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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruler_of_Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruler_of_Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ruler of Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ruler_of_Central_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ruler of Central Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ruler_of_Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_ruler_of_Fergana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_ruler_of_Fergana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>As ruler of Fergana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_ruler_of_Fergana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Kabul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Kabul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>At Kabul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Kabul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Mughal_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Formation of the Mughal Empire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation_of_the_Mughal_Empire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formation of the Mughal Empire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Mughal_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Battle_of_Panipat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Battle_of_Panipat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First Battle of Panipat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Battle_of_Panipat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Khanwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Khanwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Battle of Khanwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Khanwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Chanderi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Chanderi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Battle of Chanderi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Chanderi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religious policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life and relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Family-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Family subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consorts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consorts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Consorts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Babri_Masjid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Babri_Masjid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Babri Masjid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Babri_Masjid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Babur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ظهير الدين بابر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ظهير الدين بابر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0" title="বাবৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাবৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بابور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بابور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0" title="বাবর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাবর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Бабур – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бабур" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Бабур – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бабур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Бабур – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бабур" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="बाबर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बाबर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Захиредин Бабур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Захиредин Бабур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baber" title="Baber – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baber" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1bur" title="Bábur – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bábur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81bur" title="Bābur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bābur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81" title="Μπαμπούρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαμπούρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="بابر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بابر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0" title="બાબર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બાબર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4" title="바부르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바부르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Զահիրեդդին Մուհամմադ Բաբուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զահիրեդդին Մուհամմադ Բաբուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="बाबर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाबर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab%C3%BAr" title="Babúr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Babúr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8" title="באבור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="באבור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಾಬರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಾಬರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ბაბური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაბური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Бабыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бабыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Бабур – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бабур" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81burs" title="Bāburs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bāburs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab%C5%ABras" title="Babūras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Babūras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1bur_mogul_sah" title="Bábur mogul sah – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bábur mogul sah" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="बाबर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बाबर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2bur" title="Bâbur – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bâbur" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC" title="ബാബർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാബർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="बाबर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बाबर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="بابر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بابر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="بابر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بابر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%94" title="ꯕꯥꯕꯔ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯥꯕꯔ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="बाबर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाबर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB" title="バーブル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バーブル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobur" title="Bobur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bobur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬਾਬਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਬਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="بابر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بابر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ظهير الدين محمد بابر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ظهير الدين محمد بابر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur_Zaxiretdin_Muxammet" title="Babur Zaxiretdin Muxammet – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Babur Zaxiretdin Muxammet" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Бабур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бабур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="बाबर – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बाबर" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ظہیر الدین بابر – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ظہیر الدین بابر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%87" title="بابر بادشاهه – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بابر بادشاهه" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1bur" title="Bábur – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bábur" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بابور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بابور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Бабур – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бабур" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பாபுர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாபுர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur" title="Babur – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Babur" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="బాబర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాబర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="จักรพรรดิบาบูร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิบาบูร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Бобур – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бобур" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab%C3%BCr" title="Babür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Babür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babyr_Zahyretdin_Muhammet" title="Babyr Zahyretdin Muhammet – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Babyr Zahyretdin Muhammet" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Бабур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бабур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mughal emperor from 1526 to 1530</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the first Mughal Emperor. For the male given name, see <a href="/wiki/Babar" title="Babar">Babar</a>. For the amphipod crustacean, see <a href="/wiki/Babr" title="Babr">Babr</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Babur_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Babur (disambiguation)">Babur (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Babur</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Idealized_portrait_of_Babur_(1483-1530)_in_Persian_style,_painted_circa_1605-1615_in_India_(British_Museum_1921,1011,0.3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Babur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Idealized_portrait_of_Babur_%281483-1530%29_in_Persian_style%2C_painted_circa_1605-1615_in_India_%28British_Museum_1921%2C1011%2C0.3%29.jpg/220px-Idealized_portrait_of_Babur_%281483-1530%29_in_Persian_style%2C_painted_circa_1605-1615_in_India_%28British_Museum_1921%2C1011%2C0.3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Idealized_portrait_of_Babur_%281483-1530%29_in_Persian_style%2C_painted_circa_1605-1615_in_India_%28British_Museum_1921%2C1011%2C0.3%29.jpg/330px-Idealized_portrait_of_Babur_%281483-1530%29_in_Persian_style%2C_painted_circa_1605-1615_in_India_%28British_Museum_1921%2C1011%2C0.3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Idealized_portrait_of_Babur_%281483-1530%29_in_Persian_style%2C_painted_circa_1605-1615_in_India_%28British_Museum_1921%2C1011%2C0.3%29.jpg/440px-Idealized_portrait_of_Babur_%281483-1530%29_in_Persian_style%2C_painted_circa_1605-1615_in_India_%28British_Museum_1921%2C1011%2C0.3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="780" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Idealized portrait of Babur, early 17th century</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Padishah" title="Padishah">Padishah</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">21 April 1526 – 26 December 1530</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_Lodi" title="Ibrahim Khan Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a> (as <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Delhi" title="List of sultans of Delhi">Sultan of Delhi</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire#History#Fall" title="Timurid Empire">Emir of Kabul</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1504<sup id="cite_ref-u914_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u914-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 21 April 1526</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Mukin Begh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself as the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Emir of Fergana</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">10 June 1494 – February 1497</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Umar_Shaikh_Mirza_II" title="Umar Shaikh Mirza II">Umar Shaikh Mirza II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Mirza_II" title="Jahangir Mirza II">Jahangir Mirza II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire#History#Fall" title="Timurid Empire">Emir of Samarkand</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">November 1496 – February 1497</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Baysonqor_Mirza_bin_Mahmud_Mirza" title="Sultan Baysonqor Mirza bin Mahmud Mirza">Baysonqor Mirza</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ali_bin_Mahmud_Mirza" title="Sultan Ali bin Mahmud Mirza">Ali Mirza</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1483-02-14</span>)</span>14 February 1483<br /><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1530<span style="display:none">(1530-12-26)</span> (aged 47)<br /><a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Gardens of Babur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, Afghanistan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maham_Begum" title="Maham Begum">Maham Begum</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1506)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wives <br /> <i><a href="#Consorts">more...</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aisha_Sultan_Begum" title="Aisha Sultan Begum">Aisha Sultan Begum</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="August 1499">1499</span>; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1503)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zainab_Sultan_Begum" title="Zainab Sultan Begum">Zainab Sultan Begum</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1504; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="1506-07">1506</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Masuma_Sultan_Begum" title="Masuma Sultan Begum">Masuma Sultan Begum</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1507; died 1509)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712" /></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Mubarika" title="Bibi Mubarika">Bibi Mubarika</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="30 January 1519">1519</span>)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">more...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr-un-Nissa" title="Fakhr-un-Nissa">Fakhr-un-Nissa Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masuma_Sultan_Begum_(daughter_of_Babur)" title="Masuma Sultan Begum (daughter of Babur)">Masuma Sultan Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Mirza" title="Kamran Mirza">Kamran Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askari_Mirza" title="Askari Mirza">Askari Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindal_Mirza" title="Hindal Mirza">Hindal Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulbadan_Begum" title="Gulbadan Begum">Gulbadan Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulchehra_Begum" title="Gulchehra Begum">Gulchehra Begum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad Bābur</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Firdaws Makani (Dwelling in Paradise)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_dynasty" title="Mughal dynasty">House of Babur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Umar_Shaikh_Mirza_II" title="Umar Shaikh Mirza II">Umar Shaikh Mirza II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qutlugh_Nigar_Khanum" title="Qutlugh Nigar Khanum">Qutlugh Nigar Khanum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Seal</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_Babur%27s_dynastic_seal,_from_a_Mughal_land_grant_dating_from_August_1527.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Babur's signature"><img alt="Babur's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Detail_of_Babur%27s_dynastic_seal%2C_from_a_Mughal_land_grant_dating_from_August_1527.jpg/125px-Detail_of_Babur%27s_dynastic_seal%2C_from_a_Mughal_land_grant_dating_from_August_1527.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="120" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Babur" title="Template:Campaignbox Babur"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Babur" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Babur"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Babur" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Babur"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Campaigns_of_Babur2914" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Campaigns of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Babur</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1494_/_1496)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Samarkand (1494 / 1496)">1st Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1497)" title="Siege of Samarkand (1497)">2nd Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1501)" title="Siege of Samarkand (1501)">3rd Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sar-e-Pul" title="Battle of Sar-e-Pul">Sar-e-Pul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1501)" title="Siege of Samarkand (1501)">Uzbek Conquest of Samarkand (1501)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akhsi" title="Battle of Akhsi">Akhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kabul_(1504)" title="Siege of Kabul (1504)">Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_Sultan_Masudi_Hazaras" title="Campaign against Sultan Masudi Hazaras">Masudi Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babur%27s_First_Indian_Expedition" title="Babur's First Indian Expedition">1st India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qalat" title="Battle of Qalat">Qalati Ghilji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Campaign_against_Turkomen_Hazaras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Campaign against Turkomen Hazaras (page does not exist)">2nd Turkomen Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babur%27s_Campaign_against_Ghilji_Afghans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babur's Campaign against Ghilji Afghans (page does not exist)">Ghilji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kandahar_(1507)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kandahar (1507) (page does not exist)">1st Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Kandahar_(1507)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Kandahar (1507) (page does not exist)">2nd Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Afghanistan_Operations" title="Eastern Afghanistan Operations">Eastern Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babur%27s_Second_Indian_Expedition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babur's Second Indian Expedition (page does not exist)">2nd India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babur%27s_Campaign_against_Mohmand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babur's Campaign against Mohmand (page does not exist)">Mohmand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mughal_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mughal Rebellion (page does not exist)">Mughal Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ab_Darrah_Pass" title="Battle of Ab Darrah Pass">Ab Darrah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kul_Malek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kul Malek (page does not exist)">Kul Malek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazdewan" title="Battle of Ghazdewan">Ghazdewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajaur_massacre" title="Bajaur massacre">Bajaur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pharwala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Pharwala (page does not exist)">Pharwala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Milwat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Milwat (page does not exist)">Milwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hisar_Firoza" title="Battle of Hisar Firoza">Hisar Firoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sambhal" title="Siege of Sambhal">Sambhal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Gwalior_(1526)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Gwalior (1526) (page does not exist)">Gwalior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Khanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chanderi" title="Battle of Chanderi">Chanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra" title="Battle of Ghaghra">Ghaghra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Babur</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Persian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[bɑː.βuɾ]</a></span>; 14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530; born <b>Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad</b>) was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. He was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> through his father and mother respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ẓahīr-al-Dīn_Moḥammad_Bābor_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ẓahīr-al-Dīn_Moḥammad_Bābor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robert_L._Canfield_1991_p.20_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_L._Canfield_1991_p.20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also given the <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous name</a> of <i>Firdaws Makani</i> ('Dwelling in Paradise').<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>), Babur was the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Umar_Shaikh_Mirza_II" title="Umar Shaikh Mirza II">Umar Shaikh Mirza II</a> (1456–1494, governor of <a href="/wiki/Fergana" title="Fergana">Fergana</a> from 1469 to 1494) and a great-great-great-grandson of Timur (1336–1405). Babur ascended the throne of Fergana in its capital <a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a> in 1494 at the age of twelve and faced rebellion. He conquered <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> two years later, only to lose Fergana soon after. In his attempt to reconquer Fergana, he lost control of Samarkand. In 1501, his attempt to recapture both the regions failed when the <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani" title="Muhammad Shaybani">Muhammad Shaybani</a> defeated him and founded the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>. </p><p>In 1504, he conquered <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, which was under the putative rule of Abdur Razaq Mirza, the infant heir of <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_II" title="Ulugh Beg II">Ulugh Beg II</a>. Babur formed a partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a> and reconquered parts of <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a>, including Samarkand, only to again lose it and the other newly conquered lands to the <a href="/wiki/Shaybanids" title="Shaybanids">Shaybanids</a>. </p><p>After losing Samarkand for the third time, Babur turned his attention to India and employed aid from the neighbouring Safavid and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> empires.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defeated <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Sultan of Delhi</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a> in 1526 and founded the Mughal Empire. Before the defeat of Lodi at Delhi, the Sultanate of Delhi had been a spent force, long in a state of decline. </p><p>The rival adjacent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mewar" title="Kingdom of Mewar">Kingdom of Mewar</a> under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a> had become one of the most powerful states in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanga unified several <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> clans for the first time after <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Chauhan" title="Prithviraj Chauhan">Prithviraj Chauhan</a> and advanced on Babur with a grand coalition of 80,000-100,000 Rajputs, engaging Babur in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Battle of Khanwa</a>. Babur arrived at Khanwa with 40,000-50,000 soldiers. Nonetheless, Sanga suffered a major defeat due to Babur's skillful troop positioning and use of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_empires" title="Gunpowder empires">gunpowder</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlocks</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Battle of Khanwa was one of the most decisive battles in Indian history, more so than the First Battle of Panipat, as the defeat of Rana Sanga was a watershed event in the Mughal conquest of North India.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink201227_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink201227-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religiously, Babur started his life as a staunch <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a>, but he underwent significant evolution. Babur became more tolerant as he conquered new territories and grew older, allowing other religions to peacefully coexist in his empire and at his court.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also displayed a certain attraction to theology, poetry, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, history, and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>—disciplines he promoted at his court—earning him a frequent association with representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His religious and philosophical stances are characterized as <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Babur married several times. Notable among his children are <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamran_Mirza" title="Kamran Mirza">Kamran Mirza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindal_Mirza" title="Hindal Mirza">Hindal Mirza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masuma_Sultan_Begum_(daughter_of_Babur)" title="Masuma Sultan Begum (daughter of Babur)">Masuma Sultan Begum</a>, and the author <a href="/wiki/Gulbadan_Begum" title="Gulbadan Begum">Gulbadan Begum</a>. </p><p>Babur died in 1530 in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> and Humayun succeeded him. Babur was first buried in Agra but, as per his wishes, his remains were moved to Kabul and reburied.<sup id="cite_ref-Necipoğlu_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Necipoğlu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ranks as a national hero in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. Many of his poems have become popular folk songs. He wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">Baburnama</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Chaghatai_Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaghatai Turkic">Chaghatai Turkic</a>; it was translated into Persian during the reign (1556–1605) of his grandson, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Word"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p><i>Ẓahīr-ud-Dīn</i> is Arabic for "Defender of the Faith" (of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></i> honours the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Islamic prophet</a>. The name was chosen for Babur by the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> saint <a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Ahrar" title="Khwaja Ahrar">Khwaja Ahrar</a>, who was the spiritual master of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difficulty of pronouncing the name for his Central Asian Turco-Mongol army may have been responsible for the greater popularity of his nickname Babur,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also variously spelled <b>Baber</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Babar</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Bābor</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ẓahīr-al-Dīn_Moḥammad_Bābor_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ẓahīr-al-Dīn_Moḥammad_Bābor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is generally taken in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> word <i>babur</i> (<span lang="fa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A8%D8%B1#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ببر">ببر</a></span>), meaning "tiger" or "panther".<sup id="cite_ref-Dale2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word repeatedly appears in <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> and was borrowed into the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> of Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babur%27s_Genealogical_Order.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Babur%27s_Genealogical_Order.jpg/220px-Babur%27s_Genealogical_Order.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Babur%27s_Genealogical_Order.jpg/330px-Babur%27s_Genealogical_Order.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Babur%27s_Genealogical_Order.jpg/440px-Babur%27s_Genealogical_Order.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="2290" /></a><figcaption>Babur Family Tree</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_babur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emperor_babur.jpg/200px-Emperor_babur.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emperor_babur.jpg/300px-Emperor_babur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Emperor_babur.jpg/400px-Emperor_babur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>17th-century portrait of Babur</figcaption></figure> <p>Babur's memoirs form the main source for details of his life. They are known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">Baburnama</a></i> and were written in <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a>, his <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Babur_Nama_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babur_Nama-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though, according to Dale, "his Turkic prose is highly Persianized in its sentence structure, morphology or word formation and vocabulary."<sup id="cite_ref-Dale2004_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dale2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Baburnama</i> was translated into Persian during the rule of Babur's grandson Akbar.<sup id="cite_ref-Babur_Nama_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babur_Nama-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Babur was born on 14 February 1483 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a>, contemporary Uzbekistan. He was the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Umar_Shaikh_Mirza_II" title="Umar Shaikh Mirza II">Umar Shaikh Mirza II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ruler of the Fergana Valley, the son of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_(Timurid_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Sa'id (Timurid dynasty)">Abū Saʿīd Mirza</a> (and grandson of <a href="/wiki/Miran_Shah" title="Miran Shah">Miran Shah</a>, who was himself son of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh_Nigar_Khanum" title="Qutlugh Nigar Khanum">Qutlugh Nigar Khanum</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Yunus_Khan" title="Yunus Khan">Yunus Khan</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Babur hailed from the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Barlas" title="Barlas">Barlas</a> tribe, which was of <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> origin and had embraced the <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian tradition</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had also converted to Islam centuries earlier and resided in <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. </p><p>Aside from the <a href="/wiki/Chaghatai_Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaghatai Turkic">Chaghatai Turkic</a>, Babur was equally fluent in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Persian">Classical Persian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the Timurid elite.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of Babur's relatives, such as his uncles <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Khan_(Moghul_Khan)" title="Mahmud Khan (Moghul Khan)">Mahmud Khan (Moghul Khan)</a> and Ahmad Khan, continued to identify as Mongols, and allowed him to use their Mongol troops to help recover his fortunes in the turbulent years that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hence, Babur, though nominally a Mongol (or <i>Moghul</i> in Persian language), drew much of his support from the local Turkic and Iranian people of Central Asia, and his army was diverse in its ethnic makeup. It included <a href="/wiki/Sart" title="Sart">Sarts</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81jik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tājik people">Tajiks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">ethnic Afghans</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs</a>, as well as Barlas and Chaghatayid Turko-Mongols from Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruler_of_Central_Asia">Ruler of Central Asia</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_ruler_of_Fergana">As ruler of Fergana</h3></div> <p>In 1494, eleven-year-old Babur became the ruler of Fergana, in present-day Uzbekistan, after Umar Sheikh Mirza died "while <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_keeping" title="Pigeon keeping">tending pigeons</a> in an ill-constructed <a href="/wiki/Dovecote" title="Dovecote">dovecote</a> that toppled into the <a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">ravine</a> below the palace".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, two of his uncles from the neighbouring kingdoms, who were hostile to his father, and a group of nobles who wanted his younger brother Jahangir to be the ruler, threatened his succession to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His uncles were relentless in their attempts to dislodge him from this position as well as from many of his other territorial possessions to come.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babur was able to secure his throne mainly because of help from his maternal grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Aisan_Daulat_Begum" title="Aisan Daulat Begum">Aisan Daulat Begum</a>, although there was also some luck involved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most territories around his kingdom were ruled by his relatives, who were descendants of either Timur or Genghis Khan, and were constantly in conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, rival princes were fighting over the city of Samarkand to the west, which was ruled by his paternal cousin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly20076–7_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly20076–7-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babur had a great ambition to capture the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly20076–7_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly20076–7-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1497, he <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1497)" title="Siege of Samarkand (1497)">besieged Samarkand</a> for seven months before eventually gaining control over it.<sup id="cite_ref-Afghanistan_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was fifteen years old and for him the campaign was a huge achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babur was able to hold the city despite desertions in his army, but he later fell seriously ill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly20076–7_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly20076–7-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a rebellion back home, approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi) away, amongst nobles who favoured his brother, robbed him of Fergana.<sup id="cite_ref-Afghanistan_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he was marching to recover it, he lost Samarkand to a rival prince, leaving him with neither.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had held Samarkand for 100 days, and he considered this defeat as his biggest loss, obsessing over it even later in his life after his conquests in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For three years, Babur concentrated on building a strong army, recruiting widely amongst the Tajiks of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> in particular. In 1500–1501, he again laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Samarkand_(1501)" title="Siege of Samarkand (1501)">siege to Samarkand</a>, and indeed he took the city briefly, but he was in turn besieged by his most formidable rival, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shaybani" title="Muhammad Shaybani">Muhammad Shaybani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> of the Uzbeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Afghanistan_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation became such that Babar was compelled to give his sister, Khanzada, to Shaybani in marriage as part of the peace settlement. Only after this were Babur and his troops allowed to depart the city in safety. Samarkand, his lifelong obsession, was thus lost again. He then tried to reclaim Fergana, but lost the battle there also and, escaping with a small band of followers, he wandered the mountains of central Asia and took refuge with hill tribes. By 1502, he had resigned all hopes of recovering Fergana; he was left with nothing and was forced to try his luck elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-VDM0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDM0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He finally went to <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, which was ruled by his maternal uncle, but he found himself less than welcome there. Babur wrote, "During my stay in Tashkent, I endured much poverty and humiliation. No country, or hope of one!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, during the ten years since becoming the ruler of Fergana, Babur suffered many short-lived victories and was without shelter and in exile, aided by friends and peasants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_Kabul">At Kabul</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Babur,_as_ruler_of_Kabul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coin_of_Babur%2C_as_ruler_of_Kabul.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Babur%2C_as_ruler_of_Kabul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coin_of_Babur%2C_as_ruler_of_Kabul.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Babur%2C_as_ruler_of_Kabul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Coin_of_Babur%2C_as_ruler_of_Kabul.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Babur%2C_as_ruler_of_Kabul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Coin minted by Babur during his time as ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>. Dated 1507/8</figcaption></figure> <p>Kabul was ruled by Babur's paternal uncle <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_II" title="Ulugh Beg II">Ulugh Beg II</a>, who died leaving only an infant as heir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was then claimed by Mukin Begh, who was considered to be a usurper and was opposed by the local populace. In 1504, Babur was able to cross the snowy <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> mountains and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kabul_(1504)" title="Siege of Kabul (1504)">capture Kabul</a> from the remaining Arghunids, who were forced to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Afghanistan_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afghanistan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this move, he gained a new kingdom, re-established his fortunes and would remain its ruler until 1526.<sup id="cite_ref-VDM0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDM0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1505, because of the low revenue generated by his new mountain kingdom, Babur began his first expedition to India; in his memoirs, he wrote, "My desire for Hindustan had been constant. It was in the month of Shaban, the Sun being in Aquarius, that we rode out of Kabul for Hindustan". It was a brief raid across the <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pass" title="Khyber Pass">Khyber Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babur_Marches_from_Kabul_to_Hindustan_in_1507.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Babur_Marches_from_Kabul_to_Hindustan_in_1507.JPG/220px-Babur_Marches_from_Kabul_to_Hindustan_in_1507.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Babur_Marches_from_Kabul_to_Hindustan_in_1507.JPG/330px-Babur_Marches_from_Kabul_to_Hindustan_in_1507.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Babur_Marches_from_Kabul_to_Hindustan_in_1507.JPG/440px-Babur_Marches_from_Kabul_to_Hindustan_in_1507.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4944" data-file-height="7608" /></a><figcaption>Babur leaves for Hindustan from Kabul</figcaption></figure> <p>In the same year, Babur united with <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Husayn_Mirza_Bayqarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqarah">Sultan Husayn Mirza Bayqarah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, a fellow Timurid and distant relative, against their common enemy, the Uzbek Shaybani.<sup id="cite_ref-perspect_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perspect-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this venture did not take place because Husayn Mirza died in 1506 and his two sons were reluctant to go to war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babur instead stayed at Herat after being invited by the two Mirza brothers. It was then the cultural capital of the eastern Muslim world. Though he was disgusted by the vices and luxuries of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he marvelled at the intellectual abundance there, which he stated was "filled with learned and matched men".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became acquainted with the work of the Chagatai poet <a href="/wiki/Mir_Ali_Shir_Nava%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Ali Shir Nava'i">Mir Ali Shir Nava'i</a>, who encouraged the use of <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>. Nava'i's proficiency with the language, which he is credited with founding,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may have influenced Babur in his decision to use it for his memoirs. He spent two months there before being forced to leave because of diminishing resources;<sup id="cite_ref-perspect_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perspect-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it later was overrun by Shaybani and the Mirzas fled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babur became the only reigning ruler of the Timurid dynasty after the loss of Herat, and many princes sought refuge with him at Kabul because of Shaybani's invasion in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thus assumed the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Padshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Padshah">Padshah</a></i> (emperor) among the Timurids—though this title was insignificant since most of his ancestral lands were taken, Kabul itself was in danger and Shaybani continued to be a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babur prevailed during a potential rebellion in Kabul, but two years later a revolt among some of his leading generals drove him out of Kabul. Escaping with very few companions, Babur soon returned to the city, capturing Kabul again and regaining the allegiance of the rebels. Meanwhile, Shaybani was defeated and killed by <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a>, Shah of <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Safavid Persia, in 1510.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Babur and the remaining Timurids used this opportunity to reconquer their ancestral territories. Over the following few years, Babur and Shah Ismail formed a partnership in an attempt to take over parts of Central Asia. In return for Ismail's assistance, Babur permitted the Safavids to act as a suzerain over him and his followers.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, in 1513, after leaving his brother Nasir Mirza to rule Kabul, he managed to take Samarkand for the third time; he also took Bokhara but lost both again to the Uzbeks.<sup id="cite_ref-VDM0_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDM0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shah Ismail reunited Babur with his sister <a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Begum" title="Khanzada Begum">Khānzāda</a>, who had been imprisoned by and forced to marry the recently deceased Shaybani.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babur returned to Kabul after three years in 1514. The following 11 years of his rule mainly involved dealing with relatively insignificant rebellions from Afghan tribes, his nobles and relatives, in addition to conducting raids across the eastern mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babur began to modernise and train his army despite it being, for him, relatively peaceful times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_between_Babur_and_Sultan_%27Ali_Mirza_near_Samarqand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Meeting_between_Babur_and_Sultan_%27Ali_Mirza_near_Samarqand.jpg/170px-Meeting_between_Babur_and_Sultan_%27Ali_Mirza_near_Samarqand.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Meeting_between_Babur_and_Sultan_%27Ali_Mirza_near_Samarqand.jpg/255px-Meeting_between_Babur_and_Sultan_%27Ali_Mirza_near_Samarqand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Meeting_between_Babur_and_Sultan_%27Ali_Mirza_near_Samarqand.jpg/340px-Meeting_between_Babur_and_Sultan_%27Ali_Mirza_near_Samarqand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>The meeting between Babur and Sultan Ali Mirza near <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Determined to conquer the Uzbeks and recapture his ancestral homeland, Babur was wary of their allies the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, and made no attempt to establish formal diplomatic relations with them. He did, however, employ the <a href="/wiki/Matchlock" title="Matchlock">matchlock</a> commander <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Rumi" title="Mustafa Rumi">Mustafa Rumi</a> and several other Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-Farooqi2008_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farooqi2008-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From them, he adopted the tactic of using matchlocks and cannons in the field (rather than only in <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">sieges</a>), which gave him an important advantage in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_of_the_Mughal_Empire">Formation of the Mughal Empire</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kabul_(1504)" title="Siege of Kabul (1504)">Siege of Kabul (1504)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babar_936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Babar_936.jpg/170px-Babar_936.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Babar_936.jpg/255px-Babar_936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Babar_936.jpg/340px-Babar_936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Babur's coin, based on <a href="/wiki/Bahlol_Lodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahlol Lodhi">Bahlol Lodhi</a>'s standard, <a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Qila Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anno_Hegirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Hegirae">AH</a> 936</figcaption></figure> <p>Babur still wanted to escape from the Uzbeks, and he chose India as a refuge instead of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a>, which was to the north of Kabul. He wrote, "In the presence of such power and potency, we had to think of some place for ourselves and, at this crisis and in the crack of time there was, put a wider space between us and the strong foeman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his third loss of Samarkand, Babur gave full attention to the conquest of North India, launching a campaign; he reached the <a href="/wiki/Chenab_River" title="Chenab River">Chenab River</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, in 1519.<sup id="cite_ref-VDM0_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDM0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1524, his aim was to only expand his rule to <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>, mainly to fulfill the legacy of his ancestor Timur, since it used to be part of his empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time parts of North India were part of the Delhi Sultanate, ruled by Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty, but the sultanate was crumbling and there were many defectors. Babur received invitations from Daulat Khan Lodi, Governor of Punjab and Ala-ud-Din, uncle of Ibrahim.<sup id="cite_ref-RSCHMI_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSCHMI-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sent an ambassador to Ibrahim, claiming himself the rightful heir to the throne, but the ambassador was detained at <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Punjab, and released months later.<sup id="cite_ref-VDM0_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDM0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babur_at_Mughal_Dastarkhan,_1590_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Babur_at_Mughal_Dastarkhan%2C_1590_CE.jpg/220px-Babur_at_Mughal_Dastarkhan%2C_1590_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Babur_at_Mughal_Dastarkhan%2C_1590_CE.jpg/330px-Babur_at_Mughal_Dastarkhan%2C_1590_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Babur_at_Mughal_Dastarkhan%2C_1590_CE.jpg/440px-Babur_at_Mughal_Dastarkhan%2C_1590_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>Babur at Mughal Dastarkhan in 1507 in a painting from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1590</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Babur started for Lahore in 1524 but found that Daulat Khan Lodi had been driven out by forces sent by Ibrahim Lodi.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Babur arrived at Lahore, the Lodi army marched out and his army was routed. In response, Babur burned Lahore for two days, then marched to Dibalpur, placing Alam Khan, another rebel uncle of Lodi, as governor.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alam Khan was quickly overthrown and fled to Kabul. In response, Babur supplied Alam Khan with troops who later joined up with Daulat Khan Lodi, and together with about 30,000 troops, they besieged Ibrahim Lodi at Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultan easily defeated and drove off Alam's army, and Babur realised that he would not allow him to occupy the Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Battle_of_Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg/170px-1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg/255px-1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg/340px-1526-First_Battle_of_Panipat-Ibrahim_Lodhi_and_Babur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2033" data-file-height="3353" /></a><figcaption>Mughal artillery and troops in action during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(1526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Panipat (1526)">Battle of Panipat (1526)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1525 Babur got news at <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> that Daulat Khan Lodi had switched sides, and Babur drove out Ala-ud-Din. Babur then marched onto Lahore to confront Daulat Khan Lodi, only to see Daulat's army melt away at their approach.<sup id="cite_ref-VDM0_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDM0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daulat surrendered and was pardoned. Thus within three weeks of crossing the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> Babur had become the master of Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Babur marched on to Delhi via <a href="/wiki/Sirhind-Fategarh" title="Sirhind-Fategarh">Sirhind</a>. He reached <a href="/wiki/Panipat" title="Panipat">Panipat</a> on 20 April 1526 and there met Ibrahim Lodi's numerically superior army of about 100,000 soldiers and 100 elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-VDM0_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDM0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RSCHMI_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSCHMI-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the battle that began on the following day, Babur used the tactic of <i>Tulugma</i>, encircling Ibrahim Lodi's army and forcing it to face artillery fire directly, as well as frightening its war elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-RSCHMI_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSCHMI-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibrahim Lodi died during the battle, thus ending the Lodi dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-VDM0_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDM0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Babur wrote in his memoirs about his victory: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By the grace of the Almighty God, this difficult task was made easy to me and that mighty army, in the space of a half a day was laid in dust.<sup id="cite_ref-VDM0_40-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDM0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the battle, Babur occupied Delhi and Agra, took the throne of Lodi, and laid the foundation for the eventual rise of Mughal rule in India. However, before he became North India's ruler, he had to fend off challengers, such as Rana Sanga.<sup id="cite_ref-VDM1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDM1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of Babur's men allegedly wanted to leave India due to its warm climate, but Babur motivated them to stay and expand his empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Khanwa">Battle of Khanwa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Battle of Khanwa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babur_visiting_the_Urvah_valley_in_Gwalior_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Babur_visiting_the_Urvah_valley_in_Gwalior_1.jpg/170px-Babur_visiting_the_Urvah_valley_in_Gwalior_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Babur_visiting_the_Urvah_valley_in_Gwalior_1.jpg/255px-Babur_visiting_the_Urvah_valley_in_Gwalior_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Babur_visiting_the_Urvah_valley_in_Gwalior_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Babur encounters the Jain statues at the <a href="/wiki/Siddhachal_Caves" title="Siddhachal Caves">Urvah valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> in 1527. He ordered them to be destroyed<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Battle of Khanwa was fought between Babur and the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a> on 16 March 1527. Rana Sanga wanted to overthrow Babur, whom he considered to be a foreigner ruling in India, and also to extend the Rajput territories by annexing Delhi and <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>. He was supported by Afghan chiefs who felt Babur had been deceptive by refusing to fulfil promises made to them. Upon receiving news of Rana Sangha's advance towards Agra, Babur took a defensive position at <a href="/wiki/Khanwa" title="Khanwa">Khanwa</a> (currently in the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>), from where he hoped to launch a counterattack later. According to K.V. Krishna Rao, Babur won the battle because of his "superior generalship" and modern tactics; the battle was one of the first in India that featured cannons and muskets. Rao also notes that Rana Sanga faced "treachery" when the Hindu chief <a href="/wiki/Silhadi" title="Silhadi">Silhadi</a> joined Babur's army with a garrison of 6,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Babur recognised Sanga's skill in leadership, calling him one of the two greatest non-Muslim Indian kings of the time, the other being <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink2012157–58_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink2012157–58-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Chanderi">Battle of Chanderi</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chanderi" title="Battle of Chanderi">Battle of Chanderi</a> took place the year after the Battle of Khanwa. On receiving news that Rana Sanga had made preparations to renew the conflict with him, Babur decided to isolate the Rana by defeating one of his staunchest allies, <a href="/wiki/Medini_Rai" title="Medini Rai">Medini Rai</a>, who was the ruler of Malwa.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane-Poole_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane-Poole-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon reaching Chanderi, on 20 January 1528,<sup id="cite_ref-Lane-Poole_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane-Poole-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babur offered Shamsabad to Medini Rao in exchange for Chanderi as a peace overture, but the offer was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outer fortress of Chanderi was taken by Babur's army at night, and the next morning the upper fort was captured. Babur himself expressed surprise that the upper fort had fallen within an hour of the final assault.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane-Poole_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane-Poole-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing no hope of victory, Medini Rai organized a <i><a href="/wiki/Jauhar" title="Jauhar">jauhar</a></i>, during which women and children within the fortress <a href="/wiki/Self-immolation" title="Self-immolation">immolated themselves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane-Poole_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane-Poole-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chandra_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small number of soldiers also collected in Medini Rao's house and killed each other in collective suicide. This sacrifice does not seem to have impressed Babur, who did not express a word of admiration for the enemy in his autobiography.<sup id="cite_ref-Lane-Poole_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lane-Poole-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h2></div> <p>Babur defeated and killed <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a>, the last Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a>, in 1526. Babur ruled for 4 years and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> whose reign was temporarily usurped by the <a href="/wiki/Suri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Suri dynasty">Suri dynasty</a>. During their 30-year rule, religious violence continued in India. Records of the violence and trauma, from Sikh-Muslim perspective, include those recorded in <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> literature of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-johnhinnells_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnhinnells-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The violence of Babur in the 1520s was witnessed by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a>, who commented upon it in four hymns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Historians suggest the early Mughal period of religious violence contributed to introspection and then the transformation in Sikhism from pacifism to militancy for self-defense.<sup id="cite_ref-johnhinnells_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnhinnells-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Babur's autobiography, <i><a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">Baburnama</a></i>, his campaign in northwest India targeted Hindus and Sikhs as well as apostates (non-Sunni sects of Islam), and an immense number were killed, with Muslim camps building "towers of skulls of the infidels" on hillocks.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Babur's secret will, in the year 935AH, 1529 AD, to Humayun, Babur advises Humayun to administer justice according to the ways of every religion, avoid sacrifice of the cow, not to ruin the temples and shrines of any law obeying community, overlook the dissensions of the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shias</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_relationships">Personal life and relationships</h2></div> <p>There are no descriptions about Babur's physical appearance, except from the paintings in the translation of the <i>Baburnama</i> prepared during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his autobiography, Babur claimed to be strong and physically fit, and that he had swum across every major river he encountered, including twice across the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges River</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Babur did not initially know <a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Old Hindi</a>; however, his Turkic poetry indicates that he picked up some of its vocabulary later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Unlike his father, he had <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ascetic" class="extiw" title="wikt:ascetic">ascetic</a> tendencies and did not have any great interest in women. In his first marriage, he was "bashful" towards <a href="/wiki/Aisha_Sultan_Begum" title="Aisha Sultan Begum">Aisha Sultan Begum</a>, later losing his affection for her.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babur showed similar shyness in his interactions with <a href="/wiki/Baburi_Andijani" title="Baburi Andijani">Baburi</a>, a boy in his camp with whom he had an infatuation around this time, recounting that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Occasionally Baburi came to me, but I was so bashful that I could not look him in the face, much less converse freely with him. In my excitement and agitation I could not thank him for coming, much less complain of his leaving. Who could bear to demand the ceremonies of fealty?"<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, Babur acquired several more wives and concubines over the years, and as required for a prince, he was able to ensure the continuity of his line. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babur_crossing_the_Indus_in_the_heat_of_battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Babur_crossing_the_Indus_in_the_heat_of_battle.jpg/170px-Babur_crossing_the_Indus_in_the_heat_of_battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Babur_crossing_the_Indus_in_the_heat_of_battle.jpg/255px-Babur_crossing_the_Indus_in_the_heat_of_battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Babur_crossing_the_Indus_in_the_heat_of_battle.jpg/340px-Babur_crossing_the_Indus_in_the_heat_of_battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption>Babur crossing the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Babur's first wife, Aisha Sultan Begum, was his paternal cousin, the daughter of Sultan Ahmad Mirza, his father's brother. She was an infant when betrothed to Babur, who was himself five years old. They married eleven years later, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1498–99</span>. The couple had one daughter, <a href="/wiki/Fakhr-un-Nissa" title="Fakhr-un-Nissa">Fakhr-un-Nissa</a>, who died within a year in 1500. Three years later, after Babur's first defeat at Fergana, Aisha left him and returned to her father's household.<sup id="cite_ref-Babur's_wives_and_children_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babur's_wives_and_children-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1504, Babur married Zaynab Sultan Begum, who died childless within two years. In the period 1506–08, Babur married four women, <a href="/wiki/Maham_Begum" title="Maham Begum">Maham Begum</a> (in 1506), <a href="/wiki/Masuma_Sultan_Begum" title="Masuma Sultan Begum">Masuma Sultan Begum</a>, Gulrukh Begum and Dildar Begum.<sup id="cite_ref-Babur's_wives_and_children_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babur's_wives_and_children-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babur had four children by Maham Begum, of whom only one survived infancy. This was his eldest son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>. Masuma Sultan Begum died during childbirth; the year of her death is disputed (either 1508 or 1519). Gulrukh bore Babur two sons, <a href="/wiki/Kamran_Mirza" title="Kamran Mirza">Kamran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Askari_Mirza" title="Askari Mirza">Askari</a>, and Dildar Begum was the mother of Babur's youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Hindal_Mirza" title="Hindal Mirza">Hindal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Babur's_wives_and_children_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babur's_wives_and_children-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Babur later married <a href="/wiki/Mubaraka_Yusufzai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubaraka Yusufzai">Mubaraka Yusufzai</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> woman of the <a href="/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yusufzai</a> tribe. Gulnar Aghacha and Nargul Aghacha were two <a href="/wiki/Circassian_beauties" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian beauties">Circassian slaves</a> given to Babur as gifts by Tahmasp Shah Safavi, the Shah of Persia. They became "recognized ladies of the royal household."<sup id="cite_ref-Babur's_wives_and_children_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babur's_wives_and_children-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his rule in Kabul, when there was a time of relative peace, Babur pursued his interests in literature, art, music and gardening.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, he never drank alcohol and avoided it when he was in Herat. In Kabul, he first tasted it at the age of thirty. He then began to drink regularly, host wine parties and consume preparations made from <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though religion had a central place in his life, Babur also approvingly quoted a line of poetry by one of his contemporaries: "I am drunk, officer. Punish me when I am sober". He quit drinking for health reasons before the Battle of Khanwa, just two years before his death, and demanded that his court do the same. But he did not stop chewing narcotic preparations, and did not lose his sense of irony. He wrote, "Everyone regrets drinking and swears an oath (of <a href="/wiki/Abstinence" title="Abstinence">abstinence</a>); I swore the oath and regret that."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Babur was opposed to the blind obedience towards the <a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Chinggisid laws</a> and customs that were influential in Turco-Mongol society:</p><blockquote><p>"Previously our ancestors had shown unusual respect for the Chingizid code (<span title="Mongolian-language text"><i lang="mn-Latn">törah</i></span>). They did not violate this code sitting and rising at councils and court, at feasts and dinners. [However] Chingez Khan's code is not a <i>nass qati</i> (categorical text) that a person must follow. Whenever one leaves a good custom, it should be followed. If ancestors leave a bad custom, however it is necessary to substitute a good one."</p></blockquote><p>Making clear that to him, the categorical text (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>) had displaced Genghis Khan's <i><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></i> in moral and legal matters.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry">Poetry</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrations_from_Babur-namah_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Illustrations_from_Babur-namah_1.jpg/220px-Illustrations_from_Babur-namah_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Illustrations_from_Babur-namah_1.jpg/330px-Illustrations_from_Babur-namah_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Illustrations_from_Babur-namah_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Illustrations in the <i>Baburnama</i> regarding the fauna of India.</figcaption></figure> <p>Babur was an acclaimed writer, who had a profound love for literature. His library was one of his most beloved possessions that he always carried around with him, and books were one of the treasures he searched for in new conquered lands. In his memoirs, when he listed sovereigns and nobles of a conquered land, he also mentioned poets, musicians and other educated people.<sup id="cite_ref-Eraly_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eraly-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his 47-year life, Babur left a rich literary and scientific heritage. He authored his famous memoir the <a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">Bāburnāma</a>, as well as beautiful lyrical works or <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal"><i>ghazals</i></a>, treatises on Muslim jurisprudence (Mubayyin), poetics (Aruz risolasi), music, and a special <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, known as <i>khatt-i Baburi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Babur's Bāburnāma is a collection of memoirs, written in the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai language</a> and later translated into <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, the usual literary language of the Mughal court, during the rule of emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Babur's Turkic prose in Bāburnāma is already highly <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persianized</a> in its sentence structure, vocabulary, and morphology,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also consists of several phrases and minor poems in Persian. </p><p>Babur wrote most of his poems in Chagatai Turkic, known to him as <i>Türki</i>, but he also composed in Persian. However, he was mostly praised for his literary works written in Turkic, which drew comparison with the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eraly_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eraly-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following <a href="/wiki/Ruba%CA%BFi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubaʿi">ruba'i</a> is an example of Babur's poetry written in Turkic, composed in the aftermath of his famous victory in North India to celebrate his <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">ghazi</a> status.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="poem"> <p><span title="Chagatay-language text"><i lang="chg">Islam ichin avara-i yazi buldim,<br /> Kuffar u hind harbsazi buldim<br /> Jazm aylab idim uzni shahid olmaqqa,<br /> Amminna' lillahi ki gazi buldim</i></span> </p> </div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="poem"> <p>I am become a desert wanderer for Islam,<br /> Having joined battle with infidels and Hindus<br /> I readied myself to become a martyr,<br /> God be thanked I am become a ghazi. </p> </div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Babur" title="Special:EditPage/Babur">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consorts">Consorts</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisha_Sultan_Begum" title="Aisha Sultan Begum">Aisha Sultan Begum</a> (<abbr title="marriage">m.</abbr> 1499; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1503), daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mirza" title="Sultan Ahmed Mirza">Sultan Ahmed Mirza</a> — First wife of Babur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainab_Sultan_Begum" title="Zainab Sultan Begum">Zainab Sultan Begum</a> (<abbr title="marriage">m.</abbr> 1504; <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 1506–07), daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Mirza" title="Sultan Mahmud Mirza">Sultan Mahmud Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maham_Begum" title="Maham Begum">Maham Begum</a> (<abbr title="marriage">m.</abbr> 1506) — Babur's chief and favourite consort</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masuma_Sultan_Begum" title="Masuma Sultan Begum">Masuma Sultan Begum</a> (<abbr title="marriage">m.</abbr> 1507; <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 1508), daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Ahmed_Mirza" title="Sultan Ahmed Mirza">Sultan Ahmed Mirza</a> and half-sister of <a href="/wiki/Aisha_Sultan_Begum" title="Aisha Sultan Begum">Aisha Sultan Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Mubarika" title="Bibi Mubarika">Bibi Mubarika</a> (<abbr title="marriage">m.</abbr> 1519), <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yusufzai</a> tribe</li> <li>Gulrukh Begum (not to be confused with Babur's daughter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulrukh_Begum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gulrukh Begum (page does not exist)">Gulrukh Begum</a>, who was also known as Gulbarg Begum)</li> <li>Dildar Begum</li> <li>Gulnar Aghacha, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> concubine</li> <li>Nargul Aghacha, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> concubine</li></ul> <p>The identity of the mother of one of Babur's daughters, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulrukh_Begum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gulrukh Begum (page does not exist)">Gulrukh Begum</a> is disputed. Gulrukh's mother may have been the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Mirza" title="Sultan Mahmud Mirza">Sultan Mahmud Mirza</a> by his wife Pasha Begum who is referred to as Saliha Sultan Begum in certain secondary sources, however this name is not mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">Baburnama</a> or the works of <a href="/wiki/Gulbadan_Begum" title="Gulbadan Begum">Gulbadan Begum</a>, which casts doubt on her existence. This woman may never have existed at all or she may even be the same woman as Dildar Begum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issue">Issue</h3></div> <p>The sons of Babur were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> 1508; <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 1556) — with <a href="/wiki/Maham_Begum" title="Maham Begum">Maham Begum</a> — succeeded Babur as the second <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Mirza" title="Kamran Mirza">Kamran Mirza</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> 1512; <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 1557) — with Gulrukh Begum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askari_Mirza" title="Askari Mirza">Askari Mirza</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> 1518; <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 1557) — with Gulrukh Begum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindal_Mirza" title="Hindal Mirza">Hindal Mirza</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> 1519; <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 1551) — with Dildar Begum</li> <li>Ahmad Mirza (<abbr title="death">d.</abbr> young) — with Gulrukh Begum</li> <li>Shahrukh Mirza (<abbr title="death">d.</abbr> young) — with Gulrukh Begum</li> <li>Barbul Mirza (<abbr title="death">d.</abbr> infancy) — with <a href="/wiki/Maham_Begum" title="Maham Begum">Maham Begum</a></li> <li>Alwar Mirza (<abbr title="death">d.</abbr> young) — with Dildar Begum</li> <li>Faruq Mirza (<abbr title="death">d.</abbr> infancy) — with <a href="/wiki/Maham_Begum" title="Maham Begum">Maham Begum</a></li></ul> <p>The daughters of Babur were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr-un-Nissa" title="Fakhr-un-Nissa">Fakhr-un-Nissa</a> Begum (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> & <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 1501) — with <a href="/wiki/Aisha_Sultan_Begum" title="Aisha Sultan Begum">Aisha Sultan Begum</a></li> <li>Aisan Daulat Begum (<abbr title="death">d.</abbr> infancy) — with <a href="/wiki/Maham_Begum" title="Maham Begum">Maham Begum</a></li> <li>Mehr Jahan Begum (<abbr title="death">d.</abbr> infancy) — with <a href="/wiki/Maham_Begum" title="Maham Begum">Maham Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masuma_Sultan_Begum_(daughter_of_Babur)" title="Masuma Sultan Begum (daughter of Babur)">Masuma Sultan Begum</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> 1508) — with <a href="/wiki/Masuma_Sultan_Begum" title="Masuma Sultan Begum">Masuma Sultan Begum</a> — Married to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zaman_Mirza" title="Muhammad Zaman Mirza">Muhammad Zaman Mirza</a>.</li> <li>Gulzar Begum (<abbr title="death">d.</abbr> infancy) — with Gulrukh Begum</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulrukh_Begum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gulrukh Begum (page does not exist)">Gulrukh Begum</a> (Gulbarg Begum) — Identity of mother is disputed, may have been Dildar Begum or Saliha Sultan Begum — Married to Nuruddin Muhammad Mirza, son of Khwaja Hasan Naqshbandi, with whom she had <a href="/wiki/Salima_Sultan_Begum" title="Salima Sultan Begum">Salima Sultan Begum</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Bairam_Khan" title="Bairam Khan">Bairam Khan</a> and later the Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulbadan_Begum" title="Gulbadan Begum">Gulbadan Begum</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1523</span> – <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 1603) — with Dildar Begum — Married Khizr Khwaja Khan, son of her father's cousin <a href="/wiki/Aiman_Khwajah_Sultan" title="Aiman Khwajah Sultan">Aiman Khwajah Sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Alaq" title="Ahmad Alaq">Ahmad Alaq</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a>, the maternal uncle of Emperor Babur.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulchehra_Begum" title="Gulchehra Begum">Gulchehra Begum</a> (<abbr title="birth">b.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1515</span> – <abbr title="death">d.</abbr> 1557) — with Dildar Begum — Married firstly in 1530 to Sultan Tukhta Bugha Khan, son of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Alaq" title="Ahmad Alaq">Ahmad Alaq</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a>, the maternal uncle of Emperor Babur. Married secondly to Abbas Sultan Uzbeg.</li> <li>Gulrang Begum — with Dildar Begum — Married in 1530 to Isan Timur Sultan, ninth son of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Alaq" title="Ahmad Alaq">Ahmad Alaq</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a>, the maternal uncle of Emperor Babur.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humayun_(left)_with_his_father_Babur_(right),_painted_circa_1640_(Late_Shah_Jahan_Album).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Humayun_%28left%29_with_his_father_Babur_%28right%29%2C_painted_circa_1640_%28Late_Shah_Jahan_Album%29.jpg/170px-Humayun_%28left%29_with_his_father_Babur_%28right%29%2C_painted_circa_1640_%28Late_Shah_Jahan_Album%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Humayun_%28left%29_with_his_father_Babur_%28right%29%2C_painted_circa_1640_%28Late_Shah_Jahan_Album%29.jpg/255px-Humayun_%28left%29_with_his_father_Babur_%28right%29%2C_painted_circa_1640_%28Late_Shah_Jahan_Album%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Humayun_%28left%29_with_his_father_Babur_%28right%29%2C_painted_circa_1640_%28Late_Shah_Jahan_Album%29.jpg/340px-Humayun_%28left%29_with_his_father_Babur_%28right%29%2C_painted_circa_1640_%28Late_Shah_Jahan_Album%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4020" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Babur and his heir <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Babur died in Agra at the age of 47 on 5 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 26 December 1530] 1531 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Humayun. He was first buried in Chauburji, <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rangan_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rangan-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jagaran_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jagaran-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later as per his wishes, his mortal remains were moved to Kabul and reburied in <a href="/wiki/Bagh-e_Babur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh-e Babur">Bagh-e Babur</a> in Kabul sometime between 1539 and 1544.<sup id="cite_ref-Necipoğlu_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Necipoğlu-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VDM1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDM1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navoi_Square_(Formerly_Bobur_Square)_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_(7544000842).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg/220px-Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg/330px-Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg/440px-Navoi_Square_%28Formerly_Bobur_Square%29_-_Where_2005_Massacre_Took_Place_-_Andijon_-_Uzbekistan_%287544000842%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bobur_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobur Square">Bobur Square</a>, Andijan, Uzbekistan in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>It is generally agreed that, as a Timurid, Babur was not only significantly influenced by the Persian culture, but also that his empire gave rise to the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Persianate" class="mw-redirect" title="Persianate">Persianate</a> ethos in the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-Ẓahīr-al-Dīn_Moḥammad_Bābor_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ẓahīr-al-Dīn_Moḥammad_Bābor-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robert_L._Canfield_1991_p.20_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_L._Canfield_1991_p.20-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He emerged in his own telling as a <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a> inheritor, leaving signs of Islamic, artistic literary, and social aspects in India.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, F. Lehmann states in the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His origin, milieu, training, and culture were steeped in Persian culture and so Babur was largely responsible for the fostering of this culture by his descendants, the Mughals of India, and for the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and historiographical results.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Although all applications of modern Central Asian ethnicities to people of Babur's time are anachronistic, Soviet and Uzbek sources regard Babur as an ethnic Uzbek.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, during the Soviet Union Uzbek scholars were censored for idealising and praising Babur and other historical figures such as <a href="/wiki/Ali-Shir_Nava%27i" title="Ali-Shir Nava'i">Ali-Shir Nava'i</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1842_tomb_of_Babur_by_Charles_Masson.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1842_tomb_of_Babur_by_Charles_Masson.png/176px-1842_tomb_of_Babur_by_Charles_Masson.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1842_tomb_of_Babur_by_Charles_Masson.png/264px-1842_tomb_of_Babur_by_Charles_Masson.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/1842_tomb_of_Babur_by_Charles_Masson.png/352px-1842_tomb_of_Babur_by_Charles_Masson.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of the first Mughal Emperor Babur in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></figcaption></figure><p>Babur is considered a national hero in Uzbekistan.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 February 2008, stamps in his name were issued in the country to commemorate his 525th birth anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of Babur's poems have become popular Uzbek folk songs, especially by <a href="/wiki/Sherali_Jo%CA%BBrayev" title="Sherali Joʻrayev">Sherali Joʻrayev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources claim that Babur is a national hero in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> too.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2005, Pakistan developed the <a href="/wiki/Babur_(cruise_missile)" title="Babur (cruise missile)">Babur Cruise Missile</a>, named in his honour. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Shahenshah_Babar" title="Shahenshah Babar">Shahenshah Babar</a></i>, an Indian film about the emperor directed by <a href="/wiki/Wajahat_Mirza" title="Wajahat Mirza">Wajahat Mirza</a> was released in 1944. The 1960 Indian biographical film <i>Babar</i> by <a href="/wiki/Hemen_Gupta" title="Hemen Gupta">Hemen Gupta</a> covered the emperor's life with <a href="/wiki/Gajanan_Jagirdar" title="Gajanan Jagirdar">Gajanan Jagirdar</a> in the lead role.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the enduring features of Babur's life was that he left behind the lively and well-written autobiography known as <i>Baburnama</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-baburnama_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baburnama-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quoting <a href="/wiki/Henry_Beveridge_(1837%E2%80%931929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Beveridge (1837–1929)">Henry Beveridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lane-Poole" title="Stanley Lane-Poole">Stanley Lane-Poole</a> writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His autobiography is one of those priceless records which are for all time, and is fit to rank with the confessions of <a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_Saint_Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessions of Saint Augustine">St. Augustine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessions of Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, and the memoirs of <a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_My_Life_and_Writings" title="Memoirs of My Life and Writings">Gibbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a>. In Asia it stands almost alone.</p></blockquote><p><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his own words, "The cream of my testimony is this, do nothing against your brothers even though they may deserve it." Also, "The new year, the spring, the wine and the beloved are joyful. Babur make merry, for the world will not be there for you a second time."<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombstone_of_Babur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tombstone_of_Babur.JPG/177px-Tombstone_of_Babur.JPG" decoding="async" width="177" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tombstone_of_Babur.JPG/266px-Tombstone_of_Babur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Tombstone_of_Babur.JPG/354px-Tombstone_of_Babur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Tombstone of Babur in Bagh-e Babur, Kabul, Afghanistan.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Babri_Masjid">Babri Masjid</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Babur" title="Talk:Babur">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Babri_Masjid" title="Babri Masjid">Babri Masjid</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid" title="Demolition of the Babri Masjid">Demolition of the Babri Masjid</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babri_Masjid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Babri masjid image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Babri_Masjid.jpg/220px-Babri_Masjid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Babri_Masjid.jpg/330px-Babri_Masjid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Babri_Masjid.jpg/440px-Babri_Masjid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A 19th century photograph of Babri masjid.</figcaption></figure><p>The Babri Masjid ("Babur's Mosque") in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, was constructed by <a href="/wiki/Mir_Baqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Baqi">Mir Baqi</a> (commander of the Babur), according to the mosque's inscriptions, in 1528–29 (935 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a>). On 6 December 1992, Babri Masjid was demolished by a large group of activists of the <a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">allied organisations</a>. </p><p>In 2003 the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_High_Court" title="Allahabad High Court">Allahabad High Court</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">Archaeological Survey of India</a> (ASI) to conduct a more in-depth study and an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_excavation" title="Archaeological excavation">excavation</a> to ascertain the type of structure beneath the mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavation was conducted from 12 March 2003 to 7 August 2003, resulting in 1360 discoveries.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The summary of the ASI report indicated the presence of a 10th-century temple under the mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-trib_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trib-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ASI team said that, human activity at the site dates back to the 13th century BCE. The next few layers date back to the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunga dynasty">Shunga</a> period (second-first century BCE) and the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> period. During the early <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval period</a> (11–12th century CE), a huge but short-lived structure of nearly 50 metres north–south orientation was constructed. On the remains of this structure, another massive structure was constructed: this structure had at least three structural phases and three successive floors attached with it. The report concluded that it was over the top of this construction that the disputed structure was constructed during the early 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeologist <a href="/wiki/K._K._Muhammed" title="K. K. Muhammed">KK Muhammed</a>, the only <a href="/wiki/Indian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Muslims">Muslim</a> member in the team of people surveying the excavation, also confirmed individually that there existed a temple like structure before the Babri Masjid was constructed over it.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several archaeologists disputed ASI findings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrivastava2003_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrivastava2003-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to archaeologist Supriya Verma and Jaya Menon, who observed the excavations on behalf of the Sunni Waqf Board, "the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India" title="Archaeological Survey of India">ASI</a> was operating with a preconceived notion of discovering the remains of a temple beneath the demolished mosque, even selectively altering the evidence to suit its hypothesis." this allegation particularly focused on the "pillar bases" central to the claim of a temple, which Verma and Menon alleged were irregularly shaped, irregularly spaced and largely the result of selective excavation, rather than representing genuine evidence of pillars.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2019_Supreme_Court_verdict_on_Ayodhya_dispute#Summary_of_the_verdict" title="2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute">Supreme Court judgement</a> of 2019 granted the entire disputed land to the Hindus for construction of a temple, stating that Hindus continue to worship at the site and continued to hold the land outside the yard. It also held that there is nothing to prove that the structure, which was present before the construction of the mosque, was demolished for the purpose of building mosque or was already in ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDale2018" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Stephen F. (2018). <i>Babur</i>. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babur&rft.pages=154&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-u914-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-u914_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvali2023" class="citation web cs1">Avali, Raghu (17 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indianhistoryforeveryone.org/blog-1-1/the-conquest-of-kabul-1504">"The Conquest of Kabul (1504)"</a>. <i>Indian History for Everyone</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+History+for+Everyone&rft.atitle=The+Conquest+of+Kabul+%281504%29&rft.date=2023-12-17&rft.aulast=Avali&rft.aufirst=Raghu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianhistoryforeveryone.org%2Fblog-1-1%2Fthe-conquest-of-kabul-1504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristine2013" class="citation book cs1">Christine, Isom-Verhaaren (2013). <i>Allies with the Infidel</i>. I.B. Tauris. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allies+with+the+Infidel&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Christine&rft.aufirst=Isom-Verhaaren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Baumer" title="Christoph Baumer">Baumer, Christoph</a> (2018). <i>The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Age+of+Islam+and+the+Mongols&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ẓahīr-al-Dīn_Moḥammad_Bābor-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ẓahīr-al-Dīn_Moḥammad_Bābor_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ẓahīr-al-Dīn_Moḥammad_Bābor_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ẓahīr-al-Dīn_Moḥammad_Bābor_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babor-zahir-al-din">"Ẓahīr-al-Dīn Moḥammad Bābor"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_L._Canfield_1991_p.20-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_L._Canfield_1991_p.20_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_L._Canfield_1991_p.20_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanfield1991" class="citation book cs1">Canfield, Robert L. (1991). <i>Turko-Persia in historical perspective</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. <q>The Mughals-Persianized Turks who invaded from Central Asia and claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis – strengthened the Persianate culture of Muslim India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turko-Persia+in+historical+perspective&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Canfield&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJahangir1999" class="citation book cs1">Jahangir, Emperor Of Hindustan (1999). <i>The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India</i>. Translated by Thackston, W. M. Washington, D.C. : Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution ; New York : Oxford University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195127188" title="Special:BookSources/9780195127188"><bdi>9780195127188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jahangirnama+%3A+memoirs+of+Jahangir%2C+Emperor+of+India&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Washington%2C+D.C.+%3A+Freer+Gallery+of+Art%2C+Arthur+M.+Sackler+Gallery%2C+Smithsonian+Institution+%3B+New+York+%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780195127188&rft.aulast=Jahangir&rft.aufirst=Emperor+Of+Hindustan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert2017-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert2017_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2017" class="citation cs2">Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75"><i>South Asia in World History</i></a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 75–, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-066137-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-066137-3"><bdi>978-0-19-066137-3</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922031915/https://books.google.com/books?id=1dhKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75">archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia+in+World+History&rft.pages=75-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-066137-3&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Marc+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1dhKDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span> Quote: "Babur then adroitly gave the Ottomans his promise not to attack them in return for their military aid, which he received in the form of the newest of battlefield inventions, the matchlock gun and cast cannons, as well as instructors to train his men to use them."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhatnagar1974" class="citation book cs1">Bhatnagar, V. S. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=plFuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688–1743</i></a>. Impex India. p. 6. <q>From 1326, Mewar's grand recovery commenced under Lakha, and later under Kumbha and most notably under Sanga, till it became one of the greatest powers in northern India during the first quarter of sixteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Times+of+Sawai+Jai+Singh%2C+1688%E2%80%931743&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Impex+India&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bhatnagar&rft.aufirst=V.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DplFuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma1954" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, G. N. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10571"><i>Mewar and the mughal emperors</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">8–</span>45. <q>Before describing his early power, it is worthwhile to say a word or two concerning the personality and the previous history of the man (Rana Sanga) who was destined to be the acknowledged leader of Hindu India of the first half of the 16th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mewar+and+the+mughal+emperors&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=G.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.10571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandra2005" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9"><bdi>978-81-241-1066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals+Part+-+II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1066-9&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rm9MC4DDrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDale2018" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Stephen F. (3 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLxsDwAAQBAJ&q=babur"><i>Babur</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47007-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47007-0"><bdi>978-1-108-47007-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babur&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-05-03&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47007-0&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtLxsDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbabur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajumdarRaychaudhuriDatta1950" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, R.C.; Raychaudhuri, H.C.; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MyIWMwEACAAJ"><i>An Advanced History of India</i></a> (2nd ed.). Macmillan & Company. p. 419. <q>The battle of khanua was one of the most decisive battles in Indian history certainly more than that of Panipat as Lodhi empire was already crumbling and Mewar had emerged as major power in northern India. Thus, Its at Khanua the fate of India was sealed for next two centuries</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Advanced+History+of+India&rft.pages=419&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Company&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rft.au=Raychaudhuri%2C+H.C.&rft.au=Datta%2C+Kalikinkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMyIWMwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radheyshyam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC"><i>History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.</i></a> Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0123-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0123-4"><bdi>978-81-269-0123-4</bdi></a>. <q>The battle of Kanwaha was more important in its result even than the first battle of panipat. While the former made Babur ruler of Delhi alone the later made him King of hindustan. As a result of his success, the Mughal empire was established firmly in India. The sovereignty of India now passed from Rajputs to Mughals</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+1000+A.D.+to+1707+A.D.&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0123-4&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Radheyshyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XnaL7zPXPUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink201227-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink201227_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink2012">Wink 2012</a>, p. 27: "The victory of Mughals at khanua can be seen as a landmark event in Mughal conquest of North India as the battle turned out to be more historic and eventful than one fought near Panipat. It made Babur undisputed master of North India while smashing Rajput powers. After the victory at khanua, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul and continue to remain till downfall of the Empire after Aalamgir's death.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamès1987" class="citation journal cs1">Hamès, Constant (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0335-5985_1987_num_63_2_2432_t1_0222_0000_2">"Babur Le Livre de Babur"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archives_de_sciences_sociales_des_religions" title="Archives de sciences sociales des religions">Archives de sciences sociales des religions</a></i>. <b>63</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">222–</span>223. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230349/https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0335-5985_1987_num_63_2_2432_t1_0222_0000_2">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+de+sciences+sociales+des+religions&rft.atitle=Babur+Le+Livre+de+Babur&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E222-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Ham%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Constant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fassr_0335-5985_1987_num_63_2_2432_t1_0222_0000_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaburBacqué-GrammontTaha_Hussein-Okada2022" class="citation book cs1">Babur; Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis; Taha Hussein-Okada, Amina (2022). <i>Le livre de Babur: le Babur-nama de Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur</i>. Série indienne. Paris: les Belles lettres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-251-45370-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-251-45370-5"><bdi>978-2-251-45370-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+livre+de+Babur%3A+le+Babur-nama+de+Zahiruddin+Muhammad+Babur&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=S%C3%A9rie+indienne&rft.pub=les+Belles+lettres&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-2-251-45370-5&rft.au=Babur&rft.au=Bacqu%C3%A9-Grammont%2C+Jean-Louis&rft.au=Taha+Hussein-Okada%2C+Amina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDale1990" class="citation journal cs1">Dale, Stephen Frederic (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743800033171/type/journal_article">"Steppe Humanism: The Autobiographical Writings of Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur, 1483–1530"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">37–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800033171">10.1017/S0020743800033171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7438">0020-7438</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161867251">161867251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Steppe+Humanism%3A+The+Autobiographical+Writings+of+Zahir+al-Din+Muhammad+Babur%2C+1483%E2%80%931530&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161867251%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0020-7438&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800033171&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Frederic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0020743800033171%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Necipoğlu-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Necipoğlu_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Necipoğlu_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNecipoğlu1997" class="citation cs2">Necipoğlu, Gülru (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s6MN2T9cXNEC&pg=PA135"><i>Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World</i></a>, Brill, p. 135, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10872-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10872-6"><bdi>90-04-10872-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205161343/https://books.google.com/books?id=s6MN2T9cXNEC&pg=PA135#v=onepage&q&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muqarnas%3A+An+Annual+on+the+Visual+Culture+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10872-6&rft.aulast=Necipo%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds6MN2T9cXNEC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoshahi2005" class="citation book cs1">Noshahi, Arif (2005). <i>خواجہ احرار</i>. Lahore, Pakistan: پورب اکیڈمی.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%81+%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1&rft.place=Lahore%2C+Pakistan&rft.pub=%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8+%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%85%DB%8C&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Noshahi&rft.aufirst=Arif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200718–20_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEraly2007">Eraly 2007</a>, pp. 18–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEB1878"><i>EB</i> (1878)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1911_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEB1911"><i>EB</i> (1911)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dale2004-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dale2004_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dale2004_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDale2004" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Stephen Frederic (2004). <i>The garden of the eight paradises: Bābur and the culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530)</i>. Brill. pp. 15, 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13707-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13707-6"><bdi>90-04-13707-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+garden+of+the+eight+paradises%3A+B%C4%81bur+and+the+culture+of+Empire+in+Central+Asia%2C+Afghanistan+and+India+%281483%E2%80%931530%29&rft.pages=15%2C+150&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13707-6&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaburBacqué-GrammontTaha_Hussein-Okada2022" class="citation book cs1">Babur; Bacqué-Grammont, Jean-Louis; Taha Hussein-Okada, Amina (2022). <i>Le livre de Babur: le Babur-nama de Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur</i>. Série indienne. Paris: les Belles lettres. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-251-45370-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-251-45370-5"><bdi>978-2-251-45370-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+livre+de+Babur%3A+le+Babur-nama+de+Zahiruddin+Muhammad+Babur&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=S%C3%A9rie+indienne&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=les+Belles+lettres&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-2-251-45370-5&rft.au=Babur&rft.au=Bacqu%C3%A9-Grammont%2C+Jean-Louis&rft.au=Taha+Hussein-Okada%2C+Amina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thumb, Albert, <i>Handbuch des Sanskrit, mit Texten und Glossar</i>, German original, ed. C. Winter, 1953, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_kMeAAAAIAAJ&q=babr+sanskrit">Snippet, p. 318</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127152316/https://books.google.com/books?id=_kMeAAAAIAAJ&q=babr%20sanskrit">Archived</a> 27 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babur_Nama-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Babur_Nama_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babur_Nama_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiro2006" class="citation book cs1">Hiro, Dilip (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VW2HJL689wgC"><i>Babur Nama: Journal of Emperor Babur</i></a>. Mumbai: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> India. p. xviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400149-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400149-1"><bdi>978-0-14-400149-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babur+Nama%3A+Journal+of+Emperor+Babur&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pages=xviii&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-400149-1&rft.aulast=Hiro&rft.aufirst=Dilip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVW2HJL689wgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rash1.html">"Mirza Muhammad Haidar"</a>. <i>Silk Road Seattle</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150416044122/http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rash1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2006</span>. <q>On the occasion of the birth of Babar Padishah (the son of Omar Shaikh)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Silk+Road+Seattle&rft.atitle=Mirza+Muhammad+Haidar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Frash1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBabur2006" class="citation book cs1">Babur (2006). <i>Babur Nama</i>. Penguin Books. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400149-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400149-1"><bdi>978-0-14-400149-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babur+Nama&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-400149-1&rft.au=Babur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Babur">"Bābur (Mughal emperor)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305124145/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Babur">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=B%C4%81bur+%28Mughal+emperor%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FBabur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLehmann" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lehmann, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babor-zahir-al-din">"Memoirs of Zehīr-ed-Dīn Muhammed Bābur"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117020020/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babor-zahir-al-din">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Memoirs+of+Zeh%C4%ABr-ed-D%C4%ABn+Muhammed+B%C4%81bur&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbabor-zahir-al-din&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran/The-Timurids-and-Turkmen">"Iran: The Timurids and Turkmen"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618001818/https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran/The-Timurids-and-Turkmen">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Iran%3A+The+Timurids+and+Turkmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FIran%2FThe-Timurids-and-Turkmen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDale2018" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Stephen F. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xyluDwAAQBAJ&dq=dughlat+kashgar+mongol&pg=PA33"><i>Babur:Timurid Prince and Mughal Emperor, 1483-1530</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316996379" title="Special:BookSources/9781316996379"><bdi>9781316996379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babur%3ATimurid+Prince+and+Mughal+Emperor%2C+1483-1530&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781316996379&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxyluDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddughlat%2Bkashgar%2Bmongol%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManz1994" class="citation book cs1">Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1994). "The Symbiosis of Turk and Tajik". <i>Central Asia in Historical Perspective</i>. Boulder, Colorado & Oxford. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3638-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3638-4"><bdi>0-8133-3638-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Symbiosis+of+Turk+and+Tajik&rft.btitle=Central+Asia+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Boulder%2C+Colorado+%26+Oxford&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8133-3638-4&rft.aulast=Manz&rft.aufirst=Beatrice+Forbes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/17723207">"Babur, the first Moghul emperor: Wine and tulips in Kabul"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 16 December 2010. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170115140216/http://www.economist.com/node/17723207">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Babur%2C+the+first+Moghul+emperor%3A+Wine+and+tulips+in+Kabul&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2010-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F17723207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLal2005" class="citation book cs1">Lal, Ruby (2005). <i>Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85022-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85022-3"><bdi>0-521-85022-3</bdi></a>. <q>It was over these possessions, provinces controlled by uncles, or cousins of varying degrees, that Babur fought with close and distant relatives for much of his life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domesticity+and+Power+in+the+Early+Mughal+World&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-85022-3&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Ruby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly20076–7-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly20076–7_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly20076–7_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly20076–7_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEraly2007">Eraly 2007</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Afghanistan-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Afghanistan_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Afghanistan_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Afghanistan_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Afghanistan_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwans2002" class="citation book cs1">Ewans, Martin (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00mart"><i>Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afghanistan00mart/page/26">26</a>–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050508-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050508-7"><bdi>0-06-050508-7</bdi></a>. <q>Babur, while still in his teens, conceived the ambition of conquering Samarkand. In 1497, after a seven months' siege, he took the city, but his supporters gradually deserted him and Ferghana was taken from him in his absence. Within a few months he was compelled to retire from Samarkand ... Eventually he retook Samarkand, but was again forced out, this time by an Usbek leader, Shaibani Khan ... Babur decided in 1504 to trek over the Hindu Kush to Kabul, where the current ruler promptly retreated to Kandahar and left him in undisputed control of the city.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+Short+History+of+Its+People+and+Politics&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-06-050508-7&rft.aulast=Ewans&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafghanistan00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/babur/babur1.html">"The Memoirs of Babur"</a>. <i>Silk Road Seattle</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021154433/https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/babur/babur1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2006</span>. <q>After being driven out of Samarkand in 1501 by the Uzbek Shaibanids ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Silk+Road+Seattle&rft.atitle=The+Memoirs+of+Babur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdepts.washington.edu%2Fsilkroad%2Ftexts%2Fbabur%2Fbabur1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VDM0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VDM0_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VDM0_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VDM0_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VDM0_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VDM0_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VDM0_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VDM0_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VDM0_40-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VDM0_40-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahajan2007" class="citation book cs1">Mahajan, V.D. (2007). <i>History of medieval India</i> (10th ed.). New Delhi: S Chand. pp. <span class="nowrap">428–</span>29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-219-0364-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-219-0364-6"><bdi>978-81-219-0364-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+medieval+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E428-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=S+Chand&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-219-0364-6&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=V.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200721–23_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEraly2007">Eraly 2007</a>, pp. 21–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perspect-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-perspect_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-perspect_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrend2002" class="citation book cs1">Brend, Barbara (2002). <i>Perspectives on Persian Painting: Illustrations to Amir Khusrau's Khamsah</i>. Routledge (UK). p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1467-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1467-7"><bdi>0-7007-1467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Persian+Painting%3A+Illustrations+to+Amir+Khusrau%27s+Khamsah&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Routledge+%28UK%29&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7007-1467-7&rft.aulast=Brend&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200724–26_43-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEraly2007">Eraly 2007</a>, pp. 24–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamb2004" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Christina (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sewingcirclesofh00chri/page/153"><i>The Sewing Circles of Herat: A Personal Voyage Through Afghanistan</i></a>. HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sewingcirclesofh00chri/page/153">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050527-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050527-3"><bdi>0-06-050527-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sewing+Circles+of+Herat%3A+A+Personal+Voyage+Through+Afghanistan&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-06-050527-3&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsewingcirclesofh00chri%2Fpage%2F153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHickmann1992" class="citation book cs1">Hickmann, William C. (1992). <i>Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 473. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01078-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01078-1"><bdi>0-691-01078-1</bdi></a>. <q>Eastern Turk Mir Ali Shir Neva'i (1441–1501), founder of the Chagatai literary language</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mehmed+the+Conqueror+and+His+Time&rft.pages=473&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-691-01078-1&rft.aulast=Hickmann&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Doniger, Wendy (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/539"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a>. Merriam-Webster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/539">539</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87779-044-2"><bdi>0-87779-044-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=539&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-87779-044-2&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440%2Fpage%2F539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSicker2000" class="citation book cs1">Sicker, Martin (2000). <i>The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege in Vienna</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96892-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96892-8"><bdi>0-275-96892-8</bdi></a>. <q>Ismail was quite prepared to lend his support to the displaced Timurid prince, Zahir ad-Din Babur, who offered to accept Safavid suzerainty in return for help in regaining control of Transoxiana.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World+in+Ascendancy%3A+From+the+Arab+Conquests+to+the+Siege+in+Vienna&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-275-96892-8&rft.aulast=Sicker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErdogan2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erdogan, Eralp (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historystudies.net/dergi/tar20151234f99.pdf">"Babür İmparatorluğu'nun Kuruluş Safhasında Şah İsmail ile Babür İttifakı"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>History Studies: International Journal of History</i> (in Turkish). <b>6</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9737%2FhistoryS1150">10.9737/historyS1150</a> (inactive 21 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.historystudies.net/dergi/tar20151234f99.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Studies%3A+International+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Bab%C3%BCr+%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu%27nun+Kurulu%C5%9F+Safhas%C4%B1nda+%C5%9Eah+%C4%B0smail+ile+Bab%C3%BCr+%C4%B0ttifak%C4%B1&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9737%2FhistoryS1150&rft.aulast=Erdogan&rft.aufirst=Eralp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historystudies.net%2Fdergi%2Ftar20151234f99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEraly200727–29_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEraly2007">Eraly 2007</a>, pp. 27–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farooqi2008-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farooqi2008_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFarooqi2008" class="citation book cs1">Farooqi, Naimur Rahman (2008). <i>Mughal-Ottoman relations: a study of political & diplomatic relations between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556–1748</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20894584">20894584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal-Ottoman+relations%3A+a+study+of+political+%26+diplomatic+relations+between+Mughal+India+and+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1556%E2%80%931748&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20894584&rft.aulast=Farooqi&rft.aufirst=Naimur+Rahman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSCHMI-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSCHMI_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSCHMI_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSCHMI_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&q=babur%20receiving%20invitations%20from%20Daulat%20Khan%20Lodi&pg=PA89"><i>History of medieval India : from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.</i></a> New Delhi: Atlantic Publ. pp. <span class="nowrap">89–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-269-0123-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-269-0123-3"><bdi>81-269-0123-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+medieval+India+%3A+from+1000+A.D.+to+1707+A.D.&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publ.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-269-0123-3&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XnaL7zPXPUC%26q%3Dbabur%2520receiving%2520invitations%2520from%2520Daulat%2520Khan%2520Lodi%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandra2009" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2009). <i>Medieval India:From Sultanat to the Mughals</i>. Vol. 2. New Delhi: Har-Anand. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1268-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1268-7"><bdi>978-81-241-1268-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3AFrom+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Har-Anand&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1268-7&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandra2009">Chandra (2009</a>, pp. 27–28)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandra2009">Chandra (2009</a>, p. 28)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Babur">"Bābur, Mughal emperor"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220132730/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Babur">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%C4%81bur%2C+Mughal+emperor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FBabur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VDM1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VDM1_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VDM1_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahajan2007">Mahajan (2007</a>, p. 438)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Gwalior Fort: Rock Sculptures", A Cunningham, <i>Archaeological Survey of India</i>, pp. 364–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rao_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRao1991" class="citation book cs1">Rao, K. V. Krishna (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&pg=PA453"><i>Prepare Or Perish: A Study of National Security</i></a>. Lancer Publishers. p. 453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7212-001-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7212-001-6"><bdi>978-81-7212-001-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205161458/https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&pg=PA453#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prepare+Or+Perish%3A+A+Study+of+National+Security&rft.pages=453&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-7212-001-6&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=K.+V.+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG7xPaJomYsEC%26pg%3DPA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink2012157–58-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWink2012157–58_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWink2012">Wink 2012</a>, pp. 157–58. "Reflecting on challenges he faced in India in his memoris Babur described Rana Sanga as one of the two greatest infidel king of India along with Deva Raya of South. who had grown so great by his audacity and sword and whose territory was so large that it covered significant portion of North-Western India"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lane-Poole-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lane-Poole_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lane-Poole_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lane-Poole_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lane-Poole_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lane-Poole_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLane-Poole1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Lane-Poole" title="Stanley Lane-Poole">Lane-Poole, Stanley</a> (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/babar035008mbp"><i>Babar</i></a>. The Clarendon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">182–</span>83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babar&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Lane-Poole&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbabar035008mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandra-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chandra_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chandra_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chandra_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandra1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Chandra, Satish</a> (1999). <i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals</i>. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36806798">36806798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=36&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36806798&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnhinnells-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnhinnells_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnhinnells_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHinnellsKing2006" class="citation book cs1">Hinnells, John; King, Richard (2006). <i>Religion and Violence in South Asia: Theory and Practice</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">101–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-37291-6"><bdi>978-0-415-37291-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Violence+in+South+Asia%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-37291-6&rft.aulast=Hinnells&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=King%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliotDowson1872" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Miers_Elliot" title="Henry Miers Elliot">Elliot, H. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Dowson" title="John Dowson">Dowson, John</a>, eds. (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924073036745/page/n285/mode/1up">"Tuzak-i Babari"</a> [The Autobiography of Babur]. <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_India,_as_Told_by_Its_Own_Historians" title="The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians"><i>The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians</i></a>. Vol. IV. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Leyden" title="John Leyden">Leyden, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Erskine_(historian)" title="William Erskine (historian)">Erskine, William</a>. London: Trübner and Co. pp. 272, 275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tuzak-i+Babari&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India%2C+as+Told+by+Its+Own+Historians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=272%2C+275&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+and+Co.&rft.date=1872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924073036745%2Fpage%2Fn285%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrasad" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Rajendra. <i>India Divided</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hind_Kitabs_Ltd.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hind Kitabs Ltd. (page does not exist)">Hind Kitabs Ltd.</a> pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Divided&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Hind+Kitabs+Ltd.&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliot1867–1877" class="citation book cs1">Elliot, Henry Miers (1867–1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622122152/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=80201014&ct=56">"The Muhammadan Period"</a>. In John Dowson (ed.). <i>The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians</i>. London: Trubner. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=80201014&ct=56">the original</a> on 22 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2008</span>. <q>... and on the same journey, he swam twice across the Ganges, as he said he had done with every other river he had met with.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Muhammadan+Period&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India%2C+as+Told+by+Its+Own+Historians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Trubner&rft.date=1867%2F1877&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=Henry+Miers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersian.packhum.org%2Fpersian%2F%2Fpf%3Ffile%3D80201014%26ct%3D56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahman2011" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Tariq (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/731974235"><i>From Hindi to Urdu : a social and political history</i></a>. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906313-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-906313-0"><bdi>978-0-19-906313-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/731974235">731974235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Hindi+to+Urdu+%3A+a+social+and+political+history&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F731974235&rft.isbn=978-0-19-906313-0&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F731974235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205161213/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03501050%26ct%3D0">"The Memoirs of Babur, Volume 1, chpt. 71"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03501050%26ct%3D0"><i>Memoirs of Zehīr-ed-Dīn Muhammed Bābur Emperor of Hindustan, Written by himself, in the Chaghatāi Tūrki</i></a>. Translated by John Leyden and William Erskine, Annotated and Revised by Lucas King. Oxford University Press. 1921. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03501051%26ct%3D70%26rqs%3D187%26rqs%3D196">the original</a> on 5 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2008</span>. <q>Āisha Sultan Begum, the daughter of Sultan Ahmed Mirza, to whom I had been betrothed in the lifetime of my father and uncle, having arrived in <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a>, I now married her, in the month of Shābān. In the first period of my being a married man, though I had no small affection for her, yet, from modesty and bashfulness, I went to her only once in ten, fifteen, or twenty days. My affection afterwards declined, and my shyness increased; in so much, that my mother the Khanum, used to fall upon me and scold me with great fury, sending me off like a criminal to visit her once in a month or forty days.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Memoirs+of+Babur%2C+Volume+1%2C+chpt.+71&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Zeh%C4%ABr-ed-D%C4%ABn+Muhammed+B%C4%81bur+Emperor+of+Hindustan%2C+Written+by+himself%2C+in+the+Chaghat%C4%81i+T%C5%ABrki&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersian.packhum.org%2Fpersian%2Fmain%3Furl%3Dpf%253Ffile%253D03501051%2526ct%253D70%2526rqs%253D187%2526rqs%253D196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaburBeveridge1922" class="citation book cs1">Babur, Emperor of Hindustan; Beveridge, Annette Susannah (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baburnamainengli01babuuoft/page/120/mode/2up"><i>The Babur-nama in English (Memoirs of Babur)</i></a>. London, Luzac. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Babur-nama+in+English+%28Memoirs+of+Babur%29&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=London%2C+Luzac&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Babur&rft.aufirst=Emperor+of+Hindustan&rft.au=Beveridge%2C+Annette+Susannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbaburnamainengli01babuuoft%2Fpage%2F120%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBabur,_Emperor_of_Hindustan2002">Babur, Emperor of Hindustan (2002</a>, p. 89)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babur's_wives_and_children-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Babur's_wives_and_children_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babur's_wives_and_children_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babur's_wives_and_children_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Babur's_wives_and_children_70-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBabur2006" class="citation book cs1">Babur (2006). "Babur's wives and children". In Hiro, Dilip (ed.). <i>Babur Nama:Journal of Emperor Babur</i> (2006 ed.). Penguin. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400149-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400149-1"><bdi>978-0-14-400149-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babur%27s+wives+and+children&rft.btitle=Babur+Nama%3AJournal+of+Emperor+Babur&rft.pages=362&rft.edition=2006&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-400149-1&rft.au=Babur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pope, Hugh (2005). <i>Sons of the Conquerors</i>, Overlook Duckworth, pp. 234–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFF._Dale2004" class="citation book cs1">F. Dale, Stephen (2004). <i>THE GARDEN OF THE EIGHT PARADISES: Babur and the Culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483-1530)</i>. Brill. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+GARDEN+OF+THE+EIGHT+PARADISES%3A+Babur+and+the+Culture+of+Empire+in+Central+Asia%2C+Afghanistan+and+India+%281483-1530%29&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=F.+Dale&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eraly-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eraly_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eraly_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEraly1997" class="citation book cs1">Eraly, Abraham (1997). <i>Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls</i>. Penguin Books Limited. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+of+the+Peacock+Throne%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Great+Moghuls&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEraly1997" class="citation book cs1">Eraly, Abraham (1997). <i>Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls</i>. Penguin Books Limited. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+of+the+Peacock+Throne%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Great+Moghuls&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasanov, S. (1981). Bobirning "Aruz risolasi" asari (in Uzbek). pp. 1-4. Uzbekistan: Fan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schimmel, A. (2004). The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture. p. 26. India: Reaktion Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eraly, A. (2000). Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals. pp. 30-41. India: Penguin Books Limited.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060117163845/http://www.poemhunter.com/abdur-rahim-khankhana/biography/poet-33381/">"Biography of Abdur Rahim Khankhana"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poemhunter.com/abdur-rahim-khankhana/biography/poet-33381/">the original</a> on 17 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Abdur+Rahim+Khankhana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poemhunter.com%2Fabdur-rahim-khankhana%2Fbiography%2Fpoet-33381%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDale2004" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Stephen Frederic (2004). <i>The garden of the eight paradises: Bābur and the culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530)</i>. Brill. pp. 15, 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13707-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13707-6"><bdi>90-04-13707-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+garden+of+the+eight+paradises%3A+B%C4%81bur+and+the+culture+of+Empire+in+Central+Asia%2C+Afghanistan+and+India+%281483%E2%80%931530%29&rft.pages=15%2C+150&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13707-6&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalabanlilar2015" class="citation book cs1">Balabanlilar, Lisa (2015). <i>Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-857-72081-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-857-72081-8"><bdi>978-0-857-72081-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Identity+in+the+Mughal+Empire.+Memory+and+Dynastic+Politics+in+Early+Modern+South+and+Central+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-857-72081-8&rft.aulast=Balabanlilar&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rangan-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rangan_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDatta2024" class="citation news cs1">Datta, Rangan (5 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/agra-beyond-the-taj-exploring-tombs-and-gardens-on-the-left-bank-of-yamuna/cid/2031729">"Agra beyond the Taj: Exploring tombs and gardens on the left bank of Yamuna"</a>. The Telegraph. My Kolkata<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Agra+beyond+the+Taj%3A+Exploring+tombs+and+gardens+on+the+left+bank+of+Yamuna&rft.date=2024-07-05&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Rangan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fmy-kolkata%2Fplaces%2Fagra-beyond-the-taj-exploring-tombs-and-gardens-on-the-left-bank-of-yamuna%2Fcid%2F2031729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jagaran-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jagaran_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoel2020" class="citation news cs1">Goel, Shrishti (20 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.jagran.com/india/did-you-know-mughal-emperor-baburs-body-was-kept-at-this-place-for-6-months-before-being-buried-in-kabul-10020153">"Did you know Mughal emperor Babur's body was kept at this place for 6 months before being buried in Kabul?"</a>. <i>Dainik Jagaran</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Jagaran&rft.atitle=Did+you+know+Mughal+emperor+Babur%27s+body+was+kept+at+this+place+for+6+months+before+being+buried+in+Kabul%3F&rft.date=2020-11-20&rft.aulast=Goel&rft.aufirst=Shrishti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.jagran.com%2Findia%2Fdid-you-know-mughal-emperor-baburs-body-was-kept-at-this-place-for-6-months-before-being-buried-in-kabul-10020153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDale2004" class="citation book cs1">Dale, Stephen Frederic (2004). <i>The garden of the eight paradises: Bābur and the culture of Empire in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India (1483–1530)</i>. Brill. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-13707-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-13707-6"><bdi>90-04-13707-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+garden+of+the+eight+paradises%3A+B%C4%81bur+and+the+culture+of+Empire+in+Central+Asia%2C+Afghanistan+and+India+%281483%E2%80%931530%29&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-13707-6&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorganReid2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_O._Morgan" title="David O. Morgan">Morgan, David O.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Reid_(academic)" title="Anthony Reid (academic)">Reid, Anthony</a>, eds. (2010). <i>The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 3: The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85031-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85031-5"><bdi>978-0-521-85031-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+Islam%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Eastern+Islamic+World%2C+Eleventh+to+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85031-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProkhorov1969–1978" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prokhorov, A. M., ed. (1969–1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130916175254/http://bse-soviet-encyclopedia.info/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F/54583/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80">"Babur"</a>. <i>Great Soviet Encyclopedia</i> (in Russian). Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse-soviet-encyclopedia.info/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F/54583/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80">the original</a> on 16 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babur&rft.btitle=Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1969%2F1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbse-soviet-encyclopedia.info%2F%25D0%2591%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%2F54583%2F%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D1%2583%25D1%2580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuminov1972" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muminov, Ibrohim, ed. (1972). "Bobur". <i>Uzbek Soviet Encyclopedia</i> (in Uzbek). Vol. 2. Tashkent. pp. <span class="nowrap">287–</span>95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bobur&rft.btitle=Uzbek+Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Tashkent&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBobur1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bobur, Zahiriddin Muhammad (1989). "About This Edition". In A'zam Oʻktam (ed.). <i>Boburnoma</i> (in Uzbek). Tashkent: Yulduzcha. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=About+This+Edition&rft.btitle=Boburnoma&rft.place=Tashkent&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Yulduzcha&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Bobur&rft.aufirst=Zahiriddin+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFierman1991" class="citation book cs1">Fierman, William, ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietcentralasi00fier/page/147"><i>Soviet Central Asia</i></a>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sovietcentralasi00fier/page/147">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-7907-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-7907-4"><bdi>978-0-8133-7907-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Central+Asia&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-7907-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsovietcentralasi00fier%2Fpage%2F147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522171617/http://www.uzbekistan.or.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=news&wr_id=878">"Grandeur and Eternity: Zahiriddin Muhammad Bobur in Minds of People Forever"</a>. <i>Embassy of Uzbekistan in Korea</i>. 22 February 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+Uzbekistan+in+Korea.&rft.atitle=Grandeur+and+Eternity%3A+Zahiriddin+Muhammad+Bobur+in+Minds+of+People+Forever&rft.date=2011-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uzbekistan.or.kr%2Fbbs%2Fboard.php%3Fbo_table%3Dnews%26wr_id%3D878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150614180708/https://old.ut.uz/eng/kaleidoscope/the_countrys_history_on_postage_miniatures.mgr">"The country's history on postage miniatures"</a>. Uzbekistan Today. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+country%27s+history+on+postage+miniatures&rft.pub=Uzbekistan+Today&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.ut.uz%2Feng%2Fkaleidoscope%2Fthe_countrys_history_on_postage_miniatures.mgr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/uzbek/news/story/2007/04/070412_sherali_juraev_60.shtml">"Sherali Joʻrayev: We Haven't Stopped. We Still Exist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s Uzbek Service</i> (in Uzbek). 13 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205161345/https://www.bbc.com/uzbek/news/story/2007/04/070412_sherali_juraev_60">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC%27s+Uzbek+Service&rft.atitle=Sherali+Jo%CA%BBrayev%3A+We+Haven%27t+Stopped.+We+Still+Exist&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fuzbek%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2007%2F04%2F070412_sherali_juraev_60.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWang" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Zhihong. <i>Dust in the Wind: Retracing Dharma Master Xuanzang's Western Pilgrimage</i>. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dust+in+the+Wind%3A+Retracing+Dharma+Master+Xuanzang%27s+Western+Pilgrimage&rft.pages=121&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Zhihong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRangoonwallaDas1970" class="citation book cs1">Rangoonwalla, Firoze; Das, Vishwanath (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26dZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Indian Filmography: Silent & Hindi Films, 1897–1969</i></a>. J. Udeshi. p. 370. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205161451/https://books.google.com/books?id=26dZAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Filmography%3A+Silent+%26+Hindi+Films%2C+1897%E2%80%931969&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=J.+Udeshi&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Rangoonwalla&rft.aufirst=Firoze&rft.au=Das%2C+Vishwanath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D26dZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baburnama-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baburnama_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBabur,_Emperor_of_Hindustan2002" class="citation book cs1">Babur, Emperor of Hindustan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/babarinizam00babu"><i>The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor</i></a>. translated, edited and annotated by W. M. Thackston. Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-76137-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-76137-3"><bdi>0-375-76137-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baburnama%3A+Memoirs+of+Babur%2C+Prince+and+Emperor&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-375-76137-3&rft.au=Babur%2C+Emperor+of+Hindustan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbabarinizam00babu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLane-Poole1899">Lane-Poole (1899</a>, pp. 12–13)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen2-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen2_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (2013). <i>A Textbook of Medieval Indian History</i>. Primus Books. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-34-4"><bdi>978-93-80607-34-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-34-4&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRatnagar2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ratnagar, Shereen (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de/fileadmin/Documents/Professorships/Visual_and_Media_Anthropology/ForUS/381044.pdf">"Archaeology at the Heart of a Political Confrontation: The Case of Ayodhya"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>45</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">239–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F381044">10.1086/381044</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149773944">149773944</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de/fileadmin/Documents/Professorships/Visual_and_Media_Anthropology/ForUS/381044.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Archaeology+at+the+Heart+of+a+Political+Confrontation%3A+The+Case+of+Ayodhya&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F381044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149773944%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ratnagar&rft.aufirst=Shereen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de%2Ffileadmin%2FDocuments%2FProfessorships%2FVisual_and_Media_Anthropology%2FForUS%2F381044.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/22ayo.htm">"ASI submits report on Ayodhya excavation"</a>. <i>Rediff.com</i>. Press Trust of India. 22 August 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026011030/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/22ayo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=ASI+submits+report+on+Ayodhya+excavation&rft.date=2003-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Faug%2F22ayo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trib-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-trib_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuryamurthy2003" class="citation news cs1">Suryamurthy, R (26 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm">"ASI findings may not resolve title dispute"</a>. <i>The Tribune</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411193402/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=ASI+findings+may+not+resolve+title+dispute&rft.date=2003-08-26&rft.aulast=Suryamurthy&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2003%2F20030826%2Fmain6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050323101829/http://www.the-week.com/23sep07/events1.htm">Prasannan, R. (7 September 2003) "Ayodhya: Layers of truth"</a> <i>The Week</i> (India), from <a href="/wiki/Web_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Web Archive">Web Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm">"Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report"</a>. <i>Rediff.com</i>. Press Trust of India. 25 August 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225023956/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm%20">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rediff.com&rft.atitle=Proof+of+temple+found+at+Ayodhya%3A+ASI+report&rft.date=2003-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Faug%2F25ayo1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShekhar" class="citation news cs1">Shekhar, Kumar Shakti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-temple-existed-before-babri-mosque-in-ayodhya-archaeologist-kk-muhammed/articleshow/71391712.cms">"Ram temple existed before Babri mosque in Ayodhya: Archaeologist KK Muhammed"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118221506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ram-temple-existed-before-babri-mosque-in-ayodhya-archaeologist-kk-muhammed/articleshow/71391712.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Ram+temple+existed+before+Babri+mosque+in+Ayodhya%3A+Archaeologist+KK+Muhammed&rft.aulast=Shekhar&rft.aufirst=Kumar+Shakti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fram-temple-existed-before-babri-mosque-in-ayodhya-archaeologist-kk-muhammed%2Farticleshow%2F71391712.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESrivastava2003-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrivastava2003_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSrivastava2003">Srivastava 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Supriya Verma, Menon Shiv Sunni (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epw.in/journal/2010/50/verdict-ayodhya-special-issues/was-there-temple-under-babri-masjid-reading">"Was There a Temple under the Babri Masjid? Reading the Archaeological 'Evidence'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126215531/https://www.epw.in/journal/2010/50/verdict-ayodhya-special-issues/was-there-temple-under-babri-masjid-reading">Archived</a> 26 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Economic & Political Weekly</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRajagopal2019" class="citation news cs1">Rajagopal, Krishnadas (10 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-ruins-dont-always-indicate-demolition-observes-sc/article29938243.ece">"Ayodhya verdict | Ruins don't always indicate demolition, observes Supreme Court"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112003600/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ayodhya-verdict-ruins-dont-always-indicate-demolition-observes-sc/article29938243.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Ayodhya+verdict+%7C+Ruins+don%27t+always+indicate+demolition%2C+observes+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Rajagopal&rft.aufirst=Krishnadas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fayodhya-verdict-ruins-dont-always-indicate-demolition-observes-sc%2Farticle29938243.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/highlights-of-the-ayodhya-verdict/article29929685.ece">"Highlights of the Ayodhya verdict"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 9 November 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220005358/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/highlights-of-the-ayodhya-verdict/article29929685.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Highlights+of+the+Ayodhya+verdict&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fhighlights-of-the-ayodhya-verdict%2Farticle29929685.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEB1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2">Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Baber"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Baber">"Baber" </a></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 179</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baber&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=179&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEB1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911), <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Baber"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Baber">"Baber" </a></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, vol. 3 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 92</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baber&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory035492mbp"><i>Cambridge History of India</i></a>, vol. III, Cambridge University Press, 1928</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory035492mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Cambridge History of India</i>, vol. IV, Cambridge University Press, 1937</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEraly2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Eraly" title="Abraham Eraly">Eraly, Abraham</a> (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC"><i>Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls</i></a>, Penguin Books Limited, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-093-7"><bdi>978-93-5118-093-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+of+the+Peacock+Throne%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Great+Moghuls&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-093-7&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7kPQs8llvkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sushil_Srivastava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sushil Srivastava (page does not exist)">Srivastava, Sushil</a> (25 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-asi-report-a-review/article797088.ece">"The ASI Report – a review"</a>. <i>Frontline</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220182615/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/the-asi-report-a-review/article797088.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=The+ASI+Report+%E2%80%93+a+review&rft.date=2003-10-25&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Sushil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Fthe-asi-report-a-review%2Farticle797088.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlamSubrahmanyan1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Alam" title="Muzaffar Alam">Alam, Muzaffar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Subrahmanyam" title="Sanjay Subrahmanyam">Subrahmanyan, Sanjay</a>, eds. (1998). <i>The Mughal State, 1526–1750</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563905-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563905-6"><bdi>978-0-19-563905-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+State%2C+1526%E2%80%931750&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563905-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThackston2002" class="citation book cs1">Thackston, W. M. Jr. (2002). <i>The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor</i>. New York: Modern Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375761379" title="Special:BookSources/9780375761379"><bdi>9780375761379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baburnama%3A+Memoirs+of+Babur%2C+Prince+and+Emperor&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780375761379&rft.aulast=Thackston&rft.aufirst=W.+M.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalabanlilar2012" class="citation book cs1">Balabanlilar, Lisa (2012). <i>Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia</i>. London: I.B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Identity+in+the+Mughal+Empire%3A+Memory+and+Dynastic+Politics+in+Early+Modern+South+and+Central+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Balabanlilar&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGascoigne1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bamber_Gascoigne" title="Bamber Gascoigne">Gascoigne, Bamber</a> (1987) [1971]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatmoghuls00gasc/"><i>The Great Moghuls</i></a>. Photographs by Christina Gascoigne. London: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0224024747" title="Special:BookSources/978-0224024747"><bdi>978-0224024747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Moghuls&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0224024747&rft.aulast=Gascoigne&rft.aufirst=Bamber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatmoghuls00gasc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGommans2002" class="citation book cs1">Gommans, J. L. L. (2002). <i>Mughal Warfare</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415239899" title="Special:BookSources/9780415239899"><bdi>9780415239899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughal+Warfare&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415239899&rft.aulast=Gommans&rft.aufirst=J.+L.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon2008" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (2008). <i>When Asia was the World: Traveling Merchants, Scholars, Warriors, and Monks who created the "Riches of the East"</i>. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81556-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81556-0"><bdi>978-0-306-81556-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Asia+was+the+World%3A+Traveling+Merchants%2C+Scholars%2C+Warriors%2C+and+Monks+who+created+the+%22Riches+of+the+East%22&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81556-0&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasan1985" class="citation book cs1">Hasan, Mohibbul (1985). <i>Babur: Founder of the Mughal Empire in India</i>. New Delhi: Manohar Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babur%3A+Founder+of+the+Mughal+Empire+in+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Manohar+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Mohibbul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrvine1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Irvine_(historian)" title="William Irvine (historian)">Irvine, William</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armyofindianmogh00irvirich/"><i>The Army of the Indian Moghuls: Its Organization and Administration</i></a>. London: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+of+the+Indian+Moghuls%3A+Its+Organization+and+Administration&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmyofindianmogh00irvirich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)" title="Peter Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Peter</a> (1999). <i>The Delhi Sultanate. A Political and Military History</i>. Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Delhi+Sultanate.+A+Political+and+Military+History&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichards1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Richards" title="John F. Richards">Richards, John F.</a> (1993). <i>The Mughal Empire</i>. Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughal+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWink2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Wink" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Wink">Wink, Andre</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zhu9DwAAQBAJ"><i>Akbar</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-209-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-209-0"><bdi>978-1-78074-209-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akbar&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-209-0&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZhu9DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadhey_Shyam_Chaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC"><i>History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.</i></a> Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0123-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0123-4"><bdi>978-81-269-0123-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India%3A+From+1000+A.D.+to+1707+A.D.&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0123-4&rft.au=Radhey+Shyam+Chaurasia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XnaL7zPXPUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABabur" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Babur" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Babur">Babur</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Babur" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Babur">Babur</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/42838">Works by Babur</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Babur%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Babur%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Babur%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Babur%22%29%20OR%20%28%221483-1530%22%20AND%20Babur%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Babur</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Babur </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 14 February 1483</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 26 December 1530</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Dynasty founded</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> </b><br />20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30x27px&#124;link=Flags_of_the_Mughal_EmpireMughal_Empire219" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mughal_Empire" title="Template:Mughal Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mughal_Empire" title="Template talk:Mughal Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mughal_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mughal Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30x27px&#124;link=Flags_of_the_Mughal_EmpireMughal_Empire219" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Flags of the Mughal Empire"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%28triangular%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%28triangular%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%28triangular%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%28triangular%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%28triangular%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%28triangular%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahryar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Muhammad Azam Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat" title="Rafi ud-Darajat">Rafi ud-Darajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II" title="Shah Jahan II">Shah Jahan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah Bahadur">Shah Jahan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II">Akbar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_family_tree" title="Timurid family tree">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Economy of the Mughal Empire">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Mughal Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Government of the Mughal Empire">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal artillery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces25" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Provinces</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Subah" title="Agra Subah">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Subah" title="Ajmer Subah">Ajmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awadh Subah">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar_Subah" title="Berar Subah">Berar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Subah" title="Bihar Subah">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Subah" title="Gujarat Subah">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Subah">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Subah" title="Hyderabad Subah">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Subah" title="Malwa Subah">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah_of_Multan" title="Subah of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sira_Subah" title="Sira Subah">Sira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Rajput_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Rajput wars">Mughal-Rajput wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Malwa" title="Mughal conquest of Malwa">Mughal conquest of Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar's conquest of Gujarat">Gujarat conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1622%E2%80%931623)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)">Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1649%E2%80%931653)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)">Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula#Battle_of_Tilpat" title="Gokula">Suppression of Tilpat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom%E2%80%93Mughal_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom–Mughal conflicts">Ahom–Mughal conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal–Maratha wars">Mughal–Maratha wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%27s_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Child's war">Child's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars" title="Carnatic wars">Carnatic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal war">Bengal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_between_Mughals_and_Sikhs" title="List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs">Mughal–Sikh wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mughal–Portuguese conflicts">Mughal–Portuguese conflicts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agra" title="Battle of Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Badli-ki-Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori" title="Battle of Bhuchar Mori">Bhuchar Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chanderi" title="Battle of Chanderi">Chanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra" title="Battle of Ghaghra">Ghagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati" title="Battle of Haldighati">Haldighati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Karnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khajwa" title="Battle of Khajwa">Khajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Khanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh" title="Battle of Najafgarh">Najafgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Raj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh" title="Battle of Samugarh">Samugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirhind_(1555)" title="Battle of Sirhind (1555)">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1567)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1567)">Thanesar (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1710)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1710)">Thanesar (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Tukaroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bakla" title="Conquest of Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bhulua" title="Conquest of Bhulua">Bhulua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)">Chittorgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Siege of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daulatabad" title="Siege of Daulatabad">Daulatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda" title="Siege of Golconda">Golconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar_(1605%E2%80%931606)" title="Siege of Kandahar (1605–1606)">Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Purandhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Purandhar">Purandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ranthambore_(1568)" title="Siege of Ranthambore (1568)">Ranthambore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sambhal" title="Siege of Sambhal">Sambhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan#Baro-Bhuiyans_of_Bengal" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Usman" title="Khwaja Usman">Khwaja Usman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_of_Sylhet" title="Bayazid of Sylhet">Bayazid of Sylhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_of_Bengal" title="Musa Khan of Bengal">Musa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap" title="Maharana Pratap">Maharana Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ambar" title="Malik Ambar">Malik Ambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit Borphukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Child,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Child, 1st Baronet">Josiah Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro,_8th_laird_of_Novar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar">Hector Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Mahal,_Orchha" title="Jahangir Mahal, Orchha">Jahangir Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheesh_Mahal_(Lahore_Fort)" title="Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)">Sheesh Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_mosques" title="Category:Mughal mosques">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Mosque,_Aurangabad" title="Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad">Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid (Delhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawk_Mosque,_Dhaka" title="Chawk Mosque, Dhaka">Chawk Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunehri_Masjid,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunehri Masjid, Lahore">Sunehri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_tombs" title="Category:Mughal tombs">Tombs and mausoleums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Akbar the Great">Akbar's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Gardens of Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Jahangir's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti" title="Tomb of Salim Chishti">Tomb of Salim Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb" title="Tomb of Aurangzeb">Tomb of Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nur_Jahan" title="Tomb of Nur Jahan">Tomb of Nur Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tombs_of_Mughal_Empire" title="List of tombs of Mughal Empire">List of tombs of Mughal Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achabal_Gardens" title="Achabal Gardens">Achabal Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Bridge,_Jaunpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur">Shahi Bridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in South Asia">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians_in_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Persians in the Mughal Empire">Persian Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_weapons" title="Mughal weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> (<i>interrupted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajput states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawabs of Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic state">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797848#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3090" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmKtgtmQMtJKQQtfgqcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118841807">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50053659">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889779q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889779q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00709319">Japan</a></span></li><li><span 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href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02614240?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500212753">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/811776">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118841807.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Babur","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Babur","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q797848","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q797848","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-01T22:43:48Z","dateModified":"2025-03-03T05:41:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4e\/Idealized_portrait_of_Babur_%281483-1530%29_in_Persian_style%2C_painted_circa_1605-1615_in_India_%28British_Museum_1921%2C1011%2C0.3%29.jpg","headline":"founder of the Mughal Empire (1526\u20131530)"}</script> </body> </html>