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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_uz.wikipedia.org&uselang=uz" class=""><span>Loyihaga koʻmak</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CreateAccount&returnto=Galaktika" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud boʻlmasa-da, hisob yaratishingiz va tizimga kirishingiz tavsiya etiladi." class=""><span>Hisob yaratish</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UserLogin&returnto=Galaktika" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud bo‘lmasa-da, kirishingiz taklif qilinadi. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Kirish</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Chiqishni amalga oshirgan tahrirchilar uchun sahifalar <a href="/wiki/Yordam:Mundarija" aria-label="Tahrirlash haqida batafsil maʼlumot"><span>batafsil maʼlumot</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:MyContributions" title="Bu IP-manzildan amalga oshirilgan tahrirlar roʻyxati [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Qoʻshilgan hissa</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:MyTalk" title="Bu IP-manzildan amalga oshirilgan tahrirlar munozarasi [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Munozara</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mundarija" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mundarija</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Kirish</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologiyasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologiyasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologiyasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologiyasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuzatuv_tarixi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuzatuv_tarixi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kuzatuv tarixi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuzatuv_tarixi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somon_Yoʻli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somon_Yoʻli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Somon Yoʻli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somon_Yoʻli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manbalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manbalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Manbalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manbalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adabiyotlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adabiyotlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Adabiyotlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adabiyotlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havolalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havolalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Havolalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havolalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Galaktika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 177 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-177" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">177 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterrestelsel" title="Sterrestelsel – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sterrestelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – nemis (Shveytsariya)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemis (Shveytsariya)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A8%E1%8C%A8%E1%89%B5" title="ረጨት – amxar" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ረጨት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amxar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="मंदाकिनी – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मंदाकिनी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مجرة – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مجرة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مجرة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87" title="مجره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="তাৰকাৰাজ্য – assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাৰকাৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxa" title="Galaxa – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Galaxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Галаксия – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Галаксия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalaktika" title="Qalaktika – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qalaktika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="قالاکسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قالاکسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – boshqird" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="boshqird" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galakt%C4%97ka" title="Galaktėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Galaktėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya" title="Galaksiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Galaksiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактыка – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галактыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галяктыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Галяктыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jula-juli" title="Jula-juli – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Jula-juli" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="गैलेक्सी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गैलेक्सी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5" title="ছায়াপথ – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছায়াপথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B" title="སྐར་མའི་མ་ལག་ – tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐར་མའི་མ་ལག་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksienn" title="Galaksienn – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Galaksienn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksija" title="Galaksija – bosniy" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Galaksija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A0xia" title="Galàxia – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Galàxia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya" title="Galaksiya – sebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Galaksiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%88%E1%8F%8F_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B7%E1%8E%AC" title="ᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎾᏓᎷᎬ – cheroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏃᏈᏏ ᎤᎾᏓᎷᎬ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cheroki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95" title="گەلەستێرە – sorani-kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەلەستێرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani-kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaeth" title="Galaeth – valliy" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Galaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valliy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galakse" title="Galakse – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Galakse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiye" title="Galaksiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Galaksiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Γαλαξίες – grek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλαξίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A2sia" title="Galâsia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Galâsia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Galaxy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksio" title="Galaksio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Galaksio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – estoncha" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoncha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کهکشان – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کهکشان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirgurada_(t%C3%A4hetiid%C3%BCs)" title="Tsirgurada (tähetiidüs) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsirgurada (tähetiidüs)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoso_kalokalo" title="Isoso kalokalo – fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Isoso kalokalo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B8rnubreyt" title="Stjørnubreyt – farercha" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stjørnubreyt" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farercha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksii" title="Galaksii – shimoliy friz" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Galaksii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="shimoliy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassie" title="Galassie – friul" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Galassie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerrestelsel_(molkewei)" title="Stjerrestelsel (molkewei) – g‘arbiy friz" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stjerrestelsel (molkewei)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="g‘arbiy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9altra" title="Réaltra – irland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réaltra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reul-chrios" title="Reul-chrios – shotland-gel" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reul-chrios" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="shotland-gel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapyvore" title="Arapyvore – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arapyvore" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-rollageys" title="Co-rollageys – men" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-rollageys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="men" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAn-hi" title="Sên-hi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sên-hi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="גלקסיה – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלקסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="मन्दाकिनी – hind" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मन्दाकिनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hind" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_ke_samundar" title="Tara ke samundar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tara ke samundar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – xorvat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xorvat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – gaityan" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="gaityan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxis" title="Galaxis – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Galaxis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գալակտիկաներ – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գալակտիկաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxe" title="Galaxe – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Galaxe" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%A4y%E1%BB%8Dk%E1%BB%8D_kpakpando" title="Ụyọkọ kpakpando – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ụyọkọ kpakpando" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariwanas" title="Ariwanas – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ariwanas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxio" title="Galaxio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Galaxio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B6rnu%C3%BEoka" title="Stjörnuþoka – island" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjörnuþoka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="island" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3" title="銀河 – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銀河" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gialaxi" title="Gialaxi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gialaxi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/barda_tarci_bo_girzu" title="barda tarci bo girzu – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="barda tarci bo girzu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – yavan" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="yavan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გალაქტიკა – gruzincha" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გალაქტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazellaw" title="Amazellaw – kabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amazellaw" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naal%C9%A9m_maya%C9%A3" title="Naalɩm mayaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Naalɩm mayaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – qozoqcha" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qozoqcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1" title="ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಾಂಡ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಾಂಡ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%95%98" title="은하 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="은하" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82" title="Мырыт – qorachoy-bolqor" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Мырыт" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="qorachoy-bolqor" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%82_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%96%D8%B1" title="جادۂ شيٖر – kashmircha" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جادۂ شيٖر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmircha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaks%C3%AE" title="Galaksî – kurdcha" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Galaksî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – korn" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – qirgʻizcha" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="qirgʻizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxias" title="Galaxias – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Galaxias" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – lyuksemburgcha" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lyuksemburgcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – lezgin" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galasia" title="Galasia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Galasia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starest%C3%A8lsel" title="Starestèlsel – limburg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Starestèlsel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – latishcha" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latishcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Галактикась – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Галактикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vondron-kintana" title="Vondron-kintana – malagasiy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vondron-kintana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Галаксија – makedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Галаксија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%82" title="താരാപഥം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താരാപഥം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Галактик – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Галактик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="दीर्घिका – maratxi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दीर्घिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratxi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1xia" title="Galáxia – miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Galáxia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE" title="ဂယ်လက်ဆီ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂယ်လက်ဆီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="کهکشون – mozandaron" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کهکشون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mozandaron" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citlalpopocac" title="Citlalpopocac – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Citlalpopocac" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – quyi nemis" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="quyi nemis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="तारापुञ्ज – nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तारापुञ्ज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterrenstelsel" title="Sterrenstelsel – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sterrenstelsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galakse" title="Galakse – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Galakse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galakse" title="Galakse – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Galakse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – oksitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruda" title="Ruda – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ruda" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A5" title="ଛାୟାପଥ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଛାୟାପଥ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਕਾਸ਼ਗੰਗਾ – panjobcha" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਕਾਸ਼ਗੰਗਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjobcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Galaxy" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galacsie" title="Galacsie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Galacsie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktyka" title="Galaktyka – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Galaktyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="تارا سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارا سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کهکشان – pushtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کهکشان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pushtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1xia" title="Galáxia – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Galáxia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91u%C3%B1u_warani" title="Ñuñu warani – kechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñuñu warani" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samodor" title="Samodor – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Samodor" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxie" title="Galaxie – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Galaxie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ґалаксія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґалаксія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="आकाशगङ्गा – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आकाशगङ्गा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галаактика – saxa" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Галаактика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="saxa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galassia" title="Galassia – sitsiliya" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Galassia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiliya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%87%DA%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڪهڪشان – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪهڪشان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksija" title="Galaksija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Galaksija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_n_ignwan" title="Asif n ignwan – tashelxit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Asif n ignwan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tashelxit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92" title="මන්දාකිණි – singal" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මන්දාකිණි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Galaxy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxia" title="Galaxia – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Galaxia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksija" title="Galaksija – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Galaksija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzvcazi" title="Muzvcazi – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muzvcazi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yllplimja" title="Yllplimja – alban" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Yllplimja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Галаксија – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Галаксија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – sundan" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galax" title="Galax – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Galax" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majarra" title="Majarra – suaxili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Majarra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaxili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="விண்மீன் பேரடை – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்மீன் பேரடை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80" title="గేలక్సీ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గేలక్సీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – tojik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tojik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="ดาราจักร – tay" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาราจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika – turkman" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Galaktika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya" title="Galaksiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Galaksiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Galaksi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Каптагай – tuva" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Каптагай" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Галактика – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Галактика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%81%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="کہکشاں – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کہکشاں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C5%82asia" title="Gałasia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gałasia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktik" title="Galaktik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Galaktik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_h%C3%A0" title="Thiên hà – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên hà" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaksiya" title="Galaksiya – varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Galaksiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系 – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="星系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გალაქტიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გალაქტიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A2" title="גאלאקסיע – idish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גאלאקסיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系 – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="星系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="天河 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="天河" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AEn-h%C3%B4" title="Gîn-hô – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gîn-hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系 – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="星系" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umthalakazi" title="Umthalakazi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umthalakazi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q318#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tillararo ishoratlarni tahrirlash" class="wbc-editpage">Ishoratlarni tahrirla</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomfazolar"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Galaktika" title="Sahifani ko‘rish [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Maqola</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Munozara:Galaktika" rel="discussion" title="Sahifa matni borasida munozara [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Munozara</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Til variantini oʻzgartirish" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">lotin/кирилл</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-uz mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&variant=uz" lang="uz" hreflang="uz"><span>lotin/кирилл</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-uz-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&variant=uz-latn" lang="uz-Latn" hreflang="uz-Latn"><span>lotin</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-uz-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&variant=uz-cyrl" lang="uz-Cyrl" hreflang="uz-Cyrl"><span>кирилл</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Koʻrinishlar"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Galaktika"><span>Mutolaa</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&veaction=edit" title="Bu sahifani tahrirlash [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&action=edit" title="Sahifa manba kodini tahrirlash [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Manbasini tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&action=history" title="Bu sahifaning oʻzgarishlar tarixi [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Tarix</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Asboblar" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Asboblar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Asboblar</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Koʻproq opsiyalar" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Amallar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Galaktika"><span>Mutolaa</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&veaction=edit" title="Bu sahifani tahrirlash [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&action=edit" title="Sahifa manba kodini tahrirlash [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Manbasini tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&action=history"><span>Tarix</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umumiy </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:WhatLinksHere/Galaktika" title="Ushbu sahifaga bogʻlangan sahifalar roʻyxati [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Bu yerga ishoratlar</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:RecentChangesLinked/Galaktika" rel="nofollow" title="Bu sahifaga bogʻlangan sahifalardagi yangi oʻzgarishlar [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Bogʻliq oʻzgarishlar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:SpecialPages" title="Maxsus sahifalar ro‘yxati [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Maxsus sahifalar</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&oldid=5253828" title="Sahifaning ushbu versiyasiga doimiy ishorat"><span>Doimiy havola</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&action=info" title="Bu sahifa haqida koʻproq maʼlumot"><span>Sahifa haqida maʼlumot</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CiteThisPage&page=Galaktika&id=5253828&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Sahifadan matn parchasi ajratish</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGalaktika"><span>Qisqartirilgan URL-manzilni olish</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-menu-heading"> Boshqa loyihalarda </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Galaxies" hreflang="en"><span>Vikiombor</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q318" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Vikimaʼlumotlar bandi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Qiyofa"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="uz" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:NGC_4414_(NASA-med).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg/300px-NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg/450px-NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg/600px-NGC_4414_%28NASA-med%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NGC_4414" title="NGC 4414">NGC 4414</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronika_sochlari" title="Veronika sochlari">Veronika sochlari</a> <a href="/wiki/Yulduz_turkumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulduz turkumi">yulduz turkumidagi</a> tipik spiral galaktika, diametri taxminan 55 000 <a href="/wiki/Yorug%CA%BBlik_yili" title="Yorugʻlik yili">yorugʻlik yili</a> va <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">Yerdan</a> taxminan 60 million yorugʻlik yili uzoqlikdadir.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Galaktika</b> (<a href="/wiki/Yunon_tili" title="Yunon tili">yunoncha</a>: Galaktikos — sutli, sutsimon) — umumiy oʻzaro tortishish kuchi bilan bogʻlangan hamda <a href="/wiki/Quyosh" title="Quyosh">Quyoshni</a> ham oʻz ichiga olgan 200 milliarddan ortiq yulduzning ulkan gravitatsion sistemasi. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Galaktikada</a> yulduzlardan tashqari yulduzlararo muhit — <a href="/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz">gaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chang" class="mw-disambig" title="Chang">chang</a> va turli mayda kosmik zarralar ham bor. Umumiy koʻrinishi jihatidan mashhur <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_tumanligi" title="Andromeda tumanligi">Andromeda tumanligi</a> bilan deyarli bir xil, oʻlchami jihatdan esa undan sezilarli farq qiladi. Diametri taxminan 30 ming <a href="/wiki/Parsek" title="Parsek">parsek</a> (pk); 1 pk=206264,8 <a href="/wiki/Astronomik_birlik" title="Astronomik birlik">astronomik birlik</a> (a.b.)=3,2615 <a href="/wiki/Yorug%CA%BBlik_yili" title="Yorugʻlik yili">yorugʻlik yili</a> (yo.y.)=30,8561015 m; umumiy massasi taxminan 2-1041 kg (10y ta Quyosh massasiga teng). Quyoshga yaqin atrofda zichligi ~4-10"21 kg/m3. Gallaktikaning oʻzbek tilidagi nomi <a href="/wiki/Somon_yo%CA%BBli" title="Somon yoʻli">Somon yoʻli</a>, chunki qadimdan yulduzlar maʼlum bir tekislikka (Gallaktika ekvatoriga) nisbatan zich joylashib olganligi kuzatilgan boʻlib, ota-bobolarimiz uni arava ketidan toʻkilib borgan somondan hosil boʻlgan yoʻlga, yunonlar esa yerga toʻkilgan sutga oʻxshatganlar. <a href="/wiki/Yunon_faylasuflari" title="Yunon faylasuflari">Yunon faylasufi</a> <a href="/wiki/Demokrit" title="Demokrit">Demokrit</a>: „Somon yoʻli son-sanoqsiz yulduzlardan iborat“,- deb taxmin qilgan edi. Shunday ekanligini birinchi boʻlib <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">G. Galiley</a> isbotladi (1610). Ingliz astronomi V. Gershel XVIII asrda gallaktikani izchil oʻrgana boshladi. Keyinchalik uni jahondagi koʻp olimlar oʻrganishdi va gallaktikaning yangi-yangi qirralarini aniqlashdi. Oʻzbekistonda gallaktikaga doir masalalar asosan <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BBzbekiston_FA_Astronomiya_instituti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oʻzbekiston FA Astronomiya instituti (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Oʻzbekiston FA Astronomiya instituti</a>da va <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzbekiston_milliy_universiteti" title="Oʻzbekiston milliy universiteti">Oʻzbekiston Milliy universiteti</a> astronomiya kafedrasida oʻrganiladi. </p><p>Gallaktika massasining 97% ini yulduzlar tashkil etadi. Somon yoʻli markazi gallaktikaning oʻzagida boʻlib, gallaktika uning atrofida differensial tarzda aylanish xususiyatiga ega. Gallaktikaning aylanish oʻqi Somon yoʻli tekisligiga perpendikulyar boʻlib, uning <a href="/wiki/Shimoliy_qutb" title="Shimoliy qutb">shimoliy qutbi</a> Veronika sochlari yulduz turkumi yoʻnalishida, janubiy qutbi esa Haykaltarosh yulduz turkumida joylashgan. Gallaktika oʻzagidan Quyoshgacha boʻlgan masofa 32,6 ming yo. y.=30,85610"m ga teng. <a href="/wiki/Quyosh_sistemasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Quyosh sistemasi">Quyosh sistemasi</a> Somon yoʻli markazi atrofida 250 km/sek tezlik bilan hara-kat qilib, 230 mln. yil ichida bir marta toʻla aylanib chikddi. Quyosh sistemasi galaktikaning ekvatorial tekisligidan atigi 66,22-1013 km ga teng masofada yotadi. Bu masofa galaktikamiz oʻrtacha qalinligidan taxminan 150 marta kichik. </p><p>Galaktikaning optik diapazonda koʻrinadigan qismiga yon tomondan qaralganda u choʻzinchoq, <a href="/wiki/Linza" title="Linza">yupqa linza</a> shakliga ega. Uning diametri boʻyicha joylashgan asosiy massa Somon yoʻlini tashkil qiladi. Galaktika tuzilishiga doir tadqiqotlar <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnit_nurlanish" title="Elektromagnit nurlanish">elektromagnit nurlanish</a> spektrining barcha diapazonlarida olib boriladi. Galaktikamizda <a href="/wiki/Infraqizil_nurlanish" title="Infraqizil nurlanish">infraqizil nurlar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rentgen_nurlari" title="Rentgen nurlari">rentgen nurlari</a> va hatto <a href="/wiki/Gamma-nurlar" title="Gamma-nurlar">gamma-nurlar</a> manbalari topildi. Galaktika tarkibi, massasi va b. parametrlari boʻyicha u turlicha alohida komponentlar — oʻzak, disk, balj, galo va tojdan iborat ekan. Geometrik va kinematik jihatlaridan disk va galo bir-biridan keskin farq qiladi. Diskning yoshi galo yoshidan kamida 2 marta kichik. Yulduzlarning fizik harakteristikalari nuqtai nazaridan va tarkibi jihatidan esa galaktika asosan ikkita tashkil etuvchi toʻplamlarga boʻlinadi. <b>I tur yulduz toʻplamiga</b> eng yosh, qaynoq yulduzlar, oʻta gigantlar, uzun davrli sefeidalar, yangi va oʻta yangi yulduzlar, gaz-chang moddalari hamda yulduzlarning tarqoqsimon toʻdalari kiradi. Bu toʻplam obyektlari faqat Somon yoʻlida, uning simmetriya tekisligi va yaqin atrofida joylashib, galaktikaning boshqa joylarida, xususan, oʻzak yoki galo qismlarida umuman kuzatilmaydi. Ularni tekislik tashkil etuvchi qism obyektlari ham deyiladi. I tur toʻplamidagi yudduzlar Somon yoʻli tekisligida spiralsimon tarmoqlar chizib joylashgan. Aynan shu sababli bizning galaktika spiral galaktikalar sinfiga kiradi. <b>II tur yulduz toʻplamiga</b> qisqa davrli sefeidalar, subkarlik, qizil gigant kabi yulduzlar hamda yulduzlarning sharsimon toʻdalari kiradi. Ular, asosan, galaktikaning sfera tashkil etuvchi qismidan joy olgan. Bu toʻplamdagi yulduzlarning galaktika simmetriya tekisligiga nisbatan tezliklar dispersiyasi qiymati I tur toʻplamdagi yulduzlarnikidan ancha katta. Buning sababi galaktikamiz kelib chiqishi va evolyutsiyasi bilan bogʻliq. II tur obyektlari bor yerda I tur toʻplamidan birorta obyekt kuzatilmaydi va, aksincha, II tur obyektlari tekislik tashkil etuvchi qismida koʻrinmaydi. Ushbu dalil galaktikamiz sferik shakldagi gazsimon ulkan bulutning gravitatsion siqilishi natijasida paydo boʻlganligini, hozirgi tuzilishi esa avval sfera tashkil etuvchi qism yulduzlari vujudga kelganligini koʻrsatadi. </p><p>Galaktika markazi Qavs yulduzlar turkumida joylashgan. U koʻproq changdan iborat qalin qatlam bilan oʻralgan. galaktika markazining yorqinligi 1042 erg/s. Oʻzak, asosan, qizil gigantlar, quyi spektralsinflarning mitti yudduzlaridan iborat. Galaktikamiz oʻzagi va Somon yoʻli qismi bir qarashda tinch, sokin boʻlib koʻrinadi. Aslida esa ularda tinimsiz va joʻshqin kechayotgan turli fizik jarayonlar, jumladan, yulduzlar portlashi, gaz oqimi uzluksiz ajralib turishi yoki murakkab toʻqnashuvlari, yulduzlar kollapega uchrash holatlari, pulsar va qora oʻralarning vujudga kelishi hodisalari kuzatiladi<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><b>Galaktika</b> <a href="/wiki/Yulduz" title="Yulduz">yulduzlar</a>, yulduz qoldiqlari, yulduzlararo gaz-chang va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qora_materiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qora materiya (sahifa yaratilmagan)">qora moddadan</a> iborat katta, <a href="/wiki/Gravitatsiya" title="Gravitatsiya">gravitatsiya</a> bilan bogʻlangan tizimdir<sup id="cite_ref-nasa060812_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa060812-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. „Galaktika“ soʻzi <a href="/wiki/Yunon_tili" title="Yunon tili">yunoncha</a> <i>galaksias</i> (<a href="/wiki/Grek_tili" class="mw-redirect" title="Grek tili">grekcha</a>: <i><span lang="el">γαλαξίας</span></i>) dan olingan boʻlib, „sutli“, degan maʼnoni bildiradi (<a href="/wiki/Somon_Yo%CA%BBli" class="mw-redirect" title="Somon Yoʻli">Somon Yoʻlining</a> toʻkilgan sutga oʻxshashidan). Galaktikalar turli xil: yulduzlari soni 10 milliondan (10<sup>7</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-eso000503_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eso000503-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oshmaydigan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitti_galaktika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitti galaktika (sahifa yaratilmagan)">mitti galaktikalardan</a> to yuzlab trillion (10<sup>14</sup>) yulduzlarga ega bahaybat galaktikalargacha maʼlum. </p><p>Galaktikalarda turli miqdorda <a href="/wiki/Yulduz_tizimi" title="Yulduz tizimi">yulduz tizimlari</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz_klasteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduz klasteri (sahifa yaratilmagan)">klasterlari</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduzlararo_bulut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduzlararo bulut (sahifa yaratilmagan)">yulduzlararo bulut</a> topiladi. Ushbu jismlar orasida siyrak gaz-chang va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmik_nur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmik nur (sahifa yaratilmagan)">kosmik nurlar</a> boʻladi. Qora modda aksariyat galaktikalarning <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massasining</a> 90 %ini tashkil etishi taxmin qilinadi. Kuzatuvlar shuningdek deyarli barcha galaktikalar markazida oʻta katta <a href="/wiki/Qora_tuynuk" title="Qora tuynuk">qora tuynuklar</a> borligidan dalolat bermoqda. Somon Yoʻli markazida kamida bitta shunday jism mavjud<sup id="cite_ref-smbh_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smbh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Galaktikalar tarixan ularning shakliga binoan turkumlarga ajratilgan. Keng tarqalgan shakl <a href="/wiki/Elliptik_galaktika" title="Elliptik galaktika">elliptik galaktikadir</a>, uning profili <a href="/wiki/Ellips" title="Ellips">ellipsni</a> eslatadi. <a href="/wiki/Spiral_galaktika" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiral galaktika">Spiral galaktikalar</a> esa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiral (sahifa yaratilmagan)">spiralsimon</a> disk shaklidadir. Noaniq yoki gʻayrioddiy shakllilar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noto%CA%BBg%CA%BBri_galaktika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notoʻgʻri galaktika (sahifa yaratilmagan)">notoʻgʻri galaktika</a> deyiladi, bunday shaklga ular qoʻshni galaktikalar taʼsiri tufayli kelgan<sup id="cite_ref-IRatlas_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRatlas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Kuzatiladigan <a href="/wiki/Olam" title="Olam">olamda</a> 170 milliarddan (<span style="white-space:nowrap">1,7 × 10<sup>11</sup></span>) ortiq galaktika mavjud<sup id="cite_ref-kackie020201_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kackie020201-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aksariyat galaktikalar diametri 1 000 — 100 000<sup id="cite_ref-M101_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M101-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parsek" title="Parsek">parsek</a> va bir-biridan millionlab parsek (megaparsek) uzoqlida joylashgan<sup id="cite_ref-gilman_ch4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gilman_ch4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktikalararo_fazo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktikalararo fazo (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Galaktikalararo fazo</a> juda siyrak gazdan (~1 <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>/m<sup>3</sup>) iborat. Koʻpchilik galaktikalar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika_guruhlari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktika guruhlari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">galaktika guruhlariga</a> yigʻilgan, ular esa oʻz navbatida <a href="/w/index.php?title=Superklaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Superklaster (sahifa yaratilmagan)">superklasterlarga</a> toʻplangan. Eng katta miqyosda galaktikalar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktik_ip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktik ip (sahifa yaratilmagan)">iplarga</a> jamlangan va nihoyatda keng <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bo%CA%BBshliq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boʻshliq (sahifa yaratilmagan)">boʻshliq</a> bilan oʻralgandir<sup id="cite_ref-camb_lss_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camb_lss-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologiyasi">Etimologiyasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Etimologiyasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologiyasi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Galaktika</i> atamasi <a href="/wiki/Yunon_tili" title="Yunon tili">yunoncha</a> <i>galaksias</i> (<i>γαλαξίας</i>, <i>"sutli"</i>) yoki <i>kyklos („yumaloq“) galaktikos („sutli“)</i><sup id="cite_ref-oed_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soʻzlaridan olingan boʻlib, galaktikamiz — <a href="/wiki/Somon_Yo%CA%BBli" class="mw-redirect" title="Somon Yoʻli">Somon Yoʻlining</a> osmondagi koʻrinishiga ishoradir. <a href="/wiki/Yunon_mifologiyasi" title="Yunon mifologiyasi">Yunon mifologiyasida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zevs" title="Zevs">Zevs</a> oddiy ayoldan tugʻilgan oʻgʻli <a href="/wiki/Gerakl" title="Gerakl">Geraklni</a> <a href="/wiki/Gera" title="Gera">Gera</a> uyqudaligida uning ilohiy sutini emsin va oʻlmas boʻlsin uchun koʻksiga qoʻyadi. Gera toʻsatdan uygʻonib, uni notanish bola emayotganini koʻradi va bolani uloqtiradi, suti esa osmon boʻylab Somon Yoʻli koʻrinishida toʻkiladi<sup id="cite_ref-waller_hodge2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waller_hodge2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-konean2006_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konean2006-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Astronomik adabiyotda Somon Yoʻli haqida gap ketganda, bosh harf bilan <i>Galaktika</i>, boshqa hollarda esa <i>galaktika</i>, deb yoziladi. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> 1786-yili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumanliklar_katalogi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tumanliklar katalogi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">tumanliklar katalogini</a> tuzayotganida <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_galaktikasi" title="Andromeda galaktikasi">M31</a> kabi ayrim jismlarni <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_tumanlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiral tumanlik (sahifa yaratilmagan)">spiral tumanlik</a></i>, deb nomlagan edi. Keyinchalik bular aslida ulkan yulduzlar toʻplami ekanligi aniqlangach, <i>orol olamlar</i>, deb atala boshlandi. Biroq <i>olam</i> atamasi ostida butun borliq nazarda tutilishi tufayli bu jismlar galaktika, deb qarala boshlandi<sup id="cite_ref-rao2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rao2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kuzatuv_tarixi">Kuzatuv tarixi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Kuzatuv tarixi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Kuzatuv tarixi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galaktika ichida ekanligimiz va olamda boshqa galaktikalar ham borligini tushunib yetish tungi osmondagi Somon Yoʻli va boshqa <a href="/wiki/Tumanlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumanlik">tumanliklarga</a> aloqador kashfiyotlar bilan parallel kechgan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Somon_Yoʻli"><span id="Somon_Yo.CA.BBli"></span>Somon Yoʻli</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Somon Yoʻli" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Somon Yoʻli"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/wiki/Somon_Yo%CA%BBli" class="mw-redirect" title="Somon Yoʻli">Somon Yoʻli</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg/220px-Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg/330px-Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg/440px-Milky_Way_Galaxy_and_a_meteor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Somon Yoʻlining <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika_markazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktika markazi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">galaktik markazi</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yunon_falsafasi" title="Yunon falsafasi">Yunon</a> faylasufi <a href="/wiki/Demokrit" title="Demokrit">Demokrit</a> (EA 450-370) Somon Yoʻli nomli tungi osmondagi yorqin band alohida yulduzlardan tashkil topishi mumkinligi haqida fikr yuritgan edi<sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Arastu" title="Arastu">Arastu</a> (EA 384-322) esa Somon Yoʻli „ulkan, koʻp sonli va bir-biriga yaqin yulduzlarning alangalanishidan“ vujudga kelgan, bu alangalanish esa <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">Yer</a> va <a href="/wiki/Oy_(tabiiy_yo%CA%BBldosh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oy (tabiiy yoʻldosh)">Oy</a> orasida, <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosferaning</a> yuqori qatlamida sodir boʻlgan, deb hisoblagan edi. Samoning bu burchagidan narigi burchagigacha injular shodasiday sochilgan sirli va guzal kuprik „Somon yoʻli“ deb ataladi. Qadim zamonlarda ham odamlar unga tikilib, biz kabi zavqlanganlar va uning asli nimaligini bilmasdan turib, unga nomlar berishgan. Masalan, nasroniylik dini paydo boʻlgan zamonlarda odamlar Somon Yoʻlini farishtalarni osmonga olib chiqadigan yoʻl, deb bilishgan. Yana ular buni osmon gumbazidan tashqarida nima borligini yerliklar koʻradigan tuynuklar deb ham oʻylashgan. Shunisi qiziqki, Somon yoʻlining paydo boʻlishi haqidagi haqiqat u haqdagi afsonalar kabi goʻzaldir. Hozirgi bilimlar asosida biz galaktikamiz shaklini soat kabi dumaloq va tekis deb tushunamiz. Agar unga tepadan qarash imkoniyati boʻlganida edi, uning soatga oʻxshashligiga rostdan ham ishonch hosil qilgan boʻlardik. Lekin biz galaktika ichkarisida bulganimiz uchun, tepaga qarab, soat gardishini ichkaridan koʻramiz va bu gardish bizning atrofimizda aylanayotganini kuzatamiz. Aslida, Somon yoʻli ham millionlab yulduzlardan iborat. Galaktikamizda uch milliardcha yulduz borligi maʼlum. Biz ularning hajmi haqida ham tasavvurga egamiz. Quyosh nuri Yerga 8 daqiqada yetib keladi. Galaktikamiz markazidan Quyoshgacha nur 27 ming yilda yetib boradi. Galaktikamiz uz oʻqi atrofida xuddi gʻildirakday aylanadi. Uning bir bora tuliq aylanib chiqishi uchun 200 000 000 yil kerak<sup id="cite_ref-Montada_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montada-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenja_Olimpiador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenja Olimpiador (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Kenja Olimpiador</a> (taxminan 495-570) bu qarashni agar Somon Yoʻli Yerga shunchalik yaqin boʻlganida u turli vaqtda turlicha koʻrinishi va <a href="/wiki/Parallaks" title="Parallaks">parallaksi</a> boʻlishi kerak edi, deb tanqid qilgan. Ushbu gʻoya keyinchalik <a href="/wiki/Islom_dunyosi" title="Islom dunyosi">Islom dunyosiga</a> taʼsir etgan<sup id="cite_ref-heidarzadeh23_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heidarzadeh23-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Mohaniy Muhammadga koʻra, <a href="/wiki/Arablar" title="Arablar">arab</a> astronomi <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haysam" title="Ibn al-Haysam">Ibn al-Haysam</a> (965-1037) Somon Yoʻli parallaksini birinchilardan boʻlib kuzatgan va oʻlchagan<sup id="cite_ref-mohamed_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mohamed-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, shu yoʻl bilan u „Somon Yoʻli parallaksi yoʻqligini, demak u Yerdan juda uzoq va atmosferada emasligini aniqlagan“<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Markaziy Osiyolik astronom <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rayhon_Beruniy" title="Abu Rayhon Beruniy">Abu Rayhon Beruniy</a> (973-1048) Somon Yoʻlini "tumansimon yulduzlarga oʻxshash sanoqsiz qismlar toʻplami, " deb taʼriflagan<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-al_biruni_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al_biruni-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Andalusiya" title="Andalusiya">Andalusiyalik</a> astronom astronomer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Bajja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Bajja (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Ibn Bajja</a> esa <a href="/wiki/Yupiter" title="Yupiter">Yupiter</a> va <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Birlashish_(astronomiya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Birlashish (astronomiya) (sahifa yaratilmagan)">birlashishi</a> kuzatuviga tayanib Somon Yoʻli bir-biriga deyarli tegib turadigan darajada yaqin yulduzlardan iborat, ulardan kelayotgan yorugʻlik Yer va Oy orasidagi moddadan <a href="/wiki/Refraksiya" title="Refraksiya">qaytib</a>, yaxlit koʻrinadi, deb taxmin qilgan<sup id="cite_ref-Montada_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montada-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heidarzadeh25_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heidarzadeh25-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. XIV asrda suriyalik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Qayim_al-Jauziya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Qayim al-Jauziya (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Ibn Qayim al-Jauziya</a> Somon Yoʻlini "qoʻzgʻalmas yulduzlar kurrasi ichida joylashgan minglab mitti yulduzlar, " deb taʼriflagan<sup id="cite_ref-Livingston_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingston-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Somon Yoʻli koʻplab yulduzlardan iborat ekanligiga faktik isbot 1610-yili osmonga <a href="/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop">teleskop</a> orqali qaragan italyan astronomi <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> tomonidan keldi<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1750-yili ingliz astronomi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Wright_(astronom)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Wright (astronom) (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Thomas Wright</a> <i>Olam haqida oʻzgacha nazariya yoki yangi faraz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ingliz_tili" title="Ingliz tili">inglizcha</a>: <i><span lang="en">An original theory or new hypothesis of the Universe</span></i>) nomli ishida galaktikani Quyosh tizimiga oʻxshash, biroq undan ancha katta miqyosdagi <a href="/wiki/Gravitatsiya" title="Gravitatsiya">gravitatsiya</a> kuchlari bilan bogʻlangan tumonat yulduzlardan iborat aylanuvchi jism, deb toʻgʻri taxmin qildi. Bunday yulduzlar diski shu disk ichidagi nuqtai nazarimizdan osmonda tasma boʻlib koʻrinadi<sup id="cite_ref-our_galaxy_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-our_galaxy-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 1755-yilgi traktatida <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> Wrightʼning Somon Yoʻli tuzilishi haqidagi bu fikrini kengaytirdi. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Herschel-Galaxy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herschel-Galaxy.png/220px-Herschel-Galaxy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herschel-Galaxy.png/330px-Herschel-Galaxy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Herschel-Galaxy.png/440px-Herschel-Galaxy.png 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>1785-yili William Herschel tomonidan yulduz sanash orqali keltirib chiqarilgan Somon Yoʻli shakli; Quyosh tizimi markazga yaqin, deb oʻylangan.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manbalar">Manbalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Manbalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Manbalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3605845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzME" class="mw-redirect" title="OʻzME">OʻzME</a>. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa060812-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nasa060812_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html">NASA Finds Direct Proof of Dark Matter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2020-03-28 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328193824/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2006/aug/HQ_06297_CHANDRA_Dark_Matter.html">arxivlangan</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eso000503-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-eso000503_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2000/pr-12-00.html">„Unveiling the Secret of a Virgo Dwarf Galaxy“</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archive.is&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archive.is (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Archive.is</a> saytida 2012-07-29 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120729/http://www.eso.org/outreach/press-rel/pr-2000/pr-12-00.html">arxivlangan</a>). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=ESO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESO (sahifa yaratilmagan)">ESO</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smbh-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-smbh_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrao.edu/pr/2005/sagastar/">„Astronomers Get Closest Look Yet At Milky Way’s Mysterious Core“</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRatlas-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IRatlas_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/2mass/gallery/galmorph/">„Near-Infrared Galaxy Morphology Atlas“</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kackie020201-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kackie020201_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html">„To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand“</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M101-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-M101_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/hst_spiral_m10.html">„Hubbleʼs Largest Galaxy Portrait Offers a New High-Definition View“</a>, <i>NASA</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gilman_ch4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gilman_ch4_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/EP-177/ch4-7.html">„"The Galaxies: Islands of Stars"“</a></span>. 2012-yil 2-avgustda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120802/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/EP-177/ch4-7.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 4-iyun.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camb_lss-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-camb_lss_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/gal_lss.html">„Galaxy Clusters and Large-Scale Structure“</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-oed_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Harper, D.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=galaxy">„galaxy“</a></span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Etymology_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Etymology Dictionary (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 11-noyabr.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-waller_hodge2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-waller_hodge2003_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallerHodge2003">Waller & Hodge 2003</a>, s. 91<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWallerHodge2003 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkum:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkum:Harv and Sfn template errors (sahifa yaratilmagan)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-konean2006-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-konean2006_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Koneãn˘, Lubomír</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.udu.cas.cz/collegium/tintoretto.pdf">„Emblematics, Agriculture, and Mythography in The Origin of the Milky Way“</a></span>.  Chexiya Fanlar Akademiyasi. 2006-yil 20-iyulda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720204104/http://www.udu.cas.cz/collegium/tintoretto.pdf">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2007-yil 5-yanvar.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rao2005-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-rao2005_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Rao, J.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/spacewatch/050902_teapot.html">„Explore the Archerʼs Realm“</a></span>.  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space.com (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Space.com</a> (2005-yil 2-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2007-yil 3-yanvar.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plutarch-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plutarch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plutarch (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Plutarch</a><i>. The Complete Works Volume 3: Essays and Miscellanies</i>. Chapter 3: Echo Library, 2006 — 66-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-4068-3224-2" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-4068-3224-2">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-1-4068-3224-2</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works+Volume+3%3A+Essays+and+Miscellanies&rft.au=Plutarch&rft.pub=Echo+Library&rft.place=Chapter+3&rft.pages=66 &rft.isbn=978-1-4068-3224-2"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montada-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Montada_15-0">15,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Montada_15-1">15,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Montada, J. P.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-bajja">„Ibn Bajja“</a></span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> (2007-yil 28-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 11-iyul.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heidarzadeh23-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-heidarzadeh23_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeidarzadeh2008">Heidarzadeh 2008</a>, ss. 23–25<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHeidarzadeh2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkum:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkum:Harv and Sfn template errors (sahifa yaratilmagan)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mohamed-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mohamed_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMohamed2000">Mohamed 2000</a>, ss. 49–50<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMohamed2000 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkum:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkum:Harv and Sfn template errors (sahifa yaratilmagan)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Bouali, H.-E.; Zghal, M.; Lakhdar, Z. B.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/etop/ETOP2005_080.pdf">„Popularisation of Optical Phenomena: Establishing the First Ibn Al-Haytham Workshop on Photography“</a></span>.  The Education and Training in Optics and Photonics Conference (2005). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 8-iyul.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5263675">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_J._O%27Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John J. O'Connor (sahifa yaratilmagan)">O'Connor, John J.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_F._Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund F. Robertson (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Biruni.html">„Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Biruni“</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive (sahifa yaratilmagan)">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Andrews_universiteti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Andrews universiteti (sahifa yaratilmagan)">St Andrews universiteti</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abu+Rayhan+Muhammad+ibn+Ahmad+al-Biruni&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft.pub=St+Andrews+universiteti&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FAl-Biruni.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AGalaktika" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al_biruni-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-al_biruni_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAl-Biruni2004">Al-Biruni 2004</a>, s. 87<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAl-Biruni2004 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkum:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkum:Harv and Sfn template errors (sahifa yaratilmagan)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heidarzadeh25-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-heidarzadeh25_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeidarzadeh2008">Heidarzadeh 2008</a>, s. 25, Table 2.1<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHeidarzadeh2008 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkum:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkum:Harv and Sfn template errors (sahifa yaratilmagan)">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Livingston-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Livingston_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston1971" class="citation magazine cs1">Livingston, J. W. (1971). „Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation“. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. 91-jild, № 1. 96–103 [99]-bet. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F600445">10.2307/600445</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (sahifa yaratilmagan)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/600445">600445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Ibn+Qayyim+al-Jawziyyah%3A+A+Fourteenth+Century+Defense+against+Astrological+Divination+and+Alchemical+Transmutation&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-103+99&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F600445%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F600445&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AGalaktika" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>OʻConnor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Galileo.html">„Galileo Galilei“</a></span>.  <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St._Andrews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of St. Andrews (sahifa yaratilmagan)">University of St. Andrews</a> (2002-yil noyabr). 2012-yil 30-mayda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Galileo.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2007-yil 8-yanvar.</span></span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archive.is&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archive.is (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Archive.is</a> saytida 2012-05-30 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Galileo.html">arxivlangan</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-our_galaxy-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-our_galaxy_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Evans, J. C.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.gmu.edu/~jevans/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/ch20_txt.htm">„Our Galaxy“</a></span>.  <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Mason_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Mason University (sahifa yaratilmagan)">George Mason University</a> (1998-yil 24-noyabr). 2016-yil 14-aprelda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414004141/http://physics.gmu.edu/~jevans/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/ch20_txt.htm">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2007-yil 4-yanvar.</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2016-04-14 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414004141/http://physics.gmu.edu/~jevans/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/ch20_txt.htm">arxivlangan</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adabiyotlar">Adabiyotlar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Adabiyotlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Adabiyotlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFAl-Biruni2004">Al-Biruni<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VbPna7GOoIEC&pg=PA87">The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology</a></i>, R. Ramsay Wright (transl.), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kessinger_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kessinger Publishing (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Kessinger Publishing</a>, 2004. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-7661-9307-1" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-7661-9307-1">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">0-7661-9307-1</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Instruction+in+the+Elements+of+the+Art+of+Astrology&rft.aulast=Al-Biruni&rft.pub=%5B%5BKessinger+Publishing%5D%5D &rft.isbn=0-7661-9307-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbPna7GOoIEC%26pg%3DPA87"> </span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBelkora2003">Belkora, L.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mindingheavensst0000belk">Minding the Heavens: the Story of our Discovery of the Milky Way</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=CRC_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRC Press (sahifa yaratilmagan)">CRC Press</a>, 2003. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-7503-0730-7" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-7503-0730-7">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">0-7503-0730-7</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minding+the+Heavens%3A+the+Story+of+our+Discovery+of+the+Milky+Way&rft.aulast=Belkora&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.pub=%5B%5BCRC+Press%5D%5D &rft.isbn=0-7503-0730-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmindingheavensst0000belk"> </span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBertinLin1996">Bertin, G.; Lin, C.-C.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiralstructurei0000bert">Spiral Structure in Galaxies: a Density Wave Theory</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIT Press (sahifa yaratilmagan)">MIT Press</a>, 1996. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-262-02396-2" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-262-02396-2">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">0-262-02396-2</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiral+Structure+in+Galaxies%3A+a+Density+Wave+Theory&rft.aulast=Bertin&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.pub=%5B%5BMIT+Press%5D%5D &rft.isbn=0-262-02396-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspiralstructurei0000bert"> </span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBinneyMerrifield1998">Binney, J.; Merrifield, M.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galacticastronom0000binn">Galactic Astronomy</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Princeton_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Princeton University Press (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Princeton University Press</a>, 1998. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-691-00402-1" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-691-00402-1">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">0-691-00402-1</span></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" class="extiw" title="en:OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/39108765">39108765</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galactic+Astronomy&rft.aulast=Binney&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.pub=%5B%5BPrinceton+University+Press%5D%5D &rft.isbn=0-691-00402-1&rft_id=info:oclcnum/39108765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgalacticastronom0000binn"> </span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFDickinson2004">Dickinson, T.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universebeyond0004dick">The Universe and Beyond</a></i>, 4th, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Firefly_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Firefly Books (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Firefly Books</a>, 2004. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/1-55297-901-6" title="Maxsus:BookSources/1-55297-901-6">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">1-55297-901-6</span></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" class="extiw" title="en:OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/55596414">55596414</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universe+and+Beyond&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=%5B%5BFirefly+Books%5D%5D &rft.isbn=1-55297-901-6&rft_id=info:oclcnum/55596414&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiversebeyond0004dick"> </span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHeidarzadeh2008">Heidarzadeh, T.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofphysica0000heid">A History of Physical Theories of Comets, from Aristotle to Whipple</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_(publisher)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer (publisher) (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Springer</a>, 2008. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/1-4020-8322-X" title="Maxsus:BookSources/1-4020-8322-X">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">1-4020-8322-X</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Physical+Theories+of+Comets%2C+from+Aristotle+to+Whipple&rft.aulast=Heidarzadeh&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.pub=%5B%5BSpringer+%28publisher%29%7CSpringer%5D%5D &rft.isbn=1-4020-8322-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofphysica0000heid"> </span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFKeppleSanner1998">Kepple, G. R.; Sanner, G. W.<i>. The Night Sky Observerʼs Guide, Volume 1</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willmann-Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willmann-Bell (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Willmann-Bell</a>, 1998. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-943396-58-1" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-943396-58-1">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">0-943396-58-1</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Night+Sky+Observer%CA%BCs+Guide%2C+Volume+1&rft.aulast=Kepple&rft.aufirst=G.+R.&rft.pub=%5B%5BWillmann-Bell%5D%5D &rft.isbn=0-943396-58-1"> </span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFMohamed2000">Mohamed, M.<i>. Great Muslim Mathematicians</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penerbit_UTM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penerbit UTM (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Penerbit UTM</a>, 2000. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/983-52-0157-9" title="Maxsus:BookSources/983-52-0157-9">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">983-52-0157-9</span></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" class="extiw" title="en:OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/48759017">48759017</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Muslim+Mathematicians&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.pub=%5B%5BPenerbit+UTM%5D%5D &rft.isbn=983-52-0157-9&rft_id=info:oclcnum/48759017"> </span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFPaul1993">Paul, E. R.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/milkywaygalaxyst0000paul">The Milky Way Galaxy and Statistical Cosmology, 1890–1924</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1993. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-35363-7" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-35363-7">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">0-521-35363-7</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Milky+Way+Galaxy+and+Statistical+Cosmology%2C+1890%E2%80%931924&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=E.+R.&rft.pub=%5B%5BCambridge+University+Press%5D%5D &rft.isbn=0-521-35363-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmilkywaygalaxyst0000paul"> </span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFSparkeGallagher_III2000">Sparke, L. S.; Gallagher III, J. S.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galaxiesinuniver0000spar">Galaxies in the Universe: An Introduction</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2000. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-59740-4" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-59740-4">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">0-521-59740-4</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galaxies+in+the+Universe%3A+An+Introduction&rft.aulast=Sparke&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rft.pub=%5B%5BCambridge+University+Press%5D%5D &rft.isbn=0-521-59740-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgalaxiesinuniver0000spar"> </span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFVan_den_Bergh1998">Van den Bergh, S.<i>. Galaxy Morphology and Classification</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1998. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-62335-9" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-62335-9">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">0-521-62335-9</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galaxy+Morphology+and+Classification&rft.aulast=Van+den+Bergh&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.pub=%5B%5BCambridge+University+Press%5D%5D &rft.isbn=0-521-62335-9"> </span></li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFWallerHodge2003">Waller, W. H.; Hodge, P. W.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galaxiescosmicfr0000wall">Galaxies and the Cosmic Frontier</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvard University Press (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Harvard University Press</a>, 2003. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-674-01079-5" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-674-01079-5">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">0-674-01079-5</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galaxies+and+the+Cosmic+Frontier&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rft.pub=%5B%5BHarvard+University+Press%5D%5D &rft.isbn=0-674-01079-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgalaxiescosmicfr0000wall"> </span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Havolalar">Havolalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Havolalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Havolalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seds.org/messier/galaxy.html">Galaxies, SEDS Messier pages</a>(<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2011-08-12 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812221521/http://seds.org/messier/galaxy.html">arxivlangan</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/">An Atlas of The Universe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nightskyinfo.com/galaxies">Galaxies — Information and amateur observations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm">The Oldest Galaxy Yet Found</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2006-04-11 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060411094750/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/08feb_gravlens.htm">arxivlangan</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galaxyzoo.org">Galaxy classification project, harnessing the power of the internet and the human brain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.org/facts/sand-galaxies.asp">How many galaxies are in our universe?</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2015-08-21 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821071507/http://www.physics.org/facts/sand-galaxies.asp">arxivlangan</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronoo.com/en/galaxies.html">The most beautiful galaxies on Astronoo</a></li></ul> <table class="metadata navigation-box" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; 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