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<ul id="toc-Accolades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Academy_Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academy_Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Academy Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academy_Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_Globe_Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_Globe_Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Golden Globe Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_Globe_Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Wise</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="روبرت وايز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت وايز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C" title="রবার্ট ওয়াইজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রবার্ট ওয়াইজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7" title="Роберт Уайз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Уайз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7" title="Робърт Уайз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Уайз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B6" title="Ρόμπερτ Γουάιζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόμπερτ Γουάιζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="رابرت وایز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت وایز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EC%99%80%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88" title="로버트 와이즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 와이즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A6" title="Ռոբերտ Ուայզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Ուայզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96" title="רוברט וייז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט וייז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7" title="Роберт Уайз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роберт Уайз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertus_Wise" title="Robertus Wise – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robertus Wise" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Vaizs" title="Roberts Vaizs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roberts Vaizs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9D" title="रॉबर्ट वाइझ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉबर्ट वाइझ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="روبرت وايز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت وايز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BA" title="ロバート・ワイズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・ワイズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਰੌਬਰਟ ਵਾਈਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੌਬਰਟ ਵਾਈਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Уайз, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уайз, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Vajz" title="Robert Vajz – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Robert Vajz" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7" title="Роберт Вайз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Вайз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert Wise" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Robert Wise, see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Robert Wise (disambiguation)">Robert Wise (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Robert Wise</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_wise_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Robert_wise_1990.jpg/220px-Robert_wise_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Robert_wise_1990.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Wise in 1990</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Robert Earl Wise</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1914-09-10</span>)</span>September 10, 1914<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Indiana" title="Winchester, Indiana">Winchester, Indiana</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 14, 2005<span style="display:none">(2005-09-14)</span> (aged 91)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles" title="Westwood, Los Angeles">Westwood</a>, California, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Film director, film producer, film editor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1934–2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Patricia Doyle</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="25 May 1942">1942</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="22 September 1975">1975</span>)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Millicent Franklin</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="29 January 1977">1977</span>)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Earl Wise</b> (September 10, 1914 – September 14, 2005) was an American filmmaker. He won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Best Director</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical films</a> <i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">West Side Story</a></i> (1961) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)">The Sound of Music</a></i> (1965). He was also nominated for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Film_Editing" title="Academy Award for Best Film Editing">Best Film Editing</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> (1941) and directed and produced <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Pebbles_(film)" title="The Sand Pebbles (film)">The Sand Pebbles</a></i> (1966), which was nominated for Best Picture. </p><p>Among his other films are <i><a href="/wiki/The_Body_Snatcher_(1945_film)" title="The Body Snatcher (1945 film)">The Body Snatcher</a></i> (1945), <i><a href="/wiki/Born_to_Kill_(1947_film)" title="Born to Kill (1947 film)">Born to Kill</a></i> (1947), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Set-Up_(1949_film)" title="The Set-Up (1949 film)">The Set-Up</a></i> (1949), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i> (1951), <i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Gobi" title="Destination Gobi">Destination Gobi</a></i> (1953), <i><a href="/wiki/This_Could_Be_the_Night_(film)" title="This Could Be the Night (film)">This Could Be The Night</a></i> (1957), <i><a href="/wiki/Run_Silent,_Run_Deep_(1958_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run Silent, Run Deep (1958 film)">Run Silent, Run Deep</a></i> (1958), <i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_to_Live!" title="I Want to Live!">I Want to Live!</a></i> (1958), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_(1963_film)" title="The Haunting (1963 film)">The Haunting</a></i> (1963), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Andromeda_Strain_(film)" title="The Andromeda Strain (film)">The Andromeda Strain</a></i> (1971), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindenburg_(film)" title="The Hindenburg (film)">The Hindenburg</a></i> (1975) and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture" title="Star Trek: The Motion Picture">Star Trek: The Motion Picture</a></i> (1979). </p><p>He was the president of the <a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America" title="Directors Guild of America">Directors Guild of America</a> from 1971 to 1975 and the president of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a> from 1985 through 1988. </p><p>Wise achieved critical success as a director in a striking variety of film genres: <a href="/wiki/Horror_noir" title="Horror noir">horror-noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">horror</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">science fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama film">drama</a>, with many repeat successes within each genre. Wise's meticulous preparation may have been largely motivated by studio budget constraints, but advanced the moviemaking art. He received the <a href="/wiki/AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="AFI Life Achievement Award">AFI Life Achievement Award</a> in 1998. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wise&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wise was born in <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Indiana" title="Winchester, Indiana">Winchester, Indiana</a>, the youngest son of Olive R. (née Longenecker) and Earl W. Wise, a meat packer.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had an elder brother, David.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Connersville,_Indiana" title="Connersville, Indiana">Connersville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Indiana" title="Fayette County, Indiana">Fayette County, Indiana</a>, where Wise attended public schools. As a youth Wise's favorite pastime was going to the movies.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a student at <a href="/wiki/Connersville_High_School" title="Connersville High School">Connersville High School</a>, Wise wrote humor and sports columns for the school's newspaper and was a member of the yearbook staff and poetry club.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise initially sought a career in journalism and following graduation from high school attended <a href="/wiki/Franklin_College_(Indiana)" title="Franklin College (Indiana)">Franklin College</a>, a small liberal arts college south of <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis, Indiana</a>, on a scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, due to the family's poor financial situation during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Wise was unable to return to college for his second year and moved to Hollywood to begin a lifelong career in the film industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith404_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith404-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise's older brother, David, who had gone to Hollywood several years earlier and worked at <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures" title="RKO Pictures">RKO Pictures</a>, found his younger brother a job in the shipping department at RKO.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring20_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring20-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise worked odd jobs at the studio before moving into editing.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith404_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith404-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wise&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wise began his film career at <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures" title="RKO Pictures">RKO</a> as a sound and music editor. In the 1930s, RKO was a budget-minded studio with "a strong work ethic" and "willingness to take artistic risks", which was fortunate for a newcomer to Hollywood such as Wise.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At RKO, Wise became an assistant to T.K. Wood, the studio's head sound-effects editor.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise's first screen credit was a ten-minute short subject called <i>A Trip through Fijiland</i> (1935), which was made from RKO footage salvaged from an abandoned feature film.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Wise gained experience, he became more interested in editing film content, rather than sound, and went to work for RKO film editor William "Billy" Hamilton.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring28_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring28-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise's first film as Hamilton's assistant was Alfred Santell's <i>Winterset</i> (1936). Wise continued to work with Hamilton on other films, including <i><a href="/wiki/Stage_Door" title="Stage Door">Stage Door</a></i> (1937), <i><a href="/wiki/Having_Wonderful_Time" title="Having Wonderful Time">Having Wonderful Time</a></i> (1938) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Vernon_and_Irene_Castle" title="The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle">The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle</a></i> (1939).<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring28_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring28-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1939_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)">The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a></i> (1939) and <i><a href="/wiki/5th_Ave_Girl" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Ave Girl">5th Ave Girl</a></i> (1939), Hamilton and Wise, as assistant film editor, shared screen credit; it was Wise's first credit on a feature film.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise's first solo film editing work was on <i><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_Mother" title="Bachelor Mother">Bachelor Mother</a></i> (1939) and <i><a href="/wiki/My_Favorite_Wife" title="My Favorite Wife">My Favorite Wife</a></i> (1939).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At RKO, Wise worked with <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> (1941) and was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Film_Editing" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Film Editing">Academy Award for Film Editing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring20_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring20-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise was the film's last living crew member. </p><p>Though Wise worked as an editor on <i>Citizen Kane</i>, it is likely that while working on the film he became familiar with the <a href="/wiki/Optical_printer" title="Optical printer">optical printer</a> techniques employed by <a href="/wiki/Linwood_Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="Linwood Dunn">Linwood Dunn</a>, inventor of the practical optical printer, to produce effects for <i>Citizen Kane</i> such as the image projected in the broken <a href="/wiki/Snowglobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowglobe">snowglobe</a> which falls from Kane's hand as he dies.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Citizen Kane</i>, Welles used a deep-focus technique, in which heavy lighting is employed to achieve sharp focus for both foreground and background in the frame. Wise later used the technique in films that he directed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Welles' <i>Citizen Kane</i> also influenced Wise's innovations in the use of sound in films such as <i>The Set-Up</i> (1949), where Wise limited music to in-film sources, and in <i>Executive Suite</i> (1954), which used no music.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, biographical films or biographical profiles of fictionalized characters such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_Kane" title="Charles Foster Kane">Charles Foster Kane</a> were often the subjects of Wise's later work, including <i>Somebody Up There Likes Me</i> (1956), <i>I Want to Live!</i> (1958), <i>The Sound of Music</i> (1965), <i>So Big</i> (1953), <i>Run Silent, Run Deep</i> (1958) and <i>The Sand Pebbles</i> (1966), among others.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise also worked as editor on Welles' next film for RKO, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_(film)" title="The Magnificent Ambersons (film)">The Magnificent Ambersons</a></i> (1942). While working as a <a href="/wiki/Film_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Film editor">film editor</a>, Wise was called on to shoot additional scenes for the film.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Welles was dismissed from the studio, Wise continued editing films such as <i>Seven Days Leave</i> (1942), <i><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_(film)" title="Bombardier (film)">Bombardier</a></i> (1943) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fallen_Sparrow" title="The Fallen Sparrow">The Fallen Sparrow</a></i> (1943), before he received his first directing assignment.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Director_and_producer">Director and producer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wise&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Director and producer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Wise, connecting to the viewer was the "most important part of making a film."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise also had a reputation for a strong work ethic and budget-minded frugality.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, he was known for his attention to detail and well-researched preparation for a film. For example, before directing <i>Until They Sail</i> (1957), set in New Zealand during World War II, Wise traveled to New Zealand to interview women whose lives were similar to those portrayed in the film. Wise's attention to detail also extended to foreign locales. While in New Zealand doing research for the film, Wise also scouted background shots for the film's second-unit crew, even though the main film was shot on MGM's back lot in California.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also shot films on location, such as <i>Mystery in Mexico</i> (1948), a minor B-movie thriller filmed in Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wise's films often included lessons on racial tolerance. For example, Native Americans, Muslims, Hispanics and African Americans were featured in such films as <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Flags_West" title="Two Flags West">Two Flags West</a></i> (1950), <i><a href="/wiki/This_Could_Be_the_Night_(film)" title="This Could Be the Night (film)">This Could Be the Night</a></i> (1957), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Set-Up_(1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Set-Up (1949)">The Set-Up</a></i> (1949) and <i><a href="/wiki/Odds_Against_Tomorrow" title="Odds Against Tomorrow">Odds Against Tomorrow</a></i> (1959), and <i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">West Side Story</a></i> (1961). <i>The Sand Pebbles</i> (1966) featured the story of a biracial couple, and Jewish characters were included in <i>Somebody Up There Likes Me</i> (1956), <i>The Day the Earth Stood Still</i> (1951), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_on_Telegraph_Hill" title="The House on Telegraph Hill">The House on Telegraph Hill</a></i> (1951).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At RKO, Wise got his first credited directing job in 1944 while working for Hollywood horror film producer <a href="/wiki/Val_Lewton" title="Val Lewton">Val Lewton</a>. Wise replaced the original director on the horror film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_the_Cat_People" title="The Curse of the Cat People">The Curse of the Cat People</a></i> (1944), when it fell behind schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film, a well received "dark fantasy about a solitary child and her imaginary friend", was a departure from the horror films of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many of Wise's films, but especially in <i>Curse of the Cat People</i>, the melodrama used a vulnerable child or childlike character to challenge a dark, adult world.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewton promoted Wise to his superiors at RKO, beginning a collaboration that produced the notable horror film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Body_Snatcher_(1945_film)" title="The Body Snatcher (1945 film)">The Body Snatcher</a></i> (1945), starring <a href="/wiki/Boris_Karloff" title="Boris Karloff">Boris Karloff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bela_Lugosi" title="Bela Lugosi">Bela Lugosi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise identified the film as a personal favorite and its rave reviews also helped establish his career as a director.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between <i>Curse</i> and <i>Snatcher</i>, Wise directed <i><a href="/wiki/Mademoiselle_Fifi_(film)" title="Mademoiselle Fifi (film)">Mademoiselle Fifi</a></i> (1944), an adaptation of two <a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Maupassant" title="Guy de Maupassant">Guy de Maupassant</a> short stories that explored man's darker side with a political subtext.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Fifi</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s feminist perspective and a memorable chase sequence helped make it a "template picture for Wise".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise also directed film noir, among them the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Tierney" title="Lawrence Tierney">Lawrence Tierney</a> noir classic <i><a href="/wiki/Born_to_Kill_(1947_film)" title="Born to Kill (1947 film)">Born to Kill</a></i> (1947), and <i><a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Moon" title="Blood on the Moon">Blood on the Moon</a></i> (1948), a noir Western starring <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchum" title="Robert Mitchum">Robert Mitchum</a> as a cowboy drifter that included memorable night sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His last film for RKO <i><a href="/wiki/The_Set-Up_(1949_film)" title="The Set-Up (1949 film)">The Set-Up</a></i> (1949) was a realistic boxing movie in which Wise portrayed the sport as cruel and exploitative.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film also included choreographed fight scenes and "set the bar" for other fight films.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film earned the Critic's Prize at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise's use and mention of time in this film would echo in later <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">noir</a> films such as <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_(film)" title="The Killing (film)">The Killing</a></i> (1956) and <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pulp_Fiction_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp Fiction (film)">Pulp Fiction</a></i> (1994).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, he proved adept in several genres, including science fiction in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i> (1951); melodrama in <i><a href="/wiki/So_Big_(1953_film)" title="So Big (1953 film)">So Big</a></i> (1953);<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western in <i><a href="/wiki/Tribute_to_a_Bad_Man" title="Tribute to a Bad Man">Tribute to a Bad Man</a></i> (1956), starring <a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fictionalized biography in the boardroom drama <i><a href="/wiki/Executive_Suite" title="Executive Suite">Executive Suite</a></i> (1954); and the epic <i><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_(film)" title="Helen of Troy (film)">Helen of Troy</a></i> (1955) based on <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Secrets" title="Three Secrets">Three Secrets</a></i> (1950), a soap opera/family melodrama, gave Wise a chance to work with actress <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Neal" title="Patricia Neal">Patricia Neal</a> "in a landmark performance about gender double standards".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neal starred in two more Wise films: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i> (1951) and <i><a href="/wiki/Something_for_the_Birds" title="Something for the Birds">Something for the Birds</a></i> (1952). <i>The Day the Earth Stood Still</i>, a science fiction thriller that warned about the dangers of atomic warfare, included a realistic setting and an emphasis on the story instead of special effects.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film received "overwhelmingly positive" reviews<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has become "one of the most enduring and influential science fiction films ever made, and among the first produced by a major studio."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biography of convicted killer <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Graham" title="Barbara Graham">Barbara Graham</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_to_Live!" title="I Want to Live!">I Want to Live!</a></i> (1958), featured <a href="/wiki/Susan_Hayward" title="Susan Hayward">Susan Hayward</a>'s Oscar-winning performance as Graham and earned Wise his first nomination for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Best Director</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film became one of the top-grossing pictures of 1959 and was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Screenplay from another medium and Best (black and white) Cinematography.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <i>Executive Suite</i> earned Wise a Best Director nomination from the Motion Picture Academy, the Venice Film Festival, and the Directors Guild of America. The film was awarded Special Jury Prize at the Venice Film Festival and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominated it for Best Film.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Wise-directed films from the 1950s include <i><a href="/wiki/Somebody_Up_There_Likes_Me_(1956_film)" title="Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956 film)">Somebody Up There Likes Me</a></i> (1956), a portrait of boxer <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Graziano" title="Rocky Graziano">Rocky Graziano</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise's first overt comedy, <i><a href="/wiki/Something_for_the_Birds" title="Something for the Birds">Something for the Birds</a></i> (1952);<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the action comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Gobi" title="Destination Gobi">Destination Gobi</a></i> (1953);<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Desert_Rats_(film)" title="The Desert Rats (film)">The Desert Rats</a></i> (1953), a more traditional war film.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, Wise directed three films adapted from the Broadway stage: <i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">West Side Story</a></i> (1961), <i><a href="/wiki/Two_for_the_Seesaw_(1962_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two for the Seesaw (1962 film)">Two for the Seesaw</a></i> (1962) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)">The Sound of Music</a></i> (1965).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, teamed with <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a>, Wise won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Academy Award for Best Director</a> for <i>West Side Story</i>, which Wise also produced. Wise and Robbins were the first duo to share an Academy Award for directing.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise won a second Oscar, for Best Picture, as the film's producer,<sup id="cite_ref-Smith406_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith406-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>West Side Story</i> won ten out of its 11 Academy Award nominations: Best Picture, Director, Supporting Actor (<a href="/wiki/George_Chakiris" title="George Chakiris">George Chakiris</a>), Supporting Actress (<a href="/wiki/Rita_Moreno" title="Rita Moreno">Rita Moreno</a>), Cinematography (color), Art/Set Decoration (color), Sound, Scoring of a Musical Picture, Editing, and Costume Design (color). It lost for Best Screenplay based on material from another medium to <i><a href="/wiki/Judgment_at_Nuremberg" title="Judgment at Nuremberg">Judgment at Nuremberg</a></i> (1961).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>West Side Story</i> was a box-office hit, and critics have declared it "a cinema masterpiece".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to directing <i>The Sound of Music</i> (1965), Wise directed the psychological horror film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_(1963_film)" title="The Haunting (1963 film)">The Haunting</a></i> (1963), starring <a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris_(actress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julie Harris (actress)">Julie Harris</a>, in an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Jackson" title="Shirley Jackson">Shirley Jackson</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_of_Hill_House" title="The Haunting of Hill House">The Haunting of Hill House</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise's big-budget adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein</a>'s family-oriented musical <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)">The Sound of Music</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> as Maria and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Plummer" title="Christopher Plummer">Christopher Plummer</a> as Captain von Trapp, became one of film history's highest-grossing movies.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring233_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring233-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise won Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture for <i>The Sound of Music</i> for 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise struggled to keep <i>The Sound of Music</i> from being an overly sweet, sentimental story by cutting lesser-known songs and adding new dialogue to improve transitions.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to garnering Wise two Oscars, the film won three more for editing, sound and scoring of music for an adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Sound of Music</i> was an interim film for Wise, produced to mollify the studio while he developed the difficult film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Pebbles_(film)" title="The Sand Pebbles (film)">The Sand Pebbles</a></i> (1966), starring <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve McQueen (actor)">Steve McQueen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Candice_Bergen" title="Candice Bergen">Candice Bergen</a>. <i>The Sand Pebbles</i>, Wise's critically acclaimed film epic, was a parable of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, with an antiwar director and message.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McQueen received his only Oscar nomination for his performance in the film.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith406_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith406-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Set in the late 1920s in China, this was an early entry in a series of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> era films followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Catch-22_(film)" title="Catch-22 (film)">Catch-22</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/MASH_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="MASH (film)">M*A*S*H</a></i>. Excellent reviews for <i>The Sand Pebbles</i> marked Wise's last "creative peak" in his long career.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Star!_(film)" title="Star! (film)">Star!</a></i> (1968), with Julie Andrews in the lead as <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Lawrence" title="Gertrude Lawrence">Gertrude Lawrence</a>, failed at the box office,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it was consistent with Wise's other successful films that portrayed a strong woman "whose life choices invite melodramatic relationships."<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring258_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring258-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrews was cast against type, but Wise, as the film's director, took responsibility for the film's shortcomings.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring258_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring258-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, Wise directed such films as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Andromeda_Strain_(film)" title="The Andromeda Strain (film)">The Andromeda Strain</a></i> (1971), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindenburg_(film)" title="The Hindenburg (film)">The Hindenburg</a></i> (1975), the horror film <i><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Rose_(film)" title="Audrey Rose (film)">Audrey Rose</a></i> (1977) and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture" title="Star Trek: The Motion Picture">Star Trek: The Motion Picture</a></i> (1979), the first <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> feature film.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wise's adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a>'s science-fiction thriller, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Andromeda_Strain_(film)" title="The Andromeda Strain (film)">The Andromeda Strain</a></i> (1971), an anti-<a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> film, was a "modest critical hit."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His next film, <i><a href="/wiki/Two_People_(1973_film)" title="Two People (1973 film)">Two People</a></i> (1973), starring <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fonda" title="Peter Fonda">Peter Fonda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Wagner" title="Lindsay Wagner">Lindsay Wagner</a>, got "poor reviews" and is "one of Wise's least-seen movies."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindenburg_(film)" title="The Hindenburg (film)">The Hindenburg</a></i> (1975), which profiles the 1937 crash of the <a href="/wiki/LZ_129_Hindenburg" title="LZ 129 Hindenburg">eponymous airship</a>, was panned by critics, although it won Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects and Best Sound Effects.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise's <i>Audrey Rose</i> (1977), a <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> thriller, received mixed reviews and was "sometimes criticized for being an <i><a href="/wiki/The_Exorcist" title="The Exorcist">Exorcist</a></i> (1973) knockoff."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Star Trek: The Motion Picture</i> (1979), the first of the feature films based on the <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">popular television series</a>, was a difficult shoot for Wise. Popular film critic <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Maltin" title="Leonard Maltin">Leonard Maltin</a> called it "Slow, talky, and derivative, somewhat redeemed by terrific special effects".<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring275_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring275-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film was a box office hit but a critical failure. </p><p>Wise was <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Salkind" title="Ilya Salkind">Ilya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Salkind" title="Alexander Salkind">Alexander Salkind</a>'s first choice to direct the <a href="/wiki/Superman_(1978_film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superman (1978 film series)"><i>Superman</i></a> spin-off <i><a href="/wiki/Supergirl_(1984_film)" title="Supergirl (1984 film)">Supergirl</a></i> after <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lester" title="Richard Lester">Richard Lester</a> departed the franchise, but he declined.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise also was considered to direct the 1985 holiday film <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus:_The_Movie" title="Santa Claus: The Movie">Santa Claus: The Movie</a></i> and the 1988 horror film <i><a href="/wiki/Child%27s_Play_(1988_film)" title="Child's Play (1988 film)">Child's Play</a></i> introducing the slasher villain <a href="/wiki/Chucky_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chucky (character)">Chucky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, Wise directed <i><a href="/wiki/Rooftops_(film)" title="Rooftops (film)">Rooftops</a></i>, his last theatrical feature film. The low-budget musical "opened and closed with no fanfare."<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring275_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring275-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At age 86, Wise directed <i><a href="/wiki/A_Storm_in_Summer" title="A Storm in Summer">A Storm in Summer</a></i> (2000) for Showtime (cable television). Starring <a href="/wiki/Peter_Falk" title="Peter Falk">Peter Falk</a>, it was his only made-for-television movie, airing in 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-Smith406_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith406-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and won a Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Children's Special.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring276_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring276-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wise&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wise, a lifelong liberal, contributed to charitable organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>, and established the Robert E. Wise Foundation to provide financial assistance to causes in the Los Angeles area.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise's private papers are housed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Wise's directing career slowed, he took a more active role in supporting the film industry. He became a governor of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a> in 1966 and served for 19 years until becoming president from 1985<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through 1988. He had previously been president of the Directors Guild of America from 1971 to 1975. He also sat on the Board of Trustees of the <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a> and chaired its Center for Advanced Film Studies. Wise was named chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America" title="Directors Guild of America">Directors Guild of America</a>'s special projects committee in 1980, organizing its fiftieth anniversary celebration in New York in 1986. In addition, Wise was a leading member of the National Council of the Arts and Sciences, the Department of Film at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a> in New York, and the Motion Picture Country House and Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1980s and 1990s Wise served on the advisory board of the <a href="/wiki/National_Student_Film_Institute" title="National Student Film Institute">National Student Film Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wise also encouraged young filmmakers and responded to inquiries from fans and film students. Wise supervised <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Estevez" title="Emilio Estevez">Emilio Estevez</a>'s debut as a director in <i>Wisdom</i> (1986) and was its executive producer.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring276_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring276-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise also made a cameo performance in <a href="/wiki/John_Landis" title="John Landis">John Landis</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stupids_(film)" title="The Stupids (film)">The Stupids</a></i> (1996).<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring276_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring276-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his later years, Wise continued to be active in productions of DVD versions of his films, including making public appearances promoting those films. His last contributions were to the DVD commentaries of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)">The Sound of Music</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_(1963_film)" title="The Haunting (1963 film)">The Haunting</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Set-Up_(1949_film)" title="The Set-Up (1949 film)">The Set-Up</a></i>. He also oversaw the DVD commentaries of <i>The Sand Pebbles</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Executive_Suite" title="Executive Suite">Executive Suite</a></i>. He also oversaw and provided DVD commentary for his Director's Edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture" title="Star Trek: The Motion Picture">Star Trek: The Motion Picture</a></i>, which included re-edited scenes, new optical effects and a new sound mix. This was the director's final project before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wise&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 25, 1942, Wise married actress Patricia Doyle.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout their long life together, Wise and his wife enjoyed entertaining and traveling, before she died of cancer on September 22, 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had one son, Robert, who became an assistant cameraman.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 29, 1977, Wise married Millicent Franklin.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millicent died on August 31, 2010, at <a href="/wiki/Cedars-Sinai_Medical_Center" title="Cedars-Sinai Medical Center">Cedars-Sinai Hospital</a>, Los Angeles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wise had an expansive bungalow on the Universal Studios lot and owned a modern California beach house. He continued to screen films for personal enjoyment and had "final cut" decisions on his films.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wise suffered a heart attack and was rushed to <a href="/wiki/UCLA_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA Medical Center">UCLA Medical Center</a>, where he died of heart failure on September 14, 2005, four days after his 91st birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith404_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith404-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wise&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Director </th> <th>Producer </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1944 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_the_Cat_People" title="The Curse of the Cat People">The Curse of the Cat People</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td>Replaced director <a href="/wiki/Gunther_von_Fritsch" title="Gunther von Fritsch">Gunther von Fritsch</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mademoiselle_Fifi_(film)" title="Mademoiselle Fifi (film)">Mademoiselle Fifi</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1945 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Body_Snatcher_(1945_film)" title="The Body Snatcher (1945 film)">The Body Snatcher</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Death" title="A Game of Death">A Game of Death</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Court_(film)" title="Criminal Court (film)">Criminal Court</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Born_to_Kill_(1947_film)" title="Born to Kill (1947 film)">Born to Kill</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1948 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_in_Mexico" title="Mystery in Mexico">Mystery in Mexico</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Moon" title="Blood on the Moon">Blood on the Moon</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Set-Up_(1949_film)" title="The Set-Up (1949 film)">The Set-Up</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1950 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Flags_West" title="Two Flags West">Two Flags West</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Secrets" title="Three Secrets">Three Secrets</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1951 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_on_Telegraph_Hill" title="The House on Telegraph Hill">The House on Telegraph Hill</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1952 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Captive_City_(1952_film)" title="The Captive City (1952 film)">The Captive City</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Something_for_the_Birds" title="Something for the Birds">Something for the Birds</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1953 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Gobi" title="Destination Gobi">Destination Gobi</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Desert_Rats_(film)" title="The Desert Rats (film)">The Desert Rats</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Paradise_(1953_film)" title="Return to Paradise (1953 film)">Return to Paradise</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/So_Big_(1953_film)" title="So Big (1953 film)">So Big</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Executive_Suite" title="Executive Suite">Executive Suite</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1956 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_(film)" title="Helen of Troy (film)">Helen of Troy</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tribute_to_a_Bad_Man" title="Tribute to a Bad Man">Tribute to a Bad Man</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Somebody_Up_There_Likes_Me_(1956_film)" title="Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956 film)">Somebody Up There Likes Me</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1957 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/This_Could_Be_the_Night_(film)" title="This Could Be the Night (film)">This Could Be the Night</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Until_They_Sail" title="Until They Sail">Until They Sail</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1958 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Run_Silent,_Run_Deep_(1958_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run Silent, Run Deep (1958 film)">Run Silent, Run Deep</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_to_Live!" title="I Want to Live!">I Want to Live!</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Odds_Against_Tomorrow" title="Odds Against Tomorrow">Odds Against Tomorrow</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">West Side Story</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Uncredited </td> <td>Directed with <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Two_for_the_Seesaw_(1962_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two for the Seesaw (1962 film)">Two for the Seesaw</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Uncredited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_(1963_film)" title="The Haunting (1963 film)">The Haunting</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Uncredited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)">The Sound of Music</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Pebbles_(film)" title="The Sand Pebbles (film)">The Sand Pebbles</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Star!_(film)" title="Star! (film)">Star!</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1971 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Andromeda_Strain_(film)" title="The Andromeda Strain (film)">The Andromeda Strain</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Wanda_June" title="Happy Birthday, Wanda June">Happy Birthday, Wanda June</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Uncredited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Two_People_(1973_film)" title="Two People (1973 film)">Two People</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindenburg_(film)" title="The Hindenburg (film)">The Hindenburg</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Uncredited </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Rose_(film)" title="Audrey Rose (film)">Audrey Rose</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture" title="Star Trek: The Motion Picture">Star Trek: The Motion Picture</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rooftops_(film)" title="Rooftops (film)">Rooftops</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A_Storm_in_Summer" title="A Storm in Summer">A Storm in Summer</a></i> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td>TV movie </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Editor</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1939 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_Mother" title="Bachelor Mother">Bachelor Mother</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Girl" title="Fifth Avenue Girl">Fifth Avenue Girl</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunchback_of_Notre_Dame_(1939_film)" title="The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)">The Hunchback of Notre Dame</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1940 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/My_Favorite_Wife" title="My Favorite Wife">My Favorite Wife</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Dance,_Girl,_Dance" title="Dance, Girl, Dance">Dance, Girl, Dance</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1941 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Kane" title="Citizen Kane">Citizen Kane</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_and_Daniel_Webster_(film)" title="The Devil and Daniel Webster (film)">The Devil and Daniel Webster</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1942 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons_(film)" title="The Magnificent Ambersons (film)">The Magnificent Ambersons</a></i> </td> <td>Also director of additional sequences (Uncredited) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days%27_Leave_(1942_film)" title="Seven Days' Leave (1942 film)">Seven Days' Leave</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1943 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Bombardier_(film)" title="Bombardier (film)">Bombardier</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fallen_Sparrow" title="The Fallen Sparrow">The Fallen Sparrow</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Major" title="The Iron Major">The Iron Major</a></i> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Executive producer</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Star!_(film)" title="Star! (film)">Star!</a></i> (1968) (Uncredited)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Baby_Maker" title="The Baby Maker">The Baby Maker</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_(film)" title="Wisdom (film)">Wisdom</a></i> (1986)</li></ul> <p><b>Other roles</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1934 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Of_Human_Bondage_(1934_film)" title="Of Human Bondage (1934 film)">Of Human Bondage</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="4">Sound effects editor (uncredited) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gay_Divorcee" title="The Gay Divorcee">The Gay Divorcee</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1935 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Informer_(1935_film)" title="The Informer (1935 film)">The Informer</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Top_Hat" title="Top Hat">Top Hat</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Vernon_and_Irene_Castle" title="The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle">The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle</a></i> </td> <td>Assistant editor (uncredited) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Action_in_Arabia" title="Action in Arabia">Action in Arabia</a></i> </td> <td>Second unit director (uncredited) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stupids_(film)" title="The Stupids (film)">The Stupids</a></i> </td> <td>Acting role: Stanley's Neighbor </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accolades">Accolades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wise&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Accolades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wise was a four-time Oscar-winner (Best Director and Best Picture, 1961 and 1965) and also received the Academy's Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (1966);<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the D.W. Griffith Award (1988) from the Directors Guild of America for outstanding lifetime achievement;<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring276_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring276-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a> (1992);<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AFI's Lifetime Achievement Award (1998);<sup id="cite_ref-Klady_1998_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klady_1998-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Society of Motion Picture and Television Art Directors career award for "outstanding contribution to cinematic imagery" (1998).<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring276_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring276-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise also has a star (#6340) on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Editors_Guild" title="Motion Picture Editors Guild">Motion Picture Editors Guild</a> published a list of the 75 best-edited films of all time based on a survey of its membership. <i>Citizen Kane</i>, which Wise had edited early in his career, was listed second.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Indiana, Governor <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Branigin" title="Roger D. Branigin">Roger D. Branigin</a> proclaimed March 1, 1967, Robert Wise Day in honor of the 1967 premiere of <i>The Sand Pebbles</i> in Indianapolis. Wise was also named a <a href="/wiki/Sagamore_of_the_Wabash" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagamore of the Wabash">Sagamore of the Wabash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith406_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith406-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, Wise was awarded an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts from Franklin College and in 1981 co-chaired a $10 million fundraising campaign for the college.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith406_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith406-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Connersville,_Indiana" title="Connersville, Indiana">Connersville, Indiana</a>, proclaimed June 4, 1968, as Robert Wise Day, while his birthplace, <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Indiana" title="Winchester, Indiana">Winchester, Indiana</a>, made a similar proclamation the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring277_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring277-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 3, 1990, Wise attended the dedication of the Robert E. Wise Center for Performing Arts at the new Connersville High School.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring277_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring277-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, Wise was named the first recipient of the Indianapolis-based <a href="/wiki/Heartland_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartland Film Festival">Heartland Film Festival</a>'s Crystal Heart Career Achievement Award.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehring277_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehring277-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Historical_Society" title="Indiana Historical Society">Indiana Historical Society</a> named Wise a Living Legend.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wise is also depicted in a mural of famous <a href="/wiki/Randolph_County,_Indiana" title="Randolph County, Indiana">Randolph County, Indiana</a>, natives in the county's courthouse.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith406_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith406-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mural was painted by local artist Roy L. Barnes.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith406_57-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith406-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td width="45%"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academy_Awards"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wise&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Academy Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a></b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><i>West Side Story</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><i>The Sound of Music</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><i>The Sand Pebbles</i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Best Director</a></b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><i>I Want to Live!</i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><i>West Side Story</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><i>The Sound of Music</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Film_Editing" title="Academy Award for Best Film Editing">Best Editing</a></b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td><i>Citizen Kane</i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td width="55%"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_Globe_Awards"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Awards" title="Golden Globe Awards">Golden Globe Awards</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wise&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Golden Globe Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Motion_Picture_%E2%80%93_Musical_or_Comedy" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy">Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy</a></b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><i>West Side Story</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><i>The Sound of Music</i> </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><i>The Sand Pebbles</i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Director">Best Director</a></b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><i>I Want to Live!</i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><i>West Side Story</i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><i>The Haunting</i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><i>The Sound of Music</i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><i>The Sand Pebbles</i> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td width="50%"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Awards and nominations received by Wise's films </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Year </th> <th rowspan="2">Title </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" width="160">Academy Awards </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" width="160">BAFTA Awards </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" width="160">Golden Globe Awards </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominations </th> <th>Wins </th> <th>Nominations </th> <th>Wins </th> <th>Nominations </th> <th>Wins </th></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Set-Up_(1949_film)" title="The Set-Up (1949 film)">The Set-Up</a></i> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1951 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_on_Telegraph_Hill" title="The House on Telegraph Hill">The House on Telegraph Hill</a></i> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1953 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Desert_Rats_(film)" title="The Desert Rats (film)">The Desert Rats</a></i> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/So_Big_(1953_film)" title="So Big (1953 film)">So Big</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Executive_Suite" title="Executive Suite">Executive Suite</a></i> </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Somebody_Up_There_Likes_Me_(1956_film)" title="Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956 film)">Somebody Up There Likes Me</a></i> </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1957 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/This_Could_Be_the_Night_(film)" title="This Could Be the Night (film)">This Could Be the Night</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Until_They_Sail" title="Until They Sail">Until They Sail</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_to_Live!" title="I Want to Live!">I Want to Live!</a></i> </td> <td align="center">6 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td align="center">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Odds_Against_Tomorrow" title="Odds Against Tomorrow">Odds Against Tomorrow</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">West Side Story</a></i> </td> <td align="center">11 </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td align="center"> </td> <td align="center">7 </td> <td align="center">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Two_for_the_Seesaw_(1962_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Two for the Seesaw (1962 film)">Two for the Seesaw</a></i> </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_(1963_film)" title="The Haunting (1963 film)">The Haunting</a></i> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)">The Sound of Music</a></i> </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td align="center">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Pebbles_(film)" title="The Sand Pebbles (film)">The Sand Pebbles</a></i> </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Star!_(film)" title="Star! (film)">Star!</a></i> </td> <td align="center">7 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">4 </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Andromeda_Strain_(film)" title="The Andromeda Strain (film)">The Andromeda Strain</a></i> </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindenburg_(film)" title="The Hindenburg (film)">The Hindenburg</a></i> </td> <td align="center">5 </td> <td align="center">2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture" title="Star Trek: The Motion Picture">Star Trek: The Motion Picture</a></i> </td> <td align="center">3 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center">1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th align="center">64 </th> <th align="center">20 </th> <th align="center">5 </th> <th align="center">0 </th> <th align="center">35 </th> <th align="center">12 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wise&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmreference.com/film/40/Robert-E-Wise.html">Robert E. Wise Biography (1914-)</a>. Filmreference.com. Retrieved on 2014-05-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGehring2012" class="citation book cs1">Gehring, Wes D. (2012). <i>Robert Wise: Shadowlands</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-296-7"><bdi>978-0-87195-296-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Wise%3A+Shadowlands&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-296-7&rft.aulast=Gehring&rft.aufirst=Wes+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/15/movies/robert-wise-film-director-dies-at-91.html">"Robert Wise, Film Director, Dies at 91"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. September 15, 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+Wise%2C+Film+Director%2C+Dies+at+91&rft.date=2005-09-15&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F09%2F15%2Fmovies%2Frobert-wise-film-director-dies-at-91.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 6 and 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Connersville High School's auditorium, the Robert E. Wise Center for Performing Arts, was named in his honor in 1990. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelke2005" class="citation news cs1">Selke, Mike (September 16, 2005). "Connersville's Hollywood star director gives in to heart failure". <i>Connersville News Examiner</i>. Connersville, Indiana. p. A1 and A9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Connersville+News+Examiner&rft.atitle=Connersville%27s+Hollywood+star+director+gives+in+to+heart+failure&rft.pages=A1+and+A9&rft.date=2005-09-16&rft.aulast=Selke&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 17, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith404-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith404_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith404_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith404_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David L. (2006). <i>Hoosiers in Hollywood</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-194-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-194-6"><bdi>978-0-87195-194-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoosiers+in+Hollywood&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-194-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gehring20-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring20_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring20_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gehring28-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring28_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring28_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarringer1996" class="citation book cs1">Carringer, Robert L. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WEJDyUCS3S4C&q=Linwood+Dunn+citizen+kane&pg=PA170"><i>The Making of Citizen Kane</i></a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 89–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520205677" title="Special:BookSources/0520205677"><bdi>0520205677</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Citizen+Kane&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=89-99&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0520205677&rft.aulast=Carringer&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWEJDyUCS3S4C%26q%3DLinwood%2BDunn%2Bcitizen%2Bkane%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhring, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 63 and 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 196 and 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhing, p. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 86 and 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 93–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 119–120, 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 130 and 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cinema.library.ucla.edu">"Killing (Motion picture : 1956)"</a>. UCLA Library, Film and Television Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Killing+%28Motion+picture+%3A+1956%29&rft.pub=UCLA+Library%2C+Film+and+Television+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcinema.library.ucla.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cinema.library.ucla.edu">"Pulp Fiction"</a>. Los Angeles, California: UCLA Library, Film and Television Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pulp+Fiction&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pub=UCLA+Library%2C+Film+and+Television+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcinema.library.ucla.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>So Big</i> "foreshadowed the family values" that later appeared in <i>The Sound of Music</i> (1965). See Gehring, p. 179 and 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring p. 190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 150–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise accepted the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor" title="Academy Award for Best Actor">Academy Award for Best Actor</a> on behalf of his absent friend, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a>, who won for his performance in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_of_Money" title="The Color of Money">The Color of Money</a></i> (1986). See Gehring, p. 200 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFichtinger" class="citation web cs1">Fichtinger, Lukas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0936404/bio">"Biography for Robert Wise"</a>. <i>Internet Movie Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Movie+Database&rft.atitle=Biography+for+Robert+Wise&rft.aulast=Fichtinger&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0936404%2Fbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith406-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith406_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith406_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith406_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith406_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith406_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith406_57-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith406_57-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 223–224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i> "Guide to the Greatest Movies Ever Made" also named <i>West Side Story</i> at the top of its 100 best musicals list. See Gehring, p. 222–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gehring233-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gehring233_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wise initially turned down the project, but later agreed after reaching a compromise with the film's producer. He directed the film in exchange for a percentage of the film's net profit and an agreement to finance <i>The Sand Pebbles</i>, one of Wise's film projects that had stalled due to budget concerns. See Gehring, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The film's premier was held at the Lyric Theater in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis, Indiana</a>, where Wise had seen films in his youth on family outings to the city. See Gehring, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 253 and 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 256–258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gehring258-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring258_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring258_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 260, 263, 271, and 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 264 and 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gehring275-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring275_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring275_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dcuniverseinfinite.com/news/saluting-supergirl-dcs-first-movie-heroine/">"Saluting SUPERGIRL: DC's First Movie Heroine"</a>. <i>www.dcuniverseinfinite.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dcuniverseinfinite.com&rft.atitle=Saluting+SUPERGIRL%3A+DC%27s+First+Movie+Heroine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcuniverseinfinite.com%2Fnews%2Fsaluting-supergirl-dcs-first-movie-heroine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedigitalcinema.info/ilya-salkind---santa-claus-the-movie">"thedigitalcinema | Interview with Producer Ilya Salkind for SANTA CLAU"</a>. <i>the-digital-cinema</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the-digital-cinema&rft.atitle=thedigitalcinema+%7C+Interview+with+Producer+Ilya+Salkind+for+SANTA+CLAU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedigitalcinema.info%2Filya-salkind---santa-claus-the-movie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2018" class="citation web cs1">Weiner, David (November 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/first-childs-play-test-screenings-were-terrible-1156071/">"How 'Child's Play' Survived Bad Test Screenings to Become a Horror Classic"</a>. <i>The Hollywood Reporter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=How+%27Child%27s+Play%27+Survived+Bad+Test+Screenings+to+Become+a+Horror+Classic&rft.date=2018-11-05&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fmovies%2Fmovie-news%2Ffirst-childs-play-test-screenings-were-terrible-1156071%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gehring276-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring276_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring276_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring276_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring276_79-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring276_79-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Academy Elect Robert Wise to President's Post". <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Variety">Daily Variety</a></i>. August 1, 1985. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Variety&rft.atitle=Academy+Elect+Robert+Wise+to+President%27s+Post&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1985-08-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolick2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Margolick, David (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2011/02/motion-picture-home-201102">"No Comfort For Old Men"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=No+Comfort+For+Old+Men&rft.date=2011-02&rft.aulast=Margolick&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F02%2Fmotion-picture-home-201102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Program" class="citation book cs1"><i>National Student Film Institute/L.A: The Sixteenth Annual Los Angeles Student Film Festival</i>. The Directors Guild Theatre. June 10, 1994. pp. 10–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Student+Film+Institute%2FL.A%3A+The+Sixteenth+Annual+Los+Angeles+Student+Film+Festival&rft.place=The+Directors+Guild+Theatre&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=1994-06-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Program" class="citation book cs1"><i>Los Angeles Student Film Institute: 13th Annual Student Film Festival</i>. The Directors Guild Theatre. June 7, 1991. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Angeles+Student+Film+Institute%3A+13th+Annual+Student+Film+Festival&rft.place=The+Directors+Guild+Theatre&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1991-06-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2005" class="citation web cs1">Hansen, Liam (September 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4853307">"A Robert Wise Reprise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=A+Robert+Wise+Reprise&rft.date=2005-09-18&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4853307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerhing, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franklin was a <i>Star Trek</i> fan and had a cameo in her husband's <i>Star Trek</i> film. See Gehring, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 265 and 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.suntimes.com/obituaries/chicagosuntimes/obituary.aspx?n=robert-wise&pid=15095453">"Obituary: Robert Wise"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Sun Times">Chicago Sun Times</a></i>. Chicago, Illinois: <a href="/wiki/Sun-Times_Media_Group" title="Sun-Times Media Group">Sun-Times Media Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. September 15, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun+Times&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Robert+Wise&rft.date=2005-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.suntimes.com%2Fobituaries%2Fchicagosuntimes%2Fobituary.aspx%3Fn%3Drobert-wise%26pid%3D15095453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721054307/http://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html#92">"Lifetime Honors – National Medal of Arts"</a>. National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html#92">the original</a> on July 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lifetime+Honors+%E2%80%93+National+Medal+of+Arts&rft.pub=National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nea.gov%2Fhonors%2Fmedals%2Fmedalists_year.html%2392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klady_1998-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Klady_1998_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlady1998" class="citation web cs1">Klady, Leonard (February 23, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/1998/film/news/afi-honors-gentle-giant-wise-1117467987/">"AFI honors 'gentle giant' Wise"</a>. <i>Variety</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=AFI+honors+%27gentle+giant%27+Wise&rft.date=1998-02-23&rft.aulast=Klady&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F1998%2Ffilm%2Fnews%2Fafi-honors-gentle-giant-wise-1117467987%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317101140/https://www.editorsguild.com/magazine.cfm?ArticleID=1102">"The 75 Best Edited Films"</a>. <i>Editors Guild Magazine</i>. <b>1</b> (3). May 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.editorsguild.com/magazine.cfm?ArticleID=1102">the original</a> on March 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Editors+Guild+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+75+Best+Edited+Films&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.editorsguild.com%2Fmagazine.cfm%3FArticleID%3D1102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gehring277-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring277_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring277_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gehring277_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gehring, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittonSlosared2005" class="citation news cs1">Britton, Bonnie; Slosared, Steve (September 16, 2005). "Director of classic movies dies at 91". <i><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Star" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis Star">Indianapolis Star</a></i>. Indianapolis, Indiana: <a href="/wiki/Gannett_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannett Company">Gannett Company</a>. The Associated Press. p. A12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indianapolis+Star&rft.atitle=Director+of+classic+movies+dies+at+91&rft.pages=A12&rft.date=2005-09-16&rft.aulast=Britton&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft.au=Slosared%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wise&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGehring2012" class="citation book cs1">Gehring, Wes D (2012). <i>Robert Wise: Shadowlands</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871952967" title="Special:BookSources/9780871952967"><bdi>9780871952967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Wise%3A+Shadowlands&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780871952967&rft.aulast=Gehring&rft.aufirst=Wes+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelke2005" class="citation news cs1">Selke, Mike (September 16, 2005). "Connersville's Hollywood star director gives in to heart failure". <i>Connersville News Examiner</i>. Connersville, Indiana. p. A1 and A9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Connersville+News+Examiner&rft.atitle=Connersville%27s+Hollywood+star+director+gives+in+to+heart+failure&rft.pages=A1+and+A9&rft.date=2005-09-16&rft.aulast=Selke&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David L (2006). <i>Hoosiers in Hollywood</i>. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871951946" title="Special:BookSources/9780871951946"><bdi>9780871951946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoosiers+in+Hollywood&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780871951946&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Wise&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Wise" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721054307/http://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html#92">"Lifetime Honors–National Medal of Arts"</a>. National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nea.gov/honors/medals/medalists_year.html#92">the original</a> on July 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lifetime+Honors%E2%80%93National+Medal+of+Arts&rft.pub=National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nea.gov%2Fhonors%2Fmedals%2Fmedalists_year.html%2392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.suntimes.com/obituaries/chicagosuntimes/obituary.aspx?n=robert-wise&pid=15095453">"Robert Wise Obituary"</a>. Chicago Sun Times, Associated Press. September 15, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Wise+Obituary&rft.pub=Chicago+Sun+Times%2C+Associated+Press&rft.date=2005-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegacy.suntimes.com%2Fobituaries%2Fchicagosuntimes%2Fobituary.aspx%3Fn%3Drobert-wise%26pid%3D15095453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Wise" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0936404/">Robert Wise</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59821#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p117119">Robert Wise</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMovie" title="AllMovie">AllMovie</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59821#P2019" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Non-profit organization positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Allen_(art_director)" title="Gene Allen (art director)">Gene Allen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences#Presidents_of_the_Academy" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">President of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences</a> </b><br />1985–1988 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Richard Kahn</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Films_directed_by_Robert_Wise" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_Wise" title="Template:Robert Wise"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_Wise" title="Template talk:Robert Wise"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_Wise" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert Wise"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Films_directed_by_Robert_Wise" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Films directed by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_the_Cat_People" title="The Curse of the Cat People">The Curse of the Cat People</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mademoiselle_Fifi_(film)" title="Mademoiselle Fifi (film)">Mademoiselle Fifi</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Body_Snatcher_(1945_film)" title="The Body Snatcher (1945 film)">The Body Snatcher</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Game_of_Death" title="A Game of Death">A Game of Death</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Court_(film)" title="Criminal Court (film)">Criminal Court</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Born_to_Kill_(1947_film)" title="Born to Kill (1947 film)">Born to Kill</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystery_in_Mexico" title="Mystery in Mexico">Mystery in Mexico</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_on_the_Moon" title="Blood on the Moon">Blood on the Moon</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Set-Up_(1949_film)" title="The Set-Up (1949 film)">The Set-Up</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Flags_West" title="Two Flags West">Two Flags West</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Secrets" title="Three Secrets">Three Secrets</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_on_Telegraph_Hill" title="The House on Telegraph Hill">The House on Telegraph Hill</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Captive_City_(1952_film)" title="The Captive City (1952 film)">The Captive City</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Something_for_the_Birds" title="Something for the Birds">Something for the Birds</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Gobi" title="Destination Gobi">Destination Gobi</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Desert_Rats_(film)" title="The Desert Rats (film)">The Desert Rats</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/So_Big_(1953_film)" title="So Big (1953 film)">So Big</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Executive_Suite" title="Executive Suite">Executive Suite</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_(film)" title="Helen of Troy (film)">Helen of Troy</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tribute_to_a_Bad_Man" title="Tribute to a Bad Man">Tribute to a Bad Man</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Somebody_Up_There_Likes_Me_(1956_film)" title="Somebody Up There Likes Me (1956 film)">Somebody Up There Likes Me</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Could_Be_the_Night_(film)" title="This Could Be the Night (film)">This Could Be the Night</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Until_They_Sail" title="Until They Sail">Until They Sail</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Run_Silent,_Run_Deep_(film)" title="Run Silent, Run Deep (film)">Run Silent, Run Deep</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Want_to_Live!" title="I Want to Live!">I Want to Live!</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odds_Against_Tomorrow" title="Odds Against Tomorrow">Odds Against Tomorrow</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Story_(1961_film)" title="West Side Story (1961 film)">West Side Story</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_for_the_Seesaw_(film)" title="Two for the Seesaw (film)">Two for the Seesaw</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_(1963_film)" title="The Haunting (1963 film)">The Haunting</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_of_Music_(film)" title="The Sound of Music (film)">The Sound of Music</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sand_Pebbles_(film)" title="The Sand Pebbles (film)">The Sand Pebbles</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star!_(film)" title="Star! (film)">Star!</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Andromeda_Strain_(film)" title="The Andromeda Strain (film)">The Andromeda Strain</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_People_(1973_film)" title="Two People (1973 film)">Two People</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindenburg_(film)" title="The Hindenburg (film)">The Hindenburg</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Rose_(film)" title="Audrey Rose (film)">Audrey Rose</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Motion_Picture" title="Star Trek: The Motion Picture">Star Trek: The Motion Picture</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rooftops_(film)" title="Rooftops (film)">Rooftops</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Storm_in_Summer" title="A Storm in Summer">A Storm in Summer</a></i> (2000, TV film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Awards_for_Robert_Wise" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Awards_for_Robert_Wise" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Awards for Robert Wise</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academy_Award_Best_Picture_Producers" title="Template:Academy Award Best Picture Producers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academy_Award_Best_Picture_Producers" title="Template talk:Academy Award Best Picture Producers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academy_Award_Best_Picture_Producers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academy Award Best Picture Producers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEDD82;width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Adler" title="Buddy Adler">Buddy Adler</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Spiegel" title="Sam Spiegel">Sam Spiegel</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hecht" title="Harold Hecht">Harold Hecht</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Todd" title="Mike Todd">Michael Todd</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Spiegel" title="Sam Spiegel">Sam Spiegel</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Zimbalist" title="Sam Zimbalist">Sam Zimbalist</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Spiegel" title="Sam Spiegel">Sam Spiegel</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Tony Richardson</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Warner" title="Jack L. Warner">Jack L. Warner</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mirisch" title="Walter Mirisch">Walter Mirisch</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_and_James_Woolf" title="John and James Woolf">John Woolf</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Hellman" title="Jerome Hellman">Jerome Hellman</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_McCarthy_(producer)" title="Frank McCarthy (producer)">Frank McCarthy</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_D%27Antoni" title="Philip D'Antoni">Philip D'Antoni</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Ruddy" title="Albert S. Ruddy">Albert S. Ruddy</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bill" title="Tony Bill">Tony Bill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Phillips" title="Julia Phillips">Julia Phillips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phillips_(producer)" title="Michael Phillips (producer)">Michael Phillips</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_Frederickson" title="Gray Frederickson">Gray Frederickson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Roos" title="Fred Roos">Fred Roos</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saul_Zaentz" title="Saul Zaentz">Saul Zaentz</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEDD82;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Chartoff" title="Robert Chartoff">Robert Chartoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Winkler" title="Irwin Winkler">Irwin Winkler</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Joffe" title="Charles H. Joffe">Charles H. Joffe</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cimino" title="Michael Cimino">Michael Cimino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Deeley" title="Michael Deeley">Michael Deeley</a>, John Peverall and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Spikings" title="Barry Spikings">Barry Spikings</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_R._Jaffe" title="Stanley R. Jaffe">Stanley R. Jaffe</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_L._Schwary" title="Ronald L. Schwary">Ronald L. Schwary</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Puttnam" title="David Puttnam">David Puttnam</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Brooks" title="James L. Brooks">James L. Brooks</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Zaentz" title="Saul Zaentz">Saul Zaentz</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Pollack" title="Sydney Pollack">Sydney Pollack</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Kopelson" title="Arnold Kopelson">Arnold Kopelson</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thomas" title="Jeremy Thomas">Jeremy Thomas</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Johnson_(producer)" title="Mark Johnson (producer)">Mark Johnson</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lili_Fini_Zanuck" title="Lili Fini Zanuck">Lili Fini Zanuck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Zanuck" title="Richard D. Zanuck">Richard D. Zanuck</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Wilson_(producer)" title="Jim Wilson (producer)">Jim Wilson</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Bozman" title="Ron Bozman">Ron Bozman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Saxon" title="Edward Saxon">Edward Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Utt" title="Kenneth Utt">Kenneth Utt</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Branko_Lustig" title="Branko Lustig">Branko Lustig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Molen" title="Gerald R. Molen">Gerald R. Molen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Finerman" title="Wendy Finerman">Wendy Finerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Starkey" title="Steve Starkey">Steve Starkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Tisch" title="Steve Tisch">Steve Tisch</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Davey" title="Bruce Davey">Bruce Davey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Ladd_Jr." title="Alan Ladd Jr.">Alan Ladd Jr.</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Zaentz" title="Saul Zaentz">Saul Zaentz</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jon_Landau_(film_producer)" title="Jon Landau (film producer)">Jon Landau</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Gigliotti" title="Donna Gigliotti">Donna Gigliotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Norman" title="Marc Norman">Marc Norman</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Parfitt" title="David Parfitt">David Parfitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Weinstein" title="Harvey Weinstein">Harvey Weinstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Zwick" title="Edward Zwick">Edward Zwick</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cohen" title="Bruce Cohen">Bruce Cohen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Jinks" title="Dan Jinks">Dan Jinks</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Franzoni" title="David Franzoni">David Franzoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branko_Lustig" title="Branko Lustig">Branko Lustig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wick" title="Douglas Wick">Douglas Wick</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EEDD82;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Grazer" title="Brian Grazer">Brian Grazer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Richards_(producer)" title="Martin Richards (producer)">Martin Richards</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrie_M._Osborne" title="Barrie M. Osborne">Barrie M. Osborne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran_Walsh" title="Fran Walsh">Fran Walsh</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Rosenberg" title="Tom Rosenberg">Tom Rosenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Ruddy" title="Albert S. Ruddy">Albert S. Ruddy</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Haggis" title="Paul Haggis">Paul Haggis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cathy_Schulman" title="Cathy Schulman">Cathy Schulman</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Graham_King" title="Graham King">Graham King</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Ethan Coen, Joel Coen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Rudin" title="Scott Rudin">Scott Rudin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Colson" title="Christian Colson">Christian Colson</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Boal" title="Mark Boal">Mark Boal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chartier" title="Nicolas Chartier">Nicolas Chartier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Shapiro_(producer)" title="Greg Shapiro (producer)">Greg Shapiro</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iain_Canning" title="Iain Canning">Iain Canning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emile_Sherman" title="Emile Sherman">Emile Sherman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gareth_Unwin" title="Gareth Unwin">Gareth Unwin</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Langmann" title="Thomas Langmann">Thomas Langmann</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grant_Heslov" title="Grant Heslov">Grant Heslov</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dede_Gardner" title="Dede Gardner">Dede Gardner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Katagas" title="Anthony Katagas">Anthony Katagas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kleiner" title="Jeremy Kleiner">Jeremy Kleiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_McQueen_(director)" title="Steve McQueen (director)">Steve McQueen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro G. Iñárritu</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lesher_(producer)" title="John Lesher (producer)">John Lesher</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_W._Skotchdopole" title="James W. Skotchdopole">James W. Skotchdopole</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blye_Pagon_Faust" title="Blye Pagon Faust">Blye Pagon Faust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Golin" title="Steve Golin">Steve Golin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Rocklin" title="Nicole Rocklin">Nicole Rocklin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sugar" title="Michael Sugar">Michael Sugar</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dede_Gardner" title="Dede Gardner">Dede Gardner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kleiner" title="Jeremy Kleiner">Jeremy Kleiner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adele_Romanski" title="Adele Romanski">Adele Romanski</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Miles_Dale" title="J. Miles Dale">J. Miles Dale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Burke_(film_producer)" title="Jim Burke (film producer)">Jim Burke</a>, Brian Currie, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Farrelly" title="Peter Farrelly">Peter Farrelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Vallelonga" title="Nick Vallelonga">Nick Vallelonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Wessler" title="Charles B. Wessler">Charles B. Wessler</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho" title="Bong Joon-ho">Bong Joon-ho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwak_Sin-ae" title="Kwak Sin-ae">Kwak Sin-ae</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Mollye Asher, Dan Janvey, <a href="/wiki/Frances_McDormand" title="Frances McDormand">Frances McDormand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Spears" title="Peter Spears">Peter Spears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_Zhao" title="Chloé Zhao">Chloé Zhao</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Fabrice Gianfermi, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Rousselet" title="Philippe Rousselet">Philippe Rousselet</a>, Patrick Wachsberger (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniels_(directors)" title="Daniels (directors)">Daniel Kwan, Daniel Scheinert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Wang" title="Jonathan Wang">Jonathan Wang</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Thomas" title="Emma Thomas">Emma Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Roven" title="Charles Roven">Charles Roven</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Template:Academy Award for Best Director"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Template talk:Academy Award for Best Director"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academy Award for Best Director"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Academy Award for Best Director</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borzage" title="Frank Borzage">Frank Borzage</a> (1927/28; Dramatic Picture)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Milestone" title="Lewis Milestone">Lewis Milestone</a> (1927/28; Comedy Picture)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd" title="Frank Lloyd">Frank Lloyd</a> (1928/29)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Milestone" title="Lewis Milestone">Lewis Milestone</a> (1929/30)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Taurog" title="Norman Taurog">Norman Taurog</a> (1930/31)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borzage" title="Frank Borzage">Frank Borzage</a> (1931/32)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd" title="Frank Lloyd">Frank Lloyd</a> (1932/33)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_McCarey" title="Leo McCarey">Leo McCarey</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Fleming" title="Victor Fleming">Victor Fleming</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Curtiz" title="Michael Curtiz">Michael Curtiz</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_McCarey" title="Leo McCarey">Leo McCarey</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Delbert_Mann" title="Delbert Mann">Delbert Mann</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Vincente Minnelli</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Tony Richardson</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Cukor" title="George Cukor">George Cukor</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Reed" title="Carol Reed">Carol Reed</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">John Schlesinger</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_J._Schaffner" title="Franklin J. Schaffner">Franklin J. Schaffner</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fosse" title="Bob Fosse">Bob Fosse</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Roy_Hill" title="George Roy Hill">George Roy Hill</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Avildsen" title="John G. Avildsen">John G. Avildsen</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cimino" title="Michael Cimino">Michael Cimino</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benton" title="Robert Benton">Robert Benton</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Brooks" title="James L. Brooks">James L. Brooks</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Pollack" title="Sydney Pollack">Sydney Pollack</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Levinson" title="Barry Levinson">Barry Levinson</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Minghella" title="Anthony Minghella">Anthony Minghella</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Soderbergh" title="Steven Soderbergh">Steven Soderbergh</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Joel Coen and Ethan Coen</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hooper" title="Tom Hooper">Tom Hooper</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Hazanavicius" title="Michel Hazanavicius">Michel Hazanavicius</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro González Iñárritu</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro González Iñárritu</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Damien_Chazelle" title="Damien Chazelle">Damien Chazelle</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho" title="Bong Joon-ho">Bong Joon-ho</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_Zhao" title="Chloé Zhao">Chloé Zhao</a> (2020/21)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniels_(directors)" title="Daniels (directors)">Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="Template:AFI Life Achievement Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="Template talk:AFI Life Achievement Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:AFI Life Achievement Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/AFI_Life_Achievement_Award" title="AFI Life Achievement Award">AFI Life Achievement Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bette_Davis" title="Bette Davis">Bette Davis</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> (1985) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lemmon" title="Jack Lemmon">Jack Lemmon</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Nicholson" title="Jack Nicholson">Jack Nicholson</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> (2004) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Al_Pacino" title="Al Pacino">Al Pacino</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_MacLaine" title="Shirley MacLaine">Shirley MacLaine</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Williams" title="John Williams">John Williams</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diane_Keaton" title="Diane Keaton">Diane Keaton</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Andrews" title="Julie Andrews">Julie Andrews</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a> (2024)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (2025)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_–_Feature_Film" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ABCDEF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_Feature_Film" title="Template:Directors Guild of America Award Feature Film"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_Feature_Film" title="Template talk:Directors Guild of America Award Feature Film"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_Feature_Film" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Directors Guild of America Award Feature Film"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_–_Feature_Film" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Award_for_Outstanding_Directing_%E2%80%93_Feature_Film" title="Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film">Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ABCDEF;width:1%">1948–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rossen" title="Robert Rossen">Robert Rossen</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbert_Mann" title="Delbert Mann">Delbert Mann</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincente_Minnelli" title="Vincente Minnelli">Vincente Minnelli</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Tony Richardson</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cukor" title="George Cukor">George Cukor</a> (1964)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Harvey" title="Anthony Harvey">Anthony Harvey</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">John Schlesinger</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_J._Schaffner" title="Franklin J. Schaffner">Franklin J. Schaffner</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Roy_Hill" title="George Roy Hill">George Roy Hill</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ABCDEF;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Avildsen" title="John G. Avildsen">John G. Avildsen</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cimino" title="Michael Cimino">Michael Cimino</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benton" title="Robert Benton">Robert Benton</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Brooks" title="James L. Brooks">James L. Brooks</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Levinson" title="Barry Levinson">Barry Levinson</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Costner" title="Kevin Costner">Kevin Costner</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Demme" title="Jonathan Demme">Jonathan Demme</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zemeckis" title="Robert Zemeckis">Robert Zemeckis</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Minghella" title="Anthony Minghella">Anthony Minghella</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ABCDEF;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Marshall" title="Rob Marshall">Rob Marshall</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson" title="Peter Jackson">Peter Jackson</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Joel Coen and Ethan Coen</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Boyle" title="Danny Boyle">Danny Boyle</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hooper" title="Tom Hooper">Tom Hooper</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Hazanavicius" title="Michel Hazanavicius">Michel Hazanavicius</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Affleck" title="Ben Affleck">Ben Affleck</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro G. Iñárritu</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro G. Iñárritu</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damien_Chazelle" title="Damien Chazelle">Damien Chazelle</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mendes" title="Sam Mendes">Sam Mendes</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_Zhao" title="Chloé Zhao">Chloé Zhao</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniels_(directors)" title="Daniels (directors)">Daniel Kwan and Daniel Scheinert</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nolan" title="Christopher Nolan">Christopher Nolan</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Directors_Guild_of_America_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_–_Feature_Film" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ABCDEF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm" title="Template:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm" title="Template talk:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DirectorsGuildofAmericaAwardLifetimeFilm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Directors_Guild_of_America_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_–_Feature_Film" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America_Lifetime_Achievement_Award_%E2%80%93_Feature_Film" title="Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award – Feature Film">Directors Guild of America Lifetime Achievement Award – Feature Film</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_King_(director)" title="Henry King (director)">Henry King</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borzage" title="Frank Borzage">Frank Borzage</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lean" title="David Lean">David Lean</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_A._Wellman" title="William A. Wellman">William A. Wellman</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cukor" title="George Cukor">George Cukor</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouben_Mamoulian" title="Rouben Mamoulian">Rouben Mamoulian</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Huston" title="John Huston">John Huston</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1986)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ivory" title="James Ivory">James Ivory</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Nichols" title="Mike Nichols">Mike Nichols</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jewison" title="Norman Jewison">Norman Jewison</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridley_Scott" title="Ridley Scott">Ridley Scott</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irving_G._Thalberg_Memorial_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thalberg_Award" title="Template:Thalberg Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thalberg_Award" title="Template talk:Thalberg Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thalberg_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thalberg Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irving_G._Thalberg_Memorial_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irving_G._Thalberg_Memorial_Award" title="Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award">Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_B._Wallis" title="Hal B. Wallis">Hal B. Wallis</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_O._Selznick" title="David O. Selznick">David O. Selznick</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Franklin_(director)" title="Sidney Franklin (director)">Sidney Franklin</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_B._Wallis" title="Hal B. Wallis">Hal B. Wallis</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn" title="Samuel Goldwyn">Samuel Goldwyn</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Wald" title="Jerry Wald">Jerry Wald</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darryl_F._Zanuck" title="Darryl F. Zanuck">Darryl F. Zanuck</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_Adler" title="Buddy Adler">Buddy Adler</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Warner" title="Jack L. Warner">Jack L. Warner</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kramer" title="Stanley Kramer">Stanley Kramer</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Spiegel" title="Sam Spiegel">Sam Spiegel</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wyler" title="William Wyler">William Wyler</a> (1966)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock" title="Alfred Hitchcock">Alfred Hitchcock</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weingarten" title="Lawrence Weingarten">Lawrence Weingarten</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy" title="Mervyn LeRoy">Mervyn LeRoy</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandro_S._Berman" title="Pandro S. Berman">Pandro S. Berman</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mirisch" title="Walter Mirisch">Walter Mirisch</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Stark" title="Ray Stark">Ray Stark</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Broccoli" title="Albert R. Broccoli">Albert R. Broccoli</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brown_(producer)" title="David Brown (producer)">David Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Zanuck" title="Richard D. Zanuck">Richard D. Zanuck</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Zaentz" title="Saul Zaentz">Saul Zaentz</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jewison" title="Norman Jewison">Norman Jewison</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_De_Laurentiis" title="Dino De Laurentiis">Dino De Laurentiis</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calley" title="John Calley">John Calley</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_(producer)" title="Kathleen Kennedy (producer)">Kathleen Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Marshall_(filmmaker)" title="Frank Marshall (filmmaker)">Frank Marshall</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Broccoli" title="Barbara Broccoli">Barbara Broccoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_G._Wilson" title="Michael G. Wilson">Michael G. Wilson</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_(1990s)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Template talk:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_(1990s)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts recipients</a> (1990s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume_Cronyn" title="Hume Cronyn">Hume Cronyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tandy" title="Jessica Tandy">Jessica Tandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Merce Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">Riley "B.B." King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_Kreeger" title="David Lloyd Kreeger">David Lloyd Kreeger</a></li> <li>Harris & Carroll Sterling Masterson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BellSouth" title="BellSouth">Southeastern Bell Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Abravanel" title="Maurice Abravanel">Maurice Abravanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Belluschi" title="Pietro Belluschi">Pietro Belluschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carter_Brown_III" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carter Brown III">John Carter Brown III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_%22Honi%22_Coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles "Honi" Coles">Charles "Honi" Coles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosby_(conductor)" title="John Crosby (conductor)">John Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Diebenkorn" title="Richard Diebenkorn">Richard Diebenkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Philip_Hanes" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Philip Hanes">R. Philip Hanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Carlisle" title="Kitty Carlisle">Kitty Carlisle Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Primus" title="Pearl Primus">Pearl Primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Houser" title="Allan Houser">Allan Houser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnie_Pearl" title="Minnie Pearl">Minnie Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Saudek" title="Robert Saudek">Robert Saudek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Scruggs" title="Earl Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaw_(conductor)" title="Robert Shaw (conductor)">Robert Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Taylor" title="Billy Taylor">Billy Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denise_Scott_Brown" title="Denise Scott Brown">Denise Scott Brown</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Acheson_Wallace" title="Lila Acheson Wallace">Lila Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Annenberg" title="Walter Annenberg">Walter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonore_Annenberg" title="Leonore Annenberg">Leonore Annenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cabell "Cab" Calloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Lomax_Hawes" title="Bess Lomax Hawes">Bess Lomax Hawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kunitz" title="Stanley Kunitz">Stanley Kunitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrill" title="Robert Merrill">Robert Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg" title="Robert Rauschenberg">Robert Rauschenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Richards" title="Lloyd Richards">Lloyd Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron">William Styron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Taylor_(choreographer)" title="Paul Taylor (choreographer)">Paul Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_DeLay" title="Dorothy DeLay">Dorothy DeLay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erick_Hawkins" title="Erick Hawkins">Erick Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Thiebaud" title="Wayne Thiebaud">Wayne Thiebaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilbur" title="Richard Wilbur">Richard Wilbur</a></li> <li>Young Audiences</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licia_Albanese" title="Licia Albanese">Licia Albanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Gerald_Cantor" title="B. Gerald Cantor">B. Gerald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iris_Cantor" title="Iris Cantor">Iris Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Diamond_(composer)" title="David Diamond (composer)">David Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ingo_Freed" title="James Ingo Freed">James Ingo Freed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein" title="Roy Lichtenstein">Roy Lichtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mitchell_(dancer)" title="Arthur Mitchell (dancer)">Arthur Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Monroe" title="Bill Monroe">Bill Monroe</a></li> <li>Urban Gateways</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Caldwell" title="Sarah Caldwell">Sarah Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Callahan_(photographer)" title="Harry Callahan (photographer)">Harry Callahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelda_Fichandler" title="Zelda Fichandler">Zelda Fichandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalo_Guerrero" title="Lalo Guerrero">Eduardo "Lalo" Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Lewitzky" title="Bella Lewitzky">Bella Lewitzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera List">Vera List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sendak" title="Maurice Sendak">Maurice Sendak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys_Choir_of_Harlem" title="Boys Choir of Harlem">Boys Choir of Harlem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Carter" title="Betty Carter">Betty Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Gund" title="Agnes Gund">Agnes Gund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kiley" title="Dan Kiley">Daniel Urban Kiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Puente" title="Tito Puente">Tito Puente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Robards" title="Jason Robards">Jason Robards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Villella" title="Edward Villella">Edward Villella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Watson" title="Doc Watson">Doc Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDowell_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDowell Colony">MacDowell Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_d%27Amboise_(dancer)" title="Jacques d'Amboise (dancer)">Jacques d'Amboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Antoine "Fats" Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramblin%27_Jack_Elliott" title="Ramblin' Jack Elliott">Ramblin' Jack Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Handman" title="Barbara Handman">Barbara Handman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Martin" title="Agnes Martin">Agnes Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Peters" title="Roberta Peters">Roberta Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Lee_Corporation" title="Sara Lee Corporation">Sara Lee Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_Theatre_Company" title="Steppenwolf Theatre Company">Steppenwolf Theatre Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwen_Verdon" title="Gwen Verdon">Gwen Verdon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Diamond" title="Irene Diamond">Irene Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Graves" title="Michael Graves">Michael Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odetta" title="Odetta">Odetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear">Norman Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_LeNoire" title="Rosetta LeNoire">Rosetta LeNoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Lichtenstein" title="Harvey Lichtenstein">Harvey Lichtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Mendoza" title="Lydia Mendoza">Lydia Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Segal_(artist)" title="George Segal (artist)">George Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_National_Medal_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of recipients of the National Medal of Arts">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2000s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2010s" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2010s">2010s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="President&#039;s_Memorial_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #6CC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_President%27s_Memorial_Award" title="Template:The President's Memorial Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_President%27s_Memorial_Award" title="Template talk:The President's Memorial Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_President%27s_Memorial_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The President's Memorial Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="President&#039;s_Memorial_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Memorial_Award" title="The President's Memorial Award">President's Memorial Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Time_Bandits" title="Time Bandits">Time Bandits</a></i> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Arnold_(director)" title="Jack Arnold (director)">Jack Arnold</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Rose_of_Cairo" title="The Purple Rose of Cairo">The Purple Rose of Cairo</a></i> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stefano" title="Joseph Stefano">Joseph Stefano</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Brickman" title="Marshall Brickman">Marshall Brickman</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Manhattan_Project_(film)" title="The Manhattan Project (film)">The Manhattan Project</a></i> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Jittlov" title="Mike Jittlov">Mike Jittlov</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Speed_and_Time" title="The Wizard of Speed and Time">The Wizard of Speed and Time</a></i> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Fisher" title="Carrie Fisher">Carrie Fisher</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Batman_(1989_film)" title="Batman (1989 film)">Batman</a></i> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaye" title="Robert Shaye">Robert Shaye</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gale_Anne_Hurd" title="Gale Anne Hurd">Gale Anne Hurd</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Singer" title="Bryan Singer">Bryan Singer</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton" title="Billy Bob Thornton">Billy Bob Thornton</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Monsters_(film)" title="Gods and Monsters (film)">Gods and Monsters</a></i> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Friedkin" title="William Friedkin">William Friedkin</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Shepard_(film_preservationist)" title="David Shepard (film preservationist)">David Shepard</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Donner" title="Richard Donner">Richard Donner</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dustin_Lance_Black" title="Dustin Lance Black">Dustin Lance Black</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gale_Anne_Hurd" title="Gale Anne Hurd">Gale Anne Hurd</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_E._de_Souza" title="Steven E. de Souza">Steven E. de Souza</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elsa_Lanchester" title="Elsa Lanchester">Elsa Lanchester</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> (2018)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Producers_Guild_of_America_Milestone_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ABCDEF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Producers_Guild_of_America_Milestone_Award" title="Template:Producers Guild of America Milestone Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Producers_Guild_of_America_Milestone_Award" title="Template talk:Producers Guild of America Milestone Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Producers_Guild_of_America_Milestone_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Producers Guild of America Milestone Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Producers_Guild_of_America_Milestone_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Producers_Guild_of_America_Milestone_Award" title="Producers Guild of America Milestone Award">Producers Guild of America Milestone Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Semel" title="Terry Semel">Terry Semel</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Daly" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Daly">Bob Daly</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> (2000)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Valenti" title="Jack Valenti">Jack Valenti</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Beatty" title="Warren Beatty">Warren Beatty</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg" title="Jeffrey Katzenberg">Jeffrey Katzenberg</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Meyer" title="Ronald Meyer">Ronald Meyer</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_F._Horn" title="Alan F. Horn">Alan F. Horn</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Grazer" title="Brian Grazer">Brian Grazer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynton" title="Michael Lynton">Michael Lynton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Pascal" title="Amy Pascal">Amy Pascal</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Moonves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie Moonves">Leslie Moonves</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Weinstein" title="Harvey Weinstein">Harvey Weinstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Weinstein" title="Bob Weinstein">Bob Weinstein</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Iger" title="Bob Iger">Bob Iger</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Feltheimer" title="Jon Feltheimer">Jon Feltheimer</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gianopulos" title="Jim Gianopulos">Jim Gianopulos</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Rothman" title="Tom Rothman">Tom Rothman</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Langley" title="Donna Langley">Donna Langley</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Emmerich" title="Toby Emmerich">Toby Emmerich</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Sarandos" title="Ted Sarandos">Ted Sarandos</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_(producer)" title="Kathleen Kennedy (producer)">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_De_Luca" title="Michael De Luca">Michael De Luca</a> and Pamela Abdy (2022)</li> <li>Charles D. King (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Screen_Directors_Guild_and_the_Directors_Guild_of_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DGA_Presidents" title="Template:DGA Presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DGA_Presidents" title="Template talk:DGA Presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DGA_Presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DGA Presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Screen_Directors_Guild_and_the_Directors_Guild_of_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_America" title="Directors Guild of America">Screen Directors Guild and the Directors Guild of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stevens" title="George Stevens">George Stevens</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sandrich" title="Mark Sandrich">Mark Sandrich</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cromwell_(director)" title="John Cromwell (director)">John Cromwell</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Marshall_(director)" title="George Marshall (director)">George Marshall</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sidney" title="George Sidney">George Sidney</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sidney" title="George Sidney">George Sidney</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delbert_Mann" title="Delbert Mann">Delbert Mann</a> (1967)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Wise</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Aldrich" title="Robert Aldrich">Robert Aldrich</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Schaefer_(director)" title="George Schaefer (director)">George Schaefer</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jud_Taylor" title="Jud Taylor">Jud Taylor</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Cates" title="Gilbert Cates">Gilbert Cates</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_J._Schaffner" title="Franklin J. Schaffner">Franklin J. Schaffner</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Reynolds" title="Gene Reynolds">Gene Reynolds</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Shea_(director)" title="Jack Shea (director)">Jack Shea</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coolidge" title="Martha Coolidge">Martha Coolidge</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Apted" title="Michael Apted">Michael Apted</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Hackford" title="Taylor Hackford">Taylor Hackford</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Barclay" title="Paris Barclay">Paris Barclay</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schlamme" title="Thomas Schlamme">Thomas Schlamme</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesli_Linka_Glatter" title="Lesli Linka Glatter">Lesli Linka Glatter</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59821#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109381717">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/115354709">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/175191/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8Hb98rg4c4FgbdBHXBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119268647">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85344558">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12443420d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12443420d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35813633">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna2009495475&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1068112">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1463599">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070921997">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90881988">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000181859&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000307393">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201104823">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810576381705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007428858505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515062706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10433106?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500474645">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/65ffb9c5-fe07-4032-83a7-7c4014ee7a40">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/41904">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1099510">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119268647.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119268647">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027987949">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h99ff6">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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