">the original</a> on 21 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Issue+270&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somalilandtimes.net%2Fsl%2F2006%2F270%2F3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYlönen" class="citation book cs1">Ylönen, Aleksi Ylönen. <i>The Horn Engaging the Gulf Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations</i>. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780755635191" title="Special:BookSources/9780755635191"><bdi>9780755635191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Horn+Engaging+the+Gulf+Economic+Diplomacy+and+Statecraft+in+Regional+Relations&rft.pages=113&rft.isbn=9780755635191&rft.aulast=Yl%C3%B6nen&rft.aufirst=Aleksi+Yl%C3%B6nen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherwood,_Gilbert_&_Piper-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood,_Gilbert_&_Piper_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrichard1837" class="citation book cs1">Prichard, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Somaliland+Marks+Independence+After+73+Years+of+British+Rule&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1960-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1960%2F06%2F26%2Farchives%2Fsomaliland-marks-independence-after-73-years-of-british-rule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-10740852">"How Britain said farewell to its Empire"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2010-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+Britain+said+farewell+to+its+Empire&rft.date=2010-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-10740852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal" class="citation web cs1">de Waal, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238101910">"CLASS AND POWER IN A STATELESS SOMALIA"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=CLASS+AND+POWER+IN+A+STATELESS+SOMALIA&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F238101910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/africa_watch_somalia_a_government_at_war_with_ibook4you.pdf"><i>Somalia: A Government at War with Its Own People</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Human Rights Watch. 1990. p. 213. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217070406/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/africa_watch_somalia_a_government_at_war_with_ibook4you.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somalia%3A+A+Government+at+War+with+Its+Own+People&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2520uploads%2520%2Fafrica_watch_somalia_a_government_at_war_with_ibook4you.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYordanov2016" class="citation book cs1">Yordanov, Radoslav A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011%2F2+Primary+School+Census+Statistics+Yearbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fsomalia%2FSOM_resources_primschoolcensus20112.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Congress._House._Committee_on_Armed_Services._Special_Subcommittee_to_Inspect_Facilities_at_Berbera,_Somalia.1975" class="citation book cs1">United States. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Special Subcommittee to Inspect Facilities at Berbera, Somalia. 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Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Special+Subcommittee+to+Inspect+Facilities+at+Berbera%2C+Somalia%2C+to+the+Committee+on+Armed+Services%2C+House+of+Representatives%2C+Ninety-fourth+Congress%2C+first+session%2C+July+15%2C+1975.&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1975&rft.au=United+States.+Congress.+House.+Committee+on+Armed+Services.+Special+Subcommittee+to+Inspect+Facilities+at+Berbera%2C+Somalia.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ena.gov.et/EnglishNews/2009/Jul/29Jul09/93490.htm">"Ethiopia, Somaliland envisage exploiting Barbara port"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_News_Agency" title="Ethiopian News Agency">Ethiopian News Agency</a>, 29 July 2009 (accessed 1 November 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iexplore.com/travel-guides/africa/somalia/attractions">Somalia attractions, Berbera Seaside</a> retrieved 29 November 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Icsti-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Icsti_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf">"Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table "Transport infrastructure"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of Somalia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Istanbul+conference+on+Somalia+21+%E2%80%93+23+May+2010+-+Draft+discussion+paper+for+Round+Table+%22Transport+infrastructure%22&rft.pub=Government+of+Somalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.somalitalk.com%2F2010%2Fmay%2Fistambul%2Ftransport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trafod-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trafod_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanhimäki2013" class="citation book cs1">Hanhimäki, Jussi M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eatUQ0Cxo7UC"><i>The Rise and Fall of Détente: American Foreign Policy and the Transformation of the Cold War</i></a>. Potomac Books, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612345864" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612345864"><bdi>978-1612345864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+D%C3%A9tente%3A+American+Foreign+Policy+and+the+Transformation+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1612345864&rft.aulast=Hanhim%C3%A4ki&rft.aufirst=Jussi+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeatUQ0Cxo7UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ipcwi-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ipcwi_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T0zvAAAAMAAJ"><i>Intercontinental Press Combined with Inprecor, Volume 20, Issues 25-37</i></a>. Intercontinental Press. 1982. p. 674.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intercontinental+Press+Combined+with+Inprecor%2C+Volume+20%2C+Issues+25-37&rft.pages=674&rft.pub=Intercontinental+Press&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT0zvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-airwaysv14i7-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-airwaysv14i7_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitz, Sebastain (2007). "By Ilyushin 18 to Mogadishu". <i>Airways</i>. <b>14</b> (7): 12–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1074-4320">1074-4320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Airways&rft.atitle=By+Ilyushin+18+to+Mogadishu&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=12-17&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1074-4320&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Sebastain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerbera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540105105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/berbera">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berbera&oldid=1252573512">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berbera&oldid=1252573512</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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