CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>美国宪法第一修正案 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"73ac5038-f54b-47b4-8e93-c7bfdf4e4905","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"美国宪法第一修正案","wgTitle":"美国宪法第一修正案","wgCurRevisionId":82557072,"wgRevisionId":82557072,"wgArticleId":895059,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["有参考文献错误的页面","引文格式1错误：日期","Webarchive模板wayback链接","含有英語的條目","有蓝链却未移除内部链接助手模板的页面","Webarchive模板archiveis链接","包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目", "包含NLA标识符的维基百科条目","包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目","優良條目","使用ISBN魔术链接的页面","美国宪法第一修正案","美国宪法修正案","美國權利法案","1791年美国法律","1791年美国政治","美国表达自由","美國宗教自由","美国宗教相关法律"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"美国宪法第一修正案","wgRelevantArticleId":895059,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist": true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q12616","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/1200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1267"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/800px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="844"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/640px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="美国宪法第一修正案 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-美国宪法第一修正案 rootpage-美国宪法第一修正案 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 主菜单 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z">首页</a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科">分类索引</a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容">特色内容</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料">新闻动态</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r">最近更改</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x">随机条目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助">帮助</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做">维基社群</a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引">方针与指引</a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论">互助客栈</a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方">知识问答</a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求">字词转换</a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93">IRC即时聊天</a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科">联络我们</a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介">关于维基百科</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"> 搜索 </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 外观 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh" class="">资助维基百科</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class="">创建账号</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class="">登录</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 个人工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh">资助维基百科</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"> 创建账号</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息">了解详情</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-條款原文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#條款原文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 條款原文 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-條款原文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-制定背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#制定背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 制定背景 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-制定背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政教分離" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政教分離"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 政教分離 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政教分離-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关政教分離子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-政教分離-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-政教分離主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政教分離主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 政教分離主義 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政教分離主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政教合一主義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政教合一主義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 政教合一主義 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政教合一主義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-信仰自由" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#信仰自由"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 信仰自由 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-信仰自由-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-言論自由" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#言論自由"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 言論自由 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-言論自由-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关言論自由子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-言論自由-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-批評政府" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#批評政府"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 批評政府 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-批評政府-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-一戰時期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一戰時期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 一戰時期 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一戰時期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-一戰之後" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#一戰之後"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 一戰之後 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-一戰之後-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治言論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治言論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 政治言論 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政治言論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-匿名言論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#匿名言論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 匿名言論 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-匿名言論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-競選資金" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#競選資金"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 競選資金 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-競選資金-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-汙損國旗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#汙損國旗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 汙損國旗 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-汙損國旗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-偽造軍獎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#偽造軍獎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 偽造軍獎 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-偽造軍獎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-商業言論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#商業言論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 商業言論 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-商業言論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-校園言論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#校園言論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 校園言論 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-校園言論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-淫穢色情" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#淫穢色情"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 淫穢色情 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-淫穢色情-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-罪犯回憶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#罪犯回憶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 罪犯回憶 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-罪犯回憶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-譭謗污蔑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#譭謗污蔑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 譭謗污蔑 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-譭謗污蔑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-私人物業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#私人物業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 私人物業 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-私人物業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-仇恨言論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#仇恨言論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 仇恨言論 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-仇恨言論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-新聞自由" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#新聞自由"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 新聞自由 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-新聞自由-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-集會及請願自由" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#集會及請願自由"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 集會及請願自由 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-集會及請願自由-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-結社自由" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結社自由"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 結社自由 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結社自由-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考來源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考來源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 參考來源 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考來源-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关參考來源子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-參考來源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 文獻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 延伸閱讀 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关延伸閱讀子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中文材料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中文材料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 中文材料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中文材料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-英文材料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英文材料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 英文材料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英文材料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 参见 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">美国宪法第一修正案</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。35种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" > 35种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forme_Geb%C4%93tung_%C3%BE%C3%A6re_Grundgesetnesse_%C3%BE%C4%81ra_Ge%C4%81nedra_R%C4%ABca_American" title="Forme Gebētung þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Forme Gebētung þære Grundgesetnesse þāra Geānedra Rīca American" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="التعديل الأول لدستور الولايات المتحدة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التعديل الأول لدستور الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Першая папраўка да Канстытуцыі ЗША – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Першая папраўка да Канстытуцыі ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Първа поправка към Конституцията на САЩ – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Първа поправка към Конституцията на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_esmena_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3_dels_Estats_Units" title="Primera esmena de la Constitució dels Estats Units – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primera esmena de la Constitució dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._Zusatzartikel_zur_Verfassung_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="1. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1. Zusatzartikel zur Verfassung der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_Amendo_al_la_Usona_Konstitucio" title="Unua Amendo al la Usona Konstitucio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unua Amendo al la Usona Konstitucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Enmienda_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Primera Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_p%C3%B5hiseaduse_esimene_parandus" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide põhiseaduse esimene parandus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide põhiseaduse esimene parandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="متمم اول قانون اساسی ایالات متحده آمریکا – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="متمم اول قانون اساسی ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_perustuslain_ensimm%C3%A4inen_lis%C3%A4ys" title="Yhdysvaltain perustuslain ensimmäinen lisäys – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain perustuslain ensimmäinen lisäys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_amendement_de_la_Constitution_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Premier amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Premier amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התיקון הראשון לחוקת ארצות הברית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התיקון הראשון לחוקת ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="ԱՄՆ Սահմանադրության Առաջին փոփոխություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ Սահմանադրության Առաջին փոփոխություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendemen_Pertama_Konstitusi_Amerika_Serikat" title="Amendemen Pertama Konstitusi Amerika Serikat – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amendemen Pertama Konstitusi Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrsti_vi%C3%B0auki_stj%C3%B3rnarskr%C3%A1r_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Fyrsti viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fyrsti viðauki stjórnarskrár Bandaríkjanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_emendamento_della_Costituzione_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="I emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="I emendamento della Costituzione degli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E7%AC%AC1%E6%9D%A1" title="アメリカ合衆国憲法修正第1条 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国憲法修正第1条" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%88%98%EC%A0%95_%ED%97%8C%EB%B2%95_%EC%A0%9C1%EC%A1%B0" title="미국 수정 헌법 제1조 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 수정 헌법 제1조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim_emendament_(Costituzzion_di_Stat_Unid)" title="Prim emendament (Costituzzion di Stat Unid) – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Prim emendament (Costituzzion di Stat Unid)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindaan_Pertama_Perlembagaan_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Pindaan Pertama Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pindaan Pertama Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_amendement_van_de_Grondwet_van_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="Eerste amendement van de Grondwet van de Verenigde Staten – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eerste amendement van de Grondwet van de Verenigde Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._poprawka_do_Konstytucji_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="1. poprawka do Konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1. poprawka do Konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84" title="د متحده ایالاتو د اساسي قانون لومړی تعدیل – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د متحده ایالاتو د اساسي قانون لومړی تعدیل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Emenda_%C3%A0_Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Primeira Emenda à Constituição dos Estados Unidos – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira Emenda à Constituição dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primul_amendament_la_Constitu%C8%9Bia_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Primul amendament la Constituția Statelor Unite ale Americii – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Primul amendament la Constituția Statelor Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Первая поправка к Конституции США – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первая поправка к Конституции США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_f%C3%B6rfattningstill%C3%A4gget_till_Amerikas_f%C3%B6renta_staters_konstitution" title="Första författningstillägget till Amerikas förenta staters konstitution – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Första författningstillägget till Amerikas förenta staters konstitution" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="การแก้ไขเพิ่มเติมรัฐธรรมนูญสหรัฐครั้งที่ 1 – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแก้ไขเพิ่มเติมรัฐธรรมนูญสหรัฐครั้งที่ 1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unang_Susog_ng_Saligang_Batas_ng_Estados_Unidos" title="Unang Susog ng Saligang Batas ng Estados Unidos – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unang Susog ng Saligang Batas ng Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_Anayasas%C4%B1_Birinci_De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fikli%C4%9Fi" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Anayasası Birinci Değişikliği – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Anayasası Birinci Değişikliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Перша поправка до Конституції США – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перша поправка до Конституції США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_ch%C3%ADnh_%C3%A1n_1_Hi%E1%BA%BFn_ph%C3%A1p_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Tu chính án 1 Hiến pháp Hoa Kỳ – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tu chính án 1 Hiến pháp Hoa Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12616#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c">条目</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >不转换 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">不转换</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans">简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant">繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN">大陆简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK">香港繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO">澳門繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY">大马简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG">新加坡简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW">臺灣正體</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=history">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j">链入页面</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k">相关更改</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u">上传文件</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q">特殊页面</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&oldid=82557072" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接">固定链接</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息">页面信息</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&id=82557072&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息">引用此页</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25BE%258E%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25AE%25AA%25E6%25B3%2595%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25BF%25AE%25E6%25AD%25A3%25E6%25A1%2588">获取短链接</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25BE%258E%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%25AE%25AA%25E6%25B3%2595%25E7%25AC%25AC%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25BF%25AE%25E6%25AD%25A3%25E6%25A1%2588">下载二维码</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12616" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-GA" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BC%98%E8%89%AF%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="这是一篇优良条目，点击此处获取更多信息。"><img alt="这是一篇优良条目，点击此处获取更多信息。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/24px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/36px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/48px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-fd8b360a" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-fd8b360a" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="USState"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="PresidentsUS"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84913072">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:100%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">本条目属于</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="美国宪法">美利坚合众国宪法</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/160px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/240px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/320px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="美国宪法">序言和正文</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%8F%E8%A8%80" title="美国宪法序言">序言</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第一条">Ⅰ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第二条">Ⅱ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第三条">Ⅲ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第四条">Ⅳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第五条">Ⅴ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第六条">Ⅵ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第七条">Ⅶ</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法修正案">修正案</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ⅰ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第二修正案">Ⅱ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第三修正案">Ⅲ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第四修正案">Ⅳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第五修正案">Ⅴ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第六修正案">Ⅵ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第七修正案">Ⅶ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第八修正案">Ⅷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B9%9D%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第九修正案">Ⅸ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第十修正案">Ⅹ</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十一修正案">XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十二修正案">XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十三修正案">XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十四修正案">XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十五修正案">XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十六修正案">XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十七修正案">XVII</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第十八修正案">XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第十九修正案">XIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十修正案">XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十一修正案">XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第二十二修正案">XXII</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十三修正案">XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十四修正案">XXIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十五修正案">XXV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十六修正案">XXVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第二十七修正案">XXVII</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88#未批准生效的憲法修正案" title="美国宪法修正案">未批准的修正案</a> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%B8%AD%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国会席位分配修正案（页面不存在）">国会席位分配</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment Amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="贵族头衔修正案">贵族头衔</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%B8%A9%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科温修正案（页面不存在）">科温</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="童工修正案（页面不存在）">童工</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor Amendment</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="平等权利修正案">平等权利</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E6%9D%83%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥伦比亚特区投票权修正案（页面不存在）">哥伦比亚特区投票权</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment</a>）</li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="美国宪法历史">历史</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E8%B5%B7%E8%8D%89%E4%B8%8E%E6%89%B9%E5%87%86%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国宪法起草与批准时间线（页面不存在）">起草与批准时间线</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%AA%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="美利坚合众国制宪会议">制宪会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AD%BE%E7%BD%B2%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美利坚合众国宪法签署人列表">宪法签署人</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="美国联邦制">联邦主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的共和主义（页面不存在）">共和主义</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism in the United States</a>）</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="美国权利法案">权利法案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="重建修正案">重建修正案</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lavender;"> <a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="s:美利坚合众国宪法">全文</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="s:美利坚合众国宪法">序言及第Ⅰ－Ⅶ条</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" class="extiw" title="s:美国权利法案">第Ⅰ－Ⅹ修正案</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" class="extiw" title="s:美国宪法修正案">第XI－XXVII修正案</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Portal:Unsuccessful_attempts_to_amend_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="s:en:Portal:Unsuccessful attempts to amend the United States Constitution">未批准的修正案</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:美国">美国主题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/16px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/24px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/32px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="Portal:法律">法律主题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主题</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6;padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97" title="Template:美国宪法条目系列"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97" title="Template talk:美国宪法条目系列"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:美国宪法条目系列"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg/190px-Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg/285px-Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg/380px-Bill_of_Rights_Pg1of1_AC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8636" data-file-height="9183" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="美国国家档案馆">美国国家档案馆</a>所保存的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="美国权利法案">權利法案</a>的手稿</figcaption></figure> 《美利堅合眾國憲法》第一修正案（英語：First Amendment to the United States Constitution）簡稱「第一修正案」（Amendment I），禁止<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="美國國會">美國國會</a>制訂任何法律以確立<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99" title="國教">國教</a>；妨礙<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="宗教自由">宗教自由</a>；剝奪<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="言論自由">言論自由</a>；侵犯<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="新聞自由">新聞自由</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%9C%83%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="集會自由">集會自由</a>；干擾或禁止向政府<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B7%E6%84%BF" title="请愿">請願</a>的權利。該修正案於1791年12月15日獲得通過，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="美國權利法案">美國權利法案</a>中的一部分，使美國成為一個在憲法中明文不設國教，並保障宗教自由和言論自由的國家。 美國權利法案的制訂最初是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="美国联邦党">美國聯邦黨</a>人為了減輕國內反聯邦主義者對<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="美國憲法">美國憲法</a>的反對而做出的系列<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E5%A2%9E%E4%BF%AE%E6%A2%9D%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="憲法增修條文">憲法修訂案</a>。最早的“第一修正案”僅用於美國國會制訂的聯邦法律，其解釋範圍也比現在的狹義許多。但是通過1925年的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E8%A8%B4%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉特羅訴紐約州案（页面不存在）">吉特羅訴紐約州案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitlow_v._New_York" class="extiw" title="en:Gitlow v. New York">Gitlow v. New York</a>），<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國最高法院">美國最高法院</a>基於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="美國憲法第十四修正案">美國憲法第十四修正案</a>中的“<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%95%B6%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F" title="正當法律程序">正當法律程序</a>”條款裁定“第一修正案”適用於美國聯邦、州乃至各級政府的立法中。 在1947年的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%BC%97%E6%A3%AE%E8%A8%B4%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾弗森訴教育委員會案（页面不存在）">艾弗森訴教育委員會案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everson_v._Board_of_Education" class="extiw" title="en:Everson v. Board of Education">Everson v. Board of Education</a>）中，提請法庭就<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E6%96%90%E9%80%8A" title="托马斯·杰斐逊">托马斯·杰斐逊</a>在其信件中提及的“建立一道政教分離的牆”進行司法解釋，但這條明確界限的細節到今天仍在爭論中，尤其是如何界定宗教自由方面。 言論自由的界限也在20世紀與21世紀的一系列法庭裁決中有了更大的延伸，諸如政治言論、匿名言論、政治獻金、色情和校園言論等。同時，有關“第一修正案”保護範圍的例外情況也得到了明確。同時美國最高法院以<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E8%AF%89%E6%B2%99%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="纽约时报诉沙利文案">纽约时报诉沙利文案</a>等判例推翻了英國<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E7%BE%8E%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%B3%95%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="英美普通法系">普通法</a>的慣例，將譭謗訴訟中的舉證責任倒置給原告方。但是，商業言論並不受到“第一修正案”的保護。 新聞自由保證了各種資訊和觀點得到自由出版的權利，並且適用於各種<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="傳播媒體">媒體</a>。通過1931年的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E8%A8%B4%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E8%98%87%E9%81%94%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼爾訴明尼蘇達州案（页面不存在）">尼爾訴明尼蘇達州案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_v._Minnesota" class="extiw" title="en:Near v. Minnesota">Near v. Minnesota</a>）和1971年的纽约时报诉沙利文案等判例，美國聯邦最高法院裁定任何形式的出版審查行為違反了第一修正案，屬於違憲行為。同時最高法院也裁定請願自由適用於美國各級政府及其分支機構的所有行動，並且也裁定了“第一修正案”隱性地保護了結社自由。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="條款原文">條款原文</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：條款原文">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote">Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></blockquote> <dl><dd>译文：國會不得制定有關下列事項的法律：確立一種宗教或禁止信教自由，剝奪言論自由或出版自由，或剝奪人民和平集會及向政府要求<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%B8%E5%86%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伸冤（页面不存在）">伸冤</a>的權利。<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="制定背景">制定背景</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：制定背景">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/160px-James_Madison.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/240px-James_Madison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/320px-James_Madison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2465" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E8%BF%AA%E9%80%8A" title="詹姆斯·麦迪逊">詹姆斯·麦迪逊</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="美國權利法案">權利法案</a>起草人。</figcaption></figure> 1776年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="美國獨立戰爭">美國獨立戰爭</a>的第二年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E9%A2%86" class="mw-redirect" title="弗吉尼亚自治领">弗吉尼亚自治领</a>立法機關通過了《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="弗吉尼亚权利法案">弗吉尼亚权利法案</a>》，而在該法案的第12條就明確提出了，“出版自由乃自由的重要保障之一，绝不能加以限制；只有专制政体才会限制这种自由。”參與獨立戰爭的十三個殖民地中有八個殖民地提出了類似的聲明。然而，這些聲明通常只是被認為是“立法機關純粹的告誡”而已，並不是具備強制執行性的法規。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis20076–7-3">[3]</a> 在《<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E6%9D%A1%E4%BE%8B" title="邦联条例">邦联条例</a>》下，殖民地聯合政府在較為薄弱的狀態下維持了幾年。1787年9月17日，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%AA%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="美利坚合众国制宪会议">美利坚合众国制宪会议</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E5%9F%8E" title="費城">費城</a>召開，試圖確立一個較為強有力的中央政府。身為制憲會議代表和《佛吉尼亞權利法案》起草人的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%A3%AE" title="喬治·梅森">喬治·梅森</a>提出“新的憲法”必須包括一系列的權利條款和保護公民的自由權。但是包括未來《權利法案》起草人的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E8%BF%AA%E9%80%8A" title="詹姆斯·麦迪逊">詹姆斯·麦迪逊</a>都明確反對該提議，他們認為國家對於公民自由的保護是足夠的，而嘗試列舉這些權利會導致人們誤認為沒有列舉的權利得不到保護。在一個簡短的辯論之後，喬治·梅森的建議被全票否決。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeman2009341–43-4">[4]</a> 憲法初稿獲得通過，但是與會的九個州還需就該法案的合憲性向各自州議會提請審議。反對批准權利法案的方面（反聯邦主義）的理由是憲法初稿對於公民權利的保護已經足夠完善；而支持權利法案的方面（包括：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E" title="弗吉尼亚州">弗吉尼亚州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%96%A9%E8%AB%B8%E8%B3%BD%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬薩諸賽州">馬薩諸賽州</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約州">紐約州</a>）獲得了極高的民眾支持率，他們提議憲法與權利法案必須同時表决的提議最終獲得通過。最終，《美國憲法》獲得了十三個州議會的批准并生效。在第一屆美國國會上，因所在州州議會的請求，喬治·梅森再度提出了十二條有關公民權的條款，其中十條獲得通過，并形成今日之“美國權利法案”。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis20077–10-5">[5]</a> 當時第一修正案在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%9C%BE%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國眾議院">眾議院</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%83%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國參議院">參議院</a>的討論是幾乎沒有記錄的，這也導致了未來有關該修正案的意圖討論變得異常複雜。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper19992-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200710-7">[7]</a> 第一修正案（及其他權利法案條款）於1789年9月25日提交給所屬各州議會審核，并最終在1791年12月15日獲得通過。<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政教分離">政教分離</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：政教分離">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="政教分離">政教分離</a></div> 原本美國憲法第一修正案只適用於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="美國聯邦政府">美國聯邦政府</a>，因此即便在美國憲法第一修正案獲得批准后，美國部份州還是確立了州級官方宗教。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%96%A9%E8%AB%B8%E8%B3%BD%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬薩諸賽州">馬薩諸賽州</a>直到十九世紀30年代之前，都將<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86%E5%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="公理宗">公理宗</a>確立為本州的官方宗教。<a href="#cite_note-EB-10">[10]</a> 1947年，美國聯邦最高法院通過“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%BC%97%E6%A3%AE%E8%A8%B4%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾弗森訴教育委員會案（页面不存在）">艾弗森訴教育委員會案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everson_v._Board_of_Education" class="extiw" title="en:Everson v. Board of Education">Everson v. Board of Education</a>）”正式將“政教分離條款”列入到“美國權利法案”中。在本案判決書“多數意見”中，大法官<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E6%88%88%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%90%8A%E5%85%8B" title="休戈·布萊克">休戈·布萊克</a>閣下裁決道： <blockquote>美國憲法第一修正案中的“政教分離條款”至少透露了這樣的意思：聯邦政府或者州政府不能創立一個宗教，也不能通過法律程序幫助某個宗教或所有宗教，也不能喜歡某個宗教而排斥另一個宗教……傑弗遜曾說過，（第一修正案）的目的就是反對通過立法手段確立國教，政府和教會之間必須樹立起一道彼此分離的牆……這堵牆，必須固若金湯。我們不能絲毫違反這個條款。<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></blockquote> 在1994年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BD%8A%E4%BA%9E%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E5%96%AC%E4%BC%8A%E6%9D%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%80%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%B4%E9%AD%AF%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="齊亞思·喬伊村學區教育委員會訴魯梅特案（页面不存在）">齊亞思·喬伊村學區教育委員會訴魯梅特案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_Kiryas_Joel_Village_School_District_v._Grumet" class="extiw" title="en:Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet">Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> 判決書“多數意見”撰寫人<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%C2%B7%E8%98%87%E7%89%B9" title="戴維·蘇特">戴維·蘇特</a>大法官閣下裁決道，“政府不應該相較于某個宗教而喜歡另一個宗教，也不能相較于宗教更喜歡無神論”。<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> 而在二十一世紀頭十年的一系列案件中，例如：“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%A1%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E7%99%BB%E8%A8%B4%E4%BD%A9%E8%A3%A1%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凡·奧登訴佩裡案（页面不存在）">凡·奧登訴佩裡案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Orden_v._Perry" class="extiw" title="en:Van Orden v. Perry">Van Orden v. Perry</a>）”（2005年）、“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%A3%A1%E7%B8%A3%E8%A8%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麥克裡縣訴美國公民自由聯盟案（页面不存在）">麥克裡縣訴美國公民自由聯盟案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCreary_County_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" class="extiw" title="en:McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union">McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union</a>）”（2005年）、“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E8%A8%B4%E9%82%A6%E9%BE%8D%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩拉薩爾訴邦龍案（页面不存在）">薩拉薩爾訴邦龍案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salazar_v._Buono" class="extiw" title="en:Salazar v. Buono">Salazar v. Buono</a>）（2010年）”，法院都認為美國聯邦土地上的宗教紀念建築物問題並沒有違背“政教分離”條款。<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政教分離主義">政教分離主義</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：政教分離主義">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/220px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/330px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/440px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="2996" /></a><figcaption>美國總統托馬斯·傑弗遜在他的信件中寫到“要修建一道隔離宗教和政府的墻”。</figcaption></figure> 在“艾弗森訴教育委員會案”裁決書中所說“要建立一道隔離政府與宗教的墻”的說法來自美國總統<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E5%BC%97%E9%80%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="托马斯·杰弗逊">托馬斯·傑弗遜</a>某封郵件中的比喻。有關政教分離主義的討論在美國聯邦最高法院的裁決中也是歷史悠久的，最早可以追溯到1879年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E8%AB%BE%E8%8C%B2%E8%A8%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷諾茲訴美國案（页面不存在）">雷諾茲訴美國案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a>）”，法院審查了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="美國革命">美利堅共和國</a>早期的歷史資料以裁定<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E9%96%80%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="摩門教">摩門教</a>信眾的自由程度。時任美國聯邦法院<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E5%B8%AD%E5%A4%A7%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98" class="mw-redirect" title="首席大法官">首席大法官</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E7%89%B9" title="莫里森·韦特">莫里森·韦特</a>閣下，在諮詢了歷史學家<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="乔治·班克罗夫特">喬治·班克羅夫特</a>和閱讀討論了“第一修正案”起草人<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E8%BF%AA%E9%81%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·麥迪遜">詹姆斯·麥迪遜</a>的《反對宗教評估的訴狀和抗議書（Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments）》后，在他的裁決書中引用了麥迪遜的比喻，建立宗教和政府之間的“巨大障礙”。<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> 大法官休戈·布萊克閣下通過傑弗遜總統的話說出了法庭的意見。<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>最終裁決獲得了多數但不是一致的支持。而瓦倫·諾德（Warren Nord）在《上帝是否創不同？（Does God Make a Difference?）》中認為第一修正案語義是趨弱的，因此他對第一修正案的異議是應該“少談論政教分離的危險，而應該多關心宗教，特別是少數派宗教的自由”。<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> 最早“艾弗森訴教育委員會案”判決書允許新澤西州教育委員會為教會學校提供公共交通設備，但是法院有權利用各種測試以檢查政教分離確實得到了執行。“艾弗森訴教育委員會案”開創了檢查政教分離的必要性，同時也允許公共財政對教會學校給予必要的援助，因為孩子的利益才是最重要的。而在二十世紀60年代有關公立學校祈禱的裁決書中，例如：“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E8%A8%B4%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%8A%E5%A1%94%E7%88%BE%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恩格爾訴瓦伊塔爾案（页面不存在）">恩格爾訴瓦伊塔爾案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale" class="extiw" title="en:Engel v. Vitale">Engel v. Vitale</a>）”和“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%B3%93%E9%A0%93%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%80%E8%A8%B4%E7%94%B3%E6%99%AE%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿賓頓學區訴申普案（页面不存在）">阿賓頓學區訴申普案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abington_School_District_v._Schempp" class="extiw" title="en:Abington School District v. Schempp">Abington School District v. Schempp</a>）”，法院裁定，一個合法行動必須基於一個世俗的目的且並非主要用於援助宗教。而在1970年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%A8%E8%A8%B4%E7%A8%85%E5%8B%99%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦爾茨訴稅務委員會案（页面不存在）">瓦爾茨訴稅務委員會案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walz_v._Tax_Commission" class="extiw" title="en:Walz v. Tax Commission">Walz v. Tax Commission</a>）”中，法院裁決合法行動並不需要糾纏在宗教和世俗的問題上；到了1971年的“<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E8%92%99%E8%AF%89%E5%BA%93%E5%85%B9%E6%9B%BC%E6%A1%88" title="莱蒙诉库兹曼案">萊蒙訴庫茲曼案</a>中”，這些觀點被合併了，宣告一個行動是否合法將基於：<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <ol><li>其章程（或執行）是否給予一個世俗的目的；</li> <li>其主要原因或主要目的既不推動宗教發展也不抑制宗教發展；</li> <li>其結果不會導致政府與宗教糾纏過多。</li></ol> 雖然由“萊蒙訴庫茲曼案”引申出來的“萊蒙測試法”備受法官和法律學者的批評，但是它迄今仍是法院所強制執行的“政教分離”條款。<a href="#cite_note-Kritzer,_H._M_2003-19">[19]</a> 在1997年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%B0%BC%E8%A8%B4%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧格斯蒂尼訴菲爾頓案（页面不存在）">奧格斯蒂尼訴菲爾頓案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agostini_v._Felton" class="extiw" title="en:Agostini v. Felton">Agostini v. Felton</a>）”中，“萊蒙測試法”中的“糾纏過多”一項被降低為能影響質疑相關法律或判例的因素。<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> 在2002年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%A4%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%E8%A8%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%E6%96%AF%E5%93%88%E8%A3%A1%E6%96%AF%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="澤爾曼訴西蒙斯哈裡斯案（页面不存在）">澤爾曼訴西蒙斯哈裡斯案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelman_v._Simmons-Harris" class="extiw" title="en:Zelman v. Simmons-Harris">Zelman v. Simmons-Harris</a>）”中，法院裁定“世俗目的”和“主要原因（或目的）”才是重要判定條件，只有在符合這兩條之後方再考慮“糾纏過多”。<a href="#cite_note-Kritzer,_H._M_2003-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政教合一主義">政教合一主義</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：政教合一主義">编辑</a>]</div> 政教合一主義者也提出了他們相反的觀點，他們引用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·道格拉斯">威廉·道格拉斯</a>大法官閣下的一句話，“我們首先是信徒，其次才是最高法院大法官。”<a href="#cite_note-Accomodationists-21">[21]</a> 因而他們認為“萊蒙測試法”應該是有選擇性地被使用。<a href="#cite_note-Accomodationists-21">[21]</a> 進而<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="美國保守主義">保守派</a>們認為，特意為阻止建立<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99" title="國教">國教</a>而設置“政教分離”條款既不是神的諭旨也不符合該政策的最終目的。<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Devigne-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="信仰自由">信仰自由</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：信仰自由">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="信仰自由">信仰自由</a></div> 在1963年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AC%9D%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B4%E4%BD%9B%E7%B4%8D%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="謝伯特訴佛納案（页面不存在）">謝伯特訴佛納案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherbert_v._Verner" class="extiw" title="en:Sherbert v. Verner">Sherbert v. Verner</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> 美國聯邦最高法院裁定各州不得以“嚴格審查”為由拒絕民眾基於自身宗教信仰的活動。這意味著政府此後同樣的行為必須具有“說服力”。本案所涉及的當事人艾黛兒·謝伯特（Adele Sherbert）因為其<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%A9%E8%87%A8%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%83" title="基督復臨安息日會">基督復臨安息日會</a>信仰而拒絕在<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%AD" title="星期六">星期六</a>工作，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="南加州">南加州</a>政府則因此拒發了艾黛兒·謝伯特的失業救助金。<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>在1972年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%B7%E8%BE%9B%E5%B7%9E%E8%A8%B4%E5%B0%A4%E5%BE%B7%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威斯康辛州訴尤德案（页面不存在）">威斯康辛州訴尤德案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Yoder" class="extiw" title="en:Wisconsin v. Yoder">Wisconsin v. Yoder</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>法院裁定，如果某條法律在沒有任何具有說服力的前提下，對“宗教行為賦予不必要負擔的做法”，即便“（該做法）看上去是中立”的，這條法律也依然<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%95%E6%86%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="違憲">違憲</a>。<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> 通過1990年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%B1%E6%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8%E8%A8%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="就業司訴史密斯案（页面不存在）">就業司訴史密斯案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment_Division_v._Smith" class="extiw" title="en:Employment Division v. Smith">Employment Division v. Smith</a>）”，<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> 有關“令人信服的理由”的範圍進行了規範。法院要求“令人信服的理由”只需要符合信仰自由，也就是說該理由並非針對某個特定宗教即可。<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> 在1993年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%AB%E7%B1%B3%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%B4%E6%B5%B7%E5%8E%84%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%82%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉庫米教會訴海厄利亚市案（页面不存在）">拉庫米教會訴海厄利亚市案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Lukumi_Babalu_Aye_v._City_of_Hialeah" class="extiw" title="en:Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah">Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> 美國聯邦最高法院裁定海厄利亚市當地一條禁止動物獻祭的法律在執行過程中實際針對的是拉庫米教會所倡導的薩特利安教卻又對<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太教">猶太教</a>獻祭行為例外，因此該法案不符合“中立”和“不針對特定宗教”的要求，因而違憲。<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> 1993年美國國會通過了《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%81%A2%E5%BE%A9%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教自由恢復法案（页面不存在）">宗教自由恢復法案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Religious Freedom Restoration Act">Religious Freedom Restoration Act</a>）》，試圖恢復“謝伯特訴佛納案”和“威斯康辛州訴尤德案”所提及的“具有說服力的理由”。但是在1997年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%82%E8%A8%B4%E4%BD%9B%E6%B4%9B%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伯尼市訴佛洛雷斯案（页面不存在）">伯尼市訴佛洛雷斯案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Boerne_v._Flores" class="extiw" title="en:City of Boerne v. Flores">City of Boerne v. Flores</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>最高法院裁決該法違反“第一修正案”，理由是該法案強迫地方政府和州政府對宗教提供過度保護。法院還認為，國會可以通過最高法院的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B" title="法律解釋">釋法</a>去執行相關規定，但不能自行釋法并要求州和地方政府執行。<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> 而在2006年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%A1%E8%96%A9%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%A8%B4UDV%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="岡薩雷斯訴UDV教派案（页面不存在）">岡薩雷斯訴UDV教派案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzales_v._O_Centro_Espirita_Beneficente_Uniao_do_Vegetal" class="extiw" title="en:Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal">Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> 联邦政府依旧有权制定符合《宗教自由恢复法案》中“充分理由”标准的法律。<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="言論自由">言論自由</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：言論自由">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Amendment_inscription.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/First_Amendment_inscription.JPG/220px-First_Amendment_inscription.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/First_Amendment_inscription.JPG/330px-First_Amendment_inscription.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/First_Amendment_inscription.JPG/440px-First_Amendment_inscription.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>位于<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="费城">费城</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E7%BA%AA%E5%BF%B5%E9%A6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="美国独立纪念馆">美国独立纪念馆</a>前的“第一修正案”铭文碑（建于1791年12月15日）。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="言論自由">言論自由</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%BA%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%9A%84%E4%BE%8B%E5%A4%96" title="美国言论自由的例外">美國言論自由的例外</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="批評政府">批評政府</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：批評政府">编辑</a>]</div> 在二十世紀之前，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國聯邦最高法院">美國聯邦最高法院</a>拒絕就任何有關“言論自由”的聯邦法律進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="司法审查">司法審查</a>。例如，最高法院就從未裁定過由<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%BB%A8" title="聯邦黨">聯邦黨人</a>總統<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·亚当斯">约翰·亚当斯</a>就禁止煽動性譭謗言論的立法《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E7%B1%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%92%8C%E9%95%87%E5%8E%8B%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="客籍法和镇压叛乱法">客籍法和镇压叛乱法</a>》是否違憲，三位大法官所主持的煽動實驗沒有表明任何保留意見。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200715-36">[36]</a> 由副總統<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E5%BC%97%E9%80%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="托马斯·杰弗逊">托馬斯·傑弗遜</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E8%BF%AA%E9%81%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·麥迪遜">詹姆斯·麥迪遜</a>所引導的主流意見則認為，《1798年外僑與煽動叛亂法》违反了第一修正案及憲法的其他規定。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200716–17-37">[37]</a> 後來亞當斯敗選給傑弗遜的部份原因就是亞當斯並不受那些被起訴“煽動叛亂”人士的支持，而傑弗遜在當選后很快就廢止了《1798年外僑與煽動叛亂法》并<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A6%E5%85%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="赦免">赦免</a>了因此法案而入罪的人們。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200720-38">[38]</a> 在1971年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E8%AF%89%E6%B2%99%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="纽约时报诉沙利文案">纽约时报诉沙利文案</a>裁決書的多數意見中，<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39">[39]</a> 大法官<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB%E5%8D%97" title="小威廉·布倫南">小威廉·布倫南</a>閣下注意到這次法庭辯論將是“第一修正案”的一個先例，并借此裁定《1798年外僑與煽動叛亂法》違憲。他寫道，“雖然‘煽動叛亂法’並未在本法庭被測試過，但是有關此法的有效性在歷史上卻是備受爭議。”<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200753-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="一戰時期">一戰時期</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：一戰時期">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg/180px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg/270px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg/360px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="1491" /></a><figcaption>大法官<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯">小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯</a>閣下就“言論自由”的相關案件制定了“明顯且即時的危險”測試。</figcaption></figure> 在愛國熱情高漲的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a>期間，《<a href="/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4%E9%96%93%E8%AB%9C%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="1917年間諜法">1917年間諜法</a>》規定任何“不服從命令、對國家不忠、叛變，或拒絕服役”的美國人將面臨最高二十年監禁的懲罰。一時間，美國各地出現了數百起相關訴訟。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200725-42">[42]</a> 到了1919年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國聯邦最高法院">美國聯邦最高法院</a>對下列上訴舉行了聽證會：“<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%89%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E6%A1%88" title="申克诉合众国案">申克诉合众国案</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%89%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E6%A1%88" title="德布斯诉合众国案">德布斯訴合眾國案</a>”、“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E8%A8%B4%E5%90%88%E7%9C%BE%E5%9C%8B%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗洛維克訴合眾國案（页面不存在）">弗洛維克訴合眾國案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frohwerk_v._United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Frohwerk v. United States">Frohwerk v. United States</a>）”和“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E8%A8%B4%E5%90%88%E7%9C%BE%E5%9C%8B%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾布拉姆斯訴合眾國案（页面不存在）">艾布拉姆斯訴合眾國案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrams_v._United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Abrams v. United States">Abrams v. United States</a>）”。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200725–27-43">[43]</a> 在第一個案件里，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%9A" title="美国社会党">美國社會黨</a>幹部查理斯·申克（Charles Schenck）由於散發抵制該法案的傳單而被《1917年間諜法》定罪。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrams200665–66-44">[44]</a> 查理斯·申克以“《1917年間諜法》違法‘第一修正案’”為由提起上訴，聯邦最高法院一致裁定駁回上訴并維持原判。.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> 大法官<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯">小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯</a>閣下在判決書中寫道，“很多案件的問題在於，如果在一個‘明顯且即時的危險’情況下，某人的言論會帶來實質性的危害，那麼國會有權制定法律以防止此類情況發生。”<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> 一周后，最高法院再度支持了《1917年間諜法》，裁定批評美國捲入對外戰爭的記者敗訴。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199923-47">[47]</a> 由“申克訴美國案”而得出的“明顯且即時的危險”測試在“德布斯訴美國案”中被正式確立。<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> 1918年6月16日，政治活動家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%91%C2%B7V%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="尤金·V·德布斯">尤金·V·德布斯</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E" title="俄亥俄州">俄亥俄州</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E9%A1%BF_(%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E)" title="坎顿 (俄亥俄州)">坎顿市</a>發表演講，其中他說到為“最忠實的同志瓦根內克特（Wagenknecht）、貝克（Baker）及魯滕貝裡（Ruthenberg）因協助並教唆他人拒絕接受兵役登記被定罪而為工人階級接受懲罰的獻身精神”而感到驕傲。<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> 在這段演講之後，德布斯因為觸犯《1917年間諜法》而被起訴并定罪。美國聯邦最高法院維持了有罪的判定，法院的理由是雖然德布斯的發言中並沒有直接的“明顯且即時的危險”字眼，但是結合上下文卻可以發現其對“阻礙徵兵有著天然的傾向和可能的效果”。<a href="#cite_note-Debs216-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200727-51">[51]</a> 在“艾布拉姆斯訴美國案”中，四名俄羅斯人在紐約散發傳單，抗議時任美國總統<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="伍德罗·威尔逊">伍德罗·威尔逊</a>對俄國<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命">十月革命</a>的干涉。最高法院以多數意見維持了對他們有罪的判決，但是大法官<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯">霍姆斯</a>閣下和大法官<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="路易斯·布蘭戴斯">路易斯·布蘭戴斯</a>閣下卻提出了異議，他們認為政府並沒有就那四人的政治宣傳提供足夠的“明顯且即時的危險”證據。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199923-47">[47]</a> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="一戰之後">一戰之後</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：一戰之後">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandeisl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brandeisl.jpg/220px-Brandeisl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brandeisl.jpg/330px-Brandeisl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brandeisl.jpg/440px-Brandeisl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>大法官<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="路易斯·布蘭戴斯">路易斯·布蘭戴斯</a>閣下在二十世紀20年代就言論自由上訴案撰寫過一些異議。</figcaption></figure> 美國聯邦最高法院在二十世紀20年代就一些“言論自由”的上訴案做出了不利於上訴者的裁決，其中就包括勞工活動組織者本傑明·吉特羅（Benjamin Gitlow）的上訴案。吉特羅因為散發傳單，鼓吹“無產階級專政革命”而被起訴并定罪。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007108-52">[52]</a> 在1925年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E8%A8%B4%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉特羅訴紐約州案（页面不存在）">吉特羅訴紐約州案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitlow_v._New_York" class="extiw" title="en:Gitlow v. New York">Gitlow v. New York</a>）”中，儘管最高法院維持了原判，但基於“<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="美國憲法第十四修正案">第十四修正案</a>”中的“<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%95%B6%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F" title="正當法律程序">正當法律程序</a>”條款，表明“第一修正案”不僅適用於聯邦法律，也適用於州法律。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199924-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200734–35-54">[54]</a> 但是大法官<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="路易斯·布蘭戴斯">布蘭戴斯</a>閣下和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF" title="小奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯">霍姆斯</a>閣下就此案提出了異議，他們認為應當推進“第一修正案”中“言論自由”條款對政治言論的保護範疇。在1927年的“<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%89%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88" title="惠特尼诉加利福尼亚州案">惠特尼诉加利福尼亚州案</a>”中，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E9%BB%A8" title="美國共產黨">美國共產黨</a>組織者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8F%E6%B4%9B%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%A6%AE%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="夏洛特·安妮塔·惠特尼（页面不存在）">夏洛特·安妮塔·惠特尼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Anita_Whitney" class="extiw" title="en:Charlotte Anita Whitney">Charlotte Anita Whitney</a>）因“工團主義罪”被定罪。儘管這個上訴被裁定敗訴，但是大法官<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E6%88%B4%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="路易斯·布蘭戴斯">布蘭戴斯</a>閣下卻寫下了異議，他認為政治言論應該得到更廣泛的保護： <blockquote>我們贏得了獨立……并相信自由就是想你所想和暢所欲言。這意味著我們必須去發現和傳播政治真理，但是如果沒有言論和結社自由，這樣的討論都是徒勞的。人們之間的討論應該得到足夠的保護，并防止傳播異端邪說。對自由最大的威脅是那些身懷惰性的人們，公共討論不僅是一項公共責任，也是美國政府應該奉行的基本政策。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200736-55">[55]</a></blockquote> 1937年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E6%81%A9%E7%99%BB%E8%A8%B4%E6%B4%9B%E7%91%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫恩登訴洛瑞案（页面不存在）">赫恩登訴洛瑞案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herndon_v._Lowry" class="extiw" title="en:Herndon v. Lowry">Herndon v. Lowry</a>）”中，聯邦最高法院聽取<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%A3%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="非洲裔美國人">非洲裔</a>美國共產黨組織者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%82%91%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%81%A9%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安傑洛·赫恩頓（页面不存在）">安傑洛·赫恩頓</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Herndon" class="extiw" title="en:Angelo Herndon">Angelo Herndon</a>）的上訴。他因為利用《奴隸起義規約（Slave Insurrection Statute）》鼓吹黑人自治而被定罪。聯邦最高法院根據“明顯且即時的危險”標準及<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" title="喬治亞州">喬治亞州</a>並不能證明赫恩登的行為符合這個標準為由，宣佈赫恩頓勝訴。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199926-56">[56]</a> 1940年，美國國會制訂了《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="史密斯法案">史密斯法案</a>》，宣佈“任何使用武力或暴力行為推翻或顛覆美國政府”為非法。<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> 這條法律等於為打擊美國的共產黨人提供了一個工具，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%91%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="尤金·丹尼斯">尤金·丹尼斯</a>因“企圖建立共產黨”被定罪后，他想最高法院提請了移審令并獲得了批准。<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> 在1951年的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%89%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E6%A1%88" title="丹尼斯诉合众国案">丹尼斯訴美國案</a>中，<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> 最高法院以“六比二”的票數宣佈維持原判。<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199928-61">[61]</a> 首席大法官<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%87%E6%A3%AE" title="弗雷德·文森">弗雷德·文森</a>閣下採用了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E6%81%A9%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B1%89%E5%BE%B7" title="勒恩德·汉德">勒恩德·汉德</a>法官閣下對“明顯且即時的危險”標準的解釋，“在每一個案件中，[法院]必須要問，這種因為不太可能發生而被低估了分量的‘危害’，是否可以證明以侵犯言論自由而避免危險是正確的。”<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> 大法官<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9" title="费利克斯·弗兰克福特">费利克斯·弗兰克福特</a>閣下則在協同意見里提出了“平衡標準（balancing test）”，這個標準很快便取代了“明顯且即時的危險”標準。“平衡標準”指的是： <blockquote>民主社會中的“言論自由權力”和“國家安全需求”的關係好比司法程序中“知情”和“坦誠”的關係一樣，處於一種競爭的平衡當中。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199928-61">[61]</a></blockquote> 1957年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89%E6%85%88%E8%A8%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葉慈訴美國案（页面不存在）">葉慈訴美國案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a>）”中，最高法院對於《史密斯法》的執法範圍作出限制，認為“煽動實際行動”方可執行本法，而“思想領域的鼓吹”則不適用本法。而宣揚暴力推翻政府的抽象學說受到“第一修正案”的保護，而不用被《史密斯法》懲處。<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199929-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="越南戰爭">越南戰爭</a>期間，美國聯邦最高法院對于人民批評政府言論的立場有了巨大的變化。但是最高法院在此期間還是支持了一些諸如禁止偽造、自殘或撕毀徵兵卡方式來逃脫兵役的法律，例如在1968年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%B4%E5%A5%A7%E5%B8%83%E8%90%8A%E7%99%BB%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國訴奧布萊登案（页面不存在）">美國訴奧布萊登案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._O%27Brien" class="extiw" title="en:United States v. O'Brien">United States v. O'Brien</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> 最高法院就擔心焚燒徵兵卡會對徵兵工作的“順利和有效運作”造成危害。<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> 但就在次年，聯邦最高法院通過對“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%83%E8%98%AD%E7%99%BB%E5%A0%A1%E8%A8%B4%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勃蘭登堡訴俄亥俄州案（页面不存在）">勃蘭登堡訴俄亥俄州案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio" class="extiw" title="en:Brandenburg v. Ohio">Brandenburg v. Ohio</a>）”<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> 的判決徹底推翻了<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%89%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88" title="惠特尼诉加利福尼亚州案">惠特尼诉加利福尼亚州案</a>”中的裁決。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199932-69">[69]</a> 現在，最高法院就鼓吹公開暴力和革命言論的話語權給予了廣義上的說明： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote">（我們的）裁決規範了憲法保障言論自由和新聞自由的原則，即不允許政府禁止或取締鼓吹暴力或非法活動的言論，即便這些言論有可能導致這樣行動或這些行動的確會導致這樣的危險。<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></blockquote> 通過“美國訴奧布萊登案”，最高法院拋棄了由“申克訴美國案”得出的“明顯且即時危險”的標準，并同時進一步削弱了“丹尼斯訴美國案”判例的影響力。<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007124-72">[72]</a> 在1971年的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9%E8%A8%B4%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88" title="科恩訴加利福尼亞州案">科恩訴加利福尼亞州案</a>”中，<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> 聯邦最高法院以“五比四”的結果推翻了原審。在原審中，科恩因在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9D%89%E7%9F%B6%E5%8E%BF" title="洛杉矶县">洛杉磯縣</a>法院走廊上穿著有“去你媽的徵兵（Fuck the Draft）”字樣的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%BE%E5%85%8B" title="夾克">夾克衫</a>而被定罪。大法官<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%80%AB" title="約翰·馬歇爾·哈倫">約翰·馬歇爾·哈倫</a>閣下在多數意見中寫道，儘管科恩的外套上的言論使用了髒字，但依然屬於“第一修正案”所保護的政治言論範疇。他寫道“汝之砒霜，彼之蜜糖（one man's vulgarity is another man's lyric）”。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199946-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="政治言論">政治言論</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：政治言論">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="匿名言論">匿名言論</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：匿名言論">编辑</a>]</div> 在1960年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E8%A8%B4%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔利訴加利福尼亞州案（页面不存在）">塔利訴加利福尼亞州案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talley_v._California" class="extiw" title="en:Talley v. California">Talley v. California</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國聯邦最高法院">美國聯邦最高法院</a>的裁定推翻了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%9D%89%E7%9F%B6%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="洛杉矶市">洛杉磯市</a>城市條例中有關匿名分發小冊子屬於犯罪的規定。大法官<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E6%88%88%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%90%8A%E5%85%8B" title="休戈·布萊克">休戈·布萊克</a>閣下在多數意見中寫道，“這一點是毫無疑問的，（區分是否匿名）的做法限制了信息的自由傳播，進而影響到了言論的自由……匿名的小冊子、傳單、宣傳冊，甚至是書籍都在人類的進步中發揮了重要的作用。”<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> 在1995年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A5%E9%87%91%E5%A4%AA%E8%A8%B4%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%B6%E9%81%B8%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麥金太訴俄亥俄州競選委員會案（页面不存在）">麥金太訴俄亥俄州競選委員會案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McIntyre_v._Ohio_Elections_Commission" class="extiw" title="en:McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission">McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>聯邦最高法院推翻了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E" title="俄亥俄州">俄亥俄州</a>有關禁止匿名分發競選刊物的法規。<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> 但是在“密斯訴基恩案（Meese v. Keene）”中，<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> 最高法院支持了1938年制定的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E4%BA%BA%E7%99%BB%E8%AE%B0%E6%B3%95" title="外国代理人登记法">外國代理人登記法</a>》，幾部加拿大電影被定義為“政治宣傳片”，法院要求必須公開這些電影的贊助商。<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="競選資金">競選資金</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：競選資金">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%8D%BB%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="政治獻金">政治獻金</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen_Mitch_McConnell_official.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sen_Mitch_McConnell_official.jpg/220px-Sen_Mitch_McConnell_official.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sen_Mitch_McConnell_official.jpg/330px-Sen_Mitch_McConnell_official.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sen_Mitch_McConnell_official.jpg/440px-Sen_Mitch_McConnell_official.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>美國國會參議員<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%BA%B7%E8%AB%BE" title="米奇·麥康諾">米奇·麥康諾</a>先生，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A5%E5%BA%B7%E8%AB%BE%E8%A8%B4%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%AB%B6%E9%81%B8%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麥康諾訴聯邦競選委員會案（页面不存在）">麥康諾訴聯邦競選委員會案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McConnell_v._Federal_Election_Commission" class="extiw" title="en:McConnell v. Federal Election Commission">McConnell v. Federal Election Commission</a>）原告。</figcaption></figure> 在1978年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E8%A8%B4%E6%B3%95%E8%90%8A%E5%A5%A7%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴克利訴法萊奧案（页面不存在）">巴克利訴法萊奧案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckley_v._Valeo" class="extiw" title="en:Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> 美國聯邦最高法院審查了1971年制定的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E7%AB%B6%E9%81%B8%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聯邦選舉競選法（页面不存在）">聯邦選舉競選法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Campaign_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Federal Election Campaign Act">Federal Election Campaign Act</a>）》，該法案限制了競選人獲得政治獻金和支出的額度。最終法院裁定限制政治獻金獲取額度及來源的條款合憲，并認為這些條款“保障政府的基本權益，維護選舉過程的完整性，並且沒有直接侵犯公民個人或候選人從事政治辯論及討論的權力。”<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> 但是最高法院卻推翻了該法案對於支出額度的限制，認為其“實質上構成了對政治言論數量的限制”。<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007177–78-84">[84]</a> 在2003年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A5%E5%BA%B7%E8%AB%BE%E8%A8%B4%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%AB%B6%E9%81%B8%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麥康諾訴聯邦競選委員會案（页面不存在）">麥康諾訴聯邦競選委員會案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McConnell_v._Federal_Election_Commission" class="extiw" title="en:McConnell v. Federal Election Commission">McConnell v. Federal Election Commission</a>）”案中，聯邦最高法院再度審議了競選資金監管的合憲性。<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> 案件的矛盾集中在2002年通過的聯邦法律——《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A9%E9%BB%A8%E7%AB%B6%E9%81%B8%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兩黨競選改革法（页面不存在）">兩黨競選改革法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act">Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act</a>）》，該法案對競選資金提出了新的監管意見。最高法院支持了原法案中有關禁止全國性政黨使用軟錢或私人機構利用軟錢從事競選相關推廣的規定，但同時最高法院卻推翻了此前有關“支持選擇權”的相關規定，裁定聯邦競選委員會有權或協調所有競選人的開支，或允許所有競選人獨立進行競選開支，但不可以將兩種方法同時使用，並且同意各方在“承擔違憲風險的前提下”可以對競選開支做無上限安排。<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> 此後最高法院通過“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%A8%B4%E6%A2%85%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%A0%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%80%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廷克訴梅德因獨立社區學區案（页面不存在）">廷克訴梅德因獨立社區學區案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" class="extiw" title="en:Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District</a>）”裁定禁止未成年捐獻競選資金是違憲的。 在2007年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%AB%B6%E9%81%B8%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%B4%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%B7%E8%BE%9B%E5%B7%9E%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%AC%8A%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聯邦競選委員會訴威斯康辛州生命權公司案（页面不存在）">聯邦競選委員會訴威斯康辛州生命權公司案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission_v._Wisconsin_Right_to_Life,_Inc." class="extiw" title="en:Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.">Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> 聯邦最高法院裁定《兩黨競選改革法》繼續“適用”。而在2008年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%80%9D%E8%A8%B4%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%AB%B6%E9%81%B8%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戴維思訴聯邦競選委員會案（页面不存在）">戴維思訴聯邦競選委員會案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_v._Federal_Election_Commission" class="extiw" title="en:Davis v. Federal Election Commission">Davis v. Federal Election Commission</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> 最高法院裁定《兩黨競選改革法》中的“百萬富翁修正條款”是違憲的。最高法院認為《兩黨競選改革法》對於自籌資金競選人過於寬鬆，而對於那些花費在350萬美元以上的候選人卻予以限制違背了言論自由。<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> 在2010年的“<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E8%A8%B4%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E7%AB%B6%E9%81%B8%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合公民訴聯邦競選委員會案">聯合公民訴聯邦競選委員會案</a>”中，<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> 最高法院裁定《兩黨競選改革法》中限制企業或團體進行政治宣傳的做法違憲。同時法院還推翻了1990年“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81%E8%A8%B4%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%87%E6%A0%B9%E5%B7%9E%E5%95%86%E6%9C%83%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧斯丁訴密歇根州商會案（页面不存在）">奧斯丁訴密歇根州商會案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_v._Michigan_Chamber_of_Commerce" class="extiw" title="en:Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce">Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce</a>）”中<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> 有關禁止國債援助企業就競選人發表支持或反對言論的判例，法院認為這些做法符合第一修正案及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="美國憲法第十四修正案">第十四修正案</a>。法院最後也推翻了“麥康諾訴聯邦競選委員會案”中的部份判決。<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> 換句話說，最高法院裁定政治獻金是受到“第一修正案”保護的一種政治言論。<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="汙損國旗">汙損國旗</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：汙損國旗">编辑</a>]</div> 美國聯邦最高法院有關汙損國旗是否屬於抗議的一種形式的爭議源於1969年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%B4%94%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B4%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯崔特訴紐約州案（页面不存在）">斯崔特訴紐約州案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_v._New_York" class="extiw" title="en:Street v. New York">Street v. New York</a>）”。<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> 在聽到民權活動家<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E9%9B%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF" title="詹姆斯·梅雷迪斯">詹姆斯·梅雷迪斯</a>被謀殺的錯誤報導之後，西德尼·斯崔特焚燒了一面四十八星的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" class="mw-redirect" title="美國國旗">美國國旗</a>。斯崔特很快便被逮捕並以“通過文字或行動公開損傷、汙損、玷污、蔑視、踐踏或鄙夷任何美國旗幟”為犯罪的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約州">紐約州</a>法律而定罪。<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> 依照1931年“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%9A%86%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E8%A8%B4%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯特隆伯格訴加利福尼亞州案（页面不存在）">斯特隆伯格訴加利福尼亞州案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromberg_v._California" class="extiw" title="en:Stromberg v. California">Stromberg v. California</a>）”<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> 的判例，最高法院以“五比四”的結果裁定紐約州刑法認為汙損國旗不屬於“言論”的規定違憲。因為紐約州是依據尚未確定合憲的條款而並未以充分的理由將斯崔特定罪，因此該定罪結果被最高法院推翻。然而最高法院“拒絕就本案所牽扯的憲法議題做更廣泛的裁決”，從而並未明確焚燒國旗的行為是否屬於“言論自由”的範疇。<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199943-98">[98]</a> 有關焚燒國旗的模糊法規在1989年的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%89%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E9%80%8A%E6%A1%88" title="德克萨斯州诉约翰逊案">德克萨斯州诉约翰逊案</a>”<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> 中被取消。在本案中，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E8%A3%A1%E9%AB%98%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E9%81%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格裡高利·李·約翰遜（页面不存在）">格裡高利·李·約翰遜</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Lee_Johnson" class="extiw" title="en:Gregory Lee Johnson">Gregory Lee Johnson</a>）在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德克薩斯州">德克薩斯州</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="達拉斯">達拉斯</a>舉行的1984年度共和黨全國代表大會期間焚燒了一面美國國旗。約翰遜被控違反德克薩斯州法律中有關“禁止損毀受尊敬公共物品”的條款，隨後約翰遜被判定有罪，入獄一年并繳納2,000美元罰金。最高法院以“五比四”的結果推翻了該裁定，大法官<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB%E5%8D%97" title="小威廉·布倫南">小威廉·布倫南</a>閣下在判決書中寫道，“如果第一修正案有一個基本原則的話，那麼就是政府不得以社會討厭或反感某種思想而禁止該思想被表達。”<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> 美國國會曾經制訂過一項聯邦法律以禁止焚燒國旗，但是最高法院卻在1990年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%B4%E8%89%BE%E5%85%8B%E6%9B%BC%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國訴艾克曼案（页面不存在）">美國訴艾克曼案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Eichman" class="extiw" title="en:United States v. Eichman">United States v. Eichman</a>）”中予以推翻。<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199943–44-102">[102]</a> 自1989年以來，美國國會已經屢次提請一個有關“<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%B1%99%E6%90%8D%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="國旗汙損修正案">國旗汙損修正案</a>”的投票，但是直到2006年，該修正案仍以一票之差未能被<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%83%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國參議院">參議院</a>通過。<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="偽造軍獎">偽造軍獎</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：偽造軍獎">编辑</a>]</div> 自二十世紀早期以來，未經授權出售或損壞<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E8%AA%89%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0" title="荣誉勋章">荣誉勋章</a>在聯邦法律里都是違法的，<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> 甚至在《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%A6%AE%E8%AD%BD%E7%AB%8A%E5%8F%96%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反軍事榮譽竊取法（页面不存在）">反軍事榮譽竊取法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolen_Valor_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Stolen Valor Act">Stolen Valor Act</a>）》里，違法的行為從違規佩戴勳章擴展到假如沒有勳章卻聲稱擁有的言論上。<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> 在2012年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%B4%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國訴阿爾瓦雷斯案（页面不存在）">美國訴阿爾瓦雷斯案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Alvarez" class="extiw" title="en:United States v. Alvarez">United States v. Alvarez</a>）”中，最高法院推翻了《反軍事榮譽竊取法》，裁定政府以公民虛報兵役或榮譽的言論而入罪的行為違反了“言論自由”條款。<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> 雖然本裁決是以“六比三”的結果獲得通過，但是六名投票反對《反軍事榮譽竊取法》的大法官卻沒有達成一致意見。<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="商業言論">商業言論</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：商業言論">编辑</a>]</div> 商業言論指的是以公司或個人盈利為目的而發表的言論。與政治言論不同，最高法院裁定商業言論並不享受“第一修正案”中“言論自由”條款的充分保護。為了在訴訟中區分商業言論和其他類型的言論，最高法院為商業言論定義了四個特徵：<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <ol><li>內容中有涉及如何購買；</li> <li>內容可以被定義為廣告內容；</li> <li>內容應用了某個特定的商品；</li> <li>傳播者是基於商業目的傳播該內容。</li></ol> 如果某人的言論只是涉及上述四條中的某一條，那麼並不會被認為是商業言論。但是，如果某人的言論符合上述四個特徵，那麼他的言論就是商業言論。<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> 在1942年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%AF%E5%80%AB%E6%B3%B0%E8%A8%B4%E5%85%8B%E8%A3%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%94%B0%E6%A3%AE%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="華倫泰訴克裡斯田森案（页面不存在）">華倫泰訴克裡斯田森案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine_v._Chrestensen" class="extiw" title="en:Valentine v. Chrestensen">Valentine v. Chrestensen</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> 最高法院維持了<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約市">紐約市</a>有關“禁止在街道分發商業傳單和廣告”的法令。<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> 大法官<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E8%8C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐文·羅伯茨（页面不存在）">歐文·羅伯茨</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Roberts" class="extiw" title="en:Owen Roberts">Owen Roberts</a>）解釋道：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote">最高法院已經明確認為，街道的確可以作為適當傳播信息和溝通交流的場所。但是政府有權為了公眾利益，而取締某些交流場所或方式以減輕交通的負擔。同時，憲法並沒有要求政府必須尊重商業言論的傳播自由。<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></blockquote> 但是在1976年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E8%97%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%B4%E4%BD%9B%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛吉尼亞州藥業協會訴佛吉尼亞州消費者委員會案（页面不存在）">佛吉尼亞州藥業協會訴佛吉尼亞州消費者委員會案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Pharmacy_Board_v._Virginia_Citizens_Consumer_Council" class="extiw" title="en:Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council">Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a>最高法院推翻了“華倫泰訴克裡斯田森案”中的裁決，認為商業言論受到“第一修正案”的保護。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote">我們在思考一個問題，政府是否有權完全壓制一個真實信息的合法傳播，以避免他們在傳播者和受眾之間產生效果……我們的答案是否定的。<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></blockquote> 而在1978年的“額哈力克訴俄亥俄州律師協會案（Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association）”中，<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> 最高法院裁定商業言論並不像其他言論那樣受到“第一修正案”的完全保護。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote">我們沒有丟棄“常識性”的問題，發生在商業交易上的言論在傳統上是受到政府所監管的言論，這與其他言論是不同的。有關商業言論與非商業言論的界限將決定該言論受到第一修正案保護範圍的多寡。<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></blockquote> 在1980年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%A3%E5%92%8C%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E8%A8%B4%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中央哈德森天然氣和電力公司訴公共服務委員案（页面不存在）">中央哈德森天然氣和電力公司訴公共服務委員案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hudson_Gas_%26_Electric_Corp._v._Public_Service_Commission" class="extiw" title="en:Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission">Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> 最高法院要求政府在監管商業言論的時候，對如下問題進行調查： <ol><li>這些言論是否受到第一修正案的保護？是否合法？是否誤導消費者？是否涉及欺詐？</li> <li>控制這些言論之後是否對於政府利益有很大的幫助？</li> <li>控制這些言論是否直接有利於政府利益的實現？</li> <li>相較于更大範圍的利益或服務，這些控制是有必要的嗎？</li></ol> 六年之後，美國聯邦最高法院將“中央哈德森標準”沿用到“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84%E6%B3%A2%E8%96%A9%E9%81%94%E9%85%92%E5%BA%97%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%B4%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84%E6%97%85%E9%81%8A%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波多黎各波薩達酒店協會訴波多黎各旅遊公司案（页面不存在）">波多黎各波薩達酒店協會訴波多黎各旅遊公司案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posadas_de_Puerto_Rico_Associates_v._Tourism_Company_of_Puerto_Rico" class="extiw" title="en:Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico">Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico</a>）”中。<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> 美國聯邦最高法院支持了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84" title="波多黎各">波多黎各</a>最高法院的裁決，認為波多黎各的《1948年遊戲機會法（Games of Chance Act of 1948）》中的規定並沒有違憲。通過“波多黎各波薩達酒店協會訴波多黎各旅遊公司案”而實現的對“中央哈德森標準”寬鬆解讀很快就在1996年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=44%E9%85%92%E8%A1%8C%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E8%A8%B4%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E5%B3%B6%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="44酒行公司訴羅德島州案（页面不存在）">44酒行公司訴羅德島州案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44_Liquormart,_Inc._v._Rhode_Island" class="extiw" title="en:44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island">44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island</a>）”中被限制。<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> 在該案中，最高法院裁定<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E5%B3%B6%E5%B7%9E" title="羅德島州">羅德島州</a>禁止公佈白酒價格的法律違憲。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="校園言論">校園言論</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：校園言論">编辑</a>]</div> 在1969年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%A8%B4%E5%BE%97%E6%A2%85%E5%9B%A0%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%80%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="廷克訴得梅因獨立社區學區案（页面不存在）">廷克訴得梅因獨立社區學區案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" class="extiw" title="en:Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> 最高法院將言論自由的保護延伸到在校學生上。在本案中，部份學生因為抗議<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="越南戰爭">越南戰爭</a>而佩戴黑章的行為被學校處罰。最高法院裁定，學校不得限制未對學校正常活動有“重大且顯著”破壞的象徵性言論。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199961-122">[122]</a> 大法官<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%B9%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF" title="亚伯拉罕·亚伯·方特斯">亚伯拉罕·亚伯·方特斯</a>閣下寫到： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote">學校不可能是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="極權主義">極權主義</a>的聚集地，校方在他們的學生面前不具備絕對的權威。學生……所擁有的基本權利將得到國家的尊重，就像他們尊重他們對國家的義務一樣。<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></blockquote> 在1972年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E5%88%A9%E8%A8%B4%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希利訴詹姆斯案（页面不存在）">希利訴詹姆斯案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healy_v._James" class="extiw" title="en:Healy v. James">Healy v. James</a>）”中，最高法院重申了自己在“廷克訴得梅因獨立社區學區案”中的裁定，最終裁決中央康涅迪克州大學拒絕承認“為民主社會而學習”的校園章為違憲。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199962-124">[124]</a> 但是，1968年之後，最高法院就“廷克訴得梅因獨立社區學區案”的司法判例做出了一些限制。在1986年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%80%E8%A8%B4%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E6%BE%A4%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伯特利學區訴弗雷澤案（页面不存在）">伯特利學區訴弗雷澤案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethel_School_District_v._Fraser" class="extiw" title="en:Bethel School District v. Fraser">Bethel School District v. Fraser</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> 最高法院裁定學生可以因他在校園集會上的涉及性暗示的言論被處罰；而在1988年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%BE%A4%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E8%A8%B4%E9%82%81%E5%85%8B%E5%87%B1%E7%88%BE%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑澤爾伍德訴邁克凱爾案（页面不存在）">黑澤爾伍德訴邁克凱爾案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazelwood_v._Kuhlmeier" class="extiw" title="en:Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier">Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> 最高法院認為校報在接受校方的出版審查方面受到第一修正案的保護有限。在2007年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E8%A8%B4%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E8%A3%A1%E5%85%8B%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫爾斯訴弗雷德裡克案（页面不存在）">莫爾斯訴弗雷德裡克案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_v._Frederick" class="extiw" title="en:Morse v. Frederick">Morse v. Frederick</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> 最高法院裁定如果學生有宣揚“非法使用藥物”的行為，即便不在校方場地內，校方也有權在集會上終止該人的言論。而這並不違反第一修正案中的言論自由條款。<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="淫穢色情">淫穢色情</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：淫穢色情">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg/220px-US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg/330px-US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg/440px-US_Supreme_Court_Justice_Potter_Stewart_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1442" /></a><figcaption>大法官<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="波特·斯图尔特">波特·斯图尔特</a>閣下寫道，雖然不能準確定義淫穢的標準，“但是當我看到它的時候我就知道”。</figcaption></figure> 美國聯邦政府和州政府對於淫穢內容和色情出版物都有相應的限制。雖然最高法院早已拒絕將第一修正案有關言論自由的保護給予淫穢內容，但是對於色情出版物的控制卻相對輕微。而且隨著時間的推移，有關淫穢內容和色情出版物的定義也在發生變化。<a href="#cite_note-EB-10">[10]</a> 在1896年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E6%A3%AE%E8%A8%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅森訴美國案（页面不存在）">羅森訴美國案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosen_v._United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Rosen v. United States">Rosen v. United States</a>）”中，美國聯邦最高法院在有關淫穢色情的定義上採取了與英國著名案件“里賈納訴希克林案（Regina v. Hicklin）”一致的標準。<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> “<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希克林測試（页面不存在）">希克林測試</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hicklin_test" class="extiw" title="en:Hicklin test">Hicklin test</a>）”對於淫穢色情的定義是在於它是否“能影響腐壞所接觸之人的心智”。<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> 在二十世紀早期，诸如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E8%8E%B1%E8%B5%9B" title="西奥多·德莱赛">西奥多·德莱赛</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%82%B2%E5%89%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="美国的悲剧">美国的悲剧</a>》（1925年）和<a href="/wiki/D%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="D·H·劳伦斯">D·H·劳伦斯</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E6%B3%B0%E8%8E%B1%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="查泰莱夫人的情人">查泰莱夫人的情人</a>》（1928年）等文學作品都因“涉嫌淫穢”而被政府禁止出版。在聯邦地區法院的一起案件中，法官約翰·M·伍爾西（John M. Woolsey）通過“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%B4%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%AB%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%9B%B8%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國訴一本叫尤利西斯的書案（页面不存在）">美國訴一本叫尤利西斯的書案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._One_Book_Called_Ulysses" class="extiw" title="en:United States v. One Book Called Ulysses">United States v. One Book Called Ulysses</a>）”建立了另外一套有關淫穢色情的定義，并依此來評價<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%96%AC%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·喬伊斯">詹姆斯·喬伊斯</a>的小說《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF" title="尤利西斯">尤利西斯</a>》。即：一部作品應該從整體而不是從某一特定章節或段落上判定它是否屬於色情出版物。<a href="#cite_note-obscenity-131">[131]</a> 通過1957年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%A8%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅斯訴美國案（页面不存在）">羅斯訴美國案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roth_v._United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Roth v. United States">Roth v. United States</a>）”，<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> 美國最高法院裁定色情淫穢內容並不受第一修正案的保護。<a href="#cite_note-obscenity-131">[131]</a> 同時最高法院也裁定“希克林測試”不再適用，而用“羅斯測試”予以取代，即：“對於一般人來說，在現行的社會道德標注下，作品整體或其主旨是否在賣弄色情”為判定淫穢的標準。<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> 這個判例很難在上訴過程中被證明，因而最高法院成員在接下來的十年里不得不在法院大樓的放映廳里觀看某部電影，以裁定其是否涉及淫穢。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007135–36-134">[134]</a> 大法官<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="波特·斯图尔特">波特·斯图尔特</a>閣下在1964年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E6%A0%BC%E7%A2%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E8%A8%B4%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅格碧利斯訴俄亥俄州案（页面不存在）">雅格碧利斯訴俄亥俄州案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobellis_v._Ohio" class="extiw" title="en:Jacobellis v. Ohio">Jacobellis v. Ohio</a>）”<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a>中有句名言道，雖然不能準確定義淫穢的標準，“但是當我看到它的時候我就知道”。<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> 最高法院通過1973年的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%A8%B4%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88" title="米勒訴加利福尼亞州案">米勒訴加利福尼亞州案</a>”<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> 擴大了對“羅斯測試”的定義，根據新的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95" title="米勒测试">米勒測試</a>”，如果一部作品定義為淫穢色情的定義將根據： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>……“普通人以現行社會道德標準”認為該作品從整體上來說是以鼓吹賣弄色情為主要內容的……</li> <li>……作品的描述或說明以一種公然冒犯他人的形式對國家法律認定的性行為進行描寫……</li> <li>……該作品從整體上來說，缺乏嚴肅的文學、藝術、政治或科學價值。……<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li></ol></blockquote> 需要注意的是，由於“米勒測試”中規定的是“社會標準”而非“國家標準”，這就給美國各地方法院如何定義“淫穢”內容留下了一個難題。<a href="#cite_note-obscenity-131">[131]</a> 通過1982年的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%89%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%AF%E6%A1%88" title="纽约州诉法伯案">紐約州訴法伯案</a>”和1990年的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E8%A8%B4%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧斯本訴俄亥俄州案（页面不存在）">奧斯本訴俄亥俄州案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_v._Ohio" class="extiw" title="en:Osborne v. Ohio">Osborne v. Ohio</a>）”，<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> 最高法院裁定<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E8%89%B2%E6%83%85" title="兒童色情">兒童色情</a>不在“米勒測試”的範疇內，法院認為政府在保護受虐兒童方面的權利至關重要。<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199951-142">[142]</a> 個人在家裡私藏淫穢作品可能不會被法律禁止。在1969年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%E8%A8%B4%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯坦利訴喬治亞州案（页面不存在）">斯坦利訴喬治亞州案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" class="extiw" title="en:Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> 最高法院裁定，“憲法第一修正案的存在就意味著政府無權告訴公民，他在家裡的時候應該閱讀什麽樣的書籍和觀看什麽樣的電影。”<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> 但是憲法允許政府禁止公民之間郵寄或出售淫穢作品，儘管它們有可能是只用於私人目的。在2002年的“<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BB%80%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B4%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E6%A1%88" title="阿什克羅夫特訴言論自由聯盟案">阿什克羅夫特訴言論自由聯盟案</a>”中，<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> 最高法院維持了宣判《<a href="/w/index.php?title=1996%E5%B9%B4%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E8%89%B2%E6%83%85%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996年預防兒童色情法（页面不存在）">1996年預防兒童色情法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Pornography_Prevention_Act_of_1996" class="extiw" title="en:Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996">Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996</a>）》無效的判決。最高法院認為“禁止虛擬角色的兒童色情製品”的規定過於寬泛并違反了第一修正案。<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote">當政府試圖控制思想或試圖證明其法律不應當被廢止的時候，第一修正案所規定的自由是岌岌可危的。自由的前提條件是自由思考的權利，因而言論自由必須得到政府的保護，因為言論自由是思考自由的前提條件。<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></blockquote> 在2008年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%B4%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國訴威廉姆斯案（页面不存在）">美國訴威廉姆斯案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Williams" class="extiw" title="en:United States v. Williams">United States v. Williams</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> 最高法院裁定《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E5%A5%B4%E5%BD%B9%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E8%A8%B4%E6%95%91%E6%BF%9F%E5%92%8C%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E6%89%8B%E6%AE%B5%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="禁止奴役當代兒童的起訴救濟和其他手段法（页面不存在）">禁止奴役當代兒童的起訴救濟和其他手段法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROTECT_Act_of_2003" class="extiw" title="en:PROTECT Act of 2003">PROTECT Act of 2003</a>）》（簡稱：2003保護法）合憲。最高法院裁定禁止提供或獲得兒童色情出版物的規定並沒有違反第一修正案，就算根據該法律被起訴的公民並沒有兒童色情出版物，也是如此。<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="罪犯回憶">罪犯回憶</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：罪犯回憶">编辑</a>]</div> 在美國的一些州，根據《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E5%A7%86%E4%B9%8B%E5%AD%90%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="山姆之子法案（页面不存在）">山姆之子法案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_Sam_law" class="extiw" title="en:Son of Sam law">Son of Sam law</a>）》的規定，罪犯不得以盈利目的出版自己的回憶錄。<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> 該法案的出臺是因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="大衛·貝爾科維奇">大衛·貝爾科維奇</a>決定出版有關自己謀殺案的回憶錄。但是在1991年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%E8%A8%B4%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B3%E4%BA%BA%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西蒙·舒斯特出版社訴犯罪受害人委員會案（页面不存在）">西蒙·舒斯特出版社訴犯罪受害人委員會案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster_v._Crime_Victims_Board" class="extiw" title="en:Simon & Schuster v. Crime Victims Board">Simon & Schuster v. Crime Victims Board</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> 最高法院推翻了紐約州類似的法律。根據新的規定，罪犯有權出版自己的回憶錄。但是在某段時間內，該回憶錄的收益將被存入託管帳戶，該託管帳戶的利息將支付給紐約州犯罪受害者委員會，用於該委員會為犯罪受害者提供的醫療援助和相關支出。但是同樣的法律在其他一些州頗有爭議。<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="譭謗污蔑">譭謗污蔑</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：譭謗污蔑">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Supreme_Court_Justice_William_Brennan_-_1972_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US_Supreme_Court_Justice_William_Brennan_-_1972_official_portrait.jpg/220px-US_Supreme_Court_Justice_William_Brennan_-_1972_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US_Supreme_Court_Justice_William_Brennan_-_1972_official_portrait.jpg/330px-US_Supreme_Court_Justice_William_Brennan_-_1972_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US_Supreme_Court_Justice_William_Brennan_-_1972_official_portrait.jpg/440px-US_Supreme_Court_Justice_William_Brennan_-_1972_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1502" /></a><figcaption>大法官<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB%E5%8D%97" title="小威廉·布倫南">小威廉·布倫南</a>閣下在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E8%AF%89%E6%B2%99%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="纽约时报诉沙利文案">紐約時報訴沙利文案</a>中做出了里程碑式的裁決，在涉及公共人物的譭謗訴訟中需要遵循“<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E6%83%A1%E6%84%8F%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="真實惡意原則">真實惡意原則</a>”。</figcaption></figure> 美國有關譭謗言論或出版物的侵權舉證責任源自英國普通法。在美國判例法的頭兩百年里，即便是在獨立戰爭時期，譭謗的構成要素繼續類似于英國的現存法律。在1988年的法律教科書上，有關譭謗中傷的定義幾乎與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A" title="威廉·布莱克斯通">威廉·布萊克斯通</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%A3%E5%8F%AF%E6%A8%82%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="可口可樂公司">可口可樂公司</a>提供的那般。譭謗行為必須符合以下特點：<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewell189837–41-154">[154]</a> <ol><li>言論中有涉及指責的詞語。例如：指責受害方有犯罪行為；罹患某種傳染疾病或心理疾病；因為道德缺失或缺乏責任心而無法擔任公職；在其專業領域、供職行業或商業經營上缺乏誠信；</li> <li>這些言論一定都是虛假的；</li> <li>這些言論以口頭或書面的方式傳遞給了第三人；</li> <li>這些言論沒有在一些特定場合（例如：國會）提出；<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a></li> <li>這些言論必須出於惡意。</li></ol> 有關譭謗的定罪必須同時符合上述五項特點，尤其是針對涉及譭謗的出版物。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewell189833–37-156">[156]</a> 對於某些譭謗罪的刑事指控，例如：譭謗煽動罪，有關陳述的真假與否並不是關鍵。因為這些法律的目的就是為了維持公眾對政府的支持，有時真實的表述反而比虛假的危害更大。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199493-157">[157]</a> 相反，譭謗罪特別強調它所帶來的後果。例如：“貶低或中傷他人”或者“將其陷入蔑視、仇恨或嘲笑中”。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewell189833–37-156">[156]</a> 根據英國普通法引申出來的譭謗罪可能並不符合新共和政體的擔憂引起了早期美國法院在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A" title="威廉·布莱克斯通">威廉·布萊克斯通</a>有關“懲罰危險性或令人反感的作品……是維護政府或教會和平及良好秩序的必要條件，也是維護公民權力的堅實基礎”的說法和有關“新聞自由受憲法保護自由的需要程度大過新聞寫作帶來的恐懼”的說法之間的爭議。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199493-157">[157]</a> 因此在第一修正案通過后的200年間，有關譭謗罪的定義進行了些微的調整。 1964年的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E8%AF%89%E6%B2%99%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="纽约时报诉沙利文案">紐約時報訴沙利文案</a>”<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-39">[39]</a> 徹底改變了美國對於譭謗罪的定義。該案重新定義了“惡意”作為譭謗罪的一個定罪條件。在英國普通法中，對於“惡意”的定義是“敵意”或“惡毒”。而現在一名政府官員如果要通過誹謗罪起訴他人，就必須證明該當事人的言論符合“<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%A6%E6%83%A1%E6%84%8F%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="真實惡意原則">真實惡意原則</a>”。在本案中，《<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約時報">紐約時報</a>》刊登了一則政治廣告，指責<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉巴馬州">阿拉巴馬州</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%93%A5%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="蒙哥马利市">蒙哥馬利市</a>的某名官員採用暴力行動壓制<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%A3%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="非裔美國人">非裔美國人</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%AC%8A%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="民權運動">民權運動</a>。隨後蒙哥馬利市警察局長沙利文起訴《紐約時報》誹謗其名譽並在阿拉巴馬州法庭獲得勝訴。但案件上訴到美國聯邦最高法院之後，最高法院推翻了原案的裁決。大法官<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB%E5%8D%97" title="小威廉·布倫南">小威廉·布倫南</a>閣下認為官員可以起訴他人譭謗，但前提是對方的惡意言論需要符合“真實惡意原則”——即“明知（報導內容）為虛假或罔顧（報導內容）的真實性”。<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper19999–10-159">[159]</a> 雖然“真實惡意原則”適用於政府官員及公眾人物，<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> 但是在1988年的“費城新聞報訴霍普斯案”（Philadelphia Newspapers v. Hepps）中，<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> 最高法院裁決有關個人名譽權的問題上，第一修正案“不一定強制對普通法中的一些規則作出改變”。<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> 在1985年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%84%A7%E7%99%BD%E6%B0%8F%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E8%A8%B4%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%81%E4%BF%A1%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鄧白氏公司訴格林莫斯征信公司案（页面不存在）">鄧白氏公司訴格林莫斯征信公司案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun_%26_Bradstreet,_Inc._v._Greenmoss_Builders,_Inc." class="extiw" title="en:Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.">Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> “真實惡意原則”並不適用於私人譭謗案件，如果言論“並非具有憲法價值的公共言論或者並非針對公共事務，那麼該言論並不受憲法保護，——也就並不需要遵循‘真實惡意原則’。”<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> 在1974年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E8%8C%A8%E8%A8%B4%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%A5%87%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格茨訴羅伯特·韋爾奇公司案（页面不存在）">格茨訴羅伯特·韋爾奇公司案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertz_v._Robert_Welch,_Inc." class="extiw" title="en:Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.">Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.</a>）”中，在私人譭謗案件中，如果被譭謗者尋求高於實際傷害的懲罰性賠償的話，那麼必須證明譭謗者有“真實惡意”。<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> 1988年的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E8%89%B2%E5%AE%A2%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C%E8%A8%B4%E7%A6%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%9F%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="好色客雜誌訴福爾韋爾案">好色客雜誌訴福爾韋爾案</a>”中，<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> 最高法院延伸了“真實惡意”原則的定義，將對他人造成情緒困擾的“<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E6%90%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="恶搞">恶搞</a>”也納入到憲法的保護範疇。在本案中，《好色客》杜撰了神父福爾韋爾的第一次性經驗是在他母親的外屋里。最高法院認為福爾韋爾是一名公眾人物，因此強調公眾人物必須容忍“激烈、刻薄甚至尖銳的抨擊”，既然大眾知道這是惡搞且不相信其真實性，那麼對福爾韋爾的譭謗也就不存在。因此，最高法院推翻了原審法院的裁決。<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> 在1990年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%E8%A8%B4%E6%96%87%E9%87%87%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米爾科維奇訴文采雜誌公司案（页面不存在）">米爾科維奇訴文采雜誌公司案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkovich_v._Lorain_Journal_Co." class="extiw" title="en:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.">Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> 最高法院就“意見表達”和“譭謗”的界限做出了定義，如果一個人的言論超出“意見表達”而成為“事實指控”，並且該言論可被<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="证伪">證偽</a>的話，那麼就屬於譭謗而不受憲法保護。<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="私人物業">私人物業</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：私人物業">编辑</a>]</div> 美國各州的憲法中也有類似美國憲法中對言論自由的保護。在少數幾個州，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="加利福尼亞州">加利福尼亞州</a>，州憲法對言論自由的保護甚至比第一修正案更全面。美國聯邦最高法院已經同意各州擴大對第一修正案的釋法範圍，例如加強對言論自由的保護，特別是在“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%85%A7%E9%9B%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%B3%BC%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E8%A8%B4%E7%BE%85%E8%B3%93%E6%96%AF%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普魯內雅德購物中心訴羅賓斯案（页面不存在）">普魯內雅德購物中心訴羅賓斯案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins" class="extiw" title="en:Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins">Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins</a>）”中。<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> 在該案中，最高法院一致裁定業主所有人有權禁止政治宣傳機器或請願連署活動非法進入其私人場地。但是加州的法律卻對該權力進行了限制，加州將某些場地（通常商場或超市）視為傳統的公共論壇，因此要求業主不得禁止相關人士的進入和宣傳。<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> 但是法院也認為業主可以對“宣傳活動提出合理限制”。<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> 隨後，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%9E" title="科羅拉多州">科羅拉多州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%BE%A4%E8%A5%BF%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="新澤西州">新澤西州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%96%A9%E8%AB%B8%E8%B3%BD%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬薩諸賽州">馬薩諸賽州</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%9A%E9%BB%8E%E5%90%84" title="波多黎各">波多黎各</a>的地方法院也採用了這一判例。<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> 在司法實踐中，加州法院曾多次支持該判例。<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="仇恨言論">仇恨言論</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：仇恨言論">编辑</a>]</div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BB%87%E6%81%A8%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國仇恨言論（页面不存在）">美國仇恨言論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Hate speech in the United States">Hate speech in the United States</a>）</div></dd></dl> 盡管近來社會上出現許多對於言論<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%AD%A3%E7%A2%BA" title="政治正確">政治正確</a>性與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%87%E6%81%A8%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96" title="仇恨言論">仇恨言論</a>的關注，但美國並無法律規範仇恨言論，事實上，美國法律沒有「仇恨言論」一詞<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a>；與之相反地，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E4%BB%87%E6%81%A8%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國仇恨言論（页面不存在）">在美國，仇恨言論是言論自由的一部分</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Hate speech in the United States">Hate speech in the United States</a>）<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-volokh-182">[182]</a>，在社會上會被視為仇恨言論的言論，在事實上受<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="憲法第一修正案">憲法第一修正案</a>保障。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="新聞自由">新聞自由</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：新聞自由">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="新聞自由">新聞自由</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Ellsberg_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Daniel_Ellsberg_2006.jpg/220px-Daniel_Ellsberg_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Daniel_Ellsberg_2006.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>由<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="丹尼尔·艾尔斯伯格">丹尼尔·艾尔斯伯格</a>（圖中人物）洩露<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A7%92%E5%A4%A7%E6%A8%93" class="mw-redirect" title="五角大樓">五角大樓</a>文件而引發的“紐約時報訴美國案”導致了有關新聞自由的一個里程碑式的判決。</figcaption></figure> 新聞自由條款保護了出版自由。在1938年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E5%BC%97%E7%88%BE%E8%A8%B4%E6%A0%BC%E8%A3%A1%E8%8A%AC%E5%B8%82%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛弗爾訴格裡芬市案（页面不存在）">洛弗爾訴格裡芬市案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell_v._City_of_Griffin" class="extiw" title="en:Lovell v. City of Griffin">Lovell v. City of Griffin</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> 首席大法官<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·埃文斯·休斯">查尔斯·埃文斯·休斯</a>閣下將“新聞”定義為“各類提供訊息和意見的出版物”。<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> 這項權利已經延伸到所有媒體，包括：報紙、書籍、戲劇、電影和電子遊戲。<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> 一個有關新聞自由的里程碑是裁決是1931年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E8%A8%B4%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E8%98%87%E9%81%94%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼爾訴明尼蘇達州案（页面不存在）">尼爾訴明尼蘇達州案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_v._Minnesota" class="extiw" title="en:Near v. Minnesota">Near v. Minnesota</a>）”，<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> 最高法院推翻了出版前審查的規定。在本案中，明尼蘇達州議會通過一項法律，允許法院關閉那些“刊登造謠、中傷和譭謗性言論的報紙”。有關真相的辯論只能在已知真相的情況下，並且言論必須“具有良好的動機和正當的目的”。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200743-187">[187]</a> 在“五比四”的結果下，最高法院推翻了明尼蘇達州違憲的法律，并將新聞自由條款推行到州。時任首席大法官<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E6%96%87%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·埃文斯·休斯">查尔斯·埃文斯·休斯</a>閣下引用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E8%BF%AA%E9%80%8A" title="詹姆斯·麦迪逊">詹姆斯·麦迪逊</a>的話寫道，“由於政府的忽視和罪犯的侵害而導致了公民基本生命財產權的損失，這需要勇敢而敏銳的新聞界予以監督”。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200744—45-188">[188]</a> 但是在“尼爾訴明尼蘇達州案”中，最高法院也允許了對部份特殊案例適用“事先審查”，例如“出版部隊出發日期、數量及目的地”。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200746–47-189">[189]</a> 但是這個例外在四十年后的一個里程碑式裁決中被推翻，那便是1971年的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1%E8%A8%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約時報訴美國案">紐約時報訴美國案</a>”。<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%9D%BE" title="理查德·尼克松">理查德·尼克松</a>政府試圖禁止出版一份有關越南戰爭的五角大樓文件，該文件是被軍事分析師<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="丹尼尔·艾尔斯伯格">丹尼尔·艾尔斯伯格</a>偷偷複製并洩露給媒體的。經過最高法院“六比三”的投票結果，裁定美國政府提供的證據不足以動用“事先審查”特例。大法官<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB%E5%8D%97" title="小威廉·布倫南">小威廉·布伦南</a>閣下參考“尼爾訴明尼蘇達州案”判決書后在協同意見里寫道，“只有政府能夠指控并證明出版的信息會立即并直接引發一個危及海上運輸安全的行為，否則（法院）無法支持簽發一個臨時禁制令”。而大法官<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E6%88%88%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%90%8A%E5%85%8B" title="休戈·布萊克">休戈·布莱克</a>閣下和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·道格拉斯">威廉·道格拉斯</a>閣下的意見更加激進，他們認為事先審查是完全沒有理由的。<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> 法院已經很少用同情的態度來處理基於內容的新聞監管。在1974年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%81%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%86%E5%85%88%E9%A9%85%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87%E5%A0%B1%E8%A8%B4%E6%89%98%E5%B0%BC%E6%AD%90%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邁阿密先驅論壇報訴托尼歐案（页面不存在）">邁阿密先驅論壇報訴托尼歐案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald_Publishing_Co._v._Tornillo" class="extiw" title="en:Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo">Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> 最高法院一致裁決并推翻了一項要求報社必須在相同位置刊登候選人對政治評論的回應的佛羅里達州法律。佛羅里達州認為該法律有利於規範新聞報導的責任性，但是最高法院認為第一修正案賦予的新聞自由是不附帶對應義務的，因此裁定報社有權力不刊登他們不想刊登的內容。<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> 但是在廣播和電視上的基於內容的監管卻在不同的案件中被最高法院維持著。基於公共頻率資源有限，政府可以對無線電視臺和廣播電臺的牌照進行控制和審核。這種行為被最高法院認為合憲，并不在第一修正案的管轄範圍內。政府可以對廣播內容進行限制，但是僅僅只能基於“內容中立”。在1978年的“<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%B4%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%8F%B0%E6%A1%88" title="聯邦通訊委員會訴太平洋電台案">聯邦通訊委員會訴太平洋電台案</a>”中，<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> 美國聯邦最高法院裁定<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="聯邦通訊委員會">聯邦通訊委員會</a>有權限制“不雅”內容在電臺中的播出。 美國各州政府均保留了對新聞出版行業徵稅的權力，就像他們有權對別的商品徵稅一樣。但是，如果是專門針對出版行業的徵稅則被視為是違憲的。在1936年“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%AE%93%E8%A8%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格羅斯讓訴美國出版公司案（页面不存在）">格羅斯讓訴美國出版公司案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosjean_v._American_Press_Co." class="extiw" title="en:Grosjean v. American Press Co.">Grosjean v. American Press Co.</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> 最高法院裁定向報紙廣告收入徵稅的州稅是無效的，因為記者在創建一個“知情公眾的輿論環境”是至關重要的。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200746-195">[195]</a> 同樣的，一些針對新聞界給予優待的稅種也被取消。例如在1987年的“阿肯色州作家協會訴阿格蘭案（Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland）”中，<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> 最高法院就裁定阿肯色州針對“宗教類、專業類、貿易類及體育類報刊”的稅收減免優惠是違法的，因為這種優惠政策有變相的內容控制行為。在1991年的“萊塞訴梅德羅克案（Leathers v. Medlock）”中，<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> 最高法院裁定針對不同的新聞行業有不同的州稅政策違憲，例如對有線電視徵稅，但不對報紙徵稅。最高法院認為“針對發言者，甚至是新聞從業人員區別徵稅並不牽涉美國憲法第一修正案。除非該稅是特別針對他們，或者有打壓其危險，特別是有這種趨勢。”<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> 在1972年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B2%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E8%A8%B4%E6%B5%B7%E8%80%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布萊茲伯格訴海耶斯案（页面不存在）">布萊茲伯格訴海耶斯案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branzburg_v._Hayes" class="extiw" title="en:Branzburg v. Hayes">Branzburg v. Hayes</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> 最高法院裁定第一修正案並沒有賦予記者拒絕<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%AA%E5%AF%A9%E5%9C%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大陪審團（页面不存在）">大陪審團</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E7%A5%A8" class="mw-disambig" title="傳票">傳票</a>的權力。不過本案裁定的是記者是否有權在基於自己的信仰的前提下，“在州或聯邦大陪審團前出庭作證”。而並不是“刪除了第一修正案中的言論自由和出版自由”。<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> 最終最高法院以“五比四”的結果裁定記者在這方面並不享受第一修正案的保護。但是，持贊同意見的大法官<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE" title="劉易斯·鮑威爾">劉易斯·鮑威爾</a>閣下也認為下級法院在處理同類案件中，“應該採取逐案衡量個案具體情況的方式保障新聞自由”。<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="集會及請願自由">集會及請願自由</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：集會及請願自由">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%9C%83%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="集會自由">集會自由</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Justice_Morrison_Waite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Chief_Justice_Morrison_Waite.jpg/220px-Chief_Justice_Morrison_Waite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Chief_Justice_Morrison_Waite.jpg/330px-Chief_Justice_Morrison_Waite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Chief_Justice_Morrison_Waite.jpg/440px-Chief_Justice_Morrison_Waite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4193" data-file-height="5241" /></a><figcaption>首席大法官<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E7%89%B9" title="莫里森·韦特">莫裡森·韋特</a>閣下在“美國訴克魯克香克案”中裁定集會權是請願權的附屬權利。</figcaption></figure> 請願自由條款保護的是“向政府请愿伸冤的权利”。<a href="#cite_note-Constitutionalism20120620-203">[203]</a> 有關請願自由條款的案件在十九世紀30年代凸顯了出來，當時美國國會頒佈了禁止就反對奴隸制提交請願書的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%81%E8%A8%80%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="禁言法案（页面不存在）">禁言法案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gag_rule" class="extiw" title="en:gag rule">gag rule</a>）”，不過該法案數年后就被國會給推翻了。<a href="#cite_note-Findlaw20121005-204">[204]</a> 隨後因為反對《<a href="/wiki/1917%E5%B9%B4%E9%96%93%E8%AB%9C%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="1917年間諜法">1917年間諜法</a>》的請願行為被裁定違法并判監禁，而當時的美國最高法院並沒有就此是否屬於“請願自由條款”的保護進行裁定。<a href="#cite_note-Findlaw20121005-204">[204]</a> 今天，請願自由的權利包括對聯邦的三大機構——<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="美國聯邦政府">聯邦政府</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="美國國會">國會</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國聯邦法院">聯邦法院</a>都適用，同樣也適用於美國諸州的政府、議會及法院。<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Findlaw20121005-204">[204]</a> 根據最高法院對“請願權”的定義，請願不僅僅是傳統意義上呼籲公眾對政府請願以尋求政府糾正其行為，也可以是向私人機構呼籲以尋求個人利益的滿足。<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-206">[206]</a> 請願權不僅保護向政府“請願”的權利，也包括政府必須就此做出回應的要求。<a href="#cite_note-Findlaw20121005-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-206">[206]</a> 在2011年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%96%E8%A3%A1%E4%BA%9E%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%82%E8%A8%B4%E7%93%9C%E7%88%BE%E6%B6%85%E5%88%A9%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圖裡亞自治市訴瓜爾涅利案（页面不存在）">圖裡亞自治市訴瓜爾涅利案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Duryea_v._Guarnieri" class="extiw" title="en:Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri">Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> 最高法院就“言論自由條款”和“請願自由條款”釋法道： <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote">無需贅言，“言論自由”和“請願自由”在其保護範圍、目的和效果上是一樣的，它們之間具有許多共同點……言論自由和請願自由都是民主進程中的一部份，雖然它們的方式並不相同。請願自由是公民向他們的政府和民選代表自由表達他們的想法、希望和關注的權利；而言論自由則是公民可以自由交流想法的權利，是協商民主乃至思想及人類事務的重要組成部份。在政治領域之外，言論和請願都是先進的個人觀點之表達。但是，請願一般涉及的表達是向政府尋求賠償的申訴。<a href="#cite_note-Constitutionalism20120620-203">[203]</a></blockquote> 集會自由最初是有別於請願自由的。但是在1875年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%B4%E5%85%8B%E9%AD%AF%E5%85%8B%E9%A6%99%E5%85%8B%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國訴克魯克香克案（页面不存在）">美國訴克魯克香克案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" class="extiw" title="en:United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> 美國聯邦最高法院認為“公民和平集會旨在向國會或任何權力或職責相關的政府機關申訴是一個國家公民的權利，美國政府必須保護和保證這樣的權利。共和政府的定義暗示了公民有權進行和平集會，以尋求在公共事務方面向政府諮詢或請願。”<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> 首席大法官<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E7%89%B9" title="莫里森·韦特">莫裡森·韋特</a>閣下在法院意見中仔細辨別了請願權和集會權，他認為集會權是從屬於請願權的次要權利，而請願權則是主要權利。然而，在後來的案件中，這種區別就很少被關注到了。<a href="#cite_note-Findlaw20121005-204">[204]</a> 在二十世紀60年代做出的兩個裁決被統稱為“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE-%E9%82%8A%E5%AF%A7%E9%A0%93%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="諾爾-邊寧頓規則（页面不存在）">諾爾-邊寧頓規則</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noerr-Pennington_doctrine" class="extiw" title="en:Noerr-Pennington doctrine">Noerr-Pennington doctrine</a>）”，<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> 最高法院認為私人機關向聯邦政府或州政府就有關貿易限制的遊說行為受到請願自由條款的保護，而無需受到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E6%9B%BC%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="休曼法案">休曼法案</a>的制裁。<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="結社自由">結社自由</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：結社自由">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E7%A4%BE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="結社自由">結社自由</a></div> 雖然“第一修正案”並沒有明文保護美國公民的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E7%A4%BE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="結社自由">結社自由</a>，但是在1958年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%89%E8%89%B2%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%AE%E4%BF%83%E9%80%B2%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%B4%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國有色人種促進會訴阿拉巴馬州案（页面不存在）">美國有色人種促進會訴阿拉巴馬州案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People_v._Alabama" class="extiw" title="en:National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a>法院裁定結社自由受到“第一修正案”保護，並且會員的隱私權屬於該自由的重要組成部份。<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> 在1984年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E8%8C%A8%E8%A8%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%92%E5%95%86%E6%9C%83%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅伯茨訴美國青商會案（页面不存在）">羅伯茨訴美國青商會案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_v._United_States_Jaycees" class="extiw" title="en:Roberts v. United States Jaycees">Roberts v. United States Jaycees</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> 法院裁定任何組織不得因與本協會章程無關的原因拒絕他人入會，例如性別。<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> 但是在1995年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%88%A9%E8%A8%B4%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A0%93%E7%BE%8E%E7%B1%8D%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E8%A3%94%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫爾利訴波士頓美籍愛爾蘭裔同性戀團體案（页面不存在）">赫爾利訴波士頓美籍愛爾蘭裔同性戀團體案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston" class="extiw" title="en:Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston</a>）”中，<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> 法院卻裁定如果某些會員的存在影響了另外一些會員對於自己觀點的表達，那麼該組織可以解除這些會員的會籍資格。<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> 同樣的，在2000年的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%A5%E8%BB%8D%E8%A8%B4%E6%88%B4%E7%88%BE%E6%A1%88" title="美國童軍訴戴爾案">美國童軍訴戴爾案</a>”中，<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> 法院也裁定新澤西州要求<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%A5%E8%BB%8D" title="美國童軍">美國童軍</a>承認一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E6%AB%83" title="出櫃">出櫃</a>同性戀者的會員身份違反了“結社自由”的規定範疇，判決美國童軍勝訴。<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考來源">參考來源</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：參考來源">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/first_amendment">第一修正案</a>. 美国康乃尔大学法学院法律信息研究所. [2013-05-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GLwqnsXK?url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/first_amendment">存档</a>于2013-05-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution%2Ffirst_amendment&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414133416/http://www.ait.org.tw/zh/the-bill-of-rights.html">存档副本</a>. [2016-01-23]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ait.org.tw/zh/the-bill-of-rights.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-04-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ait.org.tw%2Fzh%2Fthe-bill-of-rights.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis20076–7-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis20076–7_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第6–7頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeeman2009341–43-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeeman2009341–43_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeeman2009">Beeman 2009</a>，第341–43頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis20077–10-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis20077–10_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第7–10頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper19992-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper19992_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第2頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200710-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200710_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第10頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights.html">Bill of Rights</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="美国国家档案馆">美國國家檔案館</a>. [2013-04-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6Fcz4pEP4?url=http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/bill_of_rights.html">存档</a>于2013-04-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=Bill+of+Rights&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%E9%A4%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcharters%2Fbill_of_rights.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/nation/jb_nation_bofright_1.html">The New United States of America Adopted the Bill of Rights: December 15, 1791</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="美國國會圖書館">美國國會圖書館</a>. [2013-04-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6Fcz9E2S2?url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/nation/jb_nation_bofright_1.html">存档</a>于2013-04-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=The+New+United+States+of+America+Adopted+the+Bill+of+Rights%3A+December+15%2C+1791&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americaslibrary.gov%2Fjb%2Fnation%2Fjb_nation_bofright_1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_10-0">10.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_10-1">10.1</a> <cite class="citation web">Eugene Volokh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/208044/First-Amendment/296558/The-establishment-clause">First Amendment</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. [2013-04-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6Fnuw2UmQ?url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/208044/First-Amendment/296558/The-establishment-clause">存档</a>于2013-04-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=First+Amendment&rft.au=Eugene+Volokh&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F208044%2FFirst-Amendment%2F296558%2FThe-establishment-clause&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Daniel L. Driesbach, Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002, unpaginated. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> 齊亞思·喬伊村學區教育委員會訴魯梅特案, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC512%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第512卷（页面不存在）">512</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_512" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 512">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 512</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/512/687/">687</a> (1994) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> 參見“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/512/687/case.html">齊亞思·喬伊村學區教育委員會訴魯梅特案</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171225203107/http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/512/687/case.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）”判決書第703行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/establishment_clause">Establishment Clause</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="康奈尔大学法学院">康奈爾大學法學院</a>法律信息研究所. 2010-04-19 [2013-04-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6FmoJuvSJ?url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/establishment_clause">存档</a>于2013-04-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=Establishment+Clause&rft.date=2010-04-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%BA%B7%E5%A5%88%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Festablishment_clause&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Edward Mannino: Shaping America: the Supreme Court and American society, University of South Carolina Press, 2000; p. 149; Daniel L. Driesbach, Thomas Jefferson and the Wall of Separation between Church and State NYU Press 2002, unpaginated; Chap. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "In the words of [Thomas] Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect "a wall of separation between church and State." from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/search/display.html?terms=Everson&url=/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0330_0001_ZO.html">the Everson decision</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210409051337/http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/search/display.html?terms=Everson&url=%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2Fhistorics%2FUSSC_CR_0330_0001_ZO.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Warren A. Nord, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qXTziqxDgEQC&pg=PT226&dq=establishment+clause+conservative+liberal&hl=en&ei=wpWsTrfdOOft0gG3s7SkDw">Does God Make a Difference?</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210414153559/http://books.google.com/books?id=qXTziqxDgEQC&pg=PT226&dq=establishment+clause+conservative+liberal&hl=en&ei=wpWsTrfdOOft0gG3s7SkDw">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Oxford University Press, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/11/us/excerpts-from-ruling-on-use-of-education-money.html">Excerpts From Ruling on Use of Education Money</a>. 紐約時報. 1998-06-11 [2013-05-03]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GLwfJJa3?url=http://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/11/us/excerpts-from-ruling-on-use-of-education-money.html">存档</a>于2013-05-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Excerpts+From+Ruling+on+Use+of+Education+Money&rft.date=1998-06-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F06%2F11%2Fus%2Fexcerpts-from-ruling-on-use-of-education-money.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kritzer,_H._M_2003-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kritzer,_H._M_2003_19-0">19.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kritzer,_H._M_2003_19-1">19.1</a> Kritzer, H. M. and Richards, M. J. (2003), "Jurisprudential Regimes and Supreme Court Decisionmaking: The Lemon Regime and Establishment Clause Cases." Law & Society Review, 37: 827–840. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0023-9216.2003.03704005.x">10.1046/j.0023-9216.2003.03704005.x</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524013011/http://www.lincoln.edu/criminaljustice/hr/Religion.htm">Freedom of Religion</a>. [2013-06-20]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lincoln.edu/criminaljustice/hr/Religion.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2020-05-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Religion&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lincoln.edu%2Fcriminaljustice%2Fhr%2FReligion.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Accomodationists-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Accomodationists_21-0">21.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Accomodationists_21-1">21.1</a> <cite class="citation book">David Shultz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801161944/https://books.google.com/books?id=I_f6Oo9H3YsC">Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court</a>. Infobase Publishing. : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=I_f6Oo9H3YsC&pg=PA144">144</a> [2007-12-31]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=I_f6Oo9H3YsC">原始内容</a>存档于2020-08-01）. <q>Accomodationists, on the other hand, read the establishment clause as prohibiting Congress from declaring a national religion or preferring one to another, but laws do not have to be shorn of morality and history to be declared constitutional. They apply Lemon only selectively because "[w]e are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being" as Justice DOUGLAS wrote in ZORACH V. CLAUSON. 343 U.S. 306 (1952).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.au=David+Shultz&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Supreme+Court&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_f6Oo9H3YsC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_22-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Warren A. Nord. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170616/https://books.google.com/books?id=qXTziqxDgEQC&pg=PT226&dq=establishment+clause+conservative+liberal&hl=en&ei=wpWsTrfdOOft0gG3s7SkDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=establishment%20clause%20conservative%20liberal&f=false">Does God Make a Difference?</a>. 牛津大學出版社. [2007-12-31]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=qXTziqxDgEQC&pg=PT226&dq=establishment+clause+conservative+liberal&hl=en&ei=wpWsTrfdOOft0gG3s7SkDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=establishment%20clause%20conservative%20liberal&f=false">原始内容</a>存档于2017-04-05）. <q>First Amendment Politics: At the risk of oversimplifying a very complicated situation, I suggest that conservative justices tend to favor a weak reading of both the Free Exercise and Establishment clause, while liberals tend to favor strong readings. That is, conservative justices have been less concerned about the dangers of establishment and less concerned to protect free exercise rights, particularly of religious minorities. Liberals, by contrast, have been opposed to any possibility of a religious establishment and they have been relatively more concerned to protect the free exercise rights of minorities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.au=Warren+A.+Nord&rft.btitle=Does+God+Make+a+Difference%3F&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXTziqxDgEQC%26pg%3DPT226%26dq%3Destablishment%2Bclause%2Bconservative%2Bliberal%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DwpWsTrfdOOft0gG3s7SkDw%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D7%26ved%3D0CFMQ6AEwBg%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Destablishment%2520clause%2520conservative%2520liberal%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Devigne-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Devigne_23-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Robert Devigne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405165933/https://books.google.com/books?id=CayIq_Ud5j0C&pg=PA108&dq=conservatives+establishment+clause&hl=en&ei=DdapTpzUE8a3tgeiltkX&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=conservatives%20establishment%20clause&f=false">Recasting Conservatism: Oakeshott, Strauss, and the Response to Postmodernism</a>. 耶魯大學出版社. [2007-12-31]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=CayIq_Ud5j0C&pg=PA108&dq=conservatives+establishment+clause&hl=en&ei=DdapTpzUE8a3tgeiltkX&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=conservatives%20establishment%20clause&f=false">原始内容</a>存档于2017-04-05）. <q>Conservatives claim that liberals misinterpret the establishment and free exercise clauses of the First Amendment. They point to the opinion written for the Supreme Court by Hugo Black in Everson v. Board of Education: "The 'establishment of religion' clause of the First Amendment means at least this: neither a state nor a Federal government can set up a church. Neither can pass laws which aid one religion, aid all religions or prefer one religion over another." The establishment clause, conservatives insist, precludes the national state from promoting any religious denomination but does not prohibit state governments and local communities from developing policies that encourage general religious beliefs that do not favor a particular sect and are consistent with the secular government's goals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.au=Robert+Devigne&rft.btitle=Recasting+Conservatism%3A+Oakeshott%2C+Strauss%2C+and+the+Response+to+Postmodernism&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E8%80%B6%E9%AD%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCayIq_Ud5j0C%26pg%3DPA108%26dq%3Dconservatives%2Bestablishment%2Bclause%26hl%3Den%26ei%3DDdapTpzUE8a3tgeiltkX%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dresult%26resnum%3D4%26ved%3D0CEIQ6AEwAw%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dconservatives%2520establishment%2520clause%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> 謝伯特訴佛納案, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC374%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第374卷（页面不存在）">374</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_374" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 374">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 374</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/374/398/">398</a> (1963) </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Richard E. Morgan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509081556/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425002298.html">Sherbert v. Verner 374 U.S. 398 (1963)</a>. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. HighBeam Research. 2000-01-01 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425002298.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Sherbert+v.+Verner+374+U.S.+398+%281963%29&rft.au=Richard+E.+Morgan&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3425002298.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> 威斯康辛州訴尤德案<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC406%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第406卷（页面不存在）">406</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_406" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 406">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 406</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/406/205/">205</a> (1972) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Richard E. Morgan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509120133/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425002736.html">Wisconsin v. Yoder 406 U.S. 205 (1972)</a>. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. HighBeam Research. 2000-01-01 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425002736.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Wisconsin+v.+Yoder+406+U.S.+205+%281972%29&rft.au=Richard+E.+Morgan&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3425002736.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> 就業司訴史密斯案, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC494%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第494卷（页面不存在）">494</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_494" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 494">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 494</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/494/872/">872</a> (1990) </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation web">John G. West, Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509102055/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425000842.html">Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith 484 U.S. 872 (1990)</a>. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. HighBeam Research. 2000-01-01 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425000842.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Employment+Division%2C+Department+of+Human+Resources+of+Oregon+v.+Smith+484+U.S.+872+%281990%29&rft.au=John+G.+West%2C+Jr.&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3425000842.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> 拉庫米教會訴海厄利亚市案, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC508%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第508卷（页面不存在）">508</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_508" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 508">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 508</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/508/520/">520</a> (1993) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509112233/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3457000040.html">Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. v. City of Hialeah 1993</a>. Supreme Court Drama: Cases that Changed America. HighBeam Research. 2001-01-01 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3457000040.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Church+of+Lukumi+Babalu+Aye%2C+Inc.+v.+City+of+Hialeah+1993&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+Drama%3A+Cases+that+Changed+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3457000040.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> 伯尼市訴佛洛雷斯案, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC521%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第521卷（页面不存在）">521</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_521" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 521">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 521</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/521/507/">507</a> (1997) </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Steven A. Engel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509082224/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-58054592.html">The McCulloch theory of the Fourteenth Amendment: City of Boerne v. Flores and the original understanding of section 5</a>. The Yale Law Journal. HighBeam Research. 1999-10-01 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-58054592.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=The+McCulloch+theory+of+the+Fourteenth+Amendment%3A+City+of+Boerne+v.+Flores+and+the+original+understanding+of+section+5&rft.au=Steven+A.+Engel&rft.date=1999-10-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-58054592.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> 岡薩雷斯訴UDV教派案, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC546%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第546卷（页面不存在）">546</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_546" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 546">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 546</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/546/418/">418</a> (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509104802/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2586600046.html">Freedom of Religion</a>. American Law Yearkbook. HighBeam Research. 2006-01-01 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2586600046.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+Religion&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Law+Yearkbook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-2586600046.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200715-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200715_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第15頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200716–17-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200716–17_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第16–17頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200720-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200720_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第20頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-0">39.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_39-1">39.1</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E8%AF%89%E6%B2%99%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E6%A1%88" class="mw-redirect" title="纽约时报诉沙利文案">纽约时报诉沙利文案</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC376%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第376卷（页面不存在）">376</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_376" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 376">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 376</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/376/254/">254</a> (1964) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> 參見“纽约时报诉沙利文案”判決書第276頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200753-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200753_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第53頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200725-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200725_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第25頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200725–27-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200725–27_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第25–27頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbrams200665–66-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbrams200665–66_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbrams2006">Abrams 2006</a>，第65–66頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> 申克訴美國案, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC249%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第249卷（页面不存在）">249</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_249" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 249">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 249</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/249/47/">47</a> (1919) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> 參見“申克訴美國案”判決書第52行. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199923-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199923_47-0">47.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199923_47-1">47.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第23頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> 德布斯訴美國案, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC249%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第249卷（页面不存在）">249</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_249" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 249">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 249</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/249/211/">211</a> (1919) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> 參見“德布斯訴美國案”判決書第213行. </li> <li id="cite_note-Debs216-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Debs216_50-0">^</a> 參見“德布斯訴美國案”判決書第216行. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200727-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200727_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第27頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007108-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007108_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第108頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199924-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199924_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第24頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200734–35-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200734–35_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第34–35頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200736-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200736_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第36頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199926-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199926_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第26頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="美國法典">美國法典</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8%E7%AC%AC18%E7%BC%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國法典第18编（页面不存在）">第18编</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" class="extiw" title="en:Title 18 of the United States Code">Title 18 of the United States Code</a>） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2385">§ 第2385節</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> 參見“丹尼斯訴美國案”判決書第497行. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> 丹尼斯訴美國案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC341%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第341卷（页面不存在）">341</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_341" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 341">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 341</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/341/494/">494</a> (1951) </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> 大法官<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%C2%B7C%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="湯姆·C·克拉克">湯姆·C·克拉克</a>因為當時已擔任<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E9%83%A8%E9%95%B7" title="美國司法部長">美國司法部長</a>而迴避審判。 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199928-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199928_61-0">61.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199928_61-1">61.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第28頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> 參見“丹尼斯訴美國案”判決書第510行. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> 葉慈訴美國案, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC354%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第354卷（页面不存在）">354</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_354" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 354">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 354</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/354/298/">298</a> (1957) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199929-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199929_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第29頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> 美國訴奧布萊登案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC391%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第391卷（页面不存在）">391</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_391" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 391">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 391</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/391/367/">367</a> (1968) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="美國法典">美國法典</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B8%E7%AC%AC50a%E7%BC%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國法典第50a编（页面不存在）">第50a编</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_50a_of_the_United_States_Code" class="extiw" title="en:Title 50a of the United States Code">Title 50a of the United States Code</a>） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/50a/462">§ 第462節</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> 參見美國訴奧布萊登案判決書第379行. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> 勃蘭登堡訴俄亥俄州案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC395%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第395卷（页面不存在）">395</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_395" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 395">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 395</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/395/444/">444</a> (1969) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199932-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199932_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第32頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> 參見勃蘭登堡訴俄亥俄州案判決書第447行. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> 參見美國訴奧布萊登案判決書第450–1行. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007124-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007124_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第124頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> 科恩訴加利福尼亞州案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC403%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第403卷（页面不存在）">403</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_403" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 403">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 403</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/403/15/">15</a> (1971) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199946-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199946_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第46頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> 塔利訴加利福尼亞州案， <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC362%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第362卷（页面不存在）">362</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_362" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 362">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 362</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/362/60/">60</a> (1960) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Chiger, Stephen J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509105216/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-90119545.html">Cybersmear: telecommunication's 200-year-old riddle</a>. Communications and the Law. HighBeam Research. 2001-06-01 [2013-04-11]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-90119545.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Cybersmear%3A+telecommunication%27s+200-year-old+riddle&rft.au=Chiger%2C+Stephen+J.&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Communications+and+the+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-90119545.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> 麥金太訴俄亥俄州競選委員會案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC514%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第514卷（页面不存在）">514</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_514" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 514">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 514</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/514/334/">334</a> (1995) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Biskupic, Joan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509101408/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-913993.html">Court Hears Case on Unsigned Leaflets</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E9%83%B5%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="華盛頓郵報">華盛頓郵報</a>. HighBeam Research. [2013-04-11]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-913993.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Court+Hears+Case+on+Unsigned+Leaflets&rft.au=Biskupic%2C+Joan&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E9%83%B5%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-913993.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> 密斯訴基恩案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC481%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第481卷（页面不存在）">481</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_481" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 481">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 481</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/481/465/">465</a> (1987) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Kamen, Al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509081314/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1319383.html">Court Upholds Government Labeling Certain Foreign Films `Propaganda'</a>. 華盛頓郵報. HighBeam Research. 1987-04-27 [2013-04-11]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1319383.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Court+Upholds+Government+Labeling+Certain+Foreign+Films+%60Propaganda%27&rft.au=Kamen%2C+Al&rft.date=1987-04-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93%E9%83%B5%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1319383.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> 巴克利訴法萊奧案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC424%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第424卷（页面不存在）">424</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_424" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 424">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 424</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/424/1/">1</a> (1976) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> 參見“巴克利訴法萊奧案”判決書第58行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> 參見“巴克利訴法萊奧案”判決書第39行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007177–78-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007177–78_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第177–78頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> 麥康諾訴聯邦競選委員會案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC540%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第540卷（页面不存在）">540</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_540" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 540">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 540</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/540/93/">93</a> (2003) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> 參見“麥康諾訴聯邦競選委員會案”判決書第213行 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> 聯邦競選委員會訴威斯康辛州生命權公司案，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2006/2006_06_969/">551 U.S. 449</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150924111116/http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2006/2006_06_969/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> 戴維思訴聯邦競選委員會案，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/07-320.ZS.html">554 U.S. 724</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210409051554/http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/07-320.ZS.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Samuel Gedge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509114401/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-204614062.html">'Wholly foreign to the First Amendment': the demise of campaign finance's equalizing rationale in Davis v. Federal Election Commission</a>. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy. HighBeam Research. 2009-06-22 [2013-04-11]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-204614062.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=%27Wholly+foreign+to+the+First+Amendment%27%3A+the+demise+of+campaign+finance%27s+equalizing+rationale+in+Davis+v.+Federal+Election+Commission&rft.au=Samuel+Gedge&rft.date=2009-06-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Law+and+Public+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-204614062.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> 聯合公民訴聯邦競選委員會案，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/cases/clcc.html?court=US&vol=000&invol=08-205">558 U.S. ___</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110610150702/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/cases/clcc.html?court=US&vol=000&invol=08-205">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> 奧斯丁訴密歇根州商會案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC494%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第494卷（页面不存在）">494</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_494" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 494">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 494</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/494/652/">652</a> (1990) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> 參見“聯合公民訴聯邦競選委員會案”判決書第三部份。 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/citizens-united-v-federal-election-commission/">"Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210505193352/http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/citizens-united-v-federal-election-commission/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, scotusblog.com, n.d. 2012-11-01. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> 斯崔特訴紐約州案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC394%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第394卷（页面不存在）">394</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_394" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 394">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 394</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/394/576/">576</a> (1969) </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> 斯崔特訴紐約州案，394 U.S. 576, 578 (1969) (引用紐約州刑法, §1425, subd. 16) </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> 斯特隆伯格訴加利福尼亞州案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC283%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第283卷（页面不存在）">283</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_283" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 283">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 283</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/283/359/">359</a> (1931) </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> 參見“斯崔特訴紐約州案”判決書第581行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199943-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199943_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第43頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> 德克薩斯州訴約翰遜案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC491%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第491卷（页面不存在）">491</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_491" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 491">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 491</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/491/397/">397</a> (1989) </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> 參見“德克萨斯州诉约翰逊案”判決書第414行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> 美國訴艾克曼案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC496%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第496卷（页面不存在）">496</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_496" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 496">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 496</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/496/310/">310</a> (1990) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199943–44-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199943–44_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第43–44頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Hulse, Carl and Holusha, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/washington/27cnd-flag.html?_r=0">Amendment on Flag Burning Fails by One Vote in the Senate</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約時報">紐約時報</a>. 2006-06-27 [2013-04-04]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6FdrVKuNu?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/washington/27cnd-flag.html?_r=1">存档</a>于2013-04-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Amendment+on+Flag+Burning+Fails+by+One+Vote+in+the+Senate&rft.au=Hulse%2C+Carl+and+Holusha%2C+John&rft.date=2006-06-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F27%2Fwashington%2F27cnd-flag.html%3F_r%3D0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> 參看<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/704">Notes to 18 U.S.C. § 704</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210504180324/http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/704">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）第42部份第1286行，2012-06-30查閱。 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-103hr3355enr/pdf/BILLS-103hr3355enr.pdf">Pub.L. 103-322, The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, § 320109</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181207215545/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-103hr3355enr/pdf/BILLS-103hr3355enr.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）第318頁. 2012-06-30查閱。 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Crewdson, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708065307/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-valormay28,0,4768252.story?page=1">Fake claims of war heroics a federal offense</a>. Chicago Tribune. 2008-05-27 [2013-06-23]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-valormay28,0,4768252.story?page=1">原始内容</a>存档于2014-07-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Fake+claims+of+war+heroics+a+federal+offense&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Crewdson&rft.date=2008-05-27&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fchi-valormay28%2C0%2C4768252.story%3Fpage%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Albright, Logan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailycaller.com/2012/06/28/united-states-v-alvarez-a-win-for-first-amendment/">The Supreme Court that no one is talking about</a>. The Daily Caller. 2012-06-28 [2013-05-31]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209110253/http://dailycaller.com/2012/06/28/united-states-v-alvarez-a-win-for-first-amendment/">存档</a>于2014-02-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.aufirst=Logan&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+that+no+one+is+talking+about&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Daily+Caller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailycaller.com%2F2012%2F06%2F28%2Funited-states-v-alvarez-a-win-for-first-amendment%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-210d4e9.pdf">United States v. Alverez</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210421035537/http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/11-210d4e9.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Slip Opinion No. 11–210, Argued February 22, 2012—Decided June 28, 2012, Supreme Court of the United States. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> 博爾格訴楊氏製藥案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC463%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第463卷（页面不存在）">463</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_463" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 463">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 463</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/463/60/">60</a> (1983) </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> 參見“博爾格訴楊氏製藥案”判決書第67行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> 華倫泰訴克裡斯田森案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC316%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第316卷（页面不存在）">316</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_316" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 316">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 316</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/316/52/">52</a> (1942) </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> 參見“華倫泰訴克裡斯田森案”判決書第53行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> 參見“博爾格訴楊氏製藥案”判決書第54行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> 佛吉尼亞州藥業協會訴佛吉尼亞州消費者委員會案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC425%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第425卷（页面不存在）">425</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_425" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 425">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 425</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/425/748/">748</a> (1976) </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> 參見“佛吉尼亞州藥業協會訴佛吉尼亞州消費者委員會案”判決書第773行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> 額哈力克訴俄亥俄州律師協會案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC436%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第436卷（页面不存在）">436</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_436" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 436">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 436</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/436/447/">447</a> (1978) </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> 參見“額哈力克訴俄亥俄州律師協會案”判決書第455行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> 中央哈德森天然氣和電力公司訴公共服務委員案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC447%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第447卷（页面不存在）">447</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_447" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 447">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 447</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/447/557/">557</a> (1980) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> 波多黎各波薩達酒店協會訴波多黎各旅遊公司案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC478%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第478卷（页面不存在）">478</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_478" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 478">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 478</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/478/328/">328</a> (1986) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> 44酒行公司訴羅德島州案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC517%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第517卷（页面不存在）">517</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_517" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 517">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 517</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/517/484/">484</a> (1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> 廷克訴得梅因獨立社區學區案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC393%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第393卷（页面不存在）">393</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_393" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 393">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 393</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/393/503/">503</a> (1969) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199961-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199961_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第61頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0393_0503_ZO.html">Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District</a>. [2013-04-11]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320143800/http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0393_0503_ZO.html">存档</a>于2013-03-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=Tinker+v.+Des+Moines+Independent+Community+School+District&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2Fhistorics%2FUSSC_CR_0393_0503_ZO.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199962-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199962_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第62頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> 特利學區訴弗雷澤案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC478%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第478卷（页面不存在）">478</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_478" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 478">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 478</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/478/675/">675</a> (1986) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> 黑澤爾伍德訴邁克凱爾案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC484%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第484卷（页面不存在）">484</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_484" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 484">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 484</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/484/260/">260</a> (1988) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> 莫爾斯訴弗雷德裡克案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC551%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第551卷（页面不存在）">551</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_551" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 551">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 551</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/551/393/">393</a> (2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Kozlowski, Dan V.; Bullard, Melissa E.; Deets, Kristen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509090535/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1753810351.html">Uncertain Rights: Student Speech and Conflicting Interpretations of Morse v. Frederick</a>. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. HighBeam Research. 2009-04-01 [2013-0411]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1753810351.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Uncertain+Rights%3A+Student+Speech+and+Conflicting+Interpretations+of+Morse+v.+Frederick&rft.au=Kozlowski%2C+Dan+V.%3B+Bullard%2C+Melissa+E.%3B+Deets%2C+Kristen&rft.date=2009-04-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journalism+and+Mass+Communication+Quarterly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-1753810351.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> 里賈納訴希克林案, [1868] L. R. 3 Q. B. 360 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> 參見“羅森訴美國案”判決書第43行. </li> <li id="cite_note-obscenity-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obscenity_131-0">131.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-obscenity_131-1">131.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-obscenity_131-2">131.2</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/obscenity">Obscenity</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="康奈尔大学法学院">康奈爾大學法學院</a>法律信息研究所. 2010-08-19 [2013-04-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6FmvWmnf2?url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/obscenity">存档</a>于2013年4月11日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=Obscenity&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%BA%B7%E5%A5%88%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Fobscenity&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> 羅斯訴美國案， <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC354%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第354卷（页面不存在）">354</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_354" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 354">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 354</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/354/476/">476</a> (1957) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> 參見“羅斯訴美國案”判決書第489行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2007135–36-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2007135–36_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第135–36頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> 雅格碧利斯訴俄亥俄州案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC378%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第378卷（页面不存在）">378</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_378" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 378">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 378</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/378/184/">184</a> (1964) </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> 參見“雅格碧利斯訴俄亥俄州案”判決書第197行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> 米勒訴加利福尼亞州案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC413%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第413卷（页面不存在）">413</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_413" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 413">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 413</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/413/15/">15</a> (1973) </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> 參見“米勒訴加利福尼亞州案”判決書第39行 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> 紐約州訴法伯案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC458%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第458卷（页面不存在）">458</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_458" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 458">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 458</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/458/747/">747</a> (1982) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> 奧斯本訴俄亥俄州案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC495%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第495卷（页面不存在）">495</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_495" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 495">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 495</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/495/103/">103</a> (1990) </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> 參見“紐約州訴法伯案”判決書第761行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper199951-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper199951_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第51頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> 斯坦利訴喬治亞州案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC394%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第394卷（页面不存在）">394</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_394" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 394">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 394</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/394/557/">557</a> (1969) </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> 參見“斯坦利訴喬治亞州案”判決書第565行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> 阿什克羅夫特訴言論自由聯盟案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC535%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第535卷（页面不存在）">535</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_535" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 535">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 535</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/535/234/">234</a> (2002) </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> 參見“阿什克羅夫特訴言論自由聯盟案”判決書第240行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> 參見“阿什克羅夫特訴言論自由聯盟案”判決書第253行 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> 美國訴威廉姆斯案，553 U.S. 285 (2008) </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421093621/http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/06-694.ZO.html">最高法院就“美國訴威廉姆斯案”的觀點</a>. [2013-06-27]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/06-694.ZO.html">原始内容</a>存档于2021-04-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%B0%B1%E2%80%9C%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%B4%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E6%A1%88%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%80%E9%BB%9E&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F06-694.ZO.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Craig King. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509105449/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202024472.html">Protecting children speech that crosses the line</a>. The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. HighBeam Research. 2009-06-01 [2013-04-11]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-202024472.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Protecting+children+speech+that+crosses+the+line&rft.au=Craig+King&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+FBI+Law+Enforcement+Bulletin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-202024472.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Madeline Brand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924182836/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-96711249.html">Interview: Julie Hilden discusses laws and ethics surrounding the intellectual property rights of prisoners</a>. NPR. 2004-06-22 [2013-04-28]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-96711249.html">原始内容</a>存档于2015-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.au=Madeline+Brand&rft.btitle=Interview%3A+Julie+Hilden+discusses+laws+and+ethics+surrounding+the+intellectual+property+rights+of+prisoners&rft.date=2004-06-22&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NPR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P1-96711249.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> 西蒙·舒斯特出版社訴犯罪受害人委員會案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC502%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第502卷（页面不存在）">502</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_502" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 502">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 502</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/502/105/">105</a> (1991) </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509105616/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3457000057.html">Simon & Schuster v. Members of the New York State Crime Victims Board 1991</a>. Supreme Court Drama: Cases That Changed America. HighBeam Research. 2001 [2013-04-10]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3457000057.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Simon+%26amp%3B+Schuster+v.+Members+of+the+New+York+State+Crime+Victims+Board+1991&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+Drama%3A+Cases+That+Changed+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3457000057.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewell189837–41-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewell189837–41_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewell1898">Newell 1898</a>，第37–41頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> 按照美國法律，議員在國會的發言不受法律追責。 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewell189833–37-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewell189833–37_156-0">156.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewell189833–37_156-1">156.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewell1898">Newell 1898</a>，第33–37頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson199493-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199493_157-0">157.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson199493_157-1">157.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson1994">Nelson 1994</a>，第93頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> 參見“紐約時報訴沙利文案”判決書第280行. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasper19999–10-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasper19999–10_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasper1999">Jasper 1999</a>，第9–10頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%97%E8%A8%B4%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維斯莫南訴哥倫比亞廣播公司案（页面不存在）">維斯莫南訴哥倫比亞廣播公司案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmoreland_v._CBS" class="extiw" title="en:Westmoreland v. CBS">Westmoreland v. CBS</a>），596 F. Supp. 363 (S.D. N.Y. 1984) </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> 費城新聞報訴霍普斯案。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC475%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第475卷（页面不存在）">475</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_475" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 475">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 475</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/475/767/">767</a> (1988) </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> 參見“費城新聞報訴霍普斯案”判決書第775行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> 鄧白氏公司訴格林莫斯征信公司案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC472%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第472卷（页面不存在）">472</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_472" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 472">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 472</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/472/749/">749</a> (1985) </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> 參見“鄧白氏公司訴格林莫斯征信公司案”判決書第761行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509094715/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425000783.html">Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. 472 U.S. 749 (1985)</a>. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. HighBeam Research. 2000-01-01 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425000783.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Dun+%26amp%3B+Bradstreet%2C+Inc.+v.+Greenmoss+Builders%2C+Inc.+472+U.S.+749+%281985%29&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3425000783.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> 格茨訴羅伯特·韋爾奇公司案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC418%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第418卷（页面不存在）">418</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_418" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 418">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 418</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/418/323/">323</a> (1974) </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Leonard W. Levy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509080602/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425001077.html">Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.</a>. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. HighBeam Research. 2000-01-01 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425001077.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Gertz+v.+Robert+Welch%2C+Inc.&rft.au=Leonard+W.+Levy&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3425001077.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> 好色客雜誌訴福爾韋爾案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC485%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第485卷（页面不存在）">485</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_485" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 485">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 485</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/485/46/">46</a> (1988) </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509092835/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3457000024.html">Hustler Magazine v. Falwell 1988</a>. Supreme Court Drama: Cases that Changed America. HighBeam Research. 2001-01-01 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3457000024.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Hustler+Magazine+v.+Falwell+1988&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+Drama%3A+Cases+that+Changed+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3457000024.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <cite class="citation web">青年小站. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140411012859/http://zhan.renren.com/qnfx123?gid=3602888498025211703&from=post&checked=true">美國憲法第一修正案</a>. 人人網. [2013-07-06]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zhan.renren.com/qnfx123?gid=3602888498025211703&from=post&checked=true">原始内容</a>存档于2014-04-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.au=%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%8F%E7%AB%99&rft.btitle=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E4%BA%BA%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzhan.renren.com%2Fqnfx123%3Fgid%3D3602888498025211703%26from%3Dpost%26checked%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> 米爾科維奇訴文采雜誌公司案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC497%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第497卷（页面不存在）">497</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_497" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 497">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 497</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/497/1/">1</a> (1990) </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509082207/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425001663.html">Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. 497 U.S. 1 (1990)</a>. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. HighBeam Research. 2000-01-01 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425001663.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Milkovich+v.+Lorain+Journal+Co.+497+U.S.+1+%281990%29&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3425001663.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <cite class="citation web">寒竹. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321180520/http://opinion.m4.cn/2011-12/1144231.shtml">如何理解美国的言论自由和诽谤罪</a>. 四月網. [2013-07-06]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opinion.m4.cn/2011-12/1144231.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2021-03-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.au=%E5%AF%92%E7%AB%B9&rft.btitle=%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%BA%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%BD%E8%B0%A4%E7%BD%AA&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%88%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinion.m4.cn%2F2011-12%2F1144231.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> 普魯內雅德購物中心訴羅賓斯案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC447%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第447卷（页面不存在）">447</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_447" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 447">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 447</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/447/74/">74</a> (1980) </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Gregory C. Sisk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509082228/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-196305310.html">Returning to the PruneYard: the unconstitutionality of state-sanctioned trespass in the name of speech</a>. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Property. HighBeam Research. 2009-01-01 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-196305310.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Returning+to+the+PruneYard%3A+the+unconstitutionality+of+state-sanctioned+trespass+in+the+name+of+speech&rft.au=Gregory+C.+Sisk&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Law+and+Public+Property&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-196305310.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> 參見“普魯內雅德購物中心訴羅賓斯案”判決書第94行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mulligan, Josh. Finding A Forum in the Simulated City: Mega Malls, Gated Towns, and the Promise of Pruneyard. Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy. 2004, 13: 533, 557. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1069-0565">ISSN 1069-0565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Finding+A+Forum+in+the+Simulated+City%3A+Mega+Malls%2C+Gated+Towns%2C+and+the+Promise+of+Pruneyard&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft.aulast=Mulligan&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=10690565&rft.jtitle=Cornell+Journal+of+Law+and+Public+Policy&rft.pages=533%2C+557&rft.volume=13&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> 波多黎各開發公司訴獨立工人兄弟電話公司案，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ramajudicial.pr/Supremo2/2000tspr71.htm">150 D.P.R. 924 (2000).</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201215161008/http://www.ramajudicial.pr/Supremo2/2000tspr71.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> 金蓋特威中心訴金蓋特威租戶聯盟案，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C4/26C4t1013.htm">26 Cal. 4th 1013</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210409051802/http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C4/26C4t1013.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (2001)；好市多公司訴蓋倫特案， <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ceb.com/calcases/CA4/96CA4t740.htm">96 Cal. App. 4th 740</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210321212435/http://online.ceb.com/calcases/CA4/96CA4t740.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (2002)；時尚谷購物中心訴全美勞工關係委員會案，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C4/42C4t850.htm">42 Cal. 4th 850</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210409051820/http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C4/42C4t850.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (2007) </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724041326/https://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/may/07/chris-cuomo/cnns-chris-cuomo-first-amendment-doesnt-cover-hate/">CNN's Chris Cuomo: First Amendment doesn't cover hate speech</a>. [12 April 2016]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/may/07/chris-cuomo/cnns-chris-cuomo-first-amendment-doesnt-cover-hate/">原始内容</a>存档于24 July 2019）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=CNN%27s+Chris+Cuomo%3A+First+Amendment+doesn%27t+cover+hate+speech&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politifact.com%2Fpunditfact%2Fstatements%2F2015%2Fmay%2F07%2Fchris-cuomo%2Fcnns-chris-cuomo-first-amendment-doesnt-cover-hate%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Stone, Geoffrey R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://duckduckgo.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3246&context=journal_articles">"Hate Speech and the U.S. Constitution."</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427045441/https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fduckduckgo.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=3246&context=journal_articles">存檔</a>，存档日期27 April 2018. East European Constitutional Review, vol. 3, pp. 78-82. </li> <li id="cite_note-volokh-182"><a href="#cite_ref-volokh_182-0">^</a> 引用错误：没有为名为<code>volokh</code>的参考文献提供内容</li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> 洛弗爾訴格裡芬市案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC303%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第303卷（页面不存在）">303</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_303" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 303">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 303</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/303/444/">444</a> (1938) </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> 參見“洛弗爾訴格裡芬市案”判決書第452行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Adam Liptak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/28/us/28scotus.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">Justices Reject Ban on Violent Video Games for Children</a>. 紐約時報. 2011-06-27 [2013-04-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6G0FPSvxX?url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/28/us/28scotus.html?pagewanted=all">存档</a>于2013-04-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Justices+Reject+Ban+on+Violent+Video+Games+for+Children&rft.au=Adam+Liptak&rft.date=2011-06-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F06%2F28%2Fus%2F28scotus.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> 尼爾訴明尼蘇達州案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC283%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第283卷（页面不存在）">283</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_283" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 283">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 283</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/283/697/">697</a> (1931) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200743-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200743_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第43頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200744—45-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200744—45_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第44—45頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200746–47-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200746–47_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第46–47頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509092209/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425001770.html">存档副本</a>. 2013-05-09 [2013-07-07]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425001770.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3425001770.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  |title=New York Times Co. v. United States 403 U.S. 713 (1971) |author=Frederick Schauer |date=2000-01-01 |work=Encyclopedia of the American Constitution |publisher= HighBeam Research |accessdate=2013-04-19} </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> 邁阿密先驅論壇報訴托尼歐案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC418%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第418卷（页面不存在）">418</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_418" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 418">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 418</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/418/241/">241</a> (1974) </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Dennis Hevesi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509083623/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-21201322.html">Dan Paul, 85, leading lawyer for press freedom</a>. 波士頓環球報. HighBeam Research. 2010-02-02 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-21201322.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Dan+Paul%2C+85%2C+leading+lawyer+for+press+freedom&rft.au=Dennis+Hevesi&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A0%93%E7%92%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-21201322.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> 聯邦通訊委員會訴太平洋電臺案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC438%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第438卷（页面不存在）">438</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_438" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 438">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 438</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/438/726/">726</a> (1978) </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> 格羅斯讓訴美國出版公司案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC297%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第297卷（页面不存在）">297</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_297" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 297">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 297</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/297/233/">233</a> (1936) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200746-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200746_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2007">Lewis 2007</a>，第46頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> 阿肯色州作家協會訴阿格蘭案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC481%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第481卷（页面不存在）">481</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_481" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 481">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 481</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/481/221/">221</a> (1987) </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> 萊塞訴梅德羅克案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC499%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第499卷（页面不存在）">499</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_499" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 499">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 499</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/499/439/">439</a> (1991) </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> 參見“萊塞訴梅德羅克案”判決書第453行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> 布萊茲伯格訴海耶斯案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC408%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第408卷（页面不存在）">408</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_408" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 408">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 408</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/408/665/">665</a> (1972) </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> 參見“布萊茲伯格訴海耶斯案”判決書第667行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509085553/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425000283.html">Branzburg v. Hayes 408 U.S. 665 (1972)</a>. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. <a href="/w/index.php?title=HighBeam_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HighBeam Research（页面不存在）">HighBeam Research</a>. 2000-01-01 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425000283.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Branzburg+v.+Hayes+408+U.S.+665+%281972%29&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3425000283.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <cite class="citation web">劉靜怡. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkwf.blog.hexun.com/32336629_d.html">數位時代的「記者特權」：以美國法制之發展為論述中心</a>. 和訊網. [2013-07-07].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.au=%E5%8A%89%E9%9D%9C%E6%80%A1&rft.btitle=%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8C%E8%A8%98%E8%80%85%E7%89%B9%E6%AC%8A%E3%80%8D%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%A5%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%88%B6%E4%B9%8B%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E7%82%BA%E8%AB%96%E8%BF%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%92%8C%E8%A8%8A%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkwf.blog.hexun.com%2F32336629_d.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitutionalism20120620-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Constitutionalism20120620_203-0">203.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Constitutionalism20120620_203-1">203.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitutionalism.blogspot.de/2011/06/case-interpreting-petition-clause.html">Constitution: Case interpreting the Petition Clause</a>. constitutionalism.blogspot.de. 2011-06-20 [2012-10-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225146/http://constitutionalism.blogspot.de/2011/06/case-interpreting-petition-clause.html">存档</a>于2016-03-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=Constitution%3A+Case+interpreting+the+Petition+Clause&rft.date=2011-06-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=constitutionalism.blogspot.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitutionalism.blogspot.de%2F2011%2F06%2Fcase-interpreting-petition-clause.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Findlaw20121005-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Findlaw20121005_204-0">204.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Findlaw20121005_204-1">204.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Findlaw20121005_204-2">204.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Findlaw20121005_204-3">204.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Findlaw20121005_204-4">204.4</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414154035/https://constitution.findlaw.com/amendment1/annotation21.html">Rights of Assembly & Petition - First Amendment U.S. Constitution - Findlaw</a>. findlaw.com. [2012-10-05]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.findlaw.com/amendment1/annotation21.html">原始内容</a>存档于2021-04-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=Rights+of+Assembly+%26+Petition+-+First+Amendment+U.S.+Constitution+-+Findlaw&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=findlaw.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.findlaw.com%2Famendment1%2Fannotation21.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6FznKpayg?url=http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/faq/frequently-asked-questions-petition">Frequently Asked Questions - Petition</a>. First Amendment Center. [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/faq/frequently-asked-questions-petition">原始内容</a>存档于2013-04-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+-+Petition&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=First+Amendment+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstamendmentcenter.org%2Ffaq%2Ffrequently-asked-questions-petition&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_206-0">206.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_206-1">206.1</a> 美國東部鐵路總裁協會訴諾爾汽車運輸公司案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC365%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第365卷（页面不存在）">365</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_365" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 365">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 365</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/365/127/">127</a> (1961) </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> 圖裡亞自治市訴瓜爾涅利案，131 S.Ct. 2488 (2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> 美國訴克魯克香克案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC92%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第92卷（页面不存在）">92</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_92" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 92">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 92</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/92/542/">542</a> (1875) </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> 參見“美國訴克魯克香克案”判決書第552行。 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> 參見1962年“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%A8%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E7%B8%BD%E8%A3%81%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%B4%E8%AB%BE%E7%88%BE%E6%B1%BD%E8%BB%8A%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國東部鐵路總裁協會訴諾爾汽車運輸公司案（页面不存在）">美國東部鐵路總裁協會訴諾爾汽車運輸公司案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Railroad_Presidents_Conference_v._Noerr_Motor_Freight,_Inc" class="extiw" title="en:Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc">Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc</a>）”和1965年的“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%A4%A6%E5%B7%A5%E5%B7%A5%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%B4%E9%82%8A%E5%AF%A7%E9%A0%93%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國礦工工會訴邊寧頓案（页面不存在）">美國礦工工會訴邊寧頓案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_v._Pennington" class="extiw" title="en:United Mine Workers v. Pennington">United Mine Workers v. Pennington</a>）” </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <cite class="citation web">William Cooney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509084909/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-321223711.html">Competition and the Noerr-Pennington doctrine: When should political activity be barred under European community competition law?</a>. The George Washington International Law Review. HighBeam Research. 2003-01-01 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-321223711.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Competition+and+the+Noerr-Pennington+doctrine%3A+When+should+political+activity+be+barred+under+European+community+competition+law%3F&rft.au=William+Cooney&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+George+Washington+International+Law+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-321223711.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <cite class="citation web">張江莉. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215447/http://www.bnulaw.com/cn/detail.asp?CategoryID=326&ProductID=36219">论反垄断法对政府行为的豁免</a>. 北京大學法學院. [2013-07-06]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnulaw.com/cn/detail.asp?CategoryID=326&ProductID=36219">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.au=%E5%BC%B5%E6%B1%9F%E8%8E%89&rft.btitle=%E8%AE%BA%E5%8F%8D%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%AF%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%B1%81%E5%85%8D&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnulaw.com%2Fcn%2Fdetail.asp%3FCategoryID%3D326%26ProductID%3D36219&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> 美國有色人種促進會訴阿拉巴馬州案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC357%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第357卷（页面不存在）">357</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_357" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 357">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 357</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/357/449/">449</a> (1958) </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509093108/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3457000015.html">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People v. Alabama 1958</a>. Supreme Court Drama: Cases That Changed America. HighBeam Research. 2000-01-01 [2013-04-13]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3457000015.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=National+Association+for+the+Advancement+of+Colored+People+v.+Alabama+1958&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+Drama%3A+Cases+That+Changed+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3457000015.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> 羅伯茨訴美國青商會案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC468%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第468卷（页面不存在）">468</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_468" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 468">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 468</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/468/609/">609</a> (1984) </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Shiffrin, Seana Valentine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509114312/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-834011751.html">What is Really Wrong with Compelled Association?</a>. Northwestern University Law Review. HighBeam Research. 2005-01-01 [2013-04-13]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-834011751.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=What+is+Really+Wrong+with+Compelled+Association%3F&rft.au=Shiffrin%2C+Seana+Valentine&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northwestern+University+Law+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P3-834011751.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> 赫爾利訴波士頓美籍愛爾蘭裔同性戀團體案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC515%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第515卷（页面不存在）">515</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_515" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 515">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 515</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/515/557/">557</a> (1995) </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509082442/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425001252.html">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, And Bisexual Group of Boston 515 U.S. 557 (1995)</a>. Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. HighBeam Research. 2000-01-01 [2013-04-13]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-3425001252.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Hurley+v.+Irish-American+Gay%2C+Lesbian%2C+And+Bisexual+Group+of+Boston+515+U.S.+557+%281995%29&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-3425001252.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> 美國童軍訴戴爾案，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%B1%87%E7%BC%96%E7%AC%AC530%E5%8D%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国最高法院判例汇编第530卷（页面不存在）">530</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_530" class="extiw" title="en:List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 530">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 530</a>） <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E5%88%A4%E4%BE%8B%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A" title="美国最高法院判例报告">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/530/640/">640</a> (2000) </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509105313/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2587400073.html">Boy Scouts of America v. Dale</a>. Gender Issues and Sexuality: Essential Primary Sources. HighBeam Research. 2006-01-01 [2013-04-13]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G2-2587400073.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.atitle=Boy+Scouts+of+America+v.+Dale&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gender+Issues+and+Sexuality%3A+Essential+Primary+Sources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G2-2587400073.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文獻">文獻</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：文獻">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAbrams2006" class="citation book">Abrams, Floyd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801144904/https://books.google.com/books?id=eRQIMWrCfhEC">Speaking freely</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E9%B9%85%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2" title="企鹅出版集团">企鹅出版集团</a>. 2006-04-04 [2013-04-04]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-14-303675-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-14-303675-3">ISBN 978-0-14-303675-3</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=eRQIMWrCfhEC">原始内容</a>存档于2020-08-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.aufirst=Floyd&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.btitle=Speaking+freely&rft.date=2006-04-04&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303675-3&rft.pub=%E4%BC%81%E9%B9%85%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeRQIMWrCfhEC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBeeman2009" class="citation book">Beeman, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923012439/https://books.google.com/books?id=2eyCX5Vrn7wC">Plain, Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BB%E4%B9%A6%E5%B1%8B" title="兰登书屋">蘭登書屋</a>. 2009 [2013-04-04]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-58836-726-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-58836-726-6">ISBN 978-1-58836-726-6</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=2eyCX5Vrn7wC">原始内容</a>存档于2020-09-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Beeman&rft.btitle=Plain%2C+Honest+Men%3A+The+Making+of+the+American+Constitution&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-58836-726-6&rft.pub=%E8%98%AD%E7%99%BB%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2eyCX5Vrn7wC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJasper1999" class="citation book">Jasper, Margaret C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924095140/https://books.google.com/books?id=ITpDAQAAIAAJ">The Law of Speech and the First Amendment</a>. 奥西安纳出版社. 1999 [2013-04-04]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-379-11335-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-379-11335-8">ISBN 978-0-379-11335-8</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ITpDAQAAIAAJ">原始内容</a>存档于2020-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.aufirst=Margaret+C.&rft.aulast=Jasper&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Speech+and+the+First+Amendment&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-379-11335-8&rft.pub=%E5%A5%A5%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89%E7%BA%B3%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITpDAQAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNelson1994" class="citation book">Nelson, William Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924092343/https://books.google.com/books?id=64S-E0fRn4YC">Americanization of the Common Law: The Impact of Legal Change on Massachusetts Society, 1760-1830</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="喬治亞大學">喬治亞大學</a>出版社. 1994 [2013-04-19]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8203-1587-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8203-1587-4">ISBN 978-0-8203-1587-4</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=64S-E0fRn4YC">原始内容</a>存档于2020-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.aufirst=William+Edward&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.btitle=Americanization+of+the+Common+Law%3A+The+Impact+of+Legal+Change+on+Massachusetts+Society%2C+1760-1830&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1587-4&rft.pub=%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D64S-E0fRn4YC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNewell1898" class="citation book">Newell, Martin L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801143602/https://books.google.com/books?id=iXk9AAAAIAAJ">The Law of Libel and Slander in Civil and Criminal Cases: As Administered in the Courts of the United States of America</a>. 卡拉翰出版社. 1898 [2013-04-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=iXk9AAAAIAAJ">原始内容</a>存档于2020-08-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Libel+and+Slander+in+Civil+and+Criminal+Cases%3A+As+Administered+in+the+Courts+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.date=1898&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%BF%B0%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiXk9AAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation book">Lewis, Anthony. Freedom for the Thought That We Hate: A Biography of the First Amendment. 基本書局. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-465-01819-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-465-01819-2">ISBN 978-0-465-01819-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.btitle=Freedom+for+the+Thought+That+We+Hate%3A+A+Biography+of+the+First+Amendment&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01819-2&rft.pub=%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%9B%B8%E5%B1%80&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀">延伸閱讀</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中文材料">中文材料</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：中文材料">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>《批評官員的尺度：《纽约时报》诉警察局长沙利文案》（北京大学出版社 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787301188736" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9787301188736</a>）</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%EF%BC%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="言论的边界：美国宪法第一修正案简史">言论的边界：美国宪法第一修正案简史</a>》（法律出版社 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787511802057" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9787511802057</a>）</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英文材料">英文材料</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：英文材料">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>Daniel L. Dreisbach and Mark David Hall. The Sacred Rights of Conscience: Selected Readings on Religious Liberty and Church-State Relations in the American Founding. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund Press, 2009.</li> <li>Daniel L. Dreisbach, Mark David Hall, and Jeffry Morrison. The Forgotten Founders on Religion and Public Life Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2009.</li> <li>Thomas I. Emerson, "Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment," Yale Law Journal, vol. 72, no. 5 (1963), pp. 877–956. In JSTOR.</li> <li>P. Irons, A People's History of the Supreme Court New York: Penguin, 1999.</li> <li>J. Kilman and G. Costello (eds.), The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation. (2000).</li> <li>Nicholas P. Miller, The Religious Roots of the First Amendment: Dissenting Protestants and the Separation of Church and State. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1689%E5%B9%B4%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="1689年權利法令">1689年權利法令</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%86%B2%E7%AB%A0" title="大憲章">大憲章</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E4%B8%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%9D%A1" title="澳大利亚联邦宪法第一百一十六条">澳大利亚联邦宪法第一百一十六条</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%A1%AE%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%8F%8A%E8%B5%84%E8%AE%AF%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="正确新闻及资讯法">正确新闻及资讯法</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD%E5%BD%95" title="维基语录">维基语录</a>上的<a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/美国宪法第一修正案">美国宪法第一修正案语录</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt1toc_user.html">康奈爾大學法學院《美國憲法註釋》</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120805/http://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt1toc_user.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2012-08-05 （英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110417195829/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/faclibrary/index.aspx">美國“第一修正案”中心</a> （英文）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="美国宪法第一修正案判例法" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US1stAmendment" title="Template:US1stAmendment"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:US1stAmendment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:US1stAmendment（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:US1stAmendment" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:US1stAmendment"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="美国宪法第一修正案判例法" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">美国宪法第一修正案</a>判例法</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="政教分離條款（英语：-&#123;Establishment_Clause&#125;-）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2%E6%A2%9D%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政教分離條款（页面不存在）">政教分離條款</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">公開展示及 儀式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_v._Graham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stone v. Graham（页面不存在）">Stone v. Graham</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh_v._Chambers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsh v. Chambers（页面不存在）">Marsh v. Chambers</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lynch_v._Donnelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lynch v. Donnelly（页面不存在）">Lynch v. Donnelly</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Trustees_of_Scarsdale_v._McCreary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary（页面不存在）">Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Allegheny_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union（页面不存在）">County of Allegheny v. ACLU</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McCreary_County_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union（页面不存在）">McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_Orden_v._Perry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van Orden v. Perry（页面不存在）">Van Orden v. Perry</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pleasant_Grove_City_v._Summum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pleasant Grove City v. Summum（页面不存在）">Pleasant Grove City v. Summum</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salazar_v._Buono&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salazar v. Buono（页面不存在）">Salazar v. Buono</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Town_of_Greece_v._Galloway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Town of Greece v. Galloway（页面不存在）">Town of Greece v. Galloway</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_American_Legion_v._American_Humanist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The American Legion v. American Humanist Association（页面不存在）">American Legion v. American Humanist Ass'n</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">法定宗教豁免</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walz_v._Tax_Commission_of_the_City_of_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York（页面不存在）">Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estate_of_Thornton_v._Caldor,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.（页面不存在）">Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation_of_Presiding_Bishop_of_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_v._Amos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporation of Presiding Bishop of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos（页面不存在）">Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_Monthly,_Inc._v._Bullock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock（页面不存在）">Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_of_Boerne_v._Flores&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City of Boerne v. Flores（页面不存在）">City of Boerne v. Flores</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cutter_v._Wilkinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cutter v. Wilkinson（页面不存在）">Cutter v. Wilkinson</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">公共資金</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Everson_v._Board_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Everson v. Board of Education（页面不存在）">Everson v. Board of Education</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McCollum_v._Board_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McCollum v. Board of Education（页面不存在）">McCollum v. Board of Education</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemon_v._Kurtzman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemon v. Kurtzman（页面不存在）">Lemon v. Kurtzman</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mueller_v._Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mueller v. Allen（页面不存在）">Mueller v. Allen</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aguilar_v._Felton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aguilar v. Felton（页面不存在）">Aguilar v. Felton</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Education_of_Kiryas_Joel_Village_School_District_v._Grumet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet（页面不存在）">Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agostini_v._Felton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agostini v. Felton（页面不存在）">Agostini v. Felton</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitchell_v._Helms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitchell v. Helms（页面不存在）">Mitchell v. Helms</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zelman_v._Simmons-Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zelman v. Simmons-Harris（页面不存在）">Zelman v. Simmons-Harris</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn（页面不存在）">Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">宗教信仰 在公立學校</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zorach_v._Clauson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zorach v. Clauson（页面不存在）">Zorach v. Clauson</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engel_v._Vitale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engel v. Vitale（页面不存在）">Engel v. Vitale</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abington_School_District_v._Schempp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abington School District v. Schempp（页面不存在）">Abington School District v. Schempp</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epperson_v._Arkansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epperson v. Arkansas（页面不存在）">Epperson v. Arkansas</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_v._Graham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stone v. Graham（页面不存在）">Stone v. Graham</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallace_v._Jaffree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wallace v. Jaffree（页面不存在）">Wallace v. Jaffree</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwards_v._Aguillard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwards v. Aguillard（页面不存在）">Edwards v. Aguillard</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westside_Community_Board_of_Education_v._Mergens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens（页面不存在）">Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lee_v._Weisman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lee v. Weisman（页面不存在）">Lee v. Weisman</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Santa_Fe_Independent_School_District_v._Doe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe（页面不存在）">Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elk_Grove_Unified_School_District_v._Newdow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow（页面不存在）">Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%8C%A8%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%A8%B4%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%80%E6%A1%88" title="基茨米勒訴多佛學區案">奇茲米勒訴多佛學區案</a> (M.D. Pa. 2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">私人宗教演說</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamb%27s_Chapel_v._Center_Moriches_Union_Free_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District（页面不存在）">Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitol_Square_Review_%26_Advisory_Board_v._Pinette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette（页面不存在）">Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia（页面不存在）">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Good_News_Club_v._Milford_Central_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Good News Club v. Milford Central School（页面不存在）">Good News Club v. Milford Central School</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">內部教會事務</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Ballard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Ballard（页面不存在）">United States v. Ballard</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presbyterian_Church_v._Hull_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church（页面不存在）">Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jones_v._Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jones v. Wolf（页面不存在）">Jones v. Wolf</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McGowan_v._Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McGowan v. Maryland（页面不存在）">McGowan v. Maryland</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Torcaso_v._Watkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torcaso v. Watkins（页面不存在）">Torcaso v. Watkins</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larkin_v._Grendel%27s_Den,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.（页面不存在）">Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Education_of_Kiryas_Joel_Village_School_District_v._Grumet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet（页面不存在）">Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trump_v._Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trump v. Hawaii（页面不存在）">Trump v. Hawaii</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="宗教活動自由條款（英语：-&#123;Free_Exercise_Clause&#125;-）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%A2%9D%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗教活動自由條款（页面不存在）">宗教活動自由條款</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise Clause</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reynolds_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reynolds v. United States（页面不存在）">Reynolds v. United States</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davis_v._Beason&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davis v. Beason（页面不存在）">Davis v. Beason</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantwell_v._Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantwell v. Connecticut（页面不存在）">Cantwell v. Connecticut</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis（页面不存在）">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamison_v._Texas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamison v. Texas（页面不存在）">Jamison v. Texas</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murdock_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murdock v. Pennsylvania（页面不存在）">Murdock v. Pennsylvania</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tucker_v._Texas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tucker v. Texas（页面不存在）">Tucker v. Texas</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunz_v._New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunz v. New York（页面不存在）">Kunz v. New York</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Braunfeld_v._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braunfeld v. Brown（页面不存在）">Braunfeld v. Brown</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherbert_v._Verner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sherbert v. Verner（页面不存在）">Sherbert v. Verner</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisconsin_v._Yoder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisconsin v. Yoder（页面不存在）">Wisconsin v. Yoder</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDaniel_v._Paty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McDaniel v. Paty（页面不存在）">McDaniel v. Paty</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harris_v._McRae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harris v. McRae（页面不存在）">Harris v. McRae</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Review_Board_of_the_Indiana_Employment_Security_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division（页面不存在）">Thomas v. Review Board</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Lee_(1982)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Lee (1982)（页面不存在）">United States v. Lee</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bob_Jones_University_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bob Jones University v. United States（页面不存在）">Bob Jones University v. United States</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowen_v._Roy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowen v. Roy（页面不存在）">Bowen v. Roy</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goldman_v._Weinberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goldman v. Weinberger（页面不存在）">Goldman v. Weinberger</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27Lone_v._Estate_of_Shabazz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz（页面不存在）">O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Employment_Division_v._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Employment Division v. Smith（页面不存在）">Employment Division v. Smith</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_Lukumi_Babalu_Aye_v._City_of_Hialeah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah（页面不存在）">Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watchtower_Bible_%26_Tract_Society_of_New_York,_Inc._v._Village_of_Stratton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watchtower Bible & Tract Society of New York, Inc. v. Village of Stratton（页面不存在）">Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masterpiece_Cakeshop_v._Colorado_Civil_Rights_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission（页面不存在）">Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Comm'n</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">從公共利益中排除宗教</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locke_v._Davey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locke v. Davey（页面不存在）">Locke v. Davey</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Lutheran_Church_of_Columbia,_Inc._v._Comer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer（页面不存在）">Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espinoza_v._Montana_Department_of_Revenue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue（页面不存在）">Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E5%8B%99%E8%B1%81%E5%85%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="教務豁免（页面不存在）">教務豁免</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerial_exception" class="extiw" title="en:Ministerial exception">Ministerial exception</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hosanna-Tabor_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_%26_School_v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission（页面不存在）">Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_School_v._Morrisey-Berru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrisey-Berru（页面不存在）">Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrisey-Berru</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="美國言論自由（英语：-&#123;Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States&#125;-）(言论自由主题)" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國言論自由（页面不存在）">美國言論自由</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of speech in the United States</a>）(<a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%BA%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="Portal:言论自由">言论自由主题</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">無保護言論</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">煽動行為及 <a href="/wiki/%E7%85%BD%E5%8A%A8%E5%8F%9B%E4%B9%B1" title="煽动叛乱">煽动叛乱</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E8%88%87%E7%85%BD%E5%8B%95%E5%8F%9B%E4%BA%82%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="外國人與煽動叛亂法案">客籍法和镇压叛乱法</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masses_Publishing_Co._v._Patten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten（页面不存在）">Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten</a> (S.D.N.Y. 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%89%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E6%A1%88" title="申克诉合众国案">申克诉合众国案</a>（1919年）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%89%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E6%A1%88" title="德布斯诉合众国案">德布斯诉合众国案</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrams_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abrams v. United States（页面不存在）">Abrams v. United States</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gitlow_v._New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gitlow v. New York（页面不存在）">Gitlow v. New York</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%89%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88" title="惠特尼诉加利福尼亚州案">惠特尼诉加利福尼亚州案</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiske_v._Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fiske v. Kansas（页面不存在）">Fiske v. Kansas</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%89%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E6%A1%88" title="丹尼斯诉合众国案">丹尼斯诉合众国案</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board（页面不存在）">Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.</a> (1955; 1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yates_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yates v. United States（页面不存在）">Yates v. United States</a> (1957, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clear_and_present_danger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clear and present danger（页面不存在）">clear and present danger</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bond_v._Floyd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bond v. Floyd（页面不存在）">Bond v. Floyd</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%85%B0%E7%99%BB%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E8%AF%89%E4%BF%84%E4%BA%A5%E4%BF%84%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88" title="布兰登伯格诉俄亥俄州案">布兰登伯格诉俄亥俄州案</a>（1969年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Imminent_lawless_action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imminent lawless action（页面不存在）">imminent lawless action</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hess_v._Indiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hess v. Indiana（页面不存在）">Hess v. Indiana</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Williams_(2008)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Williams (2008)（页面不存在）">United States v. Williams</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BD%E8%B0%A4" title="诽谤">诽谤</a>及 虛假言論</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E8%AF%89%E6%B2%99%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E6%A1%88" title="纽约时报公司诉沙利文案">纽约时报诉沙利文案</a>（1964年）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E8%89%B2%E5%AE%A2%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97%E8%AF%89%E6%B3%95%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E6%A1%88" title="好色客杂志诉法威尔案">好色客杂志诉法威尔案</a>（1988年）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Alvarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Alvarez（页面不存在）">United States v. Alvarez</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_B._Anthony_List_v._Driehaus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus（页面不存在）">Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%91%E9%87%81%E6%80%A7%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="挑釁性言論（页面不存在）">挑釁性言論</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_words" class="extiw" title="en:Fighting words">Fighting words</a>）及 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E5%95%8F%E8%80%85%E5%90%A6%E6%B1%BA%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="質問者否決權（页面不存在）">質問者否決權</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/heckler%27s_veto" class="extiw" title="en:heckler's veto">heckler's veto</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantwell_v._Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantwell v. Connecticut（页面不存在）">Cantwell v. Connecticut</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaplinsky_v._New_Hampshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire（页面不存在）">Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terminiello_v._Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terminiello v. Chicago（页面不存在）">Terminiello v. Chicago</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feiner_v._New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feiner v. New York（页面不存在）">Feiner v. New York</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_v._Chicago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory v. Chicago（页面不存在）">Gregory v. Chicago</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9%E8%A8%B4%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88" title="科恩訴加利福尼亞州案">科恩訴加利福尼亞州案</a>（1971年）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E9%BB%A8%E8%A8%B4%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%9F%BA%E6%9D%91%E6%A1%88" title="美國國家社會主義黨訴斯科基村案">美國國家社會主義黨訴斯科基村案</a>（1977年）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul（页面不存在）">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a>（1992年）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A5%88%E5%BE%B7%E8%A8%B4%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%A1%88" title="斯奈德訴菲爾普斯案">斯奈德訴菲爾普斯案</a>（2011年）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E8%83%81" title="威胁">威脅</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threat" class="extiw" title="en:Threat">Threat</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watts_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watts v. United States（页面不存在）">Watts v. United States</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NAACP_v._Claiborne_Hardware_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.（页面不存在）">NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_v._Black&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia v. Black（页面不存在）">Virginia v. Black</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AB%E7%A7%BD" title="淫秽">淫秽</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosen_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosen v. United States（页面不存在）">Rosen v. United States</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._One_Book_Called_Ulysses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. One Book Called Ulysses（页面不存在）">United States v. One Book Called Ulysses</a> (S.D.N.Y. 1933)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roth_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roth v. United States（页面不存在）">Roth v. United States</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=One,_Inc._v._Olesen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="One, Inc. v. Olesen（页面不存在）">One, Inc. v. Olesen</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. California（页面不存在）">Smith v. California</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_v._Search_Warrant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus v. Search Warrant（页面不存在）">Marcus v. Search Warrant</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MANual_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day（页面不存在）">MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacobellis_v._Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacobellis v. Ohio（页面不存在）">Jacobellis v. Ohio</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quantity_of_Books_v._Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quantity of Books v. Kansas（页面不存在）">Quantity of Books v. Kansas</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginzburg_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginzburg v. United States（页面不存在）">Ginzburg v. United States</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoirs_v._Massachusetts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoirs v. Massachusetts（页面不存在）">Memoirs v. Massachusetts</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redrup_v._New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redrup v. New York（页面不存在）">Redrup v. New York</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E8%A8%B4%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88" title="金斯伯格訴紐約州案">金斯伯格訴紐約州案</a>（1968年）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_v._Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanley v. Georgia（页面不存在）">Stanley v. Georgia</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Thirty-seven_Photographs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs（页面不存在）">United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kois_v._Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kois v. Wisconsin（页面不存在）">Kois v. Wisconsin</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92%E8%A8%B4%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88" title="米勒訴加利福尼亞州案">米勒訴加利福尼亞州案</a>（1973年）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Adult_Theatre_I_v._Slaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton（页面不存在）">Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._12_200-ft._Reels_of_Film&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film（页面不存在）">United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jenkins_v._Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jenkins v. Georgia（页面不存在）">Jenkins v. Georgia</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erznoznik_v._City_of_Jacksonville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville（页面不存在）">Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_v._American_Mini_Theatres,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.（页面不存在）">Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Booksellers_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Hudnut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut（页面不存在）">American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut</a> (7th Cir., 1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=People_v._Freeman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People v. Freeman（页面不存在）">People v. Freeman</a> (Cal. 1988)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._X-Citement_Video,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.（页面不存在）">United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reno_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union（页面不存在）">Reno v. ACLU</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Playboy_Entertainment_Group,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.（页面不存在）">United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashcroft_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union（页面不存在）">Ashcroft v. ACLU</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitke_v._Gonzales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitke v. Gonzales（页面不存在）">Nitke v. Gonzales</a> (S.D.N.Y., 2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Booksellers_Foundation_for_Free_Expression_v._Strickland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland（页面不存在）">American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland</a> (6th Cir., 2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Kilbride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Kilbride（页面不存在）">United States v. Kilbride</a> (9th Cir., 2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Stevens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Stevens（页面不存在）">United States v. Stevens</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E8%A8%B4%E5%A8%9B%E6%A8%82%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83%E6%A1%88" title="布朗訴娛樂商業協會案">布朗訴娛樂商業協會案</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FCC_v._Fox_Television_Stations,_Inc._(2012)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2012)（页面不存在）">FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">犯罪行為 不可或缺言論</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%89%E6%B3%95%E4%BC%AF%E6%A1%88" title="纽约州诉法伯案">紐約州訴法伯案</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osborne_v._Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osborne v. Ohio（页面不存在）">Osborne v. Ohio</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BB%80%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B4%E8%A8%80%E8%AB%96%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E6%A1%88" title="阿什克羅夫特訴言論自由聯盟案">阿什克羅夫特訴言論自由聯盟案</a>（2002年）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">嚴格審查</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holder_v._Humanitarian_Law_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project（页面不存在）">Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williams-Yulee_v._Florida_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar（页面不存在）">Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">模糊性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Goguen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Goguen（页面不存在）">Smith v. Goguen</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Airport_Commissioners_of_Los_Angeles_v._Jews_for_Jesus,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Airport Commissioners of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus, Inc.（页面不存在）">Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minnesota_Voters_Alliance_v._Mansky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky（页面不存在）">Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%B5%E6%80%A7%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="象徵性言語（页面不存在）">象徵性言語</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_speech" class="extiw" title="en:Symbolic speech">Symbolic speech</a>） 與行為</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stromberg_v._California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stromberg v. California（页面不存在）">Stromberg v. California</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._O%27Brien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. O'Brien（页面不存在）">United States v. O'Brien</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9%E8%A8%B4%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88" title="科恩訴加利福尼亞州案">科恩訴加利福尼亞州案</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_v._Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence（页面不存在）">Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dallas_v._Stanglin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dallas v. Stanglin（页面不存在）">Dallas v. Stanglin</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%89%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E9%80%8A%E6%A1%88" title="德克萨斯州诉约翰逊案">德克萨斯州诉约翰逊案</a>（1989年）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Eichman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Eichman（页面不存在）">United States v. Eichman</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnes_v._Glen_Theatre,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc.（页面不存在）">Barnes v. Glen Theatre</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_of_Erie_v._Pap%27s_A._M.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.（页面不存在）">City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_v._Black&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia v. Black（页面不存在）">Virginia v. Black</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基於內容 限制條件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul（页面不存在）">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reed_v._Gilbert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reed v. Gilbert（页面不存在）">Reed v. Gilbert</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barr_v._American_Assn._of_Political_Consultants,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.（页面不存在）">Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">內容中立 限制條件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schneider_v._New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schneider v. New Jersey（页面不存在）">Schneider v. New Jersey</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renton_v._Playtime_Theatres,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.（页面不存在）">Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_of_Ladue_v._Gilleo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City of Ladue v. Gilleo（页面不存在）">City of Ladue v. Gilleo</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Packingham_v._North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Packingham v. North Carolina（页面不存在）">Packingham v. North Carolina</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87_(%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論壇 (法律)（页面不存在）">公開論壇</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_(legal)" class="extiw" title="en:Forum (legal)">Forum (legal)</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davis_v._Massachusetts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davis v. Massachusetts（页面不存在）">Davis v. Massachusetts</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hague_v._Committee_for_Industrial_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization（页面不存在）">Hague v. CIO</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thornhill_v._Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thornhill v. Alabama（页面不存在）">Thornhill v. Alabama</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_v._City_of_Struthers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin v. City of Struthers（页面不存在）">Martin v. City of Struthers</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niemotko_v._Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niemotko v. Maryland（页面不存在）">Niemotko v. Maryland</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwards_v._South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwards v. South Carolina（页面不存在）">Edwards v. South Carolina</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cox_v._Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cox v. Louisiana（页面不存在）">Cox v. Louisiana</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown v. Louisiana（页面不存在）">Brown v. Louisiana</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adderley_v._Florida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adderley v. Florida（页面不存在）">Adderley v. Florida</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carroll_v._Town_of_Princess_Anne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne（页面不存在）">Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coates_v._City_of_Cincinnati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coates v. City of Cincinnati（页面不存在）">Coates v. City of Cincinnati</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organization_for_a_Better_Austin_v._Keefe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe（页面不存在）">Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_v._Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence（页面不存在）">Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frisby_v._Schultz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frisby v. Schultz（页面不存在）">Frisby v. Schultz</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ward_v._Rock_Against_Racism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ward v. Rock Against Racism（页面不存在）">Ward v. Rock Against Racism</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burson_v._Freeman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burson v. Freeman（页面不存在）">Burson v. Freeman</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schenck_v._Pro-Choice_Network_of_Western_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York（页面不存在）">Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hill_v._Colorado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hill v. Colorado（页面不存在）">Hill v. Colorado</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McCullen_v._Coakley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McCullen v. Coakley（页面不存在）">McCullen v. Coakley</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">指定公眾 論壇</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Widmar_v._Vincent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Widmar v. Vincent（页面不存在）">Widmar v. Vincent</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia（页面不存在）">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">非公開 論壇</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehman_v._Shaker_Heights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehman v. Shaker Heights（页面不存在）">Lehman v. Shaker Heights</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perry_Education_Association_v._Perry_Local_Educators%27_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association（页面不存在）">Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minnesota_Voters_Alliance_v._Mansky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky（页面不存在）">Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">強迫演說</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis（页面不存在）">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette（页面不存在）">West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miami_Herald_Publishing_Co._v._Tornillo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo（页面不存在）">Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wooley_v._Maynard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wooley v. Maynard（页面不存在）">Wooley v. Maynard</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins（页面不存在）">Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Public_Utilities_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission（页面不存在）">Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston（页面不存在）">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Family_and_Life_Advocates_v._Becerra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra（页面不存在）">National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">強制補貼 別人演說</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abood_v._Detroit_Board_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abood v. Detroit Board of Education（页面不存在）">Abood v. Detroit Board of Education</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communications_Workers_of_America_v._Beck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communications Workers of America v. Beck（页面不存在）">Communications Workers of America v. Beck</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keller_v._State_Bar_of_California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keller v. State Bar of California（页面不存在）">Keller v. State Bar of California</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehnert_v._Ferris_Faculty_Ass%27n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n（页面不存在）">Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Wisconsin_System_v._Southworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth（页面不存在）">Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johanns_v._Livestock_Marketing_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association（页面不存在）">Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davenport_v._Washington_Education_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davenport v. Washington Education Association（页面不存在）">Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locke_v._Karass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locke v. Karass（页面不存在）">Locke v. Karass</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Knox_v._Service_Employees_International_Union,_Local_1000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000（页面不存在）">Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harris_v._Quinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harris v. Quinn（页面不存在）">Harris v. Quinn</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrichs_v._California_Teachers_Ass%27n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrichs v. California Teachers Ass'n（页面不存在）">Friedrichs v. California Teachers Ass'n</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janus_v._AFSCME&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janus v. AFSCME（页面不存在）">Janus v. AFSCME</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">政府補助 及補貼</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regan_v._Taxation_with_Representation_of_Washington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington（页面不存在）">Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rust_v._Sullivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rust v. Sullivan（页面不存在）">Rust v. Sullivan</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_v._Finley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley（页面不存在）">National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_Services_Corp._v._Velazquez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez（页面不存在）">Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USAID_v._Alliance_for_Open_Society_(2013)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USAID v. Alliance for Open Society (2013)（页面不存在）">USAID v. Alliance for Open Society I</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USAID_v._Alliance_for_Open_Society_(2020)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USAID v. Alliance for Open Society (2020)（页面不存在）">USAID v. Alliance for Open Society II</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">政府為 發言人</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walker_v._Texas_Division,_Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans（页面不存在）">Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matal_v._Tam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matal v. Tam（页面不存在）">Matal v. Tam</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iancu_v._Brunetti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iancu v. Brunetti（页面不存在）">Iancu v. Brunetti</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E5%BF%A0%E5%AE%A3%E8%AA%93" class="mw-redirect" title="效忠宣誓">效忠宣誓</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Communications_Association_v._Douds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Communications Association v. Douds（页面不存在）">American Communications Ass'n v. Douds</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garner v. Board of Public Works（页面不存在）">Garner v. Board of Public Works</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speiser_v._Randall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speiser v. Randall（页面不存在）">Speiser v. Randall</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keyishian_v._Board_of_Regents&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keyishian v. Board of Regents（页面不存在）">Keyishian v. Board of Regents</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communist_Party_of_Indiana_v._Whitcomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb（页面不存在）">Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E6%BC%94%E8%AA%AC_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="學校演説 (第一修正案)（页面不存在）">學校演説</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_speech_(First_Amendment)" class="extiw" title="en:School speech (First Amendment)">School speech (First Amendment)</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis（页面不存在）">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette（页面不存在）">West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District（页面不存在）">Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.</a> (1969, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Substantial_disruption&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Substantial disruption（页面不存在）">substantial disruption</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Island_Trees_School_District_v._Pico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Island Trees School District v. Pico（页面不存在）">Island Trees School District v. Pico</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bethel_School_District_v._Fraser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bethel School District v. Fraser（页面不存在）">Bethel School District v. Fraser</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazelwood_School_District_v._Kuhlmeier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier（页面不存在）">Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westside_Community_Board_of_Education_v._Mergens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens（页面不存在）">Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia（页面不存在）">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morse_v._Frederick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morse v. Frederick（页面不存在）">Morse v. Frederick</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gillman_v._Holmes_County_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gillman v. Holmes County School District（页面不存在）">Gillman v. Holmes County School District</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">公職人員</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickering_v._Board_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pickering v. Board of Education（页面不存在）">Pickering v. Board of Education</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elrod_v._Burns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elrod v. Burns（页面不存在）">Elrod v. Burns</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle（页面不存在）">Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Givhan_v._Western_Line_Consolidated_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District（页面不存在）">Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Connick_v._Myers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Connick v. Myers（页面不存在）">Connick v. Myers</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rankin_v._McPherson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rankin v. McPherson（页面不存在）">Rankin v. McPherson</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rutan_v._Republican_Party_of_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois（页面不存在）">Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waters_v._Churchill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waters v. Churchill（页面不存在）">Waters v. Churchill</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcetti_v._Ceballos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garcetti v. Ceballos（页面不存在）">Garcetti v. Ceballos</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borough_of_Duryea_v._Guarnieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri（页面不存在）">Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lane_v._Franks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lane v. Franks（页面不存在）">Lane v. Franks</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%A4%AB%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%89%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E6%A3%AE%E5%B8%82%E6%A1%88" title="赫夫南诉帕特森市案">赫夫南诉帕特森市案</a>（2016年）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%A5%87%E6%B3%951939%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈奇法1939年（页面不存在）">哈奇法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939" class="extiw" title="en:Hatch Act of 1939">Hatch Act of 1939</a>）及 類似法律</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_parte_Curtis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ex parte Curtis（页面不存在）">Ex parte Curtis</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Public_Workers_v._Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Public Workers v. Mitchell（页面不存在）">United Public Workers v. Mitchell</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Civil_Service_Commission_v._National_Ass%27n_of_Letter_Carriers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Civil Service Commission v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers（页面不存在）">U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadrick_v._Oklahoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broadrick v. Oklahoma（页面不存在）">Broadrick v. Oklahoma</a> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">演説許可 及限制</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutual_Film_Corp._v._Industrial_Commission_of_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio（页面不存在）">Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cox_v._New_Hampshire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cox v. New Hampshire（页面不存在）">Cox v. New Hampshire</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murdock_v._Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murdock v. Pennsylvania（页面不存在）">Murdock v. Pennsylvania</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunz_v._New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunz v. New York（页面不存在）">Kunz v. New York</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Burstyn,_Inc._v._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson（页面不存在）">Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingsley_Books,_Inc._v._Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown（页面不存在）">Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NAACP_v._Button&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAACP v. Button（页面不存在）">NAACP v. Button</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedman_v._Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedman v. Maryland（页面不存在）">Freedman v. Maryland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoffman_Estates_v._The_Flipside,_Hoffman_Estates,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.（页面不存在）">Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forsyth_County_v._Nationalist_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement（页面不存在）">Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E6%BC%94%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="商業演說（页面不存在）">商業演說</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_speech" class="extiw" title="en:Commercial speech">Commercial speech</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentine_v._Chrestensen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valentine v. Chrestensen（页面不存在）">Valentine v. Chrestensen</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowan_v._United_States_Post_Office_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rowan v. United States Post Office Department（页面不存在）">Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pittsburgh_Press_Co._v._Pittsburgh_Commission_on_Human_Relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations（页面不存在）">Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bigelow_v._Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bigelow v. Virginia（页面不存在）">Bigelow v. Virginia</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_State_Pharmacy_Board_v._Virginia_Citizens_Consumer_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council（页面不存在）">Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bates_v._State_Bar_of_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bates v. State Bar of Arizona（页面不存在）">Bates v. State Bar of Arizona</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linmark_Associates,_Inc._v._Township_of_Willingboro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Township of Willingboro（页面不存在）">Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Hudson_Gas_%26_Electric_Corp._v._Public_Service_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission（页面不存在）">Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consolidated_Edison_Co._v._Public_Service_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Commission（页面不存在）">Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zauderer_v._Office_of_Disciplinary_Counsel_of_Supreme_Court_of_Ohio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio（页面不存在）">Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posadas_de_Puerto_Rico_Associates_v._Tourism_Co._of_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico（页面不存在）">Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Francisco_Arts_%26_Athletics,_Inc._v._United_States_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee（页面不存在）">San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lebron_v._National_Railroad_Passenger_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.（页面不存在）">Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Bar_v._Went_For_It,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.（页面不存在）">Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=44_Liquormart,_Inc._v._Rhode_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island（页面不存在）">44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorillard_Tobacco_Co._v._Reilly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly（页面不存在）">Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorrell_v._IMS_Health_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.（页面不存在）">Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">競選財務 及政治演説</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckley_v._Valeo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buckley v. Valeo（页面不存在）">Buckley v. Valeo</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_National_Bank_of_Boston_v._Bellotti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti（页面不存在）">First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizens_Against_Rent_Control_v._City_of_Berkeley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley（页面不存在）">Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FEC_v._National_Conservative_PAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FEC v. National Conservative PAC（页面不存在）">FEC v. National Conservative PAC</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FEC_v._Massachusetts_Citizens_for_Life&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life（页面不存在）">FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austin_v._Michigan_Chamber_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce（页面不存在）">Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colorado_Republican_Federal_Campaign_Committee_v._FEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC（页面不存在）">Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nixon_v._Shrink_Missouri_Government_PAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC（页面不存在）">Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_Party_of_Minnesota_v._White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republican Party of Minnesota v. White（页面不存在）">Republican Party of Minnesota v. White</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McConnell_v._FEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McConnell v. FEC（页面不存在）">McConnell v. FEC</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Randall_v._Sorrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randall v. Sorrell（页面不存在）">Randall v. Sorrell</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FEC_v._Wisconsin_Right_to_Life,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.（页面不存在）">FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Davis_v._FEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Davis v. FEC（页面不存在）">Davis v. FEC</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E8%AF%89%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E6%A1%88" title="联合公民诉联邦选举委员会案">联合公民诉联邦选举委员会案</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arizona_Free_Enterprise_Club%27s_Freedom_Club_PAC_v._Bennett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett（页面不存在）">Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Tradition_Partnership,_Inc._v._Montana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Montana（页面不存在）">American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McCutcheon_v._FEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McCutcheon v. FEC（页面不存在）">McCutcheon v. FEC</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Williams-Yulee_v._Florida_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar（页面不存在）">Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thompson_v._Hebdon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thompson v. Hebdon（页面不存在）">Thompson v. Hebdon</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">匿名演講</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NAACP_v._Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAACP v. Alabama（页面不存在）">NAACP v. Alabama</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckley_v._Valeo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buckley v. Valeo（页面不存在）">Buckley v. Valeo</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Socialist_Workers_%2774_Campaign_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee（页面不存在）">Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McIntyre_v._Ohio_Elections_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission（页面不存在）">McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doe_v._Reed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doe v. Reed（页面不存在）">Doe v. Reed</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">州議案</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marsh_v._Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marsh v. Alabama（页面不存在）">Marsh v. Alabama</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lloyd_Corp._v._Tanner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner（页面不存在）">Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhattan_Community_Access_Corp._v._Halleck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck（页面不存在）">Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">官方報復</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach（页面不存在）">Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nieves_v._Bartlett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nieves v. Bartlett（页面不存在）">Nieves v. Bartlett</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="美国新闻自由" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="美国新闻自由">美国新闻自由</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B6%E6%AD%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="先行制止（页面不存在）">先行制止</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_restraint" class="extiw" title="en:Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a>）及 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="审查制度">审查制度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patterson_v._Colorado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patterson v. Colorado（页面不存在）">Patterson v. Colorado</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_v._Minnesota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Near v. Minnesota（页面不存在）">Near v. Minnesota</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lovell_v._City_of_Griffin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lovell v. City of Griffin（页面不存在）">Lovell v. City of Griffin</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tucker_v._Texas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tucker v. Texas（页面不存在）">Tucker v. Texas</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hannegan_v._Esquire,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.（页面不存在）">Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lamont_v._Postmaster_General&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lamont v. Postmaster General（页面不存在）">Lamont v. Postmaster General</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E8%A8%B4%E5%90%88%E7%9C%BE%E5%9C%8B%E6%A1%88" title="紐約時報公司訴合眾國案">纽约时报诉合众国案</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebraska_Press_Ass%27n_v._Stuart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart（页面不存在）">Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landmark_Communications,_Inc._v._Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia（页面不存在）">Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tory_v._Cochran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tory v. Cochran（页面不存在）">Tory v. Cochran</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">隱私</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time,_Inc._v._Hill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Time, Inc. v. Hill（页面不存在）">Time, Inc. v. Hill</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cox_Broadcasting_Corp._v._Cohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn（页面不存在）">Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Florida_Star_v._B._J._F.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florida Star v. B. J. F.（页面不存在）">Florida Star v. B. J. F.</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">稅收及特權</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grosjean_v._American_Press_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grosjean v. American Press Co.（页面不存在）">Grosjean v. American Press Co.</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Branzburg_v._Hayes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Branzburg v. Hayes（页面不存在）">Branzburg v. Hayes</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houchins_v._KQED,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houchins v. KQED, Inc.（页面不存在）">Houchins v. KQED, Inc.</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minneapolis_Star_Tribune_Co._v._Commissioner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner（页面不存在）">Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohen_v._Cowles_Media_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.（页面不存在）">Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.</a> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BD%E8%B0%A4" title="诽谤">诽谤</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beauharnais_v._Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beauharnais v. Illinois（页面不存在）">Beauharnais v. Illinois</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E8%AF%89%E6%B2%99%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E6%A1%88" title="纽约时报公司诉沙利文案">纽约时报诉沙利文案</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curtis_Publishing_Co._v._Butts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts（页面不存在）">Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenbelt_Cooperative_Publishing_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Bresler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler（页面不存在）">Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertz_v._Robert_Welch,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.（页面不存在）">Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Time,_Inc._v._Firestone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Time, Inc. v. Firestone（页面不存在）">Time, Inc. v. Firestone</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bose_Corp._v._Consumers_Union_of_United_States,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.（页面不存在）">Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dun_%26_Bradstreet,_Inc._v._Greenmoss_Builders,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.（页面不存在）">Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonald_v._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McDonald v. Smith（页面不存在）">McDonald v. Smith</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E8%89%B2%E5%AE%A2%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97%E8%AF%89%E6%B3%95%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E6%A1%88" title="好色客杂志诉法威尔案">好色客杂志诉法威尔案</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harte-Hanks_Communications,_Inc._v._Connaughton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton（页面不存在）">Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milkovich_v._Lorain_Journal_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.（页面不存在）">Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obsidian_Finance_Group,_LLC_v._Cox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox（页面不存在）">Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox</a> (9th Cir., 2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">廣播媒體</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Lion_Broadcasting_Co._v._FCC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC（页面不存在）">Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E8%A8%B4%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%8F%B0%E6%A1%88" title="聯邦通訊委員會訴太平洋電台案">聯邦通訊委員會訴太平洋電台案</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turner_Broadcasting_System,_Inc._v._FCC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC（页面不存在）">Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartnicki_v._Vopper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartnicki v. Vopper（页面不存在）">Bartnicki v. Vopper</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">版權材料</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zacchini_v._Scripps-Howard_Broadcasting_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.（页面不存在）">Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harper_%26_Row_v._Nation_Enterprises&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises（页面不存在）">Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldred_v._Ashcroft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft（页面不存在）">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="結社自由" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E7%A4%BE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1#實踐" title="結社自由">結社自由</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joint_Anti-Fascist_Refugee_Committee_v._McGrath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath（页面不存在）">Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Watkins_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Watkins v. United States（页面不存在）">Watkins v. United States</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NAACP_v._Alabama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAACP v. Alabama（页面不存在）">NAACP v. Alabama</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NAACP_v._Button&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAACP v. Button（页面不存在）">NAACP v. Button</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baggett_v._Bullitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baggett v. Bullitt（页面不存在）">Baggett v. Bullitt</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_Primus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In re Primus（页面不存在）">In re Primus</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberts_v._United_States_Jaycees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberts v. United States Jaycees（页面不存在）">Roberts v. United States Jaycees</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dallas_v._Stanglin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dallas v. Stanglin（页面不存在）">Dallas v. Stanglin</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston（页面不存在）">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Democratic_Party_v._Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California Democratic Party v. Jones（页面不存在）">California Democratic Party v. Jones</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%A5%E8%BB%8D%E8%A8%B4%E6%88%B4%E7%88%BE%E6%A1%88" title="美國童軍訴戴爾案">美國童軍訴戴爾案</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Legal_Society_v._Martinez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Legal Society v. Martinez（页面不存在）">Christian Legal Society v. Martinez</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="美國權利請願書（英语：-&#123;Freedom_to_petition_in_the_United_States&#125;-）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E8%AB%8B%E9%A1%98%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國權利請願書（页面不存在）">美國權利請願書</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_to_petition_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Freedom to petition in the United States">Freedom to petition in the United States</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Cruikshank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Cruikshank（页面不存在）">United States v. Cruikshank</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Collins（页面不存在）">Thomas v. Collins</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Railroad_Presidents_Conference_v._Noerr_Motor_Freight,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.（页面不存在）">Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NAACP_v._Button&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NAACP v. Button（页面不存在）">NAACP v. Button</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwards_v._South_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwards v. South Carolina（页面不存在）">Edwards v. South Carolina</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Mine_Workers_v._Pennington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Mine Workers v. Pennington（页面不存在）">United Mine Workers v. Pennington</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cox_v._Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cox v. Louisiana（页面不存在）">Cox v. Louisiana</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Motor_Transport_Co._v._Trucking_Unlimited&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited（页面不存在）">California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Arkansas_State_Highway_Employees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees（页面不存在）">Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonald_v._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McDonald v. Smith（页面不存在）">McDonald v. Smith</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meyer_v._Grant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meyer v. Grant（页面不存在）">Meyer v. Grant</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buckley_v._American_Constitutional_Law_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation（页面不存在）">Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BE_and_K_Construction_Co._V._National_Labor_Relations_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BE and K Construction Co. V. National Labor Relations Board（页面不存在）">BE and K Construction Co. V. National Labor Relations Board</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doe_v._Reed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doe v. Reed（页面不存在）">Doe v. Reed</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borough_of_Duryea_v._Guarnieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri（页面不存在）">Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="美利坚合众国宪法" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="Template:美国宪法"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="Template talk:美国宪法"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:美国宪法"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="美利坚合众国宪法" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="美国宪法">美利坚合众国宪法</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">全文</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%8F%E8%A8%80" title="美国宪法序言">序言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第一条">第Ⅰ条</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第二条">第Ⅱ条</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第三条">第Ⅲ条</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第四条">第Ⅳ条</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第五条">第Ⅴ条</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第六条">第Ⅵ条</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第七条">第Ⅶ条</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法修正案">修正案</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">批准</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88" title="美国权利法案">权利法案</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">第1修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第二修正案">第2修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第三修正案">第3修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第四修正案">第4修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第五修正案">第5修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第六修正案">第6修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第七修正案">第7修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第八修正案">第8修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B9%9D%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第九修正案">第9修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第十修正案">第10修正案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1795年－1804年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十一修正案">第11修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十二修正案">第12修正案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="重建修正案">重建修正案</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十三修正案">第13修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十四修正案">第14修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十五修正案">第15修正案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十六修正案">第16修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十七修正案">第17修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第十八修正案">第18修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第十九修正案">第19修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十修正案">第20修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十一修正案">第21修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第二十二修正案">第22修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十三修正案">第23修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十四修正案">第24修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十五修正案">第25修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十六修正案">第26修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第二十七修正案">第27修正案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">待定</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%B8%AD%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国会席位分配修正案（页面不存在）">国会席位分配修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment Amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E5%A4%B4%E8%A1%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="贵族头衔修正案">贵族头衔修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%B8%A9%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科温修正案（页面不存在）">科温修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B7%A5%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="童工修正案（页面不存在）">童工修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor Amendment</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">过期</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="平等权利修正案">平等权利修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%BA%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E6%9D%83%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥伦比亚特区投票权修正案（页面不存在）">哥伦比亚特区投票权修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%9F%E8%AE%AE%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国宪法拟议修正案列表（页面不存在）">拟议</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proposed_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="en:List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution">List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E9%A2%84%E7%AE%97%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平衡预算修正案（页面不存在）">平衡预算修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Balanced budget amendment">Balanced budget amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E6%81%A9%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布莱恩修正案（页面不存在）">布莱恩修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布瑞克修正案（页面不存在）">布瑞克修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%9E%E9%80%89%E8%B4%A2%E5%8A%A1%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="竞选财务改革修正案（页面不存在）">竞选财务改革修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Campaign finance reform amendment">Campaign finance reform amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督教修正案（页面不存在）">基督教修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Christian amendment">Christian amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E7%99%BB%E5%A6%A5%E5%8D%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里特登妥协（页面不存在）">克里特登妥协</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" class="extiw" title="en:Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%9F%E9%99%A4%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A2%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="废除选举人团修正案（页面不存在）">废除选举人团修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Electoral College abolition amendment">Electoral College abolition amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E6%9C%BA%E4%BC%9A%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="执政平等机会修正案（页面不存在）">执政平等机会修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Opportunity_to_Govern_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment">Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%A9%9A%E5%A7%BB%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="联邦婚姻修正案（页面不存在）">联邦婚姻修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Federal Marriage Amendment">Federal Marriage Amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E4%BA%B5%E6%B8%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="禁止亵渎国旗修正案">禁止亵渎国旗修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人类生命修正案（页面不存在）">人类生命修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Life_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Human Life Amendment">Human Life Amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A2%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卢德罗修正案（页面不存在）">卢德罗修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Ludlow Amendment">Ludlow Amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%B2%E6%9D%83%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亲权修正案 (美国宪法)（页面不存在）">亲权修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_Rights_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="en:Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution">Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由修正案 (美国宪法)（页面不存在）">自由修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_%22Liberty%22_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="en:Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution">Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E7%A5%88%E7%A5%B7%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="学校祈祷修正案（页面不存在）">学校祈祷修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Prayer_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:School Prayer Amendment">School Prayer Amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单一主题修正案（页面不存在）">单一主题修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_subject_amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Single subject amendment">Single subject amendment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B3%E8%80%85%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="受害者权利修正案（页面不存在）">受害者权利修正案</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victims%27_Rights_Amendment" class="extiw" title="en:Victims' Rights Amendment">Victims' Rights Amendment</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">形成</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="美国宪法历史">历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E6%9D%A1%E4%BE%8B" title="邦联条例">邦联条例</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%86%9C%E5%B1%B1%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="弗农山会议">弗农山会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0_(1786%E5%B9%B4)" title="安納波利斯會議 (1786年)">安纳波利斯会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%B6%E5%AE%AA%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="美利坚合众国制宪会议">费城会议</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="弗吉尼亚方案">弗吉尼亚方案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%B3%BD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="新泽西方案">新泽西方案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%B6%85%E7%8B%84%E6%A0%BC%E5%A6%A5%E5%8D%8F" title="康涅狄格妥协">康涅狄格妥协</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%88%86%E4%B9%8B%E4%B8%89%E5%A6%A5%E5%8D%8F" title="五分之三妥协">五分之三妥协</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%8A%82%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="细节委员会（页面不存在）">细节委员会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Detail" class="extiw" title="en:Committee of Detail">Committee of Detail</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AD%BE%E7%BD%B2%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美利坚合众国宪法签署人列表">宪法签署人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E7%B4%80%E5%BF%B5%E9%A4%A8" title="美國獨立紀念館">独立厅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%B0%8F%E5%A2%A8%E5%8F%B0" title="辛氏墨台">辛氏墨台</a></li></ul></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%9A%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86" title="联邦党人文集">联邦党人文集</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%85%9A%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反联邦党人文集（页面不存在）">反联邦党人文集</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a>）》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%B8%E5%A1%9E%E5%A6%A5%E5%8D%8F" title="马萨诸塞妥协">马萨诸塞妥协</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%89%B9%E5%87%86%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗吉尼亚批准会议（页面不存在）">弗吉尼亚批准会议</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" class="extiw" title="en:Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E9%80%9A%E5%87%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纽约通函（页面不存在）">纽约通函</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Circular_Letter" class="extiw" title="en:New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E5%8B%92%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希尔斯伯勒会议（页面不存在）">希尔斯伯勒会议</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_Convention" class="extiw" title="en:Hillsborough Convention">Hillsborough Convention</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E8%80%B6%E7%89%B9%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="费耶特维尔会议（页面不存在）">费耶特维尔会议</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville_Convention" class="extiw" title="en:Fayetteville Convention">Fayetteville Convention</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%B2%9B%E6%89%B9%E5%87%86%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗德岛批准美国宪法（页面不存在）">罗德岛批准</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution_by_Rhode_Island" class="extiw" title="en:Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island">Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E8%B5%B7%E8%8D%89%E4%B8%8E%E6%89%B9%E5%87%86%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国宪法起草与批准时间线（页面不存在）">起草与批准时间线</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美国宪法条款列表">条款</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%BB%E5%91%BD%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="任命条款（页面不存在）">任命</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appointments_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Appointments Clause">Appointments Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%A5%E6%AC%BE%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="撥款法案 (美國)">拨款</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%88%E5%8D%8F%E5%8A%A9%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE" title="律师协助条款">律师协助</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%88%E4%BB%B6%E6%88%96%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="案件或争议条款（页面不存在）">案件或争议</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_or_Controversy_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Case or Controversy Clause">Case or Controversy Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%9D%83%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE" title="公民权条款">公民权</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="商业条款（页面不存在）">商业</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1#第3节：船税、军队和盟约" title="美国宪法第一条">盟约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E5%88%B6%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE" title="强制程序条款">强制程序</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E8%B4%A8%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="对质条款（页面不存在）">对质</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confrontation_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Confrontation Clause">Confrontation Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E6%89%A7%E6%B3%95%E6%9D%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国会执法权（页面不存在）">执法权</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" class="extiw" title="en:Congressional power of enforcement">Congressional power of enforcement</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%91%E7%BA%A6%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="契约条款（页面不存在）">契约</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Contract Clause">Contract Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%88%E6%9D%83%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="版权条款（页面不存在）">版权</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E9%87%8D%E8%BF%BD%E8%AF%89%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双重追诉条款（页面不存在）">双重追诉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%BD%93%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正当法律程序条款（页面不存在）">正当法律程序</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1#第1节：选举时间、地点的确定方式" title="美国宪法第一条">选举</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%A2%9D%E6%AC%BE" title="平等保護條款">平等保护</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政教分离条款（页面不存在）">政教分离</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第三条">免责</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%9D%E5%A4%96%E4%BF%9D%E9%87%8A%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="额外保释条款（页面不存在）">额外保释</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excessive_Bail_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Excessive Bail Clause">Excessive Bail Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%BD%E6%BA%AF%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4" title="追溯法令">追溯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%95%E6%B8%A1%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="引渡条款（页面不存在）">引渡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Extradition Clause">Extradition Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由信仰条款（页面不存在）">信仰自由</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise Clause</a>）</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">言论自由</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%83%E4%BA%A1%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="逃亡奴隶条款（页面不存在）">逃亡奴隶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%BB%E5%92%8C%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="充分信任和尊重条款（页面不存在）">充分信任和尊重</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Faith_and_Credit_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Full Faith and Credit Clause">Full Faith and Credit Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8E%E6%94%B6%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%AF%E5%87%BA%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="税收与支出条款（页面不存在）">公共福利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing and Spending Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%85%E4%BF%9D%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="担保条款（页面不存在）">担保</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarantee_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Guarantee Clause">Guarantee Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%BC%B9%E5%8A%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国弹劾（页面不存在）">弹劾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Impeachment in the United States">Impeachment in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E5%87%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="进出口条款（页面不存在）">进出口</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import-Export_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Import-Export Clause">Import-Export Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E8%B5%84%E6%A0%BC%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无资格条款（页面不存在）">无资格</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1#第八款：国会权力" title="美国宪法第一条">民兵</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%87%BA%E7%94%9F%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然出生公民条款 (美国)（页面不存在）">自然出生公民</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="en:Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)">Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E4%B8%8E%E9%80%82%E5%BD%93%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="必要与适当条款（页面不存在）">必要与适当</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%A5%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加入联邦（页面不存在）">新州</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" class="extiw" title="en:Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%A3%80%E9%AA%8C%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不宗教检验条款（页面不存在）">不宗教检验</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Religious_Test_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:No Religious Test Clause">No Religious Test Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%B0%B1%E8%81%B7%E5%AE%A3%E8%AA%93" title="美國總統就職宣誓">宣誓或声明</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%8B%E5%88%9B%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="始创条款（页面不存在）">始创</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origination_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Origination Clause">Origination Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%89%B9%E8%B5%A6" title="美国总统特赦">特赦</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#集會及請願自由">请愿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE" title="邮政条款">邮政</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%88%E9%80%81%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呈送条款（页面不存在）">呈送</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentment_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Presentment Clause">Presentment Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%B9%BC%E4%BB%BB%E9%A0%86%E5%BA%8F" title="美國總統繼任順序">总统继任</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%8E%E8%B1%81%E5%85%8D%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特权与豁免条款（页面不存在）">特权与豁免</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Privileges and Immunities Clause">Privileges and Immunities Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%9D%83%E6%88%96%E8%B1%81%E5%85%8D%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特权或豁免条款（页面不存在）">特权或豁免</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%91%E4%BC%9A%E4%BB%BB%E5%91%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="休会任命（页面不存在）">休会任命</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recess_appointment" class="extiw" title="en:Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%9D%A1#第2节：咨询和同意条款" title="美国宪法第二条">咨询与同意</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88#自证其罪" title="美國憲法第五修正案">自证其罪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%BA%E6%88%96%E8%BE%A9%E8%AE%BA%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE" title="言论或辩论条款">言论与辩论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E5%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE" title="快速审理条款">快速审理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%9D%A1#第1节：国情咨文" title="美国宪法第二条">国情咨文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E9%AB%98%E6%A2%9D%E6%AC%BE" title="至高條款">至高</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1#第九款：对国会的限制" title="美国宪法第一条">搁置</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%9D%A1#第5节：切实执行法律" title="美国宪法第二条">注意</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88#征用条款" title="美國憲法第五修正案">征用</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8E%E6%94%B6%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%AF%E5%87%BA%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="税收与支出条款（页面不存在）">税收与支出</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing and Spending Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%9D%A1#第2节：联邦领地和财产条款" title="美国宪法第四条">领地</a></li> <li>贵族头衔 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E8%96%AA%E9%85%AC%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE" title="外国薪酬条款">外国薪酬</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BC%94%E7%BA%A6%E6%9D%83%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="缔约权条款（页面不存在）">缔约权</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Treaty Clause">Treaty Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%AA%E5%AE%A1%E5%9B%A2%E5%AE%A1%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陪审团审案（页面不存在）">陪审团审判</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_trial" class="extiw" title="en:Jury trial">Jury trial</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%8C%E4%B9%A6%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="背书条款（页面不存在）">背书</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesting_Clauses" class="extiw" title="en:Vesting Clauses">Vesting Clauses</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E9%82%BB%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="近邻条款（页面不存在）">近邻</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicinage_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Vicinage Clause">Vicinage Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E6%88%98%E6%9D%83%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宣战权条款（页面不存在）">宣战权</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Powers_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:War Powers Clause">War Powers Clause</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">释宪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1_(%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="权利平衡 (联邦制)（页面不存在）">权利平衡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_(federalism)" class="extiw" title="en:Balance of power (federalism)">Balance of power (federalism)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B6%E8%A1%8C%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="并行权力（页面不存在）">并行权力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_powers" class="extiw" title="en:Concurrent powers">Concurrent powers</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="美国宪制法律">宪制法律</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E8%AF%89%E8%AE%BC%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国宪制刑事诉讼程序（页面不存在）">刑事诉讼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" class="extiw" title="en:United States constitutional criminal procedure">United States constitutional criminal procedure</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6%E9%87%8F%E5%88%91%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国宪制量刑法（页面不存在）">刑事量刑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_constitutional_sentencing_law" class="extiw" title="en:United States constitutional sentencing law">United States constitutional sentencing law</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%91%E7%9C%A0%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E6%9D%A1%E6%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="休眠商业条款（页面不存在）">休眠商业条款</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" class="extiw" title="en:Dormant Commerce Clause">Dormant Commerce Clause</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%97%E4%B8%BE%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="列举权力 (美国)（页面不存在）">列举权力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enumerated_powers_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="en:Enumerated powers (United States)">Enumerated powers (United States)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E7%AD%89%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同等地位（页面不存在）">同等地位</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_footing" class="extiw" title="en:Equal footing">Equal footing</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%89%B9%E6%9D%83" title="行政特权">行政特权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E7%A4%BA%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B" title="默示權力">默示权力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E4%BD%B5%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="合併原則">合并原则</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%9F%A5%E6%AC%8A" title="美國司法審查權">司法审查</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E6%8E%88%E6%9D%83%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="禁止授权原则（页面不存在）">禁止授权</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondelegation_doctrine" class="extiw" title="en:Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="充分权力（页面不存在）">充分权力</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenary_power" class="extiw" title="en:Plenary power">Plenary power</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E6%9D%83" title="联邦优先权">优先权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B" title="保留权力">保留权力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%AF%94%E4%BF%AE%E5%BE%A9" title="薩克斯比修復">萨克斯比修复</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国的政教分离（页面不存在）">政教分离</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B" title="美國憲法中的權力分立">权力分立</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="对称联邦主义">对称联邦主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E7%A8%8E%E8%80%85%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E8%AE%BA%E7%82%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗税者宪法论点（页面不存在）">征税权</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_protester_constitutional_arguments" class="extiw" title="en:Tax protester constitutional arguments">Tax protester constitutional arguments</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94" title="行政一體">行政一體</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%BC" title="国家档案馆大楼">国家档案馆大楼</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%AE%AA%E7%AB%A0_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由宪章 (美国)（页面不存在）">自由宪章圆厅</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" class="extiw" title="en:Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA_(%E8%B4%B9%E5%9F%8E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="独立广场 (费城)（页面不存在）">独立广场</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Mall_(Philadelphia)" class="extiw" title="en:Independence Mall (Philadelphia)">Independence Mall (Philadelphia)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E6%97%A5_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宪法日 (美国)（页面不存在）">宪法日</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Day_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="en:Constitution Day (United States)">Constitution Day (United States)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E8%8A%B1%E5%9B%AD" title="宪法花园">宪法花园</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="國家憲法中心">國家憲法中心</a></li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%BE%E7%BD%B2%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%9A%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E6%83%85%E6%99%AF" title="签署美利坚合众国宪法的情景">签署美利坚合众国宪法的情景</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B4%E5%AE%8C%E7%BE%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="更完美合众国（页面不存在）">更完美合众国</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" class="extiw" title="en:A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union (film)</a>）》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E8%99%9F%E5%B7%A1%E9%98%B2%E8%89%A6" title="憲法號巡防艦">憲法號巡防艦</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E4%B8%8E%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国宪法与世界影响（页面不存在）">世界影响</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution_and_worldwide_influence" class="extiw" title="en:United States Constitution and worldwide influence">United States Constitution and worldwide influence</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" title="Portal:美國">美国主题</a> · <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="Portal:法律">法律主题</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="美國投票權（英语：-&#123;Voting_rights_in_the_United_States&#125;-）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E6%9D%83" title="Template:美国投票权"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E6%9D%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:美国投票权（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E6%9D%83" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:美国投票权"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="美國投票權（英语：-&#123;Voting_rights_in_the_United_States&#125;-）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E6%AC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國投票權（页面不存在）">美國投票權</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights in the United States</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">憲法規定</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1" title="美国宪法第一条">第1條</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1#第1节：众议员的组成和选举方式" title="美国宪法第一条">選民資格條款</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%9D%A1#第1节：选举时间、地点的确定方式" title="美国宪法第一条">選舉條款</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">第1修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十四修正案">第14修正案</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E6%A2%9D%E6%AC%BE" title="平等保護條款">平等保護條款</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十五修正案">第15修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十七修正案">第17修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美國憲法第十九修正案">第19修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十三修正案">第23修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十四修正案">第24修正案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第二十六修正案">第26修正案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">聯邦法律</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88_(1965%E5%B9%B4)" title="選舉法案 (1965年)">選舉法案 (1965年)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amendments_to_the_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965（页面不存在）">Amendments</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amendments_to_the_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" class="extiw" title="en:Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965">Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="List of jurisdictions subject to the special provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of jurisdictions subject to the special provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_jurisdictions_subject_to_the_special_provisions_of_the_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of jurisdictions subject to the special provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965（页面不存在）">List of covered jurisdictions</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_jurisdictions_subject_to_the_special_provisions_of_the_Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" class="extiw" title="en:List of jurisdictions subject to the special provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965">List of jurisdictions subject to the special provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_Accessibility_for_the_Elderly_and_Handicapped_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act（页面不存在）">Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Accessibility_for_the_Elderly_and_Handicapped_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act">Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uniformed_and_Overseas_Citizens_Absentee_Voting_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act（页面不存在）">Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniformed_and_Overseas_Citizens_Absentee_Voting_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act">Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_and_Overseas_Voter_Empowerment_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act（页面不存在）">Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_and_Overseas_Voter_Empowerment_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act">Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Voter_Registration_Act_of_1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Voter Registration Act of 1993（页面不存在）">National Voter Registration Act of 1993</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Voter_Registration_Act_of_1993" class="extiw" title="en:National Voter Registration Act of 1993">National Voter Registration Act of 1993</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help_America_Vote_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Help America Vote Act（页面不存在）">Help America Vote Act of 2002</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_America_Vote_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Help America Vote Act">Help America Vote Act</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">州法律</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">准許選民</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%BA%E5%B8%AD%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="缺席投票">缺席投票</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="早期投票">早期投票</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States（页面不存在）">Initiatives and referendums</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Initiatives and referendums in the United States">Initiatives and referendums in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Postal_voting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Postal voting in the United States（页面不存在）">Postal voting</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_voting_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Postal voting in the United States">Postal voting in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_ballot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provisional ballot（页面不存在）">Provisional ballot</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_ballot" class="extiw" title="en:Provisional ballot">Provisional ballot</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%A2%E5%85%8D" title="罢免">罢免</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_registration_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voter registration in the United States（页面不存在）">Voter registration in the U.S.</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_registration_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Voter registration in the United States">Voter registration in the United States</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%A3%93%E5%88%B6%E9%81%B8%E6%B0%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國壓制選民（页面不存在）">壓制選民</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_suppression_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Voter suppression in the United States">Voter suppression in the United States</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E6%93%8D%E6%8E%A7" title="选举操控">选举操控</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E7%88%B6%E6%A2%9D%E6%AC%BE" title="祖父條款">祖父條款</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literacy_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literacy test（页面不存在）">Literacy test</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_test" class="extiw" title="en:Literacy test">Literacy test</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poll taxes in the United States（页面不存在）">Poll tax</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Poll taxes in the United States">Poll taxes in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_caging&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voter caging（页面不存在）">Voter caging</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_caging" class="extiw" title="en:Voter caging">Voter caging</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voter_ID_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voter ID laws in the United States（页面不存在）">Voter ID laws</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voter_ID_laws_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Voter ID laws in the United States">Voter ID laws in the United States</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">投票稀釋</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%85%88%E8%80%85%E7%95%B6%E9%81%B8" title="領先者當選">領先者當選</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerrymandering in the United States（页面不存在）">Gerrymandering</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Gerrymandering in the United States">Gerrymandering in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6" title="全票制">全票制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%80%E7%A5%A8" title="一人一票">一人一票</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranked-choice_voting_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranked-choice voting in the United States（页面不存在）">Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked-choice_voting_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Ranked-choice voting in the United States">Ranked-choice voting in the United States</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各團體組織</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_manhood_suffrage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal manhood suffrage（页面不存在）">Men</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" class="extiw" title="en:Universal manhood suffrage">Universal manhood suffrage</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%A6%87%E5%A5%B3%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E6%9D%83" title="美国妇女选举权">美国妇女选举权</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black suffrage in the United States（页面不存在）">African Americans</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Black suffrage in the United States">Black suffrage in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_American_voting_rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Native American voting rights（页面不存在）">Native Americans</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_voting_rights" class="extiw" title="en:Native American voting rights">Native American voting rights</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Youth_suffrage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Youth suffrage（页面不存在）">Youth</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_suffrage" class="extiw" title="en:Youth suffrage">Youth suffrage</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States（页面不存在）">Felons</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">Felony disenfranchisement in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Right of foreigners to vote in the United States（页面不存在）">Foreigners</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Right of foreigners to vote in the United States">Right of foreigners to vote in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States（页面不存在）">Transgender people</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States">Transgender disenfranchisement in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=District_of_Columbia_voting_rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District of Columbia voting rights（页面不存在）">District of Columbia residents</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="extiw" title="en:District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia voting rights</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico（页面不存在）">Puerto Rico residents</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" class="extiw" title="en:Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voting_in_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voting in Guam（页面不存在）">Guam residents</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_in_Guam" class="extiw" title="en:Voting in Guam">Voting in Guam</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">歷史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_voting_rights_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of voting rights in the United States（页面不存在）">Timeline</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_voting_rights_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of voting rights in the United States">Timeline of voting rights in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%89%9D%E5%A5%AA%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E6%AC%8A" title="後重建時期的剝奪投票權">後重建時期的剝奪投票權</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States（页面不存在）">Timeline of women's suffrage</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suffrage_Hikes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suffrage Hikes（页面不存在）">Suffrage Hikes</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" class="extiw" title="en:Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woman_Suffrage_Procession&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woman Suffrage Procession（页面不存在）">Woman Suffrage Procession</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" class="extiw" title="en:Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Sentinels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silent Sentinels（页面不存在）">Silent Sentinels</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" class="extiw" title="en:Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes（页面不存在）">U.S. suffragists</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" class="extiw" title="en:List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes（页面不存在）">Publications</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" class="extiw" title="en:List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selma_to_Montgomery_marches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selma to Montgomery marches（页面不存在）">Selma to Montgomery marches</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" class="extiw" title="en:Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_poll_tax_repeal_movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women's poll tax repeal movement（页面不存在）">Women's poll tax repeal movement</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_poll_tax_repeal_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Women's poll tax repeal movement">Women's poll tax repeal movement</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of direct democracy in the United States（页面不存在）">History of direct democracy</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:History of direct democracy in the United States">History of direct democracy in the United States</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關項目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballot_access_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballot access in the United States（页面不存在）">Ballot access</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_access_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Ballot access in the United States">Ballot access in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campaign finance in the United States（页面不存在）">Campaign finance</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Campaign finance in the United States">Campaign finance in the United States</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" title="美国公民">美国公民</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Citizenship_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Citizenship Act（页面不存在）">Native Americans</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act" class="extiw" title="en:Indian Citizenship Act">Indian Citizenship Act</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%AB%E5%A5%AA%E5%85%AC%E6%AC%8A" title="褫奪公權">褫奪公權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="選舉">選舉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE%E6%B3%95" title="选举法">選舉法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="美國選舉">美國選舉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E4%BA%BA%E5%9C%98_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="選舉人團 (美國)">選舉人團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="美國選舉制度改革">選舉制度改革</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="投票制度">投票制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E8%A4%87%E9%81%B8%E5%88%B6" title="排序複選制">排序複選制</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Voting_Rights_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Voting Rights Museum（页面不存在）">National Voting Rights Museum</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" class="extiw" title="en:National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redistricting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redistricting（页面不存在）">Redistricting</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting" class="extiw" title="en:Redistricting">Redistricting</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A8%98%E5%90%8D%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="不記名投票">不記名投票</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="選舉權">選舉權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BB%E8%AE%B0%E9%80%89%E6%B0%91" title="登记选民">登记选民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="投票">投票</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12616#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12616#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12616#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/179830264">VIAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124146139">法国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124146139">BnF data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4443922-2">德国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007604011205171">以色列</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81096440">美国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an50704280">澳大利亚</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033262101">IdRef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84365013">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:美国">美国主題</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/24px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/36px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg/48px-Johnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="Portal:法律">法律主題</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/21px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主題</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:HumanRightsLogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/20px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/31px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HumanRightsLogo.svg/40px-HumanRightsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="125" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:人权">人权主題</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=美国宪法第一修正案&oldid=82557072">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=美国宪法第一修正案&oldid=82557072</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="Category:美国宪法第一修正案">美国宪法第一修正案</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="Category:美国宪法修正案">美国宪法修正案</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:美國權利法案（页面不存在）">美國權利法案</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1791%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="Category:1791年美国法律">1791年美国法律</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1791%E5%B9%B4%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Category:1791年美国政治">1791年美国政治</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="Category:美国表达自由">美国表达自由</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="Category:美國宗教自由">美國宗教自由</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="Category:美国宗教相关法律">美国宗教相关法律</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:有参考文献错误的页面">有参考文献错误的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="Category:引文格式1错误：日期">引文格式1错误：日期</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BFwayback%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:Webarchive模板wayback链接">Webarchive模板wayback链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E8%93%9D%E9%93%BE%E5%8D%B4%E6%9C%AA%E7%A7%BB%E9%99%A4%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E5%8A%A9%E6%89%8B%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:有蓝链却未移除内部链接助手模板的页面">有蓝链却未移除内部链接助手模板的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BFarchiveis%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:Webarchive模板archiveis链接">Webarchive模板archiveis链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABVIAF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目">包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNLA%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NLA标识符的维基百科条目">包含NLA标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABSUDOC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目">包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%84%AA%E8%89%AF%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:優良條目">優良條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ISBN%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用ISBN魔术链接的页面">使用ISBN魔术链接的页面</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年5月7日 (星期二) 23:27。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>） Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。 </li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78f4c97c5d-f28hl","wgBackendResponseTime":220,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.487","walltime":"2.942","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28830,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1330080,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":87962,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":292,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":250593,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2294.597 1 -total"," 28.50% 653.870 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.17% 416.890 9 Template:Navbox"," 17.89% 410.398 178 Template:Link-en"," 12.11% 277.927 108 Template:Tsl"," 11.63% 266.912 49 Template:Cite_web"," 9.17% 210.500 64 Template:Ussc"," 8.75% 200.842 1 Template:美国宪法"," 6.37% 146.245 1 Template:Voting_rights_in_the_United_States"," 6.16% 141.274 1 Template:US_Constitution_article_series"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.162","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21208728,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbrams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdam_Liptak2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbright2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeeman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiskupic,_Joan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiger,_Stephen_J.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraig_King2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrewdson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Shultz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis_Hevesi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEugene_Volokh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_C._Sisk2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulse,_Carl_and_Holusha,_John2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasper1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_G._West,_Jr.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamen,_Al1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozlowski,_Dan_V.;_Bullard,_Melissa_E.;_Deets,_Kristen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard_W._Levy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadeline_Brand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulligan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewell1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_E._Morgan2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Devigne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel_Gedge2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiffrin,_Seana_Valentine2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_A._Engel1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren_A._Nord\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_Cooney2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF劉靜怡\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF寒竹\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF張江莉\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF青年小站\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 49,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"En\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 22,\n [\"Lang-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Link-en\"] = 92,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"NoteTA\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 9,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 43,\n [\"US Constitution article series\"] = 1,\n [\"US1stAmendment\"] = 1,\n [\"Usc\"] = 2,\n [\"Ussc\"] = 64,\n [\"Voting rights in the United States\"] = 1,\n [\"Wayback\"] = 14,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"West\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"美国宪法\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","22.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","12.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","11.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","9.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","100","7.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::makeTitle","60","4.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.2"],["[others]","200","15.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-664bdf464b-lxcmd","timestamp":"20241128183446","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u7f8e\u56fd\u5baa\u6cd5\u7b2c\u4e00\u4fee\u6b63\u6848","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12616","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12616","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-09-18T07:36:49Z","dateModified":"2024-05-07T23:27:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5b\/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg","headline":"\u7f8e\u570b\u61b2\u6cd5\u4fee\u6b63\u6848"}</script> </body> </html>