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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formation: 1946</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation:_1946-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divisions:_1947–49" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions:_1947–49"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Divisions: 1947–49</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions:_1947–49-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chaos_in_the_Ivory_Coast:_1949" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaos_in_the_Ivory_Coast:_1949"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chaos in the Ivory Coast: 1949</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaos_in_the_Ivory_Coast:_1949-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Break_with_the_Communists_(1950–55)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Break_with_the_Communists_(1950–55)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Break with the Communists (1950–55)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Break_with_the_Communists_(1950–55)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_power_and_dissolution:_1956–58" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_power_and_dissolution:_1956–58"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Return to power and dissolution: 1956–58</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_power_and_dissolution:_1956–58-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_RDA_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_RDA_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>National RDA parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_RDA_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalitions_with_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalitions_with_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Coalitions with political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalitions_with_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1946–1958 political party in Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #000000; border-bottom:2px solid #000000; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">African Democratic Rally</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname"><i>Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</i></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny" title="Félix Houphouët-Boigny">Félix Houphouët-Boigny</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Around 1958</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African nationalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-colonialism</a><br /><i>Factions</i>:<br /><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</b></i>, commonly known as the <b>RDA</b> and variously translated as <b>African Democratic Assembly</b> and <b>African Democratic Rally</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> which was important in the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization#French_Empire" title="Decolonization">decolonization of the French empire</a>. The RDA was composed of different political parties throughout the French colonies in Africa and lasted from 1946 until 1958. At certain points, the RDA was the largest political party in the colonies in Africa and played a key role in the French government headed by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Socialist_Union_of_the_Resistance" title="Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance">Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance</a> (UDSR). Although the regional party largely dissolved in 1958 with the independence votes for the colonies, many of the national parties retained the RDA in their name and some continue to do so. The political ideology of the party did not endorse outright secession of colonies from France, but it was <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonial">anti-colonial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Africanist">pan-Africanist</a> in its political stances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973673_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973673-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RDA was formed at a conference in <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>, in the colony of <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a>, in 1946. The aim of the conference was to unite African leaders affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Socialist Party</a> with those affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> together to work on reconfiguring the relationship between France and the African colonies. However, the French Socialist leaders in France saw the proposal as undermining their relationships and so forced their African members to withdraw from the conference. The result was that the resulting party was exclusively supported by the Communist Party, a situation which shaped the early positions of the party and its political opportunities. The leader of the party from this first conference until the very end was <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny" title="Félix Houphouët-Boigny">Félix Houphouët-Boigny</a> of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire#French_colonial_era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Côte d'Ivoire">Ivory Coast</a>. Because of the withdrawal of the socialists from the party, the RDA was initially in a coalition with the French Communist Party in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">French National Assembly</a>. However, this coalition alienated many RDA delegates who eventually split with the RDA and formed the rival <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ind%C3%A9pendants_d%27Outre-Mer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indépendants d'Outre-Mer (page does not exist)">Indépendants d'Outre-Mer</a> (IOM) party. Continued French hostility to the RDA, a weakening of the Communist Party in France, and the defection of delegates to the IOM, resulted in the RDA ending its coalition with the communists and joining the small <a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Socialist_Union_of_the_Resistance" title="Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance">Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance</a> (UDSR). </p><p>Following a number of years of electoral defeats and French repression of the party, the RDA returned to prominence in regional politics by performing very well in the 1956 and 1957 elections throughout the colonies. The RDA became the largest political party in French Africa and the largest group in the UDSR which allowed Houphouët-Boigny to become a prominent French minister after the 1956 elections. As minister, Houphouët-Boigny crafted the 1958 option to the colonies to vote for immediate independence or to join a community linking the colonies with France but with increased autonomy. The vote, however, divided the RDA over the issues of independence and federalism and the party largely split. Despite the breakup of the party after the 1958 vote, the national parties and the connections established regionally through the party remained important. The RDA parties in <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, which were the dominant parties in those countries during and after independence, joined together with the former British colony of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a>. In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a> were joined together with the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Entente" title="Conseil de l'Entente">Conseil de l'Entente</a> in the era after independence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_context">Political context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise,_1935.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1935.svg/220px-Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1935.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1935.svg/330px-Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1935.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1935.svg/440px-Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1935.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>French West Africa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_l%27Afrique_%C3%A9quatoriale_fran%C3%A7aise,_1935.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Carte_de_l%27Afrique_%C3%A9quatoriale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1935.svg/220px-Carte_de_l%27Afrique_%C3%A9quatoriale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1935.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Carte_de_l%27Afrique_%C3%A9quatoriale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1935.svg/330px-Carte_de_l%27Afrique_%C3%A9quatoriale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1935.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Carte_de_l%27Afrique_%C3%A9quatoriale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1935.svg/440px-Carte_de_l%27Afrique_%C3%A9quatoriale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1935.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>French Equatorial Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>With the end of World War II, the French colonial empire set about a significant reorganization of the relationship between France and the colonies. Before the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">French Fourth Republic</a>, the only colony in <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> or <a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a> with any elections for political authorities was <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>. The rest of the colonies had few Africans who were considered citizens of France, no elections, and suppression of most political movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIreleJeyifo2010275_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIreleJeyifo2010275-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Union française</i>) in 1946 all of the colonies of French Africa (except for the trusteeship of <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>) became <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">overseas departments</a> which would provide to the colonies expanded citizenship, the right to elect members to the French <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>, and some limited autonomy for local councils. The <a href="/wiki/June_1946_French_legislative_election" title="June 1946 French legislative election">1946 French elections in June</a> largely split the legislature between a coalition of the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement" title="Popular Republican Movement">Popular Republican Movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Mouvement Républicain Populaire</i> or MRP) the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Parti Communiste Français</i> or PCF), and the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière</i> or SFIO). This split meant that each party needed to court African deputies to the National Assembly in order to further their legislative causes. The SFIO was the only party with actual party branches established in the African colonies, while the Communist party had established <a href="/wiki/Communist_Study_Groups" title="Communist Study Groups">Groupes d’Etudes Communistes</a> (Communist Study Groups) in many of the capitals of the African colonies in 1943 and the MRP had various networks arranged by the church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973672–674_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973672–674-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Combined with the need for African deputies by the main French political parties, many African leaders believed that the pathway to improved conditions for the colonies lay largely in working with the French government rather than leading revolutionary movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFage1969207_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFage1969207-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was a marriage of convenience linking the French political parties with newly elected African deputies. While the SFIO had the most institutionalized linkages to African political leaders prior to 1946, many leaders felt that the <i>assimilation</i> pathway which the SFIO had helped write into the constitution of the Fourth Republic did not provide enough for the African colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIreleJeyifo2010275_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIreleJeyifo2010275-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More globally, the issue of independence from colonial rule had become a prominent topic throughout Africa and Asia. Many British and UN Trusteeship colonies in Africa had begun the process towards independence in the mid-1940s. <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> constantly served as an example giving rise to demands by political movements in French West Africa throughout the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFage1969207_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFage1969207-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period, violent anti-colonial struggles reached significant levels in many other French colonies: including the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising</a> in Madagascar and violence in the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a> in Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973672_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973672-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation:_1946">Formation: 1946</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation: 1946"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houphouet-Boigny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Houphouet-Boigny.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Félix Houphouët-Boigny of Ivory Coast was the political leader of RDA for much of its existence</figcaption></figure> <table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; width:300px; margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em; background:White; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"><big>Party Acronyms</big> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;">BDS </td> <td style="font-size: 80%;">Senegalese Democratic Bloc </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;">CA </td> <td style="font-size: 80%;">African Convention </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;">IOM </td> <td style="font-size: 80%;">Indépendants d'Outre-Mer </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;">MRP </td> <td style="font-size: 80%;">Popular Republican Movement </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;">PCF </td> <td style="font-size: 80%;">French Communist Party </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;">PRA </td> <td style="font-size: 80%;">African Regroupment Party </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;">SFIO </td> <td style="font-size: 80%;">French Section of the Workers' International </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:80%; text-align:center;">UDSR </td> <td style="font-size: 80%;">Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Within the context of a realignment between France and the colonies, one of the elected deputies pushing most significantly for increased autonomy of the colonies was <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Houphou%C3%ABt-Boigny" title="Félix Houphouët-Boigny">Félix Houphouët-Boigny</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> colony. Houphouët-Boigny had spent a brief period as a delegate in the French National Assembly, where he had aligned most closely with the French Communist Party and had taken an active role in trying to get the recall of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9-Jean-Gaston_Latrille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André-Jean-Gaston Latrille (page does not exist)">André-Jean-Gaston Latrille</a>, the French governor of the Ivory Coast. Following the collapse of the National Assembly elected in July 1946 and wanting to establish a <a href="/wiki/Pan-African" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-African">pan-African</a> party in the National Assembly, Houphouët-Boigny convinced <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Lamine-Gu%C3%A8ye" title="Amadou Lamine-Guèye">Lamine Guèye</a> of Senegal (who was the most prominent socialist in Africa at the time) to work towards establishing a wider political movement with the goal of autonomy for the colonies of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two leaders then brought together many of the other African delegates in the National Assembly to sign a manifesto calling for all leaders to come to <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a> (today the capital of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>) for a meeting to establish a regional political party. In addition to Houphouët-Boigny and Guèye, the leaders who signed this manifesto were: <a href="/wiki/Jean-F%C3%A9lix_Tchicaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Félix Tchicaya">Jean-Félix Tchicaya</a> from <a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sourou-Migan_Apithy" title="Sourou-Migan Apithy">Sourou-Migan Apithy</a> from <a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">French Dahomey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fily_Dabo_Sissoko" title="Fily Dabo Sissoko">Fily Dabo Sissoko</a> from <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yacine_Diallo" title="Yacine Diallo">Yacine Diallo</a> from <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_d%27Arboussier" title="Gabriel d'Arboussier">Gabriel d'Arboussier</a> from Senegal. Although he did not sign it at the time of its composition, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Léopold Sédar Senghor</a> from Senegal openly endorsed the contents of the letter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The congress was held from 18 to 21 October 1946. However, the start of the conference was undermined as a result of French Socialist opposition and conflict between some of the members. The Communist party offered full support to the meeting, which only led the other parties to approach the meeting with suspicion. Most importantly the Socialist Minister of colonial affairs, <a href="/wiki/Marius_Moutet" title="Marius Moutet">Marius Moutet</a>, viewed the meeting as a threat to his colonial policies and thus instructed his allies not to attend and for colonial authorities to do what they could to hinder the meeting. Moutet convinced some of the signatories of the document to renounce the manifesto and persuaded Guèye, Senghor, and Diallo not to attend. In addition, the colonial authorities confiscated Tchicaya's funds for travel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105–106_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105–106-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was that the 800 delegates who did arrive included few socialist moderates and instead was dominated by those who sought to align the party with the communists. Reflecting on the way this shaped the party, Houphouët-Boigny recalled in 1952 that "If Lamine and Senghor had been at Bamako, we would have written another page of history."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973675_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973675-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conference also got off to a rocky start as a result of the different factions in the French Sudan colony which was hosting the conference. When Houphouët-Boigny, Apithy, and d'Arboussier arrived on the morning of 18 October at the airport in Bamako (in a plane which was formerly the private plane of <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> and was provided by the communist party) they were greeted by a hostile Sissoko, worried the party would give support to other French Sudanese political leaders and weaken his leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969107–108_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969107–108-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sissoko, as the host of the conference, refused to open up the discussion. Eventually pressure from within his own political party and from the leaders assembled led him to agree to open the meeting at 4:00 PM (although he insisted on calling it "your congress" and not "our congress" throughout his opening speech).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969107–108_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969107–108-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conference agreed to a few different issues. First, they agreed to form a regional political alliance among many of their different movements. Rather than a regional party which would have a significant regional infrastructure, the members viewed it as an alliance of the different political forces operating in each of the colonies. Thus they created a Committee of Coordination to be tasked with selecting which party in each colony would be the representative of the RDA party and named Houphouët-Boigny as chairman and Sissoko, Apithy, Tchicaya, d'Arboussier, and <a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Konate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamadou Konate">Mamadou Konate</a> (the key Malian politician who convinced Sissoko to join the meeting) as vice-chairmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969110_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969110-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgenthauBehrman1984626_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgenthauBehrman1984626-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, as the parties' main activity would be in the National Assembly, there were active discussions about what coalitions to form with French political parties. The debate largely focused on whether to form a permanent coalition with the Communist party or to align with them while they served RDA interests. The group agreed to compromise language that the party would form coalitions with whichever party was most useful for African issues. Third, although it was briefly mentioned, the conference agreed not to call for complete independence of the colonies, but instead for an end to the unequal colonial relationship with France. Although the party was to be anti-colonial and focus on increased autonomy for the French colonies, they were not advocating secession or withdrawal from France as an immediate goal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973673_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973673-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Divisions:_1947–49"><span id="Divisions:_1947.E2.80.9349"></span>Divisions: 1947–49</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Divisions: 1947–49"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although they only had a month to organize for the <a href="/wiki/November_1946_French_legislative_election" title="November 1946 French legislative election">French legislative elections in November 1946</a>, they were able to secure a number of seats by using the political organizations established by the various members. The National Assembly votes in France once again supported the three party center-left coalition of the MRP (29% of the vote), the PCF (28.6% of the vote) and the SFIO (16.5% of the vote).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHörber200738_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHörber200738-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa, the RDA was able to win 10 seats for the National Assembly: with members being Houphouët-Boigny, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ouezzin_Coulibaly" title="Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly">Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zinda_Kabor%C3%A9" title="Zinda Kaboré">Zinda Kaboré</a> from the Ivory Coast (which included the <a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a> at this point), Apithy represented Dahomey (present-day <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>), Tchicaya represented the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Congo">Middle Congo</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>), Konate represented French Sudan, <a href="/wiki/Hamani_Diori" title="Hamani Diori">Hamani Diori</a> represented Niger, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lisette" title="Gabriel Lisette">Gabriel Lisette</a> represented Chad, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Aku" title="Martin Aku">Martin Aku</a> from Togo, and <a href="/wiki/Mamba_Sano" title="Mamba Sano">Mamba Sano</a> from Guinea. The Socialists won six seats with continued support in Senegal (where Guèye and Senghor were both elected to positions) and from other longtime supporters like Sissoko and an associate from the French Sudan, who had left the RDA right after the meeting, and Diallo from Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969111–112_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969111–112-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the second college of the National Assembly was not directly elected, the Socialist party was able to use political strategies to secure 12 of the 20 seats from West and Equatorial Africa in the 1947 election (including making Moutet himself a representative from the French Sudan).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969117_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969117-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the RDA members arrived in Paris, they were provided significant support and advice from the Communist party (and particularly <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire" title="Aimé Césaire">Aimé Césaire</a> from Martinique) which relied significantly on their voting block.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969118_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969118-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bond was further strengthened when the coalition government named Popular Republican Movement politician <a href="/wiki/Paul_Coste-Floret" title="Paul Coste-Floret">Paul Coste-Floret</a> as the Ministre de la France d'Outre-mer governing the colonies. Coste-Floret began an era of very rigid policy towards the colonies and particularly towards movements perceived to be pushing for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969119_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969119-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, two changes served to exacerbate divisions within the membership of the RDA. First, in May 1947 the coalition between the MRP, the SFIO, and the Communists had dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIreleJeyifo2010275_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIreleJeyifo2010275-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is important to note that this dissolution coincides with American financing of Europe, including France, in the post-World War II period. The United States warned European nations that they would not receive financial support to reconstruct their nations if communist parties were a part of their ruling governmental bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This introduced significant differences between the parties which had before been set aside and meant that the Communists saw decreasing power to offer their RDA allies. Second, the French divided the Upper Volta from the Ivory Coast in order to try and reduce the power of Houphouët-Boigny and the RDA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973676_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973676-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan appeared to work when in 1948, Zinda Kaboré was killed and the Mossi chiefs in Upper Volta, who had renounced the RDA and connected with the MRP, were able to appoint <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Boni" title="Nazi Boni">Nazi Boni</a> to fill the position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969121_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969121-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These two factors combined to make many of the National Assembly delegates, particularly those with large Catholic constituencies in their colonies, feel uneasy about the coalition with the Communist party. Apithy, from Dahomey, in particular raised the issue many times and when his efforts to end the coalition failed, he formed a new regional political party in September 1948, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ind%C3%A9pendants_d%27Outre-Mer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indépendants d'Outre-Mer (page does not exist)">Indépendants d'Outre-Mer</a> (IOM).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969129_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969129-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IOM included Apithy, the three new members from the Upper Volta, and three other members from throughout West and Equatorial Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973676_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973676-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of the IOM coincided precisely with the naming of a new Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a>, to present his cabinet in what would be a very close vote. During the debate on this cabinet, Apithy presented Schuman with a number of questions regarding the future of the colonial arrangement. When Schuman gave the closing speech before a vote to confirm his cabinet, Apithy's questions were the only ones which he did not address at all. Apithy was infuriated by this perceived slight and so cast the whole seven votes of the IOM (including those of the three absent Upper Volta members) against the cabinet. Schuman lost by six votes and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical Party</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Henri_Queuille" title="Henri Queuille">Henri Queuille</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969130_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969130-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queille made a point of meeting with Apithy before the presentation of his cabinet and answered all of his questions in his first speech to the National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969130_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969130-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, the IOM increased its membership in the French National Assembly by adding members from the RDA, the Socialist block, and MRP politicians. However, the IOM also saw a change in leadership as Apithy was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Louis-Paul_Aujoulat" title="Louis-Paul Aujoulat">Louis-Paul Aujoulat</a> as a result of dissatisfaction by the Upper Volta members who wanted their votes cast to support the MRP government of Schuman. These changes brought the IOM closer to the MRP while the RDA remained tied to the Communist party. The antagonisms between the French parties resulted in antagonism between their African allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969131_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969131-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rise of the IOM meant that the RDA no longer had party affiliates and any significant presence in Togo or French Dahomey, and weakened colony affiliates elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969138_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969138-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time that the IOM was increasing in strength, the Socialist party in Senegal saw a split between Guèye and Senghor with the later creating a new party, the Senegalese Democratic Bloc (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Bloc Démocratique Sénégalais</i>, BDS), which he aligned with the IOM movement. This split made the alignment of parties in the National Assembly much more complex and allowed options for new groupings between the different factions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969132_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969132-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1948, the RDA had active parties as a primary faction in six of the colonies of French Africa: Ivory Coast, Middle Congo, <a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a>, Chad, Guinea, and in French Sudan. At the same time, it was actively suppressed in Upper Volta and French Sudan by the opposition parties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969138–142_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969138–142-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to these shifting political environments, the RDA held its second party congress in January 1949 in <a href="/wiki/Treichville" title="Treichville">Treichville</a>, Ivory Coast. The congress appointed Houphouët-Boigny as the President of the party and named d'Arboussier as the General Secretary. The main issue for debate was the alliance with the Communists in France with d'Arboussier arguing that the alliance was necessary but a number of other members questioning the alliance. However the issue was not resolved at the second party congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969144_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969144-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgenthauBehrman1984626_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgenthauBehrman1984626-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chaos_in_the_Ivory_Coast:_1949">Chaos in the Ivory Coast: 1949</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chaos in the Ivory Coast: 1949"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike other parts of the French empire (notably Madagascar and Indochina), independence movements in French Africa had remained largely peaceful. This changed in 1949 when French authorities used divisions between Houphouët-Boigny and other politicians to begin active and violent suppression of the RDA in the colony. </p><p>The catalyst for the chaos was the removal of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Djaument" title="Étienne Djaument">Étienne Djaument</a> by Houphouët-Boigny from the RDA in early 1949. Djaument responded by forming a rival party, the Bloc Démocratique Eburnén. At the first meeting of this rival congress, supporters of Houphouët-Boigny responded with protests or rioting and in the resulting clash one person was killed and a number were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969146_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969146-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French authorities, and the French colonists in the colony, used this opportunity to foment general unrest between the RDA party and its opponents and then used the unrest to justify the arrest of RDA members and violent suppression of party activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHargreaves1996153_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargreaves1996153-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pattern of partisan outbursts, French violence against RDA supporters at these incidents, and the mass arrests of RDA supporters continued throughout 1949 and into early 1950. Although an arrest warrant was issued for Houphouët-Boigny, he was able to use immunity as a member of the National Assembly to avoid arrest. In December 1949, the RDA and its supporters began a general strike involving many different groups of workers, a boycott of European goods sold in the country, and a hunger strike in the prisons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969146–147_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969146–147-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tension came to a head on 28 January 1950 when <a href="/wiki/Victor_Biaka_Boda" title="Victor Biaka Boda">Victor Biaka Boda</a>, an RDA member of the National Assembly, disappeared in the Ivory Coast. Upset by this event, the RDA held a protest in <a href="/wiki/Dimbokro" title="Dimbokro">Dimbokro</a> which resulted in a French army shooting of 13 Ivorian civilians. The next day (February 1), the French declared all RDA meetings illegal throughout all of French West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969148_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969148-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end result of the year of violence was over 50 dead and 3000 RDA partisans imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHargreaves1996153_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargreaves1996153-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although RDA members of the National Assembly stopped going to sessions because they were largely ignored, following the French Army shooting in Dimbokro, Senghor led much of the African membership to demand an inquiry into the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969152_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969152-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French government secretly informed RDA politicians in March that it had no intentions of implementing the 1 February decree banning all activities by the RDA and gradually the tension relaxed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969153_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969153-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Break_with_the_Communists_(1950–55)"><span id="Break_with_the_Communists_.281950.E2.80.9355.29"></span>Break with the Communists (1950–55)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Break with the Communists (1950–55)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1959.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand_1959.JPG" decoding="async" width="153" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="153" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>François Mitterrand in 1959 was a major figure facilitating the RDA's relationship with the UDSR</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the end to the chaos in the Ivory Coast, Houphouët-Boigny began to see the alliance with the Communist party in France as counterproductive to his larger goals. He began meetings simultaneously with both the IOM legislators and the radical wing of the RDA, led by d'Arboussier who he convinced to resign his position in the party. On 9 August 1950, the RDA and the IOM entered into a secret accord aiming to bring together the two groups in the French National Assembly, based primarily on the RDA ending their coalition with the Communist party. In domestic politics in the colonies, it was decided that the IOM and the RDA would largely retain power in the colonies which they controlled and thus prevent political conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969155_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IOM was to be the main political party of the union in Guinea, Dahomey, Togo, Senegal (as Senghor had now joined the IOM), Upper Volta, Cameroon, and Ubangi-Shari while the RDA would be the representative of the alliance in French Sudan, Ivory Coast, Chad, and the Middle Congo. As both had a member of the National Assembly from Niger, the agreement was to keep that colony split.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969155_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969155-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this <i>rapprochement</i> between the two parties, the RDA broke with the Communist party and in December 1950 voted for the government of <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Pleven" title="René Pleven">René Pleven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969157_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969157-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would begin a long relationship between Pleven's party, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_and_Socialist_Union_of_the_Resistance" title="Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance">Democratic and Socialist Union of the Resistance</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Union démocratique et socialiste de la Résistance</i>, UDSR), and particularly with the young politician <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>, and the RDA. </p><p>Although Mitterrand tried to change French policy towards the RDA, the colonial administration was still focused primarily on removing the RDA from any power it had remaining. In preparation for the <a href="/wiki/1951_French_legislative_election" title="1951 French legislative election">1951 French elections</a>, RDA supporters were removed from voter rolls by French authorities, areas with high RDA support experienced a number of voting problems, and members were arrested and intimidated from political activity. All this resulted in a significant loss to the RDA throughout Africa and only Houphouët-Boigny, Konate, and Tchicaya were National Assembly members from the RDA following the election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969166–172_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969166–172-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973680_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973680-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same election, the IOM gained most consistently becoming the largest political party in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969172_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969172-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although electoral results showed significant support of the IOM over the RDA, the IOM remained largely a legislative coalition in Paris with limited support as a regional party in Africa. The RDA, in contrast, continued its efforts to build broad political bases and build the national RDA parties throughout Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969198_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969198-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The result of these efforts was that the RDA saw increasing power from 1951 until 1955. This was most punctuated with the rise in Guinea of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9kou_Tour%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Sékou Touré">Sékou Touré</a> to political prominence as the head of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guinea-African_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Guinea-African Democratic Rally">Democratic Party of Guinea</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Parti Démocratique de Guinée</i>. As a union organizer, Touré had significant ties with the Communists throughout French West Africa and thus connected quickly with the Communist-affiliated members of the RDA. His importance to the RDA's wider objectives was so large that he was named the head of the RDA coalition in the National Assembly in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969200_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969200-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1955 meeting of the Coordinating Council the party similarly consolidated around the new party identity. First, they decided that <a href="/wiki/Ruben_Um_Nyob%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruben Um Nyobé">Ruben Um Nyobé</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Peoples_of_Cameroon" title="Union of the Peoples of Cameroon">Union of the Peoples of Cameroon</a> (UPC) was no longer affiliated with the RDA because of its radical positions against the French state. Second, it settled a dispute in Niger with multiple parties claiming to be the RDA affiliate: supporting <a href="/wiki/Hamani_Diori" title="Hamani Diori">Hamani Diori</a>'s party over that of <a href="/wiki/Djibo_Bakary" title="Djibo Bakary">Djibo Bakary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969223_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969223-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party building activities set the RDA up to perform well in the upcoming election. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_power_and_dissolution:_1956–58"><span id="Return_to_power_and_dissolution:_1956.E2.80.9358"></span>Return to power and dissolution: 1956–58</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Return to power and dissolution: 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Category:History of the Central African Republic">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="History of the Central African Republic"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">History of the</span></li><li>Central African Republic</li></ul></div></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="c. 1910 map of French-ruled Ubangi-Shari"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oubangui-Chari.jpg/200px-Oubangui-Chari.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oubangui-Chari.jpg/300px-Oubangui-Chari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Oubangui-Chari.jpg/400px-Oubangui-Chari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="466" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border:none;;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; line-height:1.4em; padding:.5em .6em 0 .5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanem_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanem Empire">Kanem Empire</a> <div style="float:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700–1380</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a> <div style="float:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500–1600</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Sultanate of Bagirmi</a> <div style="float:right;">1522–1897</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadai Empire">Wadai Empire</a> <div style="float:right;">1635–1909</div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border:none;;color: var(--color-base)">Colonial period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; line-height:1.4em; padding:.5em .6em 0 .5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">French Equatorial Africa</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a> <div style="float:right;">1882–1910</div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">French Chad</a> <div style="float:right;">1900–1960</div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a> <div style="float:right;">1903–1958</div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroon</a> <div style="float:right;">1918–1960</div><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa#French_Empire" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonization</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Kongo-Wara_rebellion" title="Kongo-Wara rebellion">Kongo-Wara rebellion</a> <div style="float:right;">1928–1931</div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Brazzaville_Conference" title="Brazzaville Conference">Brazzaville Conference</a> <div style="float:right;">1944<span style="visibility:hidden">–0000</span></div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">African Democratic Rally</a> <div style="float:right;">1946–1958</div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border:none;;color: var(--color-base)">Independence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; line-height:1.4em; padding:.5em .6em 0 .5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-B%C3%A9del_Bokassa" title="Jean-Bédel Bokassa">Bokassa period</a> <div style="float:right;">1966–1979</div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sylvestre_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Saint-Sylvestre coup d'état">Bokassa coup d'état</a> <div style="float:right;">1966<span style="visibility:hidden">–0000</span></div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African Empire</a> <div style="float:right;">1976–1979</div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">     </span> <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Bokassa_I_and_Catherine" title="Coronation of Bokassa I and Catherine">Coronation of Bokassa I</a> <div style="float:right;">1977<span style="visibility:hidden">–0000</span></div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">        </span> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Central_Africa" title="Emperor of Central Africa">Emperor of Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Caban" title="Operation Caban">Operation Caban</a> <div style="float:right;">1979<span style="visibility:hidden">–0000</span></div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barracuda" title="Operation Barracuda">Operation Barracuda</a> <div style="float:right;">1979–1981</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1981 Central African Republic coup d'état">Kolingba coup d'état</a> <div style="float:right;">1981<span style="visibility:hidden">–0000</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="1982 Central African Republic coup attempt">Patassé coup attempt</a> <div style="float:right;">1982<span style="visibility:hidden">–0000</span></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; border:none;;color: var(--color-base)">Current period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; line-height:1.4em; padding:.5em .6em 0 .5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_Central_African_general_election" title="1993 Central African general election">General election</a> <div style="float:right;">1993<span style="visibility:hidden">–0000</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_African_Republic#Patassé" title="History of the Central African Republic">Heightened tensions</a> <div style="float:right;">1993–1998</div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Bangui_Agreements" title="Bangui Agreements">Bangui Peace Accords</a> <div style="float:right;">1997<span style="visibility:hidden">–0000</span></div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic">United Nations Mission</a> <div style="float:right;">1998<span style="visibility:hidden">–0000</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Bush_War" title="Central African Republic Bush War">Bush War</a> <div style="float:right;">2004–2007</div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/2001_Central_African_Republic_coup_attempt" title="2001 Central African Republic coup attempt">Kolingba coup attempt</a> <div style="float:right;">2001<span style="visibility:hidden">–0000</span></div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/2003_Central_African_Republic_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2003 Central African Republic coup d'état">Bozizé coup d'état</a> <div style="float:right;">2003<span style="visibility:hidden">–0000</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_Civil_War" title="Central African Republic Civil War">Civil War</a> <div style="float:right;">2012–<span style="visibility:hidden">0000</span></div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">  </span> <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic_conflict_(2013%E2%80%932014)" title="Central African Republic conflict (2013–2014)">Conflict under Djotodia</a> <div style="float:right;">2013–2014</div></li> <li><span class="nowrap">     </span> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bangui_(2013)" title="Battle of Bangui (2013)">Fall of Bangui</a> <div style="float:right;">2013<span style="visibility:hidden">–0000</span></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="font-size:88%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Category:History of the Central African Republic">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" class="extiw" title="c:Category:History of the Central African Republic">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Central_African_Republic" title="Portal:Central African Republic">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Template:History of the Central African Republic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Template talk:History of the Central African Republic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Central African Republic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Without the active suppression of earlier elections and the end of the temporary IOM-RDA rapprochement, the RDA became the largest party from the African colonies earning nine seats in the <a href="/wiki/1956_French_legislative_election" title="1956 French legislative election">French legislative elections of 1956</a> (from only having 3 in the period of 1951-1955). The IOM saw the largest losses going from having fourteen deputies to only seven. The remaining seats saw six deputies go to persons allied with the <a href="/wiki/Gaullist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist Party">Gaullist Party</a>, four deputies allied with the Socialist party, and two who affiliated with Catholic conservatives (Apithy and <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Boganda" title="Barthélemy Boganda">Barthélemy Boganda</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969227–229_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969227–229-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RDA legislators were now more than half of the total membership of the UDSR party, which actually resulted in the party changing its name to the UDSR-RDA during this period. Because of this, when the IOM tried once again to form an alliance with the RDA, they were rebuffed because the RDA had a solid alliance with significant power and the IOM wanted to remain with the MRP. In addition, because of the important role of the RDA within the UDSR, Houphouët-Boigny was able to become a Minister within the French cabinet, the first representative from French West Africa or French Equatorial Africa to achieve this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969249–250_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969249–250-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further empowering the RDA during this time was a shift in the French colonial administration not wanting to see additional colonial violence like had been experienced in Madagascar, Indochina, and Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010318_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010318-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, the French political parties passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Loi_Cadre" class="mw-redirect" title="Loi Cadre">Loi Cadre</a></i> which significantly reformed the relationship between France and the colonies by granting expanded power to Territorial Assemblies in each colony. Because the reform did not go far enough in expanding self-rule to the colonies, the African legislators largely opposed it. The Socialists were the only political faction to vote for the law and although Houphouët-Boigny was required to vote for it because of his ministerial post, he organized to have the RDA vote against the legislation. Despite this opposition, the legislation passed and Territorial Assembly elections were held in March 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969248_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969248-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these elections, the IOM had reformed itself into the <a href="/wiki/African_Convention" title="African Convention">African Convention</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Convention Africaine</i>), in order to try to have a larger domestic base. The only other regional party of significance for these elections was a newly focused set of Socialist politicians. </p><p>In the 1957 Territorial Assembly elections, the RDA gained clear majorities in Guinea, Chad, the Ivory Coast, and, under the new leadership of Modibo Keïta, the French Sudan. Of the 474 seats up for election, 236 went to RDA politicians (49.79%), 62 went to the Socialists, 58 went to the African Convention, and the rest were split between national parties without regional influence in Mauritania and Dahomey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969262–263_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969262–263-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this position of power, Houphouët-Boigny called for a Third Party Congress to bring together all the members. The last party congress had been in 1949 and, despite calls for an open congress from the Communist wing of the RDA for years, it had been resisted by the party leadership. The main debate at the congress focused on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> and the relationship with France for the future. Houphouët-Boigny, who saw the Congress as an opportunity to show off political power to his French guests (including Mitterrand) in attendance, argued that the colonies should enter into a federal relationship with France remaining the center of political life. Touré and Keïta, the younger RDA leaders, in contrast pushed for an independent African federation. The situation led to many embarrassing political votes for Houphouët-Boigny and eventually the adoption of a compromise position that the party would commit itself to working for democratization of any federal arrangements which existed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969271-278_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969271-278-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When many of the other parties in West and Equatorial Africa proposed another attempt at rapprochement between the parties, the RDA responded with little enthusiasm. This eventually led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/African_Regroupment_Party" title="African Regroupment Party">African Regroupment Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Parti du Regroupement Africain</i>, PRA) which would serve as a rival to the RDA between the various other parties: including bringing together the African Convention and the Socialists. By mid-1958, French Africa along the Atlantic had developed largely a two-party system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969295_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969295-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">French Fourth Republic</a>, the RDA became a key party shaping the colonial relationship that would exist in the next French state. DeGaulle appointed Houphouët-Boigny to assist in developing the specific laws for the new constitution which would govern the colonies. Houphouët-Boigny pushed for a strong federation linking France with the colonies, while the PRA, led by Senghor, pushed for a looser confederation arrangement. In a meeting on 18 July 1958, the PRA and RDA agreed that the eventual arrangement must include the right to self-determination for the colonies. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969305_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969305-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This resulted in a law which would give each colony the right to vote to join a newly organized <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a> which would keep the colonies linked to France but also provide some degree of self-rule, or to declare independence immediately. The RDA was divided on this position. The leaders with the most linkages to the trade-unions, mainly Touré in Guinea, generally believed that it was best for the French colonies to declare independence immediately. Houphouët-Boigny and others, instead, pushed for joining the <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a> and remaining very close with France. In addition, the Ivory Coast, as the wealthiest colony in French West Africa, opposed the proposal from Keïta that the colonies should become independent together as an African federation. Mortimer claims that the key person holding the party together and working towards a compromise had been Daniel Ouezzin Coulibaly who died suddenly on 7 September, thus sealing the fate of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969317–320_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969317–320-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey198913_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey198913-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgenthauBehrman1984627_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgenthauBehrman1984627-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010318_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010318-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The result was that the RDA, as a regional party, essentially ended with the independence vote in 1958. Guinea was the only country to vote for independence, incurring the immediate wrath of DeGaulle and Houphouët-Boigny who cut off aid to the colony and the French removed all personnel and equipment that was in the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969320_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969320-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivory Coast voted for the French Community and Houphouët-Boigny became a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_l%27Entente" title="Conseil de l'Entente">Conseil de l'Entente</a>, a block of countries including the Ivory Coast, Niger, Upper Volta, and Dahomey which worked to maintain connections to France while becoming independent. French Sudan initially joined a brief federation with Senegal called the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a>, bringing RDA leader Keïta and PRA leader Senghor together. However, this broke apart and the French Sudan (now the independent country called <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>) instead joined an informal grouping with <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a> which pushed for pan-African alternatives to Senghor's socialism and the Conseil de l'Entente continued linkages with France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969320–325_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969320–325-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the name Rassemblement Démocratique Africain and identification with this regional grouping remained in many of the local parties, the RDA as a regional party would never form again after the vote of 1958. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_RDA_parties">National RDA parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National RDA parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following were parties which were directly members of the regional RDA at some point. Some of the parties directly integrated RDA into their names, and these names remained even after the regional coalition ended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazruiWondji1999176–180,_210_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazruiWondji1999176–180,_210-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey1989_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey1989-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dd><b>French West Africa</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire#French_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire">Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire</a> (PDCI)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">Dahomey</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahomeyan_Progressive_Union" title="Dahomeyan Progressive Union">Dahomeyan Progressive Union</a> (UPD) (1946-September 1948)</li> <li>Both the <a href="/wiki/Dahomeyan_Democratic_Union" title="Dahomeyan Democratic Union">Dahomeyan Democratic Union</a> (UDD) and the <a href="/wiki/Dahomeyan_Democratic_Rally" title="Dahomeyan Democratic Rally">Dahomeyan Democratic Rally</a> (RDD) claimed to be the RDA affiliate after the mid-1950s.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Sudanese_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Sudanese Party">Progressive Sudanese Party</a> (PSP) (only a member at 1946 party congress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Union-African_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Union-African Democratic Rally">Sudanese Union-African Democratic Rally</a> (US/RDA) (after November 1946)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party of Guinea">Democratic Party of Guinea</a> (expelled in 1959)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mauritania#French_colonization_and_post-colonial_history" title="History of Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <ul><li>No major RDA affiliated party</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niger#Colonization" title="History of Niger">Niger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_Progressive_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerien Progressive Party">Nigerien Progressive Party</a> (leadership change in 1951)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Senegal" title="History of Senegal">Senegal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Democratic_Union" title="Senegalese Democratic Union">Senegalese Democratic Union</a> (1946–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Popular_Movement" title="Senegalese Popular Movement">Senegalese Popular Movement</a> (after 1951)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Burkino_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkino Faso">Burkino Faso</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voltaic_Democratic_Union-African_Democratic_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally">Voltaic Democratic Union-African Democratic Rally</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">French Togoland</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>) <ul><li>No major RDA affiliated party</li></ul></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dd><b>French Equatorial Africa</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_Progressive_Party" title="Chadian Progressive Party">Chadian Progressive Party</a> (PPT)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Oubangui-Chari</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_Oubanguienne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union Oubanguienne (page does not exist)">Union Oubanguienne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">French Congo</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Republic of Congo">The Republic of Congo</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Progressive_Party" title="Congolese Progressive Party">Congolese Progressive Party</a> (PPC) (1946–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_for_the_Defense_of_African_Interests" title="Democratic Union for the Defense of African Interests">Democratic Union for the Defense of African Interests</a> (UDDIA) (after 1957)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Mixed_Committee" title="Gabonese Mixed Committee">Gabonese Mixed Committee</a> (CMG)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroon" title="French Cameroon">French Cameroon</a> (currently part of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Peoples_of_Cameroon" title="Union of the Peoples of Cameroon">Union of the Peoples of Cameroon</a> (1946–50)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coalitions_with_political_parties">Coalitions with political parties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coalitions with political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The RDA maintained ties with a number of parties in France and in West Africa. Brief rapprochements with African parties never formed into solid coalitions, but the relationships with some French political parties lasted for many years. These included formal coalitions, brief partnerships, and loose affiliations. In addition, a number of parties opposed the RDA and worked against the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="center"> <p><b>Party affiliations of the RDA</b><br /> (approximate dates) </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_8w8nacvs3c8n63ous0dmihjgdyn1z08"></map><img usemap="#timeline_8w8nacvs3c8n63ous0dmihjgdyn1z08" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/8w8nacvs3c8n63ous0dmihjgdyn1z08.png" /></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973673-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973673_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973673_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowderO'Brien1973">Crowder & O'Brien 1973</a>, p. 673.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIreleJeyifo2010275-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIreleJeyifo2010275_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIreleJeyifo2010275_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIreleJeyifo2010275_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIreleJeyifo2010">Irele & Jeyifo 2010</a>, p. 275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973672–674-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973672–674_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowderO'Brien1973">Crowder & O'Brien 1973</a>, pp. 672–674.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFage1969207-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFage1969207_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFage1969207_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFage1969">Fage 1969</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973672-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973672_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowderO'Brien1973">Crowder & O'Brien 1973</a>, p. 672.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105–106-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969105–106_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973675-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973675_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowderO'Brien1973">Crowder & O'Brien 1973</a>, p. 675.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969107–108-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969107–108_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969107–108_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, pp. 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969110-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969110_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgenthauBehrman1984626-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgenthauBehrman1984626_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgenthauBehrman1984626_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgenthauBehrman1984">Morgenthau & Behrman 1984</a>, p. 626.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHörber200738-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHörber200738_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHörber2007">Hörber 2007</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969111–112-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969111–112_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969117-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969117_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969118-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969118_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969119-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969119_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schmidt, Elizabeth (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853707002551">"Cold War in Guinea: The Rassemblement Démocratique Africain and the Struggle Over Communism, 1950–1958"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_African_History" title="The Journal of African History">The Journal of African History</a></i>. <b>48</b> (1): 99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853707002551">10.1017/S0021853707002551</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153492274">153492274</a> – via Cambridge Core.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Cold+War+in+Guinea%3A+The+Rassemblement+D%C3%A9mocratique+Africain+and+the+Struggle+Over+Communism%2C+1950%E2%80%931958&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853707002551&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153492274%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0021853707002551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARassemblement+D%C3%A9mocratique+Africain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973676-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973676_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973676_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowderO'Brien1973">Crowder & O'Brien 1973</a>, p. 676.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969121-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969121_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969129-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969129_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969130-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969130_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969130_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969131-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969131_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969138-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969138_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969132-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969132_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969138–142-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969138–142_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, pp. 138–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969144-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969144_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969146-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969146_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargreaves1996153-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHargreaves1996153_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHargreaves1996153_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHargreaves1996">Hargreaves 1996</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969146–147-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969146–147_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969148-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969148_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969152-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969152_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969153-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969153_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969155-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969155_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969155_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969157-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969157_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969166–172-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969166–172_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, pp. 166–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973680-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowderO'Brien1973680_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowderO'Brien1973">Crowder & O'Brien 1973</a>, p. 680.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969172-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969172_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969198-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969198_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969200-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969200_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969223-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969223_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969227–229-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969227–229_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, pp. 227–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969249–250-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969249–250_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, pp. 249–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010318-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010318_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2010318_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAppiahGates2010">Appiah & Gates 2010</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969248-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969248_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, pp. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969262–263-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969262–263_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, pp. 262–263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969271-278-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969271-278_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 271-278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969295-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969295_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969305-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969305_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969317–320-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969317–320_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, pp. 317–320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey198913-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey198913_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGailey1989">Gailey 1989</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgenthauBehrman1984627-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgenthauBehrman1984627_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorgenthauBehrman1984">Morgenthau & Behrman 1984</a>, p. 627.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969320-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969320_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWashington_Post1959A16_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWashington_Post1959">Washington Post 1959</a>, p. A16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969320–325-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969320–325_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>, pp. 320–325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazruiWondji1999176–180,_210-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazruiWondji1999176–180,_210_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMazruiWondji1999">Mazrui & Wondji 1999</a>, pp. 176–180, 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer1969_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer1969">Mortimer 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGailey1989-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGailey1989_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGailey1989">Gailey 1989</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+African+Thought&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533473-9&rft.aulast=Irele&rft.aufirst=Abiola&rft.au=Jeyifo%2C+Biodun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhF_xjFL6_NEC%26pg%3DRA1-PA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARassemblement+D%C3%A9mocratique+Africain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazruiWondji1999" class="citation book cs1">Mazrui, Ali A.; Wondji, Christophe (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffkFRTj1WIwC"><i>Africa since 1935: General history of Africa, 8</i></a>. London: Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520067035" title="Special:BookSources/9780520067035"><bdi>9780520067035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+since+1935%3A+General+history+of+Africa%2C+8&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780520067035&rft.aulast=Mazrui&rft.aufirst=Ali+A.&rft.au=Wondji%2C+Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffkFRTj1WIwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARassemblement+D%C3%A9mocratique+Africain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenthauBehrman1984" class="citation book cs1">Morgenthau, Ruth Schacter; Behrman, Lucy Creevey (1984). "French-speaking tropical Africa". <i>The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 8</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 611–673.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=French-speaking+tropical+Africa&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa%3A+Volume+8&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=611-673&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Morgenthau&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Schacter&rft.au=Behrman%2C+Lucy+Creevey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARassemblement+D%C3%A9mocratique+Africain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer1969" class="citation book cs1">Mortimer, Edward (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nPBAAAAAIAAJ"><i>France and the Africans 1944-1960: A Political History</i></a>. New York: Walker and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+the+Africans+1944-1960%3A+A+Political+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker+and+Company&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnPBAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARassemblement+D%C3%A9mocratique+Africain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashington_Post1959" class="citation news cs1">"The Birth of UIAS". <i>Washington Post</i>. 6 May 1959. p. A16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+UIAS&rft.pages=A16&rft.date=1959-05-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARassemblement+D%C3%A9mocratique+Africain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_resources">External resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackpast.org/gah/african-democratic-rally-1946">"African Democratic Rally (1946-)"</a>. BlackPast.org. 12 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Democratic+Rally+%281946-%29&rft.pub=BlackPast.org&rft.date=2009-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackpast.org%2Fgah%2Fafrican-democratic-rally-1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARassemblement+D%C3%A9mocratique+Africain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000709/070968eb.pdf">"International Symposium on the History of the RDA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Symposium+on+the+History+of+the+RDA&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0007%2F000709%2F070968eb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARassemblement+D%C3%A9mocratique+Africain" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webafriqa.net/library/history/pierre-kipre/congres-bamako-naissance-rda/index.html">"Le congrès de Bamako ou la naissance du RDA"</a>. webAfriqa<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+congr%C3%A8s+de+Bamako+ou+la+naissance+du+RDA&rft.pub=webAfriqa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webafriqa.net%2Flibrary%2Fhistory%2Fpierre-kipre%2Fcongres-bamako-naissance-rda%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARassemblement+D%C3%A9mocratique+Africain" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q429170#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q429170#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q429170#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000085027296">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122682584">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/3005366-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50061922">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007585559505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027624854">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_Démocratique_Africain&oldid=1252697618">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rassemblement_Démocratique_Africain&oldid=1252697618</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rassemblement_D%C3%A9mocratique_Africain" title="Category:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain">Rassemblement Démocratique Africain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_establishments_in_French_Equatorial_Africa" title="Category:1946 establishments in French Equatorial Africa">1946 establishments in French Equatorial Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_establishments_in_French_West_Africa" title="Category:1946 establishments in French West Africa">1946 establishments in French West Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1946_establishments_in_the_French_colonial_empire" title="Category:1946 establishments in the French colonial empire">1946 establishments in the French colonial empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1958_disestablishments_in_French_Equatorial_Africa" title="Category:1958 disestablishments in French Equatorial Africa">1958 disestablishments in French Equatorial Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1958_disestablishments_in_French_West_Africa" title="Category:1958 disestablishments in French West Africa">1958 disestablishments in French West Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1958_disestablishments_in_the_French_colonial_empire" title="Category:1958 disestablishments in the French colonial empire">1958 disestablishments in the French colonial empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_and_Black_nationalist_parties_in_Africa" title="Category:African and Black nationalist parties in Africa">African and Black nationalist parties in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_resistance_to_colonialism" title="Category:African resistance to colonialism">African resistance to colonialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_colonisation_in_Africa" title="Category:French colonisation in Africa">French colonisation in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Sudan" title="Category:French Sudan">French Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_West_Africa" title="Category:French West Africa">French West Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Central_Africa" title="Category:History of Central Africa">History of Central Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_West_Africa" title="Category:History of West Africa">History of West Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_disestablished_in_1958" title="Category:Political parties disestablished in 1958">Political parties disestablished in 1958</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_established_in_1946" title="Category:Political parties established in 1946">Political parties established in 1946</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_EasyTimeline_extension" title="Category:Pages using the EasyTimeline extension">Pages using the EasyTimeline extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a 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