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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Schechter Letter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schechter_m%C9%99ktubu" title="Schechter məktubu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Schechter məktubu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Кембрыджскі дакумент – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кембрыджскі дакумент" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Кеймбриджки документ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кеймбриджки документ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carta_de_Schechter" title="Carta de Schechter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carta de Schechter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="نامه شکتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نامه شکتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%A8" title="מכתב שכטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכתב שכטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokument_Schechtera" title="Dokument Schechtera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dokument Schechtera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Кембриджский документ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кембриджский документ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgen_dokumentti" title="Cambridgen dokumentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cambridgen dokumentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schechter_Mektubu" title="Schechter Mektubu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Schechter Mektubu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Кембриджський документ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кембриджський документ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px 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1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Schechter_Letter" title="Special:EditPage/Schechter Letter">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Schechter_Letter" title="Talk:Schechter Letter">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-lead_rewrite" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may need to be rewritten</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> 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Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">The Schechter Letter</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pesach_(General)_in_the_Schechter_Letter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pesach_%28General%29_in_the_Schechter_Letter.png/220px-Pesach_%28General%29_in_the_Schechter_Letter.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pesach_%28General%29_in_the_Schechter_Letter.png/330px-Pesach_%28General%29_in_the_Schechter_Letter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Pesach_%28General%29_in_the_Schechter_Letter.png/440px-Pesach_%28General%29_in_the_Schechter_Letter.png 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="367" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cropped version of f. 2r of the Schechter letter, showing Khazar general <a href="/wiki/Pesakh_(Khazar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesakh (Khazar)">Pesakh</a> and his titles.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Anonymous Khazar author</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Manuscript</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">Khazar history and conversion to Judaism</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Schechter Letter</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called the <b>Genizah Letter</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Cambridge Document</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Schechter" title="Solomon Schechter">Solomon Schechter</a> in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an anonymous <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar</a> letter discussing several matters including the wars of the early 940s, involving the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the Khazar Khaganate, and <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have debated its authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Letter">The Letter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schechter_Letter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Letter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Schechter Letter has been interpreted as a communique from an unnamed <a href="/wiki/Khazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazar">Khazar</a> author to an unidentified <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> dignitary. Some believe that the Schechter Letter was addressed to <a href="/wiki/Hasdai_ibn_Shaprut" title="Hasdai ibn Shaprut">Hasdai ibn Shaprut</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolitan</a> Khazar after his first, unsuccessful attempt to correspond with the Khazar king <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Khazar)" title="Joseph (Khazar)">Joseph</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Khazar_Correspondence" title="Khazar Correspondence">Khazar Correspondence</a>). </p><p>Some recent historiography has noted the names echoing Jewish mystical traditions and lack of any corroborating historical sources to its account may place it in a tradition of fantastical writing about the lost tribes of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Stampfer_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stampfer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Letter was included in the <a href="/wiki/Genizah#The_Cairo_Genizah" title="Genizah">Genizah Collection</a> donated by Schechter to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a> in 1898. Most of the folio is unreadable and only two surviving blocs of text exist. This makes identifying the precise nature of the letter, communique or legend unclear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_conversion_text">The conversion text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schechter_Letter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The conversion text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Schechter Letter contains an account of the Khazar conversion that differs from that of the <a href="/wiki/Khazar_Correspondence" title="Khazar Correspondence">Khazar Correspondence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kuzari" title="Kuzari">Kuzari</a>. In the Schechter Letter account, Jews from <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> migrated to Khazaria to flee persecution, where they mingled with the nomadic Khazars, eventually assimilating almost totally.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then a strong war-leader arose (in the Schechter Letter, he is named <a href="/wiki/Bulan_(Khazar)" title="Bulan (Khazar)">Sabriel</a>), who succeeded in having himself named ruler of the Khazars. Sabriel happened to be remotely descended from the early Jewish settlers, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Serach_(Khazar)" title="Serach (Khazar)">Serakh</a> convinced him to adopt Judaism, in which his people followed him. What follows in the Letter is largely lost except for a few fragments. </p><p>The account of the Khazar kingdom matches up with no Muslim, Jewish or Byzantine source from the period regarding wars of migration. It also differs radically from every other alleged source on the Khazar conversion to Judaism and in its naming of the ruling class. The names of the figures involved, Sabriel being the name of an angel in the Jewish mystical tradition, Serah being a biblical figure and the claim of descent from the tribe of Simeon whose demise is chronicled in the Bible, strongly indicate the text is an unreliable source and heavily influenced in a rich Jewish tradition of wish fulfilment and mystical writing about the ten lost tribes of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Stampfer_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stampfer-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HLGW_and_Romanus">HLGW and Romanus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schechter_Letter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: HLGW and Romanus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next substantial section of the Letter to survive tells of a recent (to the author) event - an invasion of Khazaria by HLGW (most probably <a href="/wiki/Oleg_of_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg of Kiev">Oleg</a>), prince (<a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">knyaz</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Rus</a>, instigated by the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanus_I_Lecapenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanus I Lecapenus">Romanus I Lecapenus</a>. Romanus, a persecutor of the Jews, may have been seeking to counter Khazar retaliation for his policies. According to the Letter, HLGW was defeated by the Khazar general <a href="/wiki/Pesakh_(Khazar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesakh (Khazar)">Pesakh</a> in the Taman region. Faced with execution by the Khazars, HLGW agreed to attack <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (indeed, such an attack <a href="/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_(941)" title="Rus'–Byzantine War (941)">took place</a> in 941), where he was defeated and fled to Persia, where he died. If Oleg is indeed Helgi (HLGW) and participated in these wars, the <i>Genizah Letter</i> is at odds with the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i>, which claims Oleg died in 912, while the <i><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_First_Chronicle" title="Novgorod First Chronicle">Novgorod First Chronicle</a></i> claims he died in 922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842–43_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842–43-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications_of_the_text">Implications of the text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schechter_Letter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implications of the text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If taken literally and not as a legend of lost tribes, the letter challenges the conventional narrative of the Khazars. First, its version of the conversion posits a partially Judean descent for Khazar contemporaries of the author. Whether or not this is an accurate account, it indicates that the Khazars saw themselves as fully integrated members of world Jewry. </p><p>The letter states that in the early days after Khazars' conversion to Judaism, some <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alanians</a> already practised Judaism, to a degree that Alania came to save Khazaria from its enemies (lines 52–53). This is the only evidence corroborating the record of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Tudela" title="Benjamin of Tudela">Benjamin of Tudela</a> about Judaism in Alania. </p><p>In addition, if <i>HLGW</i> in the text refers to <a href="/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg of Novgorod">Oleg</a> (Helgi), and he participated in these wars, the <i>Genizah Letter</i> would be at odds with the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i>, which claims Oleg died in 912, while the <i><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_First_Chronicle" title="Novgorod First Chronicle">Novgorod First Chronicle</a></i> claims he died in 922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842–43_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842–43-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of his successor <a href="/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev" title="Igor of Kiev">Igor of Kiev</a> reigning from 912 until his murder in 944, as the <i>Primary Chronicle</i> claims, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Zuckerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine Zuckerman">Constantine Zuckerman</a> (1995) concluded that Igor only reigned from the summer of 941 to the winter of 945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201843_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201843-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years prior, many scholars had disregarded the Schechter Letter account;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zuckerman has suggested that the Schechter Letter's account is in harmony with various other Rus' sources, and it suggests a struggle within the early Rus polity between factions loyal to Oleg and to Igor, a struggle that Oleg ultimately lost. Zuckerman posited that the early chronology of the Rus' had to be re-determined in light of these sources. Among the beliefs of Zuckerman and others who have analyzed these sources are that the Khazars did not lose <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> until the early 10th century (rather than 882, the traditional date), that Igor was not Rurik's son but rather a more distant descendant, and that Oleg did not immediately follow <a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a>, but rather that there is a lost generation between the legendary <a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">Varangian</a> lord and his documented successors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schechter_Letter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrook2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Alan_Brook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kevin Alan Brook (page does not exist)">Brook, Kevin Alan</a> (2006). <i>The Jews of Khazaria</i> (2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-4981-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-4981-X"><bdi>0-7425-4981-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Khazaria&rft.place=Lanham&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7425-4981-X&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchechter+Letter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlop1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_M._Dunlop" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas M. Dunlop">Dunlop, Douglas M.</a> (1954). <i>The History of the Jewish Khazars</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Jewish+Khazars&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Dunlop&rft.aufirst=Douglas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchechter+Letter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolbPritsak1982" class="citation book cs1">Golb, Norman; Pritsak, Omeljan (1982). <i>Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century</i>. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1221-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1221-8"><bdi>0-8014-1221-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khazarian+Hebrew+Documents+of+the+Tenth+Century&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8014-1221-8&rft.aulast=Golb&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft.au=Pritsak%2C+Omeljan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchechter+Letter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Zuckerman, Constantine (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_0766-5598_1995_num_53_1_1906">"On the Date of the Khazar's Conversion to Judaism and the Chronology of the Kings of the Rus Oleg and Igor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%A9tudes_byzantines" title="Revue des études byzantines">Revue des études byzantines</a></i>. <b>53</b>: 237–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Frebyz.1995.1906">10.3406/rebyz.1995.1906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%A9tudes+byzantines&rft.atitle=On+the+Date+of+the+Khazar%27s+Conversion+to+Judaism+and+the+Chronology+of+the+Kings+of+the+Rus+Oleg+and+Igor&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=237-270&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Frebyz.1995.1906&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Constantine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frebyz_0766-5598_1995_num_53_1_1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchechter+Letter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrowski2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ostrowski, Donald (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/css/52/1/article-p30_2.xml">"Was There a Riurikid Dynasty in Early Rus'?"</a>. <i>Canadian-American Slavic Studies</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 30–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22102396-05201009">10.1163/22102396-05201009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian-American+Slavic+Studies&rft.atitle=Was+There+a+Riurikid+Dynasty+in+Early+Rus%27%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-49&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22102396-05201009&rft.aulast=Ostrowski&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fcss%2F52%2F1%2Farticle-p30_2.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchechter+Letter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStampfer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stampfer, Shaul (2013). "Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?". <i>Jewish Social Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 1–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fjewisocistud.19.3.1">10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1">10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161320785">161320785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=Did+the+Khazars+Convert+to+Judaism%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-72&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161320785%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fjewisocistud.19.3.1%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fjewisocistud.19.3.1&rft.aulast=Stampfer&rft.aufirst=Shaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchechter+Letter" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schechter_Letter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhivkov2015" class="citation book cs1">Zhivkov, Boris (2015). <i>Khazaria in the 9th and 10th Centuries</i>. Translated by Manova, Daria. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Academic Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29307-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-29307-6"><bdi>978-90-04-29307-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khazaria+in+the+9th+and+10th+Centuries&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-29307-6&rft.aulast=Zhivkov&rft.aufirst=Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchechter+Letter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrowski2018">Ostrowski 2018</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2007" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (2007). "The Conversion of the Khazars to Judaism". <i>The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives - Selected Papers from the Jerusalem 1999 International Khazar Colloquium</i>. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Academic Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004160422" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004160422"><bdi>978-9004160422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Conversion+of+the+Khazars+to+Judaism&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Khazars%3A+New+Perspectives+-+Selected+Papers+from+the+Jerusalem+1999+International+Khazar+Colloquium&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004160422&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchechter+Letter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stampfer-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stampfer_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stampfer_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStampfer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stampfer, Shaul (2013). "Did the Khazars Convert to Judaism?". <i>Jewish Social Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 1–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fjewisocistud.19.3.1">10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1">10.2979/jewisocistud.19.3.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161320785">161320785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=Did+the+Khazars+Convert+to+Judaism%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1-72&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161320785%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fjewisocistud.19.3.1%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fjewisocistud.19.3.1&rft.aulast=Stampfer&rft.aufirst=Shaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchechter+Letter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2022" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Alex M. (2022). <i>The Monotheisation of Pontic-Caspian Eurasia: From the Eighth to the Thirteenth Century</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474478113" title="Special:BookSources/9781474478113"><bdi>9781474478113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monotheisation+of+Pontic-Caspian+Eurasia%3A+From+the+Eighth+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781474478113&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Alex+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchechter+Letter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842–43-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842–43_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201842–43_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrowski2018">Ostrowski 2018</a>, p. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201843-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski201843_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOstrowski2018">Ostrowski 2018</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schechter_Letter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khazaria.com/khazar-biblio/toc.html">Bibliography of Khazar Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taraingrid.tripod.com/uploadedtexts/khazars.htm">Khazar Self Perception: A Study of the Schechter Text</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Khazaria" title="Template:Khazaria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Khazaria" title="Template talk:Khazaria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Khazaria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Khazaria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Khazaria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazaria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:burlywood; font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Khazar_wars" title="Arab–Khazar wars">Arab–Khazar wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshchera">Meshchera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Khazarica" title="Pax Khazarica">Pax Khazarica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhanite" title="Radhanite">Radhanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_trade_route" title="Volga trade route">Volga trade route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route_from_the_Varangians_to_the_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks">Dnieper trade route</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:burlywood; font-weight:bold;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Khazar_rulers" title="List of Khazar rulers">Khazar rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irbis_(Khazar)" title="Irbis (Khazar)">Irbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busir" title="Busir">Busir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_(Khazar)" title="Bihar (Khazar)">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsbit" title="Parsbit">Parsbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_(Khazar)" title="Zachariah (Khazar)">Zachariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulan_(Khazar)" title="Bulan (Khazar)">Bulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_(Khazar)" title="Obadiah (Khazar)">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah_(Khazar)" title="Hezekiah (Khazar)">Hezekiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_I" title="Manasseh I">Manasseh I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_ben_Obadiah" title="Hanukkah ben Obadiah">Hanukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_(Khazar)" title="Isaac (Khazar)">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebulun_(Khazar)" title="Zebulun (Khazar)">Zebulun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_II" title="Manasseh II">Manasseh II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisi_ben_Menasseh" title="Nisi ben Menasseh">Nisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_I" title="Aaron I">Aaron I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_(Khazar)" title="Menahem (Khazar)">Menahem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_(Khazar)" title="Benjamin (Khazar)">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_II" title="Aaron II">Aaron II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Khazar)" title="Joseph (Khazar)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_of_Taman" title="David of Taman">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgius_Tzul" title="Georgius Tzul">George</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chasaren.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing extent of Khazar lands"><img alt="Map showing extent of Khazar lands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chasaren.jpg/120px-Chasaren.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chasaren.jpg/180px-Chasaren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chasaren.jpg/240px-Chasaren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:burlywood; font-weight:bold;;width:1%">Other figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alp_Iluetuer" title="Alp Iluetuer">Alp Iluetuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp_Tarkhan" title="Alp Tarkhan">Alp Tarkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balgitzin" title="Balgitzin">Balgitzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barjik" title="Barjik">Barjik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulchan" title="Bulchan">Bulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazer_Tarkhan" title="Hazer Tarkhan">Hazer Tarkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg of Novgorod">HLGW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gothia" title="John of Gothia">John of Gothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papatzys" title="Papatzys">Papatzys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesakh_(general)" title="Pesakh (general)">Pesakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_Tarkhan" title="Ras Tarkhan">Ras Tarkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serach_(Khazar)" title="Serach (Khazar)">Serach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfengus" title="Sfengus">Sfengus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I_of_Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Sviatoslav I of Kiev">Sviatoslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_of_Khazaria" title="Theodora of Khazaria">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzak" title="Tzitzak">Tzitzak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_ha-Sangari" title="Yitzhak ha-Sangari">Yitzhak ha-Sangari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:burlywood; font-weight:bold;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atil" title="Atil">Atil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanjar" title="Balanjar">Balanjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCsliyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Güsliyev">Güsliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Hills_(Russia)" title="Golden Hills (Russia)">Golden Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaffa_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaffa (city)">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Kavkaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazarki" title="Kazarki">Kazarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Kerem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazaran" title="Khazaran">Khazaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumar" title="Khumar">Khumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Levedia">Levedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltovo-Mayaki" title="Saltovo-Mayaki">Saltovo-Mayaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samandar_(city)" title="Samandar (city)">Samandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalut" title="Sambalut">Sambalut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiran" title="Samiran">Samiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosdelka" title="Samosdelka">Samosdelka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqsin" title="Saqsin">Saqsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkel" title="Sarkel">Sarkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semikarakorsk_Fortress" title="Semikarakorsk Fortress">Semikarakorsk Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_Peninsula" title="Taman Peninsula">Taman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Tamatarkha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:burlywood; font-weight:bold;;width:1%">Tributaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsiyah" title="Arsiyah">Arsiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranjars" title="Baranjars">Baranjars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsils" title="Barsils">Barsils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Black Klobuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burtas" title="Burtas">Burtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_Huns" title="North Caucasian Huns">Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabar" title="Kabar">Kabars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Kassogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Magyars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarir" title="Sarir">Sarir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:burlywood; font-weight:bold;;width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Artamonov_(historian)" title="Mikhail Artamonov (historian)">Mikhail Artamonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Bartold" title="Vasily Bartold">Vasily Bartold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Morton_Dunlop" title="Douglas Morton Dunlop">D.M. Dunlop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Norman Golb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Peter B. Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Gumilev" title="Lev Gumilev">Lev Gumilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Harkavy" title="Alexander Harkavy">Alexander Harkavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Noonan" title="Thomas S. Noonan">Thomas S. Noonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Pletnyova" title="Svetlana Pletnyova">Svetlana Pletnyova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omeljan_Pritsak" title="Omeljan Pritsak">Omeljan Pritsak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:burlywood; font-weight:bold;;width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_Correspondence" title="Khazar Correspondence">Khazar Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar language</a></li> <li>Khazar ancestry claims <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Cossack_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Cossack ancestry">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Cossacks" title="Jewish Cossacks">Jewish Cossacks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars#In_literature" title="Khazars">Khazars in fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuzari" title="Kuzari">Kuzari</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Letter" title="Kievan Letter">Kievan Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandgelis_Document" title="Mandgelis Document">Mandgelis Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Jews" title="Red Jews">Red Jews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schechter Letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:burlywood; 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