Inflammation primes the murine kidney for recovery by activating AZIN1 adenosine-to-inosine editing

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new collection</label> </li> <li> <input type="radio" id="collections-action-panel-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"> <label for="collections-action-panel-existing">Add to an existing collection</label> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="controls-wrapper"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label> <input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-panel-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"> <div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="KdpUTHJCANxxbQwTgREIc5nburveXXhoFe0FDQJmXcKBgEUxxmYerYlQlrGRWbRd"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="KdpUTHJCANxxbQwTgREIc5nburveXXhoFe0FDQJmXcKBgEUxxmYerYlQlrGRWbRd"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="KdpUTHJCANxxbQwTgREIc5nburveXXhoFe0FDQJmXcKBgEUxxmYerYlQlrGRWbRd"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="KdpUTHJCANxxbQwTgREIc5nburveXXhoFe0FDQJmXcKBgEUxxmYerYlQlrGRWbRd"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="38954486"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" 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class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn" title="The Journal of clinical investigation" tabindex="0" aria-controls="full-view-journal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal The Journal of clinical investigation" data-pinger-ignore> J Clin Invest </button><div id="full-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal The Journal of clinical investigation"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22J+Clin+Invest%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22J+Clin+Invest%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=J Clin Invest" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="J Clin Invest"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a 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class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Heruye+SH&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Segewkal Hawaze Heruye">Segewkal Hawaze Heruye</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Myslinski+J&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jered Myslinski">Jered Myslinski</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zeng+C&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Chao Zeng">Chao Zeng</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zollman+A&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Amy Zollman">Amy Zollman</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Makino+S&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Shinichi Makino">Shinichi Makino</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Nanamatsu+A&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Azuma Nanamatsu">Azuma Nanamatsu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mir+Q&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Quoseena Mir">Quoseena Mir</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Janga+SC&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sarath Chandra Janga">Sarath Chandra Janga</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Doud+EH&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Emma H Doud">Emma H Doud</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Eadon+MT&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Michael T Eadon">Michael T Eadon</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Maier+B&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Bernhard Maier">Bernhard Maier</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hamada+M&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Michiaki Hamada">Michiaki Hamada</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="AIST-Waseda University Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan." href="#full-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 6 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Tran+TM&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Tuan M Tran">Tuan M Tran</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Dagher+PC&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Pierre C Dagher">Pierre C Dagher</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hato+T&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Takashi Hato">Takashi Hato</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#full-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 8 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/38954486/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-1" id="full-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-2" id="full-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-3" id="full-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-4" id="full-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-5" id="full-view-affiliation-5" ><sup class="key">5</sup> AIST-Waseda University Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-6" id="full-view-affiliation-6" ><sup class="key">6</sup> Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-7" id="full-view-affiliation-7" ><sup class="key">7</sup> Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="full-view-affiliation-8" id="full-view-affiliation-8" ><sup class="key">8</sup> Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="full-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">38954486</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC11364396&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11364396/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC11364396 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" 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class="citation-doi"> doi: 10.1172/JCI180117. </span> </div> <div class="expanded-authors" id="short-view-expanded-authors"> <div class="authors"> <h3 class="title"> Authors </h3> <div class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Heruye+SH&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Segewkal Hawaze Heruye">Segewkal Hawaze Heruye</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Myslinski+J&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Jered Myslinski">Jered Myslinski</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zeng+C&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Chao Zeng">Chao Zeng</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zollman+A&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Amy Zollman">Amy Zollman</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Makino+S&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Shinichi Makino">Shinichi Makino</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Nanamatsu+A&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Azuma Nanamatsu">Azuma Nanamatsu</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Mir+Q&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Quoseena Mir">Quoseena Mir</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Janga+SC&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Sarath Chandra Janga">Sarath Chandra Janga</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-3" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 3 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Doud+EH&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Emma H Doud">Emma H Doud</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-4" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 4 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Eadon+MT&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Michael T Eadon">Michael T Eadon</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Maier+B&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Bernhard Maier">Bernhard Maier</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hamada+M&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Michiaki Hamada">Michiaki Hamada</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="AIST-Waseda University Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-5" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 5 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan." href="#short-view-affiliation-6" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 6 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Tran+TM&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Tuan M Tran">Tuan M Tran</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Dagher+PC&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Pierre C Dagher">Pierre C Dagher</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Hato+T&cauthor_id=38954486" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Takashi Hato">Takashi Hato</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-7" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 7 </a><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA." href="#short-view-affiliation-8" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 8 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-3" id="short-view-affiliation-3" ><sup class="key">3</sup> Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-4" id="short-view-affiliation-4" ><sup class="key">4</sup> Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-5" id="short-view-affiliation-5" ><sup class="key">5</sup> AIST-Waseda University Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-6" id="short-view-affiliation-6" ><sup class="key">6</sup> Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-7" id="short-view-affiliation-7" ><sup class="key">7</sup> Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-8" id="short-view-affiliation-8" ><sup class="key">8</sup> Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">38954486</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC11364396&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11364396/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC11364396 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1172/JCI180117&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1172/jci180117" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1172/JCI180117 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/38954486/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/38954486/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> The progression of kidney disease varies among individuals, but a general methodology to quantify disease timelines is lacking. Particularly challenging is the task of determining the potential for recovery from acute kidney injury following various insults. Here, we report that quantitation of post-transcriptional adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing offers a distinct genome-wide signature, enabling the delineation of disease trajectories in the kidney. A well-defined murine model of endotoxemia permitted the identification of the origin and extent of A-to-I editing, along with temporally discrete signatures of double-stranded RNA stress and adenosine deaminase isoform switching. We found that A-to-I editing of antizyme inhibitor 1 (AZIN1), a positive regulator of polyamine biosynthesis, serves as a particularly useful temporal landmark during endotoxemia. Our data indicate that AZIN1 A-to-I editing, triggered by preceding inflammation, primes the kidney and activates endogenous recovery mechanisms. By comparing genetically modified human cell lines and mice locked in either A-to-I-edited or uneditable states, we uncovered that AZIN1 A-to-I editing not only enhances polyamine biosynthesis but also engages glycolysis and nicotinamide biosynthesis to drive the recovery phenotype. Our findings implicate that quantifying AZIN1 A-to-I editing could potentially identify individuals who have transitioned to an endogenous recovery phase. This phase would reflect their past inflammation and indicate their potential for future recovery. </p> </div> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Keywords: </strong> Bioinformatics; Cell stress; Nephrology; Polyamines. </p> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one"><bold>Conflict of interest:</bold> The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/3780465c9895/jci-134-180117-g111.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="778" data-image-height="1106" data-image-alt="Figure 1" data-pmc-id="PMC11364396" data-figure-id="F1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/1dd66c16b07c/jci-134-180117-g111.gif" alt="Figure 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="778"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1106"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1. AZIN1 A-to-I editing status in… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1. AZIN1 A-to-I editing status in non-cancerous diseases in humans. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> A </b> ) Distribution… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1. AZIN1 A-to-I editing status in non-cancerous diseases in humans. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) Distribution of <i>AZIN1</i> A-to-I editing rates (percent of edited reads over total reads) in prospectively collected blood from male children aged 6–11 years, before and after <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> malaria infection. Individuals were classified as early fever (symptomatic and first-time infection), delayed fever (asymptomatic and first-time infection, subsequently developing malarial symptoms), and immune (infected but never developing symptoms). (<b>B</b>) Representative read coverage near the <i>AZIN1</i> editing site for one sample. Note that inosine is sequenced as guanosine. The human <i>AZIN1</i> gene is encoded on the minus strand, hence the T-to-C mutation, not A-to-G, in the coverage track. Light-blue-colored reads (F2R1 paired-end orientation) indicate the proper directionality of reads mapped to the minus strand. (<b>C</b>) Distribution of <i>AZIN1</i> A-to-I editing rates in kidney biopsies with a pathology diagnosis of diabetic kidney disease (DKD), acute kidney injury (AKI), or reference nephrectomy samples. Each column represents one sample. (<b>D</b>) Stacked bar chart summarizing total numbers of differentially expressed A-to-I editing sites genome-wide under the indicated conditions. For each comparison, editing sites are divided on the <i>x</i> axis based on the direction of fold change. For example, in the DKD versus reference comparison, approximately 20,000 sites are more edited in DKD, whereas approximately 10,000 sites are more edited in reference nephrectomy samples. (<b>E</b>) Heatmap displaying the top 500 differentially expressed A-to-I editing sites between diabetic nephropathy and reference nephrectomy samples. The differentially expressed sites are categorized based on repeat classes. (<b>F</b>) Comparison between AKI biopsies and reference nephrectomy samples.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/aed9f157985a/jci-134-180117-g112.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="768" data-image-height="911" data-image-alt="Figure 2" data-pmc-id="PMC11364396" data-figure-id="F2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/4d0fc57c1195/jci-134-180117-g112.gif" alt="Figure 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="768"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="911"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2. Azin1 A-to-I editing status in… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2. Azin1 A-to-I editing status in murine models of AKI. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> A </b> ) Bulk… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2. Azin1 A-to-I editing status in murine models of AKI. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) Bulk RNA-Seq analysis on a murine model of endotoxemia (LPS). Gene set coregulation analysis showing sequential upregulation of pathways involved in NF-κB–mediated acute inflammation and in antiviral/interferon responses, followed by the integrated stress response, as indicated by enrichment of the Molecular Signatures Database Hallmark Gene Sets. Each dot corresponds to each animal. The colored lines in the background depict scaled expression of individual genes. ***Pairwise <i>t</i> test adjusted <i>P</i> < 0.05 compared with the preceding time point. (<b>B</b>) Principal component analysis showing overall gene expression changes over the course of endotoxemia in the kidney. (<b>C</b>) Serum creatinine levels at indicated time points after administration of LPS (4 mg/kg in C57BL/6J male mice). (<b>D</b>) Combined Ribo-Seq and RNA-Seq read coverage graphs for <i>Azin1</i> after LPS challenge in the kidney. Reads are mapped to Ensembl transcript <i>Azin1</i>-201. Gray-colored reads represent RNA-Seq, whereas red/green/blue-colored reads represent codon frames for ribosome-protected fragments in Ribo-Seq. The top right panel confirms the translation of A-to-I–edited <i>Azin1</i> (reanalysis of GEO GSE120877). (<b>E</b>) Percentage of Azin1 A-to-I editing under indicated conditions (based on stranded total RNA-Seq data). (<b>F</b>–<b>H</b>) Measurements of kidney tissue putrescine and spermidine levels by HPLC under indicated conditions. Representative HPLC chromatograms are also shown. For clarity, the traces are slightly shifted from each other on the <i>x</i> axis elution time. (<b>I</b> and <b>J</b>) Quantitation of RNA-Seq read counts (in counts per million) at the indicated time points. (<b>K</b>) Sanger sequencing showing timeline-specific <i>Azin1</i> A-to-I editing observed in wild-type mouse kidneys after ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI; arrowheads). (<b>L</b>) Measurements of kidney tissue spermidine levels by HPLC after IRI. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 vs. 0-hour control samples, 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test for multiple treatment comparisons. 0** indicates kidney tissues harvested 20 minutes after ischemia without reperfusion.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="figure-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/3c46148538ee/jci-134-180117-g113.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="768" data-image-height="833" data-image-alt="Figure 3" data-pmc-id="PMC11364396" data-figure-id="F3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/1e688e56edf7/jci-134-180117-g113.gif" alt="Figure 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="768"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="833"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3. Azin1 A-to-I–uneditable state hinders cell… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3. Azin1 A-to-I–uneditable state hinders cell growth and limits glycolytic capacity. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> A </b> )… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 3. Azin1 A-to-I–uneditable state hinders cell growth and limits glycolytic capacity. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) Sanger sequencing chromatograms for wild-type (HEK293T; top), <i>AZIN1</i> A-to-I–locked (middle), and <i>AZIN1</i> A-to-I–uneditable homozygous cell lines (bottom). Homology-directed repair donor oligonucleotides used for CRISPR knockin are shown in Supplemental Figure 5A. (<b>B</b>) Western blotting for AZIN1 under indicated conditions (~70% confluence). (<b>C</b>) Determination of AZIN1 protein turnover under indicated conditions. Nascent protein synthesis was inhibited with 250 μg/mL cycloheximide. Arrow points to AZIN1. Bands below AZIN1 result from inhibition of proteasomal degradation with MG132. <i>n</i> = 2 biological replicates. (<b>D</b>) Real-time monitoring of cell growth for AZIN1 A-to-I–locked, uneditable, and wild-type cells. <i>n</i> = 3 independent experiments with <i>n</i> = 6 technical replicates for each experiment. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 at all time points for indicated conditions, except the stationary phase between AZIN1 A-to-I–locked and wild-type cells. Representative images are shown in Supplemental Figure 5C. (<b>E</b>) Polyribosome profiling of AZIN1 A-to-I–locked and uneditable cell lines. <i>n</i> = 3 independent experiments. Mean polysome/monosome ratios for A-to-I–locked and uneditable genotypes are 4.1 and 3.6, respectively. (<b>F</b>) Heatmap of the top 20 differentially expressed genes between AZIN1 A-to-I–locked and uneditable cell lines as determined by RNA-Seq (<ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://connect.posit.iu.edu/azin1/">https://connect.posit.iu.edu/azin1/</ext-link>). (<b>G</b>) Cell growth under indicated conditions. Representative images are shown in Supplemental Figure 5D. *<i>P</i> < 0.05, **<i>P</i> < 0.05 after day 1 and day 2.5 for indicated conditions, respectively. (<b>H</b>) Extracellular acidification rates under indicated conditions (Seahorse glycolysis stress test). <i>n</i> = 3 independent experiments with <i>n</i> = 3 technical replicates for each experiment. *<i>P</i> < 0.05 vs. AZIN1-uneditable cells at indicated time points. (<b>I</b>) Identification of AZIN1-interacting molecules by mass spectrometry. Top: Coomassie staining for input, flow-through, and immunoprecipitated unfractionated lysates from IgG control and transfection of FLAG-tagged AZIN1 or AZIN1 without FLAG plasmids. Middle: Western blotting for AZIN1. Cells overexpressing FLAG-tagged A-to-I–locked AZIN1 or uneditable plasmids were fractionated into cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments and immunoprecipitated using anti-FLAG antibody (cytoplasmic fraction is shown). See also Supplemental Figure 5H. Summary of coprecipitated proteins with AZIN1 is presented in the bottom table. <i>n</i> = 3 independent experiments. *Plasmid construct not used in this article.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="figure-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/8d14f99a9b22/jci-134-180117-g114.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="782" data-image-height="552" data-image-alt="Figure 4" data-pmc-id="PMC11364396" data-figure-id="F4"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/0f609ff210b5/jci-134-180117-g114.gif" alt="Figure 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="782"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="552"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4. Azin1 A-to-I–locked mice exhibit faster… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4. Azin1 A-to-I–locked mice exhibit faster tissue recovery following ischemic injury compared with uneditable… </p> </strong> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 4. Azin1 A-to-I–locked mice exhibit faster tissue recovery following ischemic injury compared with uneditable mice. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) Sanger sequencing chromatograms for wild-type (top), Azin1 A-to-I–uneditable (middle), and Azin1 A-to-I–locked homozygous mice (bottom). The CRISPR knockin strategy is depicted in Supplemental Figure 6A. (<b>B</b>) Serum creatinine levels 24 and 72 hours after a 20-minute bilateral IRI. (<b>C</b>) Kidney tissue Havcr1/kidney injury marker-1 (KIM1) levels as determined by RNA-Seq (counts per million). (<b>D</b>) Polyribosome profiling of kidneys from Azin1 A-to-I–locked and uneditable mice 24 hours after IRI. Two representative biological replicates are shown for each genotype. Mean polysome/monosome ratios for A-to-I–locked and uneditable genotypes are 3.3 and 2.8, respectively. (<b>E</b>) Hematoxylin and eosin staining 72 hours after IRI. Original magnification, ×40. (<b>F</b>) Western blotting for hypusine in the kidney after IRI.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="figure-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/9269d0f29c9a/jci-134-180117-g115.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="777" data-image-height="913" data-image-alt="Figure 5" data-pmc-id="PMC11364396" data-figure-id="F5"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/49077c99238f/jci-134-180117-g115.gif" alt="Figure 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="777"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="913"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5. Azin1 A-to-I–locked state limits kidney… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5. Azin1 A-to-I–locked state limits kidney injury by upregulating polyamines and other protective pathways. </p> </strong> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 5. Azin1 A-to-I–locked state limits kidney injury by upregulating polyamines and other protective pathways. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) Volcano plot showing the top 2 differentially expressed metabolites. The <i>x</i> axis depicts the log<sub>2</sub> fold change of A-to-I locked/uneditable ratio, and the <i>y</i> axis depicts –log<sub>10</sub> adjusted <i>P</i> values. Global untargeted metabolomics, <i>n</i> = 5 for each condition. (<b>B</b>) RNA-Seq gene expression analysis (smear plot) comparing homozygous A-to-I–locked and uneditable mouse kidneys under basal conditions. Only Ide (insulin-degrading enzyme) met the criteria of FDR < 0.05 (<ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://connect.posit.iu.edu/azin1_mouse_kidney/">https://connect.posit.iu.edu/azin1_mouse_kidney/</ext-link>). (<b>C</b>) Heatmap displaying the top differentially expressed metabolites between Azin1-locked and uneditable mice after IRI (adjusted <i>P</i> < 0.05 for all listed metabolites). (<b>D</b>) Pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed metabolites between Azin1 A-to-I–locked and uneditable mouse kidneys after IRI. (<b>E</b>) Metabolite ratios (log<sub>2</sub> fold change of A-to-I locked/uneditable) mapped to the polyamine pathway and pseudocolored according to the indicated scale. Metabolites with blank circles were not resolved by the metabolomics. (<b>F</b>) Metabolite ratios mapped to the NAD<sup>+</sup> biosynthesis pathway. (<b>G</b>) RNA-Seq read counts for glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1, cytoplasmic (Gpd1), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2, mitochondrial (Gpd2), and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), 48 hours after IRI.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="figure-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/85037cb97c97/jci-134-180117-g116.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="764" data-image-height="982" data-image-alt="Figure 6" data-pmc-id="PMC11364396" data-figure-id="F6"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/490bec191804/jci-134-180117-g116.gif" alt="Figure 6" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="764"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="982"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6. Genome-wide characterization of A-to-I editing… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6. Genome-wide characterization of A-to-I editing in mouse kidneys. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> A </b> ) Immunoblotting of… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 6. Genome-wide characterization of A-to-I editing in mouse kidneys. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) Immunoblotting of dsRNA under indicated conditions. RNase A incubation was done with high salt to specifically digest single-stranded RNA. The negative control consisted of RNase III digestion, which digests dsRNA. The positive control consisted of poly(I:C) without RNase digestion. (<b>B</b>) Schematic representation of dsRNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing. (<b>C</b>) Overlay of density plots displaying A-to-I edit percentages under indicated conditions. (<b>D</b>) Left: Total counts and distribution of A-to-I editing sites per sample (nuclear fraction; editing rate > 10% and reads count > 5 in at least 3 samples; see Methods for further pre-processing criteria). Middle: Distribution of A-to-I editing sites, normalized to genomic region lengths. Right: Distribution of A-to-I editing sites per repeat class. CDS, coding sequence. (<b>E</b>) Summary of A-to-I editing sites that exhibit differential expression compared with the 0-hour baseline. The bottom track represents hyper-editing sites. (<b>F</b>) Single-cell uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) displaying the distribution of <i>Adar</i> expression in the mouse kidney (reanalysis of published data GEO GSE151658). PT, proximal tubule; CD-PC, collecting duct principal cell; TAL, thick ascending loop of Henle. (<b>G</b>–<b>I</b>) Quantitation of total RNA-Seq read counts (in counts per million) at the specified time points. (<b>J</b>) Scheme depicting the sequence of events observed in the kidney. (<b>K</b>) Read coverage comparison for <i>March2</i> near the transcription termination site between dsRNA enrichment (top 6 tracks) and without dsRNA enrichment (bottom 2 tracks, 0 and 28 hours after LPS; regular total RNA sequencing).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item tail" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="6" data-label-slug="figure-7"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/4e17fd5f80ed/jci-134-180117-g117.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-6" role="button" data-image-width="764" data-image-height="1017" data-image-alt="Figure 7" data-pmc-id="PMC11364396" data-figure-id="F7"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-6" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/a9b9/11364396/b69c7f1bafe2/jci-134-180117-g117.gif" alt="Figure 7" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="764"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="1017"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 7. Genome-wide characterization of A-to-I editing… </p> </strong> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 7. Genome-wide characterization of A-to-I editing in mouse kidneys. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> ( <b> A </b> ) Pathway enrichment… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-6" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 7. Genome-wide characterization of A-to-I editing in mouse kidneys. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">(<b>A</b>) Pathway enrichment analysis based on genes that exhibit differential editing rates between baseline and 28 hours (cytoplasmic compartment). isa, inferred from sequence alignment. (<b>B</b>) Heatmap displaying the top 500 differentially expressed A-to-I editing sites between 0-hour baseline and 28 hours after endotoxin in the kidney. The differentially expressed (DE) sites are categorized based on repeat classes. (<b>C</b>) List of genes exhibiting non-synonymous A-to-I coding sequence mutation in response to an endotoxin challenge in the kidney. (<b>D</b>) <i>Cdk13</i> reads distribution and A-to-I editing under indicated conditions. (<b>E</b>) Comparison of motif enrichment between non-hyper-editing (top) and hyper-editing sites (bottom) within ±50 nucleotides centered around A-to-I editing sites. Predicted RNA secondary structure around the 3′-UTR hyper-editing site is shown at the bottom (arrow). Positional entropy is color-coded. (<b>F</b>) Ribo-Seq and nanopore read coverage graphs for <i>Adar</i>, clarifying <i>Adar</i> transcript isoform switches during endotoxemia.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="see-all actions-bar"> <button class="show-more" aria-controls="slides-container" data-ga-category="figure" data-ga-action="show_all"> All figures (7) </button> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button 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data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Endotoxemia/genetics"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Endotoxemia / metabolism" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Endotoxemia / metabolism </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Endotoxemia / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Endotoxemia%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Endotoxemia%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" 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aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Endotoxemia / pathology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-12" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Endotoxemia / pathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Endotoxemia%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Endotoxemia%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Endotoxemia/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Endotoxemia / pathology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Endotoxemia" data-ga-category="search_mesh" 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href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Humans"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Inflammation / genetics" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Inflammation / genetics </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-14" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Inflammation / genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Inflammation%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Inflammation%2Fgenetics%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Inflammation/genetics"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Inflammation / genetics"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Inflammation" 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class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Inflammation%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Inflammation%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Inflammation/metabolism"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Inflammation / metabolism"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Inflammation" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Inflammation / metabolism"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Inflammation/metabolism"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Inflammation/metabolism"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Inflammation / pathology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Inflammation / pathology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-16" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Inflammation / pathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Inflammation%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Inflammation%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Inflammation/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Inflammation / pathology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Inflammation" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Inflammation / pathology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Inflammation/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Inflammation/pathology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Inosine* / genetics" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-17" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Inosine* / genetics </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-17" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Inosine* / genetics"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Inosine%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Inosine%2Fgenetics%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Inosine/genetics"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Inosine* / genetics"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Inosine" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Inosine* / genetics"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Inosine/genetics"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Inosine/genetics"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Inosine* / metabolism" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-18" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Inosine* / metabolism </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-18" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Inosine* / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Inosine%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Inosine%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Inosine/metabolism"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Inosine* / metabolism"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Inosine" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Inosine* / metabolism"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Inosine/metabolism"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Inosine/metabolism"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Kidney / metabolism" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Kidney / metabolism </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-19" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Kidney / metabolism"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Kidney%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Kidney%2Fmetabolism%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Kidney/metabolism"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Kidney / metabolism"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Kidney" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Kidney / metabolism"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Kidney/metabolism"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Kidney/metabolism"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Kidney / pathology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-20" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Kidney / pathology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-20" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Kidney / pathology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Kidney%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Kidney%2Fpathology%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Kidney/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Kidney / pathology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Kidney" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Kidney / pathology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Kidney/pathology"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Kidney/pathology"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Male" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-21" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Male </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-21" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Male"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Male%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Male"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Male"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Male" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Male"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Male"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Male"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mice" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-22" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Mice </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-22" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mice"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Mice%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Mice%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mice"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Mice"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mice" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Mice"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Mice"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Mice"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword RNA Editing*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-23" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> RNA Editing* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-23" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword RNA Editing*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22RNA+Editing%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22RNA+Editing%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="RNA Editing"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="RNA Editing*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=RNA+Editing" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="RNA Editing*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""RNA Editing"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""RNA Editing"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul> </div> <div id="substances" class="substances keywords-section"> <h2 class="title"> Substances </h2> <ul class="keywords-list"><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Inosine" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Inosine </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Inosine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" 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Adenosine" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-substances-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Adenosine </button><div id="keyword-actions-substances-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Adenosine"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Adenosine%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Adenosine%22%5Bnm%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&keyword="Adenosine"[nm]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="substance" data-ga-label="Adenosine"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=%22Adenosine%22" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="substance_link" data-ga-label="Adenosine"> Search in MeSH 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Inflammation primes the murine kidney for recovery by activating AZIN1 adenosine-to-inosine editing - PubMed