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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_uz.wikipedia.org&uselang=uz" class="">Loyihaga koʻmak</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CreateAccount&returnto=Yulduz" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud boʻlmasa-da, hisob yaratishingiz va tizimga kirishingiz tavsiya etiladi." class="">Hisob yaratish</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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id="toc-Shakllanishi_va_evolutsiyasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shakllanishi_va_evolutsiyasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Shakllanishi va evolutsiyasi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shakllanishi_va_evolutsiyasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Shakllanishi va evolutsiyasi subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Shakllanishi_va_evolutsiyasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protoyulduz_shakllanishi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protoyulduz_shakllanishi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Protoyulduz shakllanishi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protoyulduz_shakllanishi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosh_ketma-ketlik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosh_ketma-ketlik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Bosh ketma-ketlik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosh_ketma-ketlik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosh_ketma-ketlikdan_keyin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosh_ketma-ketlikdan_keyin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Bosh ketma-ketlikdan keyin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosh_ketma-ketlikdan_keyin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Massiv_yulduzlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massiv_yulduzlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Massiv yulduzlar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massiv_yulduzlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kollaps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kollaps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Kollaps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kollaps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarqalishi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarqalishi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Tarqalishi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tarqalishi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tavsifi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tavsifi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Tavsifi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tavsifi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tavsifi subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tavsifi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yoshi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoshi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Yoshi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoshi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kimyoviy_tuzilishi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kimyoviy_tuzilishi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Kimyoviy tuzilishi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kimyoviy_tuzilishi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diametri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diametri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Diametri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diametri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinematikasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinematikasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Kinematikasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinematikasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnit_maydoni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnit_maydoni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Magnit maydoni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnit_maydoni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Massasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aylanishi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aylanishi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Aylanishi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aylanishi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harorati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harorati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Harorati </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harorati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nurlanishi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nurlanishi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Nurlanishi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nurlanishi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nurlanishi subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nurlanishi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yorqinligi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yorqinligi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Yorqinligi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yorqinligi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yulduz_kattaligi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yulduz_kattaligi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Yulduz kattaligi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yulduz_kattaligi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tasnifi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tasnifi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Tasnifi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasnifi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oʻzgaruvchi_yulduzlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oʻzgaruvchi_yulduzlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Oʻzgaruvchi yulduzlar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oʻzgaruvchi_yulduzlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuzilishi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuzilishi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Tuzilishi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuzilishi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manbalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manbalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Manbalar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manbalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havolalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havolalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Havolalar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havolalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Yulduz</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 232 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-232" aria-hidden="true" > 232 ta til </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ster" title="Ster – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern" title="Stern – nemis (Shveytsariya)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stern" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemis (Shveytsariya)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%A5" title="ኮኮብ – amxar" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮኮብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amxar" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%27is" title="Fu'is – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Fu'is" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrela" title="Estrela – aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estrela" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntoronyan%CC%84" title="Ntoronyan̄ – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ntoronyan̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85" title="نجم – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܟܘܟܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܘܟܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83)" title="نجمة (فلك) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نجمة (فلك)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87" title="نجمه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نجمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="নক্ষত্ৰ – assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নক্ষত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella" title="Estrella – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estrella" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="ЦӀва – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЦӀва" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warawara" title="Warawara – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Warawara" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulduz" title="Ulduz – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ulduz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="اولدوز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اولدوز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D2%99%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Йондоҙҙар – boshqird" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йондоҙҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="boshqird" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stean" title="Stean – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stean" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDv%C4%81zdie" title="Žvāzdie – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žvāzdie" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitoon" title="Bitoon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bitoon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зорка – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зорка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зорка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зорка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звезда – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Звезда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="ဆာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဆာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="তারা – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="བརྟན་སྐར། – tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བརྟན་སྐར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steredenn" title="Steredenn – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Steredenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda – bosniy" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zvijezda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Одон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Одон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estel" title="Estel – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A2ng-s%C4%ADng" title="Diâng-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diâng-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Седа – chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Седа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitoon" title="Bitoon – sebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bitoon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%88%E1%8F%8F" title="ᏃᏈᏏ – cheroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏃᏈᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cheroki" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotohke" title="Hotohke – cheyenn" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hotohke" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="cheyenn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ئەستێرە – sorani-kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستێرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani-kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzda" title="Hvězda – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hvězda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%99%82%D0%B2%D1%A3%EA%99%81%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ꙃвѣꙁда – slavyan (cherkov)" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ꙃвѣꙁда" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavyan (cherkov)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80" title="Çăлтăр – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăлтăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seren" title="Seren – valliy" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seren" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valliy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerne" title="Stjerne – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stjerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%8Bmariga" title="Saŋmariga – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Saŋmariga" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern" title="Stern – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Amarebiri" title="Ŋmarebiri – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Ŋmarebiri" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estare" title="Estare – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Estare" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rombituon" title="Rombituon – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Rombituon" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αστέρας – grek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστέρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A8la" title="Strèla – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Strèla" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star" title="Star – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Star" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelo" title="Stelo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella" title="Estrella – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estrella" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ht_(astronoomia)" title="Täht (astronoomia) – estoncha" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Täht (astronoomia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoncha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izar" title="Izar – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella" title="Estrella – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estrella" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ستاره – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ستاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4hti" title="Tähti – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tähti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taivat%C3%A4ht" title="Taivatäht – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Taivatäht" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalokalo" title="Kalokalo – fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kalokalo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B8rna" title="Stjørna – farercha" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stjørna" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farercha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étoile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Stäär – shimoliy friz" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stäär" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="shimoliy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – friul" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friul" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjer" title="Stjer – g‘arbiy friz" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stjer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="g‘arbiy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alta" title="Réalta – irland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réalta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9tw%C3%A8l" title="Zétwèl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zétwèl" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reul" title="Reul – shotland-gel" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reul" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="shotland-gel" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrela_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Estrela (astronomía) – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estrela (astronomía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ستاره – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ستاره" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyja" title="Mbyja – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyja" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B" title="તારો – gujarot" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તારો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarot" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollage" title="Rollage – men" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rollage" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="men" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauraro" title="Tauraro – xausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tauraro" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="xausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A8n-s%C3%AAn" title="Hèn-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hèn-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%AB" title="Hōkū – gavaycha" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hōkū" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="gavaycha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91" title="כוכב – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוכב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – hind" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hind" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara" title="Tara – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tara" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda – xorvat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zvijezda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xorvat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etwal" title="Etwal – gaityan" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Etwal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="gaityan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csillag" title="Csillag – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csillag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2" title="Աստղ – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella" title="Stella – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stella" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelle" title="Stelle – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Stelle" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpakpando" title="Kpakpando – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kpakpando" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvlu%C4%A1iaq" title="Uvluġiaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uvluġiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituen" title="Bituen – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bituen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0" title="Седкъа – ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Седкъа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelo" title="Stelo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjarna" title="Stjarna – island" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjarna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="island" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella" title="Stella – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stella" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="恒星 – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="恒星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staar" title="Staar – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Staar" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tarci" title="tarci – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tarci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintang" title="Lintang – yavan" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lintang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="yavan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ვარსკვლავი – gruzincha" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარსკვლავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzincha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juld%C4%B1z" title="Juldız – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Juldız" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itri" title="Itri – kabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Itri" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabil" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%A9%C9%A9%C5%8Ba" title="Tɩɩŋa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɩɩŋa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ta%CC%B1ngwat" title="A̱ta̱ngwat – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ta̱ngwat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njata" title="Njata – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Njata" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Жұлдыз – qozoqcha" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұлдыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qozoqcha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1" title="항성 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Джулдуз – qorachoy-bolqor" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джулдуз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="qorachoy-bolqor" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8F%DA%A9" title="تارُک – kashmircha" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تارُک" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmircha" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steern" title="Steern – kyoln" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Steern" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kyoln" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AAr" title="Stêr – kurdcha" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stêr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdcha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steren" title="Steren – korn" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Steren" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Жылдыз – qirgʻizcha" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жылдыз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="qirgʻizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella" title="Stella – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stella" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estreya" title="Estreya – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Estreya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4r" title="Stär – lyuksemburgcha" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lyuksemburgcha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Гъед – lezgin" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гъед" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela" title="Stela – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Stela" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staar" title="Staar – limburg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Staar" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%ABra" title="Stëra – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Stëra" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela" title="Stela – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stela" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monz%C9%94%CC%81t%C9%94_mwa_m%C9%94%CC%8Ct%C9%94" title="Monzɔ́tɔ mwa mɔ̌tɔ – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Monzɔ́tɔ mwa mɔ̌tɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvaig%C5%BEd%C4%97" title="Žvaigždė – litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žvaigždė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litva" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvaigzne" title="Zvaigzne – latishcha" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zvaigzne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latishcha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintang" title="Lintang – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Lintang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintana" title="Kintana – malagasiy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kintana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasiy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whet%C5%AB" title="Whetū – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whetū" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ѕвезда – makedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ѕвезда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="നക്ഷത്രം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നക്ഷത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4" title="Од – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Од" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯊꯧꯋꯥꯏꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ – manipur" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯧꯋꯥꯏꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – maratxi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratxi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilla" title="Stilla – maltiy" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Stilla" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltiy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streilha" title="Streilha – miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Streilha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ကြယ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Теште – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Теште" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اساره – mozandaron" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اساره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mozandaron" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citlalli" title="Citlalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Citlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella" title="Stella – neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Stella" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steern_(Astronomie)" title="Steern (Astronomie) – quyi nemis" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Steern (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="quyi nemis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steern" title="Steern – quyi sakson" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Steern" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="quyi sakson" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="नगु – nevar" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevar" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ster_(hemellichaam)" title="Ster (hemellichaam) – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ster (hemellichaam)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerne" title="Stjerne – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerne" title="Stjerne – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ataile" title="Êtaile – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êtaile" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estela" title="Estela – oksitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estela" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A4hti" title="Tiähti – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tiähti" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urjii" title="Urjii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Urjii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Стъалы – osetin" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стъалы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਾਰਾ – panjobcha" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjobcha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuin" title="Batuin – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Batuin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89to%C3%A9le" title="Étoéle – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Étoéle" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sdar" title="Sdar – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Sdar" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwiazda" title="Gwiazda – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gwiazda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A8ila" title="Stèila – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Stèila" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="تارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ستوری – pushtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ستوری" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pushtu" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrela" title="Estrela – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyllur" title="Quyllur – kechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Quyllur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chexay" title="Chexay – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chexay" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stea" title="Stea – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steau%C3%A2" title="Steauâ – arumin" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Steauâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гвизда – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Гвизда" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Руски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звезда – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Звезда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звізда – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Звізда" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сулус – saxa" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сулус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="saxa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱤᱯᱤᱞ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱯᱤᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isteddu" title="Isteddu – sardin" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Isteddu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stidda" title="Stidda – sitsiliya" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Stidda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiliya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starn" title="Starn – shotland" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Starn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="shotland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="تارو – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تارو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1sti" title="Násti – shimoliy saam" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Násti" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="shimoliy saam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zvijezda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="තරු – singal" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singal" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star" title="Star – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Star" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hviezda" title="Hviezda – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hviezda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezda" title="Zvezda – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zvezda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4sni" title="Täsni – inari-saam" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Täsni" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="inari-saam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyenyedzi" title="Nyenyedzi – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nyenyedzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xidig" title="Xidig – somalicha" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xidig" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalicha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylli" title="Ylli – alban" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ylli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="alban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звезда – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Звезда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiern" title="Stiern – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Stiern" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ntang" title="Béntang – sundan" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Béntang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%A4rna" title="Stjärna – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stjärna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyota" title="Nyota – suaxili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyota" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaxili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwi%C5%8Fzda" title="Gwiŏzda – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gwiŏzda" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="விண்மீன் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்மீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bzngah" title="bzngah – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bzngah" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82)" title="నక్షత్రం (ఖగోళ శాస్త్రం) – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నక్షత్రం (ఖగోళ శాస్త్రం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ситора – tojik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ситора" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tojik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาวฤกษ์ – tay" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวฤกษ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dyldyz" title="Ýyldyz – turkman" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýyldyz" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituin" title="Bituin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bituin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z" title="Yıldız – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yıldız" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pngerah" title="Pngerah – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Pngerah" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Йолдыз – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йолдыз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsoroma" title="Nsoroma – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nsoroma" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кизили – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кизили" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Зоря – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зоря" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="ستارہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ستارہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9%C5%82a" title="Stéła – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stéła" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4htaz" title="Tähtaz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tähtaz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao" title="Sao – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterre_(astronomie)" title="Sterre (astronomie) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sterre (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stel" title="Stel – volapyuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Stel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoele" title="Sitoele – vallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sitoele" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitoon" title="Bitoon – varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bitoon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="恆星 – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="恆星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD" title="Одн – qalmoq" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Одн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="qalmoq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkwenkwezi" title="Inkwenkwezi – kxosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Inkwenkwezi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="kxosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="მურიცხი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მურიცხი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="שטערן – idish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטערן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cr%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8D%CC%80" title="Ìràwọ̀ – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìràwọ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiq" title="Ndaundeiq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="恒星 – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="恒星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="恆星 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="恆星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAng-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Hêng-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hêng-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="恆星 – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="恆星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkanyezi" title="Inkanyezi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inkanyezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q523#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tillararo ishoratlarni tahrirlash" class="wbc-editpage">Ishoratlarni tahrirla</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomfazolar"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yulduz" title="Sahifani ko‘rish [c]" accesskey="c">Maqola</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Munozara:Yulduz" rel="discussion" title="Sahifa matni borasida munozara [t]" accesskey="t">Munozara</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Til variantini oʻzgartirish" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >lotin/кирилл </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-uz mw-list-item"><a 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Koʻproq opsiyalar" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Amallar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yulduz">Mutolaa</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit" title="Bu sahifani tahrirlash [v]" accesskey="v">Tahrirlash</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit" title="Sahifa manba kodini tahrirlash [e]" accesskey="e">Manbasini tahrirlash</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=history">Tarix</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umumiy </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:WhatLinksHere/Yulduz" title="Ushbu sahifaga bogʻlangan sahifalar roʻyxati [j]" accesskey="j">Bu yerga ishoratlar</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:RecentChangesLinked/Yulduz" rel="nofollow" title="Bu sahifaga bogʻlangan sahifalardagi yangi oʻzgarishlar [k]" accesskey="k">Bogʻliq oʻzgarishlar</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:SpecialPages" title="Maxsus sahifalar ro‘yxati [q]" accesskey="q">Maxsus sahifalar</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&oldid=5280516" title="Sahifaning ushbu versiyasiga doimiy ishorat">Doimiy havola</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=info" title="Bu sahifa haqida koʻproq maʼlumot">Sahifa haqida maʼlumot</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CiteThisPage&page=Yulduz&id=5280516&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Sahifadan matn parchasi ajratish</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYulduz">Qisqartirilgan URL-manzilni olish</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FYulduz">QR-kodni yuklab olish</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nashr/eksport qilish </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a 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href="/w/index.php?title=Katta_Magellan_Buluti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katta Magellan Buluti (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Katta Magellan Bulutidagi</a> yulduz yaratuvchi mintaqa. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=ESA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESA (sahifa yaratilmagan)">ESA</a> surati.</figcaption></figure> Yulduz — <a href="/wiki/Gravitatsiya" title="Gravitatsiya">gravitatsiya</a> bilan bogʻlangan yorqin <a href="/wiki/Plazma" title="Plazma">plazma</a> shari. Hayotining oxirida yulduz shuningdek <a href="/wiki/Degenerat_modda" title="Degenerat modda">degenerat moddani</a> ham oʻzi ichiga olishi mumkin. <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">Yerga</a> eng yaqin yulduz <a href="/wiki/Quyosh" title="Quyosh">Quyoshdir</a>, u Yerdagi <a href="/wiki/Energiya" title="Energiya">energiyaning</a> asosiy manbai hamdir. Boshqa yulduzlar, <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosfera</a> hodisalari toʻsiq boʻlmasa, Yer sirtidan qoʻzgʻalmas yorugʻ nuqtalar boʻlib koʻrinadi. Tarixan <a href="/wiki/Osmon" title="Osmon">osmon</a> sferasidagi yorqin yulduzlar <a href="/wiki/Yulduz_turkumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulduz turkumi">turkum</a> va <a href="/wiki/Asterizm" title="Asterizm">asterizmlarga</a> toʻplantirilgan, eng yorqinlariga nomlar ham berilgan. <a href="/wiki/Astronom" title="Astronom">Astronomlar</a> yulduzlar haqidagi maʼlumotlarni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zij (sahifa yaratilmagan)">zijlarga</a> yigʻishgan. Hayotining kamida biror qismida yulduz yadrosidagi <a href="/wiki/Vodorod" title="Vodorod">vodorod</a> <a href="/wiki/Termoyadroviy_reaksiya" title="Termoyadroviy reaksiya">termoyadroviy reaksiyasi</a> energiyasi nurlanishi hisobiga charaqlaydi. <a href="/wiki/Geliy" title="Geliy">Geliydan</a> ogʻir deyarli barcha tabiiy <a href="/wiki/Kimyoviy_unsur" title="Kimyoviy unsur">kimyoviy unsurlar</a> yulduzlar nurlanishi yoki portlashidagi <a href="/wiki/Nukleosintez" title="Nukleosintez">nukleosintez</a> tufayli yuzaga kelgan. Astronomlar yulduz <a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">massasi</a>, yoshi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metallik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metallik (sahifa yaratilmagan)">kimyoviy tarkibi</a> va boshqa xossalarini uning <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">spektri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorqinlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorqinlik">yorqinligi</a> va fazodagi harakatini kuzatib aniqlay olishadi. Yulduz massasi uning evolutsiyasi va taqdirini belgilovchi bosh mezondir. Yulduzning boshqa xarakteristikalari uning oʻtmishi, diametri, aylanishi, harakati va harorati orqali aniqlanadi. Yulduz haroratining uning yorqinligiga nisbati jadvali yoki <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagrammasi" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagrammasi">Hertzsprung–Russell diagrammasi</a> (H-R diagramma), yulduz yoshi va evolutsiyaviy holatini bilishga yordam beradi. Yulduz vodoroddan iborat materiya buluti <a href="/wiki/Kollaps" title="Kollaps">kollapsi</a> bilan boshlanadi, unda oz miqdorda geliy va ogʻirroq unsurlar ham boʻlishi mumkin. Yulduz yadrosi yetarlicha <a href="/wiki/Zichlik" class="mw-disambig" title="Zichlik">zich</a> boʻla boshlaganida vodorodning bir qismi yadroviy reaksiya orqali zudlik bilan geliyga aylanadi<a href="#cite_note-sunshine-1">[1]</a>. Yadrosidan tashqaridagi yulduz massasi yadrodan energiyani <a href="/wiki/Radiatsiya" title="Radiatsiya">radiatsiya</a> va <a href="/wiki/Konveksiya" title="Konveksiya">konveksiya</a> jarayonlari orqali sirtga olib chiqadi. Yulduzning ichki bosimi uni keyingi kollapsdan (oʻz ichiga qulab tushishdan) saqlaydi. Vodorod yoqilgʻisi tugaganida, massasi Quyosh massasining kamida 0,4<a href="#cite_note-late_stages-2">[2]</a>, boʻlgan yulduz kengayib, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qizil_gigant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qizil gigant (sahifa yaratilmagan)">qizil gigantga</a> aylanadi, baʼzi hollarda ogʻirroq unsurlar ishlab chiqarishni boshlaydi. Keyin yulduz degenerat shaklga oʻtib, moddasining bir qismini yulduzlararo muhitga chiqaradi, bu modda u yerda ogʻir unsurlari koʻproq boʻlgan yangi yulduzlar avlodini shakllantiradi<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qo%CA%BBshaloq_yulduz" class="mw-redirect" title="Qoʻshaloq yulduz">Juft</a> va koʻp-yulduzli tizimlar bir-biri bilan gravitatsiya orqali bogʻlangan va bir-birining atrofida sobit <a href="/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita">orbitalarda</a> aylanuvchi ikki yoki undan oshiq yulduzlardan iborat boʻladi. Bunday yulduzlar evolutsiyasiga ularning oʻzaro gravitatsiyasi katta taʼsir koʻrsatishi mumkin. Yulduzlar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaster (sahifa yaratilmagan)">klaster</a> yoki <a href="/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika">galaktika</a> kabi oʻzaro gravitatsiyaviy bogʻliq yanada kattaroq tizimlar ichiga kirishi mumkin. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Dibuix_de_Leo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dibuix_de_Leo.png/220px-Dibuix_de_Leo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dibuix_de_Leo.png/330px-Dibuix_de_Leo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Dibuix_de_Leo.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Odamlar qadim zamonlardan yulduzlar hosil qiladigan naqshlarni kuzatib kelishadi<a href="#cite_note-forbes-4">[4]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arslon_(yulduz_turkumi)" title="Arslon (yulduz turkumi)">Arslon yulduz turkumini</a> <a href="/wiki/Arslon" title="Arslon">arslon</a> shaklida tasvirlovchi ushbu rasmni 1690-yili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Hevelius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Hevelius (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Johannes Hevelius</a> chizgan<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>.</figcaption></figure> Tarixan, yulduzlar dunyo <a href="/wiki/Tamaddun" title="Tamaddun">tamaddunlari</a> uchun muhim boʻlib kelgan. Ular <a href="/wiki/Din" title="Din">diniy</a> rituallar qismi va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomik_navigatsiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomik navigatsiya (sahifa yaratilmagan)">astronomik navigatsiya</a>, yoʻl topish uchun kerak boʻlgan. Koʻpgina qadimgi astronomlar yulduzlar <a href="/wiki/Osmon_sferasi" title="Osmon sferasi">osmon sferasida</a> qoʻzgʻalmay turadi, deb ishonishgan. Astronomlar oʻzaro kelishib yulduzlarni <a href="/wiki/Yulduz_turkumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulduz turkumi">yulduz turkumlariga</a> guruhlashgan va ulardan <a href="/wiki/Sayyora" title="Sayyora">sayyoralar</a> va Quyosh joylashuvi va harakatini aniqlashda foydalanishgan<a href="#cite_note-forbes-4">[4]</a>. Quyoshning orqa fondagi yulduzlarga va ufqqa nisbatan harakati ziroatchilikni tartibga solish uchun <a href="/wiki/Quyosh_taqvimi" title="Quyosh taqvimi">taqvimlar</a> yaratishda ishlatilgan<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>. Bugunda ishlatiladigan <a href="/wiki/Grigoriy_taqvimi" title="Grigoriy taqvimi">Grigoriy taqvimi</a> aynan shunday Quyosh taqvimlaridan biridir, u Yer aylanish oʻqi burchagining Quyoshga nisbatiga asoslangan. Eng qadimiy batartib <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zij (sahifa yaratilmagan)">yulduz jadvali</a> eramizdan avvalgi <a href="/wiki/1534-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1534-yil">1534-yili</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Misr_astronomiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misr astronomiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Misr astronomiyasida</a> paydo boʻlgan<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>. Oʻsha jadvalga zamondosh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobil_zijlari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bobil zijlari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bobil jadvali</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamiya" title="Mesopotamiya">Mesopotamiyada</a> eradan avvalgi taxminan 1531–1155-yillarda tayyorlangan<a href="#cite_note-north_1995_30_31-8">[8]</a>. Ilk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunon_astronomiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunon astronomiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">yunon</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz_katalogi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduz katalogi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">yulduz katalogi</a> eradan avvalgi 300-yillarda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristill (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Aristill</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timoxaris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timoxaris (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Timoxaris</a> tomonidan yaratilgan<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipparx (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Hipparx</a> yulduz katalogi (eramizdan avvalgi II asr) 1020 ta yulduzni ichiga olib, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemey">Ptolemey</a> yulduz katalogini yigʻishda ishlatilgan<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>. Hipparx shuningdek birinchi boʻlib <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yangi_yulduz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yangi yulduz (sahifa yaratilmagan)">yangi yulduzni</a> kash etgan<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>. Aksariyat yulduzlar va turkumlarning bugungi nomlari yunon astronomiyasidan keladi. Osmonning oʻzgarmasligi haqidagi fikrlarga qaramay, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xitoy_astronomiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xitoy astronomiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Xitoy astronomlari</a> yangi yulduzlar paydo boʻlishidan boxabar edilar<a href="#cite_note-clark-12">[12]</a>. Eramizning 185-yilida ular birinchi boʻlib, hozirda <a href="/w/index.php?title=SN185&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SN185 (sahifa yaratilmagan)">SN185</a> nomi bilan ataladigan <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBta_yangi_yulduz" class="mw-redirect" title="Oʻta yangi yulduz">supernova</a> haqida kuzatuv qaydlarini yozib qoldirishdi<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>. Tarixdagi eng yorqin yulduz hodisasi 1006-yili misrlik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_ibn_Ridvon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali ibn Ridvon (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Ali ibn Ridvon</a> va baʼzi xitoy astronomlar tomonidan kuzatilgan <a href="/w/index.php?title=SN_1006&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SN 1006 (sahifa yaratilmagan)">SN 1006</a> supernovasi edi<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qisqichbaqa_tumanligi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qisqichbaqa tumanligi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Qisqichbaqa tumanligiga</a> asos boʻlgan <a href="/w/index.php?title=SN_1054&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SN 1054 (sahifa yaratilmagan)">SN 1054</a> supernovasi ham xitoy va musulmon astronomlar tomonidan kuzatilgan edi<a href="#cite_note-SN1054-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-PASP1942-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BBrta_Asrlar_islom_astronomiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oʻrta Asrlar islom astronomiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Oʻrta Asrlardagi musulmon astronomlar</a> yulduzlarga shu kunda hamon ishlatiladigan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabcha_yulduz_nomlari_ro%CA%BByxati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabcha yulduz nomlari roʻyxati (sahifa yaratilmagan)">nomlar</a> berishgan, yulduzlar joylashuvini hisoblash uchun asboblar ixtiro etishgan. Ular ilk katta <a href="/wiki/Rasadxona" title="Rasadxona">rasadxonalar</a> qurib, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zij (sahifa yaratilmagan)">zijlar</a> yigʻishgan<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>. Bular orasiga yulduzlar, klasterlar (jumladan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omicron_Velorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omicron Velorum (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Omicron Velorum</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brocchi_klasteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brocchi klasteri (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Brocchi klasteri</a>) va <a href="/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika">galaktikalarni</a> (jumladan, <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_galaktikasi" title="Andromeda galaktikasi">Andromeda galaktikasi</a>) kuzatgan <a href="/wiki/Forslar" title="Forslar">fors</a> astronomi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdulrahmon_al-So%CA%BBfiy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdulrahmon al-Soʻfiy (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Abdulrahmon al-Soʻfiy</a> yozgan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qo%CA%BBzg%CA%BBalmas_yulduzlar_kitobi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qoʻzgʻalmas yulduzlar kitobi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Qoʻzgʻalmas yulduzlar kitobi</a> (964) kiradi<a href="#cite_note-Jones-19">[19]</a>. A. Zahoor yozishicha, XI asrda <a href="/wiki/Xorazm" title="Xorazm">xorazmlik</a> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Rayhon_Beruniy" title="Abu Rayhon Beruniy">Abu Rayhon Beruniy</a> <a href="/wiki/Somon_Yo%CA%BBli" class="mw-redirect" title="Somon Yoʻli">Somon Yoʻlini</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumanlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumanlik">tumanlik</a> xususiyatlariga ega yulduzlardan iborat qilib tasvirlagan hamda 1019-yilgi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oy_to%CA%BBsilishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oy toʻsilishi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">oy toʻsilishi</a> paytida yulduzlar <a href="/wiki/Kenglik" title="Kenglik">kengligini</a> yozib qoldirgan<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josep_Puig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josep Puig (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Josep Puig</a> yozishicha, <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andaluslik</a> astronom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Bajja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Bajja (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Ibn Bajja</a> 1106–1107-yillardagi <a href="/wiki/Yupiter" title="Yupiter">Yupiter</a> va <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro%CA%BBpara_turish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roʻpara turish (sahifa yaratilmagan)">roʻpara turishini</a> kuzatib, Somon Yoʻli bir-biriga deyarli tegib turadigan, nuri oy ostidagi materialdan <a href="/wiki/Refraksiya" title="Refraksiya">qaytgani</a> uchun yaxlit koʻrinadigan yulduzlardan tashkil topgani haqidagi fikrni oʻrtaga tashlagan<a href="#cite_note-Montada-21">[21]</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Gloria_Frederici,_Andromeda,_and_Triangula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Gloria_Frederici%2C_Andromeda%2C_and_Triangula.jpg/220px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Gloria_Frederici%2C_Andromeda%2C_and_Triangula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Gloria_Frederici%2C_Andromeda%2C_and_Triangula.jpg/330px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Gloria_Frederici%2C_Andromeda%2C_and_Triangula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Gloria_Frederici%2C_Andromeda%2C_and_Triangula.jpg/440px-Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Gloria_Frederici%2C_Andromeda%2C_and_Triangula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2515" data-file-height="3587" /></a><figcaption>Ushbu rasmda <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(yulduz_turkumi)" title="Andromeda (yulduz turkumi)">Andromeda</a> Urania koʻzgusi sifatida tasvirlangan. London, 1825</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tycho_Brahe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tycho Brahe (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Tycho Brahe</a> kabi erta <a href="/wiki/Yevropa" title="Yevropa">yevropalik</a> astronomlar tungi osmonda yangi yulduzlarni (ularga novae nomini berishgan) koʻrib, samo oʻzgarmas emasligi haqidagi fikrni taklif etishgan. 1584-yili <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a> yulduzlar Quyosh kabi ekanligi, atrofida Yer kabi <a href="/wiki/Ekzosayyora" title="Ekzosayyora">boshqa sayyoralar</a> aylanishi mumkinligi haqida yozgan<a href="#cite_note-he_history-22">[22]</a>, bu fikr ungacha <a href="/wiki/Yunon_falsafasi" title="Yunon falsafasi">yunon faylasuflari</a> <a href="/wiki/Demokrit" title="Demokrit">Demokrit</a> va <a href="/wiki/Epikur" title="Epikur">Epikur</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>, hamda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islom_kosmologiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islom kosmologiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">islom kosmologlari</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>, (jumladan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faxr_al-Din_al-Roziy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faxr al-Din al-Roziy (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Faxr al-Din al-Roziy</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Setia-25">[25]</a>, tomonidan oʻrtaga tashlangandi. XVII asrga kelib, yulduzlar Quyosh kabi ekanliklari haqidagi taxmin astronomlar <a href="/wiki/Konsensus" title="Konsensus">konsensusiga</a> yaqinlashayotgan edi. Nega bu yulduzlar Quyosh tizimiga sezilarli gravitatsiyaviy taʼsir etmasligini izohlash uchun <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Nyuton" class="mw-redirect" title="Isaak Nyuton">Isaak Nyuton</a> yulduzlar barcha yoʻnalishda teng tarqalgan, deb taxmin qilgan, bu taxminni <a href="/wiki/Teologiya" title="Teologiya">teolog</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bentley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Bentley (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Richard Bentley</a> maʼqullagan<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>. Italyan astronomi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geminiano_Montanari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geminiano Montanari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Geminiano Montanari</a> 1667-yili <a href="/wiki/Algol" class="mw-redirect" title="Algol">Algol</a> yulduzi yorqinligi oʻzgarishini kuzatgani haqida yozgan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmond Halley (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Edmond Halley</a> bir juft „qoʻzgʻalmas“ yulduzlarning harakatini oʻlchab, ularning joylashuvi <a href="/wiki/Ptolemey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemey">Ptolemey</a> va Hipparx zamonidan beri oʻzgarganini namoyish etdi. Yulduzgacha masofani birinchi marta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Bessel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Bessel (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Friedrich Bessel</a> 1838-yili <a href="/wiki/Parallaks" title="Parallaks">parallaks</a> uslubi bilan hisobladi (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oqqush_61&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oqqush 61 (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Oqqush 61</a>, 11,4 <a href="/wiki/Yorug%CA%BBlik_yili" title="Yorugʻlik yili">yorugʻlik yili</a> uzoqlikda). Parallaks oʻlchovlari yulduzlarning bir-biridan juda uzoqda tarqalganligini koʻrsatdi<a href="#cite_note-he_history-22">[22]</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> osmondagi yulduzlar tarqalish miqyosini aniqlashga uringan birinchi astronom edi. 1780-yillarda u 600 ta yoʻnalishda oʻlchovlarni amalga oshirib, har bir yoʻnalishda nechta yulduz borligini sanagan. Bundan kelib chiqib u yulduzlar soni Somon Yoʻli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktika_yadrosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktika yadrosi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">markazi</a> tomon keskin oshib borishi xulosasiga kelgan. Uning oʻgʻli <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> shu tadqiqotni janubiy yarimsharda takrorlab, yana shu xulosaga kelgan<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> shuningdek baʼzi yulduzlar juftlik hosil qilishini aniqlagan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz_spektroskopiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduz spektroskopiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Yulduz spektroskopiyasi</a> faniga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_von_Fraunhofer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Secchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelo Secchi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Angelo Secchi</a> asos solishgan. Ular <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> va boshqa yulduzlarning <a href="/wiki/Spektr" title="Spektr">spektrlarini</a> Quyoshniki bilan solishtirib, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektral_chiziq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektral chiziq (sahifa yaratilmagan)">yutilish chiziqlaridagi</a> farqlarni aniqlashdi, bu qora chiziqlar spetsifik chastotalar yutilishini koʻrsatadi. 1865-yili Secchi yulduzlarni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz_tasnifi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduz tasnifi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">spektrlariga koʻra sinflarga</a> ajratishni boshladi<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>. Biroq zamonaviy yulduz tasniflash 1900-yillarda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Jump_Cannon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annie Jump Cannon (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Annie J. Cannon</a> tomonidan boshlangan. XIX asr davomida qoʻshaloq yulduzlarni kuzatish ahamiyati oshib bordi. 1834-yili Friedrich Bessel Sirius oʻz harakatini kuzatib, uning yashirin yoʻldoshi borligi haqida taxmin qildi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Charles_Pickering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Charles Pickering (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Edward Pickering</a> 1899-yili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mizar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mizar (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Mizar</a> yulduzi spektr chiziqlarining 104 kunlik davr bilan boʻlinishini kuzatib, birinchi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spektral-qo%CA%BBshaloq_yulduz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spektral-qoʻshaloq yulduz (sahifa yaratilmagan)">spektral-qoʻshaloq yulduzni</a> ochdi. Koʻpgina qoʻshaloq yulduz tizimlari haqida kuzatuvlar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Georg_Wilhelm_von_Struve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (sahifa yaratilmagan)">William Struve</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherburne_Wesley_Burnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sherburne Wesley Burnham (sahifa yaratilmagan)">S. W. Burnham</a> kabi astronomlar tomonidan yigʻilib, yulduzlar massasini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbital_unsurlar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbital unsurlar (sahifa yaratilmagan)">orbital unsurlarni</a> hisoblash orqali aniqlash imkonini berdi. Qoʻshaloq yulduzlar orbitasini <a href="/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop">teleskop</a> kuzatuvlaridan chiqarish muammosini birinchi boʻlib Felix Savary 1827-yili hal qildi<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>. Yigirmanchi asrda yulduzlarni ilmiy oʻrganish keskin rivojlandi. <a href="/wiki/Fotografiya" title="Fotografiya">Fotografiya</a> astronomiyaning muhim quroliga aylandi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Schwarzschild&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Schwarzschild (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Karl Schwarzschild</a> yulduz <a href="/wiki/Rang" title="Rang">rangi</a>, demakki uning <a href="/wiki/Harorat" title="Harorat">harorati</a> uning <a href="/wiki/Yulduz_kattaligi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulduz kattaligi">yulduz kattaligini</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotografik_yulduz_kattaligi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotografik yulduz kattaligi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">fotografik kattalagiga</a> solishtirish orqali aniqlanishi mumkinligini kashf qildi. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotoelektr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotoelektr (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Fotoelektrik</a> <a href="/wiki/Fotometr" title="Fotometr">fotometr</a> yaratilishi turli toʻlqin uzunliklari intervallarida yulduz kattaliklarini aniq oʻlchash imkonini berdi. 1921-yili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Abraham_Michelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Abraham Michelson (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Albert A. Michelson</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Wilson (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Hooker teleskopida</a> <a href="/wiki/Interferometr" title="Interferometr">interferometr</a> ishlatib, yulduz diametrini birinchi boʻlib oʻlchadi<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>. Yulduzlarning fizik tuzilishi haqidagi muhim konseptual ishlar XX asr birinchi yarmidan boshlandi. 1913-yili Hertzsprung-Russell diagrammasi yaratilib, yulduzlar <a href="/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika">astrofizikasi</a> olgʻa siljidi. Yulduzlar ichki tuzilishi va evolutsiyasini tushuntiruvchi muvaffaqiyatli modellar ishlab chiqildi. Yulduzlar spektri ham <a href="/wiki/Kvant_mexanikasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvant mexanikasi">kvant fizikasidagi</a> rivojlanish tufayli muvaffaqiyatli izohlandi. Natijada yulduzlar atmosferasi kimyoviy tarkibini aniqlash imkoni paydo boʻldi<a href="#cite_note-new_cosmos-31">[31]</a>. Oʻta yangi yulduzlarni hisobga olmaganda, alohida yulduzlar asosan <a href="/wiki/Galaktika" title="Galaktika">galaktikalarning</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahalliy_guruh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahalliy guruh (sahifa yaratilmagan)">mahalliy guruhimizda</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>, xususan Somon Yoʻlimizda kuzatilgan<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>. Lekin ayrim yulduzlar Yerdan 100 million yorugʻlik yili uzoqlikdagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boshoq_klasteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boshoq klasteri (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Boshoq klasteridagi</a> M100 galaktikasida kuzatilgan<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahalliy_superklaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahalliy superklaster (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Mahalliy superklasterda</a> yulduz toʻplamlarini kuzatish mumkin, zamonaviy teleskoplar millionlab yorugʻlik yili uzoqlikdagi alohida yulduzlarni kuzata oladi<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>. (masalan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefeida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sefeida (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Sefeida</a>). Biroq mahalliy superklasterdan tashqarida na alohida, na toʻplam yulduzlar kuzatilgan. Yagona istisno bir milliard yorugʻlik yili masofadagi yuz minglab yigʻilgan ulkan yulduz toʻplamining xira tasviridir<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomlanishi">Nomlanishi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Nomlanishi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Nomlanishi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/wiki/Yulduzlar_nomenklaturasi" title="Yulduzlar nomenklaturasi">Yulduzlar nomenklaturasi</a></div> Yulduz turkumlari haqida tushuncha <a href="/wiki/Bobil" title="Bobil">Bobil</a> davridayoq mavjud edi. Qadimgi osmon kuzatuvchilar yulduzlar joylashuvini naqshlar shaklida tasavvur qilib, bu chizgilarni oʻzlarining asotirlariga yoʻyishar edilar. Bu naqshlarning oʻn ikkitasi <a href="/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika">ekliptika</a> tasmasida yotib, <a href="/wiki/Astrologiya" title="Astrologiya">astrologiyaga</a> asos boʻldi<a href="#cite_note-koch95-37">[37]</a>. Koʻp yaqqol yulduzlarga <a href="/wiki/Arab_tili" title="Arab tili">arabcha</a> yo <a href="/wiki/Lotin_tili" title="Lotin tili">lotincha</a> alohida nomlar ham berilgan edi. Nafaqat tayinli yulduz turkumlari va Quyoshning oʻzi, balki yulduzlar umuman oʻz <a href="/wiki/Mifologiya" title="Mifologiya">asotirlariga</a> ega<a href="#cite_note-mythology-38">[38]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadimgi_yunon_dini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qadimgi yunon dini (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Qadimgi yunonlarga</a> baʼzi „yulduzlar“ (aslida <a href="/wiki/Sayyora" title="Sayyora">sayyoralar</a>) turli muhim ilohlarni namoyon etardi, ular shu qarashlardan kelib chiqib osmon jismlariga <a href="/wiki/Merkuriy" title="Merkuriy">Merkuriy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yupiter" title="Yupiter">Yupiter</a> va <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> nomlarini berishgan<a href="#cite_note-mythology-38">[38]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uran_(sayyora)" title="Uran (sayyora)">Uran</a> va <a href="/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun">Neptun</a> ham <a href="/wiki/Yunon_mifologiyasi" title="Yunon mifologiyasi">yunon</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rim_mifologiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rim mifologiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Rim xudolari</a> nomlaridir, biroq bu sayyoralar u paytlarda maʼlum boʻlmay, keyinchalik ochilgan. 1600-yillarda yulduz turkumlari nomlari osmonning tegishli hududlaridagi yulduzlarni nomlashda ishlatildi. Olmon astronomi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Bayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Bayer (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Johann Bayer</a> qator yulduz xaritalarini yaratib, har bir yulduz turkumidagi yulduzlarni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayer_belgilashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayer belgilashi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">belgilash</a> uchun yunon harflarini ishlatdi. Keyinroq yulduzning <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BBng_ochilish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oʻng ochilish (sahifa yaratilmagan)">oʻng ochilishiga</a> asoslangan raqamli tizim ixtiro etilib, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Flamsteed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Flamsteed (sahifa yaratilmagan)">John Flamsteed</a>'ning "Historia coelestis Britannica" (1712) kitobidagi yulduz katalogiga qoʻshildi va bu tizim <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flamsteed_belgilashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flamsteed belgilashi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Flamsteed belgilashi</a> yoki Flamsteed raqamlashi deb atala boshlandi<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fazo_huquqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fazo huquqi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Fazo huquqi</a> ostida osmon jismlarini nomlash vakolatiga ega yagona organ <a href="/wiki/Xalqaro_Astronomiya_Ittifoqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xalqaro Astronomiya Ittifoqi">Xalqaro Astronomiya Ittifoqidir</a> (XAI)<a href="#cite_note-space_law09-41">[41]</a>. Qator xususiy shirkatlar yulduz nomlarini sotishadi, bu <a href="/wiki/Britaniya_kutubxonasi" title="Britaniya kutubxonasi">Britaniya kutubxonasi</a> tomonidan tartibga solinmagan tijorat, deb atalgan <a href="#cite_note-astrometry05-42">[42]</a> <a href="#cite_note-bl_disclaimer-43">[43]</a>. Biroq XAI oʻzini bunday tijoratdan uzoq tutadi, bu nomlarni XAI na tan oladi, na ishlatadi <a href="#cite_note-andersen10-44">[44]</a>. Oʻzboshimchalik bilan osmon jismlariga nom berish va bu nomlarni „rasmiy“ deb sotish firibgarlikdir <a href="#cite_note-si30_5-45">[45]</a> <a href="#cite_note-sd19980401-46">[46]</a> <a href="#cite_note-golden_faflick82-47">[47]</a> <a href="#cite_note-di_justo20011226-48">[48]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oʻlchov_birliklari">Oʻlchov birliklari</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Oʻlchov birliklari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Oʻlchov birliklari">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> Yulduz parametrlarini <a href="/wiki/SI" class="mw-redirect" title="SI">SI</a> yoki <a href="/w/index.php?title=SGS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SGS (sahifa yaratilmagan)">SGS</a> birliklari orqali ifoda etish mumkin boʻlsa-da, massa, yorqinlik va <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radiuslarni</a> Quyosh xarakteristikalariga asoslanib ifodalash qulayroqdir: <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quyosh_massasi" title="Quyosh massasi">Quyosh massasi</a>: </td> <td>M⊙ = 1.9891 × 1030 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilogram">kg</a><a href="#cite_note-constants-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quyosh_yorqinligi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quyosh yorqinligi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Quyosh yorqinligi</a>: </td> <td>L⊙ = 3.827 × 1026 <a href="/wiki/Vatt" title="Vatt">vatt</a><a href="#cite_note-constants-49">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quyosh_radiusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quyosh radiusi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Quyosh radiusi</a>: </td> <td>R⊙ = 6.960 × 108 <a href="/wiki/Metr" title="Metr">m</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> Qizil gigant radiusi yoki qoʻshaloq yulduz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katta_yarim_o%CA%BBq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katta yarim oʻq (sahifa yaratilmagan)">katta yarim oʻqi</a> kabi katta uzunliklar odatda <a href="/wiki/Astronomik_birlik" title="Astronomik birlik">astronomik birlik</a> (AB) — Yer va Quyosh orasidagi oʻrtacha masofa (150 million km) orqali ifodalanadi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shakllanishi_va_evolutsiyasi">Shakllanishi va evolutsiyasi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Shakllanishi va evolutsiyasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Shakllanishi va evolutsiyasi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/wiki/Yulduz_evolutsiyasi" title="Yulduz evolutsiyasi">Yulduz evolutsiyasi</a></div> Yulduzlar <a href="/wiki/Yulduzlararo_muhit" title="Yulduzlararo muhit">yulduzlararo muhitdagi</a> yuqori zichlikli keng mintaqalarda shakllanadi, biroq bu zichlik hamon yerdagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vakuum_kamerasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vakuum kamerasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">vakuum kamerasi</a> ichidagi muhitdan siyrakroqdir. Ushbu mintaqalar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekular_bulut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekular bulut (sahifa yaratilmagan)">molekular bulutlar</a> deyiladi, ular asosan vodorod, 23-28% geliy va oz miqdorda ogʻirroq unsurlardan iborat boʻladi. Yulduz hosil qiluvchi shunday mintaqaga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orion_tumanligi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orion tumanligi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Orion tumanligi</a> misoldir<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>. Bunday molekular bulutlardan massiv yulduzlar shakllanar ekan, ular bu bulutlarni kuchli yoritadi. Ular shuningdek vodorodni <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionlatib</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=H_II_mintaqa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H II mintaqa (sahifa yaratilmagan)">H II mintaqa</a> yaratadi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protoyulduz_shakllanishi">Protoyulduz shakllanishi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Protoyulduz shakllanishi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Protoyulduz shakllanishi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz_shakllanishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduz shakllanishi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Yulduz shakllanishi</a></div> Yulduz shakllanishi molekular bulutdagi massiv yulduz portlashlari, turli molekular bulutlar yoki galaktikalar toʻqnashuvi tufayli yuzaga kelgan gravitatsiyaviy beqarorlik bilan boshlanadi. Mintaqa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitatsiyaviy_beqarorlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitatsiyaviy beqarorlik (sahifa yaratilmagan)">gravitatsiyaviy beqarorlik</a> kriteriyini qoniqtiruvchi zichlikka yetganida, u oʻz gravitatsiyaviy kuchi ostida siqila boshlaydi<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg/300px-Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg/450px-Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg/600px-Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Rassom tasavvurida zich <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekular_bulut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekular bulut (sahifa yaratilmagan)">molekular bulut</a> ichida yulduz tugʻilishi. NASA rasmi</figcaption></figure> Bulut siqilar ekan, zich chang va gaz yigʻmalari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globula (sahifa yaratilmagan)">globulalarni</a> hosil qiladi. Globula ham siqilib, zichlik oshgach, gravitatsiyaviy energiya issiqlikka aylanib, harorat koʻtariladi. Protoyulduz buluti barqaror <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gidrostatik_muvozanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gidrostatik muvozanat (sahifa yaratilmagan)">gidrostatik muvozanatga</a> yetgach, bulut markazida <a href="/wiki/Protoyulduz" title="Protoyulduz">protoyulduz</a> shakllanadi<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>. Ushbu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosh_ketma-ketlikkacha_yulduz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosh ketma-ketlikkacha yulduz (sahifa yaratilmagan)">bosh ketma-ketlikkacha yulduzlar</a> koʻpincha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protosayyoraviy_disk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protosayyoraviy disk (sahifa yaratilmagan)">protosayyoraviy disk</a> bilan oʻralgan boʻladi. Gravitatsiyaviy siqilish davri 10-15 million yil davom etadi. Massasi 2 Quyosh massasidan kam erta yulduzlar <a href="/w/index.php?title=T_Tauri_yulduzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T Tauri yulduzi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">T Tauri</a>, bundan oshiq massalilari esa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbig_Ae/Be_yulduzlari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbig Ae/Be yulduzlari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Herbig Ae/Be yulduzlari</a> deyiladi. Ushbu yangi tugʻilgan yulduzlar ularning aylanish oʻqlari boʻylab gaz oqimlarini chiqaradi, bu oqimlar siqilayotgan yulduz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burchak_momenti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burchak momenti (sahifa yaratilmagan)">burchak momentini</a> kamaytirishi va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbig-Haro_obyektlari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbig-Haro obyektlari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Herbig-Haro obyektlari</a> deb nomlangan kichik tumanliklarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-smith04-55">[55]</a>. Ushbu oqimlar, yaqin yulduzlar nurlanishi bilan birga, ichida yulduz shakllangan bulutni tarqatib yuborishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosh_ketma-ketlik">Bosh ketma-ketlik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Bosh ketma-ketlik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Bosh ketma-ketlik">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosh_ketma-ketlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosh ketma-ketlik (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bosh ketma-ketlik</a></div> Yulduzlar hayotlarining 90% vaqtini yadroga yaqin yuqori harorat va bosimli reaksiyalarda vodoroddan geliy sintezlash bilan oʻtkazadi. Bunday yulduzlar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosh_ketma-ketlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosh ketma-ketlik (sahifa yaratilmagan)">bosh ketma-ketlik</a> degan sohada joy olib, mitti yulduzlar, deb nomlanadi. Nol yoshli bosh ketma-ketlikdan boshlab yulduz yadrosidagi geliy nisbati davomli oshib boradi. Natijada, yadrodagi sintez surʼatini ushlab turish uchun, yulduz harorat va yorqinlikda asta-sekin oʻsib boradi<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>.masalan, Quyosh bundan 4,6 milliard yil avval bosh ketma-ketlikka yetganidan soʻng yorqinligini 40% ga oshirgani hisoblangan<a href="#cite_note-sun_future-58">[58]</a>. Har bir yulduz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz_shamoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduz shamoli (sahifa yaratilmagan)">zarrachalar shamolini</a> chiqarib, fazoga uzluksiz ravishda gaz sepadi. Aksariyat yulduzlar uchun bunday yoʻqotiladigan massa ahamiyatsiz. Quyosh yiliga massasining 10−14 qismini<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>, butun hayoti davomida esa 0.01% massasini yoʻqotadi. Biroq juda katta massali yulduzlar yiliga 10−7 dan 10−5 gacha quyosh massasini yoʻqotishi mumkin, bu ularning evolutsiyasiga jiddiy taʼsir etadi<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>. Massasi Quyoshnikidan 50 va undan ortiq marta koʻp yulduzlar bosh ketma-ketlik paytida massasining yarmidan koʻpini yoʻqotishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:H-R_diagram_-edited-3-uz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/H-R_diagram_-edited-3-uz.png/360px-H-R_diagram_-edited-3-uz.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/H-R_diagram_-edited-3-uz.png/540px-H-R_diagram_-edited-3-uz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/H-R_diagram_-edited-3-uz.png/720px-H-R_diagram_-edited-3-uz.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Quyoshni oʻz ichiga oladigan yulduzlar toʻplami uchun <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagrammasi" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagrammasi">Hertzsprung–Russell diagrammasiga</a> misol.</figcaption></figure> Yulduzning bosh ketma-ketlikda boʻlish vaqti asosan u sintez qila oladigan yoqilgʻi miqdori va sintez tezligiga, yaʼni uning boshlangʻich massasi va yorqinligiga mutanosib. Quyosh uchun bajarilgan hisob-kitob 1010 yillik davrni koʻrsatadi. Katta yulduzlar oʻz yoqilgʻilarini tezlikda yoqib, qisqa umr koʻrishadi. Kichik yulduzlar (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qizil_mitti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qizil mitti (sahifa yaratilmagan)">qizil mittilar</a>) yoqilgʻilarini juda sekin yoqib, oʻnlab, yuzlab milliard yil yashaydilar. Hayotining oxirida ular shunchaki xiralashib boradilar<a href="#cite_note-late_stages-2">[2]</a>. Bunday yulduzlarning yashash davri <a href="/wiki/Olam" title="Olam">olam</a> yoshidan (13,7 milliard yil) katta boʻlgani uchun massasi Quyoshnikining 85% idan kam yulduzlar<a href="#cite_note-saomainseq-62">[62]</a>, jumladan barcha qizil mittilar hali bosh ketma-ketlik oxiriga yetib bormagan. Yulduzlar evolutsiyasida massadan tashqari geliydan ogʻirroq unsurlar ulushi ham muhim rol oʻynashi mumkin. Astronomiyada geliydan ogʻirroq barcha unsurlar „metall“ hisoblanadi va ushbu unsurlarning kimyoviy <a href="/wiki/Konsentratsiya" title="Konsentratsiya">konsentratsiyasiga</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metallik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metallik (sahifa yaratilmagan)">metallik</a> deyiladi. Metallik yulduz yoqilgʻisini yoqish vaqtiga taʼsir etishi, magnit maydonlari shakllanishini nazorat qilishi<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> va yulduz shamoli kuchini oʻzgartirishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>. Eskiroq, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz_avlodlari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduz avlodlari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">II avlod</a> yulduzlar atrofidagi molekular bulut tarkibi tufayli yoshroq, I avlod yulduzlarga nisbatan ancha kam metallikka ega boʻlishadi (vaqt oʻtishi bilan eski yulduzlar oʻchishi va <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosferalarini</a> yirtishi ketidan bu bulutlar ogʻirroq unsurlarga toʻlib boradi). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosh_ketma-ketlikdan_keyin">Bosh ketma-ketlikdan keyin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Bosh ketma-ketlikdan keyin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Bosh ketma-ketlikdan keyin">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qizil_gigant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qizil gigant (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Qizil gigant</a></div> Kamida 0,4 Quyosh massasili<a href="#cite_note-late_stages-2">[2]</a> yulduzlar yadrolaridagi vodorod zahiralarini tugatib borar ekan, ularning tashqi qatlamlari sezilarli kengayib va sovib, yulduz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qizil_gigant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qizil gigant (sahifa yaratilmagan)">qizil gigantga</a> aylanadi. Masalan, taxminan 5 milliard yildan soʻng, Quyosh qizil gigantga aylangach, uning maksimum radiusi taqriban 1 astronomik birlikka (150 million km; hozirgi oʻlchamidan 250 marta koʻp) kengayadi. Gigant sifatida Quyosh hozirgi massasining 30% ini yoʻqotadi<a href="#cite_note-sun_future-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-sun_future_schroder-65">[65]</a>. 2,25 Quyosh massasigacha qizil gigantda vodorod sintezi yadroni oʻrovchi qobiq qatlamda davom etadi<a href="#cite_note-hinshaw-66">[66]</a>. Oqibatda yadro kuchli siqilib, unda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uchlamchi_geliy_reaksiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uchlamchi geliy reaksiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">geliy sintezi</a> boshlanadi va yulduz asta-sekin kichrayib, sirt haroratini oshirib boradi. Bundan-da kattaroq yulduzlarda yadro toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri vodorod sintezlashdan geliy sintezlashga oʻtadi<a href="#cite_note-iben-67">[67]</a>. Yulduz yadrosidagi geliyni yoqib tugatganidan keyin sintez uglerod va kisloroddan iborat yadro qobigʻida davom etadi. Soʻng yulduz qizil gigant kabi, biroq sirt harorati yuqoriroq boʻlib, evolutsiyasini davom ettiradi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Massiv_yulduzlar">Massiv yulduzlar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Massiv yulduzlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Massiv yulduzlar">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/wiki/Qizil_supergigant" title="Qizil supergigant">Qizil supergigant</a></div> Geliy yoqish fazasida juda katta massali (>9 Quyosh massasi) yulduzlar kengayib <a href="/wiki/Qizil_supergigant" title="Qizil supergigant">qizil supergigantlarga</a> aylanadi. Geliy sob boʻlgach, ular geliydan ogʻir unsurlarni sintez qilishda davom etishlari mumkin. Yadro harorat va bosim <a href="/wiki/Uglerod" title="Uglerod">uglerodni</a> sintezlashga yetarli boʻlguncha siqiladi. Ushbu jarayon davom etib, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kislorod" title="Kislorod">kislorod</a> va <a href="/wiki/Kremniy" title="Kremniy">kremniy</a> sintezlanishi fazalaridan oʻtadi. Yulduz hayoti nihoyasiga kelib sintez yulduz qobiqlarida ham roʻy berishi mumkin. Har bir qobiq turli unsur sintezlaydi: eng tashqi qobiq vodorod, uning ostidagi qobiq geliyni va hk<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>. Yulduzning oxirgi bosqichi <a href="/wiki/Temir" title="Temir">temir</a> sintezlash bilan boshlanadi. Temir atomlari yadrolari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bog%CA%BBlanish_energiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bogʻlanish energiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">mustahkam bogʻlangani</a> tufayli ularning sintezi energiya chiqarmaydi, balki aksincha, energiya yutadi. Shu sabab bilan temir yadrolari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yadro_bo%CA%BBlinishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yadro boʻlinishi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">boʻlinsa</a> ham energiya chiqmaydi<a href="#cite_note-hinshaw-66">[66]</a>. Nisbatan eski, juda massiv yulduzlar markazida inert temir yigʻilib boradi. Bu yulduzlardagi ogʻirroq unsurlar sirtga sizib chiqib, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolf-Rayet_yulduzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolf-Rayet yulduzi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Wolf-Rayet yulduzi</a> deb nomlanuvchi, atmosferasini qattiq shamollar yirtuvchi obyekt shakllanishi mumkin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kollaps">Kollaps</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Kollaps" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Kollaps">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> Oʻrtacha hajmli evolutsiyalangan yulduz tashqi qatlamlarini yirtib, <a href="/wiki/Sayyoraviy_tumanlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyoraviy tumanlik">sayyoraviy tumanlik</a> hosil qiladi. Tashqi atmosfera tarqalganidan keyingi qoldiq 1,4 Quyosh massasidan yengil boʻlsa, u nisbatan mitti (Yerdek keladigan) obyektga aylanadi, bunday obyekt <a href="/wiki/Oq_mitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Oq mitti">oq mitti</a> deyilib, massasi kamligi tufayli unda siqilish roʻy bermaydi<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>. Oq mitti ichidagi degenerat modda endi plazma boʻlmaydi. Oq mittilar juda uzoq vaqtdan keyin alal-oqibat <a href="/wiki/Qora_mitti" title="Qora mitti">qora mittilarga</a> aylanadi. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Crab_Nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/200px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/300px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/400px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qisqichbaqa_tumanligi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qisqichbaqa tumanligi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Qisqichbaqa tumanligi</a>, 1050-yillar atrofida birinchi kuzatilgan oʻta yangi yulduz qoldiqlari.</figcaption></figure> Kattaroq yulduzlarda sintez temir yadro oʻz massasini dastaklamaydigan darajada massivlikka (>1,4 Quyosh massasi) yetguncha davom etadi. Ushbu yadro uning elektronlari protonlariga itarilib kirib, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektron_tutilishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektron tutilishi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">elektron tutilishi</a> (teskari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_parchalanish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta parchalanish (sahifa yaratilmagan)">beta parchalanish</a>) natijasida neytron va neytronlarni shakllantiradi. Bunday keskin siqilish (kollaps) ketidan hosil boʻladigan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarb_to%CA%BBlqini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarb toʻlqini (sahifa yaratilmagan)">zarb toʻlqini</a> yulduzning qolgan qismini portlatib, <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBta_yangi_yulduz" class="mw-redirect" title="Oʻta yangi yulduz">oʻta yangi yulduz</a> hosil qiladi. Oʻta yangi yulduzlar shunday yorqin-ki, ular yulduzning butunboshli ona galaktikasini ham porloqligi bilan vaqtincha toʻsib qoʻyishi mumkin. Somon Yoʻlida kuzatilgan oʻta yangi yulduzlar qurollanmagan koʻz bilan bemalol aniqlangan<a href="#cite_note-supernova-70">[70]</a>. Yulduz moddasining koʻp qismi portlash tufayli tarqab, tumanlik hosil qiladi (Qisqichbaqa tumanligi kabi)<a href="#cite_note-supernova-70">[70]</a> va uning qoldigʻi oʻzini <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a> yoki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barster (sahifa yaratilmagan)">barster</a> sifatida namoyon etuvchi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neytron_yulduzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neytron yulduzi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">neytron yulduzi</a>, agar qoldiq massasi Quyoshnikidan 4 yoki undan koʻp marta oshiq boʻlsa, <a href="/wiki/Qora_tuynuk" title="Qora tuynuk">qora tuynuk</a> boʻlib qoladi<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>. Neytron yulduzidagi modda neytron-degenerat modda, deyilib, uning yadrosida ekzotik <a href="/w/index.php?title=QCD_modda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="QCD modda (sahifa yaratilmagan)">kvark modda</a> yigʻilishi mumkin. Qora tuynuk ichidagi modda haqida esa hozirda maʼlumot yoʻq. Oʻlayotgan yulduzlarning uchib chiqqan tashqi qatlamlari yangi yulduz shakllanishi paytida qayta ishlanishi mumkin ogʻir unsurlarni oʻz ichiga oladi. Bunday ogʻir unsurlar tosh sayyoralar shakllanishiga imkon beradi. Oʻta yangi yulduzdan portlab chiqqan modda va yulduz shamollari yulduzlararo muhitni shakllantirishda muhim rol oʻynaydi<a href="#cite_note-supernova-70">[70]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tarqalishi">Tarqalishi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tarqalishi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Tarqalishi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg/250px-Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg/375px-Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg/500px-Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oq_mitti" class="mw-redirect" title="Oq mitti">Oq mitti</a> yulduz <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> atrofidagi orbitasida (rassom tasavvuri). NASA rasmi</figcaption></figure> Koinotda yakka yulduzlardan tashqari, ikki yoki undan koʻp, bir-birining atrofida aylanuvchi, gravitatsiya bilan bogʻlangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karrali_yulduz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karrali yulduz (sahifa yaratilmagan)">karra yulduzlar</a> tizimlari ham bor. Eng koʻp tarqalgan karrali yulduz <a href="/wiki/Qo%CA%BBshaloq_yulduz" class="mw-redirect" title="Qoʻshaloq yulduz">qoʻshaloq yulduzdir</a>, biroq uch va undan oshiq yulduzli tizimlar ham topilgan. Orbital barqarorlik yuzasidan bunday yulduzlar koʻpincha oʻzaro aylanuvchi qoʻshaloq yulduzlar toʻplamlari iyerarxiyasiga tartiblangan boʻladi<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz_klasterlari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduz klasterlari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Yulduz klasterlari</a> deb ataluvchi kattaroq guruhlar ham mavjud. Ular bir necha yulduzdan iborat boʻsh-bayov <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduzlar_kinematikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduzlar kinematikasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">yulduzlar guruhidan</a> tortib yuz minglab yulduzlardan iborat bahaybat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharsimon_yulduz_klasterlari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharsimon yulduz klasterlari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">sharsimon yulduz klasterlarigacha</a> boʻladi. Koʻpchilik yulduzlarning gravitatsiyaviy bogʻlangan karra yulduz tizimlarida boʻlishi uzoq vaqt taxmin etib kelingan. Bu massiv O va B sinf yulduzlari uchun toʻgʻri, bunday yulduzlarning 80%i yulduz tizimlarida, deb hisoblanadi. Biroq kichikroq yulduzlar yakka holda mavjuddir, qizil mittilarning 25%igina yulduz yoʻldoshlarga ega. Barcha yulduzlarning 85%i qizil mitti boʻlgani uchun, Somon Yoʻlidagi yulduzlarning aksariyati yolgʻiz, deyish mumkin<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>. Yulduzlar olamda bir tekis tarqalmay, yulduzlararo gaz-chang bilan galaktikalarga toʻplangan boʻladi. Tipik galaktika yuz milliardlab yulduzlardan iborat, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuzatiladigan_olam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuzatiladigan olam (sahifa yaratilmagan)">kuzatiladigan olamda</a> 100 milliard (1011) dan ortiq galaktika mavjud<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>. 2010-yilgi hisob-kitobga koʻra yulduzlar soni 300 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekstillion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekstillion (sahifa yaratilmagan)">sekstillion</a> (3 × 1023) ga yetadi<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> .Galaktikalardan tashqarida (galaktikalararo fazoda) ham yulduzlar kashf etilgan<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>. Yerga Quyoshdan keyin eng yaqin yulduz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxima_Centauri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proxima Centauri (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Proxima Centauri</a> boʻlib, u 39,9 trillion km yoki 4,2 yorugʻlik yili uzoqlikdadir. <a href="/wiki/Fazoviy_moki" title="Fazoviy moki">Fazoviy moki</a> orbital tezligida (8 km/s — deyarli 30 000 km/soat) harakatlanganda, u yerga yetib borish uchun taxminan 150 000 yil kerak boʻlur edi<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>. Bunday masofalar, Quyosh tizimi girdi bilan birga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Galaktik_disk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galaktik disk (sahifa yaratilmagan)">galaktik disk</a> ichida odatiy holdir.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Yulduzlar sharsimon yulduz klasterlarida va galaktika markazlarida bir-birlariga yaqinroq, galaktika chetlarida esa uzoqroq joylashishlari mumkin. Galaktika yadrosidan tashqarida yulduzlarning siyrakligi tufayli yulduzlar toʻqnashuvi kamdan-kam sodir boʻladi, deb taxmin qilinadi. Klaster yoki galaktikalar markazidek zichroq mintaqalarda toʻqnashuvlar tez-tez boʻlib turishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-DarkMatter-79">[79]</a>. Bunday toʻqnashuvlar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%CA%BBk_qoloq_yulduz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koʻk qoloq yulduz (sahifa yaratilmagan)">koʻk qoloq yulduzlarni</a> hosil qilishi mumkin. Bunday noyob yulduzlar bosh ketma-ketlikdagi boshqa yulduzlardagidek yorqin boʻlsa-da, sirt harorati yuqoriroq boʻladi<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tavsifi">Tavsifi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tavsifi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Tavsifi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> Yulduzning deyarli barcha sifatlari, jumladan yorqinlik, hajm, evolutsiya, hayot davomiyligi va taqdiri uning boshlangʻich massasi bilan belgilanadi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoshi">Yoshi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Yoshi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Yoshi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> Aksariyat yulduzlar 1-10 milliard yoshda. Ayrim yulduzlar yoshi hatto 13,7 milliardga - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olam_yoshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olam yoshi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">olam yoshiga</a> yaqin. Kashf etilgan eng qadimgi yulduz, <a href="/w/index.php?title=HE_1523-0901&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HE 1523-0901 (sahifa yaratilmagan)">HE 1523-0901</a>, 13,2 milliard yoshdadir<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>. Yulduz qanchalik massiv boʻlsa, umri shuncha qisqa boʻladi, chunki massiv yulduzlar oʻz yadrolariga kattaroq bosim koʻrsatib, vodorodni tezroq yoqishga majbur qiladi. Eng massiv yulduzlar bir necha million yil yashasa, minimal massali (qizil mitti) yulduzlar yoqilgʻilarini juda sekin ishlatib, oʻnlab, yuzlab milliard yil umr kechiradi<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kimyoviy_tuzilishi">Kimyoviy tuzilishi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Kimyoviy tuzilishi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Kimyoviy tuzilishi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> Hozirgi Somon Yoʻli galaktikasida shakllanayotgan yulduzlar massa nisbatidan 71% vodorod, 27% geliy<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>, va oz miqdorda boshqa unsurlardan iborat. Ogʻir unsurlar ulushi yulduz atmosferasidagi temir miqdori bilan oʻlchanadi, chunki u keng tarqalgan va yutilish chiziqlari nisbatan yaqqol aniqlanadi. Ichida yulduzlar shakllanadigan molekular bulutlar oʻta yangi yulduzlar portlashi ketidan ogʻir unsurlar bilan toʻyingani uchun yulduz kimyoviy tarkibidan uning yoshini chiqarsa boʻladi<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>. Ogʻir unsurlar ulushi shuningdek yulduz sayyoraviy tizimga ega yoki emasligi ehtimolini koʻrsatadi<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>. Eng kam temirli yulduz HE1327-2326 boʻlib, unda Quyoshdagi temir miqdorining atigi 1/200 000 qismi bor<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>. Bunga zid oʻlaroq, metalga boy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu_Leonis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mu Leonis (sahifa yaratilmagan)">μ Leonis</a> yulduzi Quyoshnikidan ikki, sayyorasi bor <a href="/w/index.php?title=14_Herculis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14 Herculis (sahifa yaratilmagan)">14 Herculis</a> esa deyarli uch baravar koʻp temirga ega<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>. Shuningdek spektrida tayinli <a href="/wiki/Xrom" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Xrom">xrom</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noyob_yer_unsurlari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noyob yer unsurlari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">noyob yer unsurlari</a> kabi unsurlar koʻpligini koʻrsatuvchi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pekular_yulduz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pekular yulduz (sahifa yaratilmagan)">pekular yulduzlar</a> ham mavjud<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diametri">Diametri</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Diametri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Diametri">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Star-sizes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Star-sizes.jpg/220px-Star-sizes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Star-sizes.jpg/330px-Star-sizes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Star-sizes.jpg/440px-Star-sizes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6400" data-file-height="4200" /></a><figcaption>Yulduzlar hajmda keskin farqlanadilar. Tepadagi har bir rasmda oʻngdagi jism keyingi paneldagi chapdagi jismga teng. Yer 1-panelda oʻngda, Quyosh esa 3-panelda oʻngda.</figcaption></figure> Yerdan juda katta masofada boʻlgani uchun, Quyoshdan xorij barcha yulduzlar odam koʻziga tungi osmondagi Yer atmosfera taʼsirida <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yiltirash_(astronomiya)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yiltirash (astronomiya) (sahifa yaratilmagan)">yiltirovchi</a> yorugʻ nuqtalar boʻlib koʻrinadi. Quyosh ham yulduz, biroq u Yerga disk boʻlib koʻrinish va kun yorugʻini berish uchun yetarlicha yaqindir. Quyoshdan tashqari eng koʻrinma yorqin yulduz <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_Doradus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R Doradus (sahifa yaratilmagan)">R Doradus</a> boʻlib, uning burchak diametri 0,057 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arksoniya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arksoniya (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arksoniyadir</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>. Koʻpchilik yulduzlarning disklari zamonaviy yerdagi teleskoplar bilan kuzatish uchun <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burchak_diametri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burchak diametri (sahifa yaratilmagan)">burchak oʻlchamda</a> juda kichikdir, shuning uchun ularni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Interferometriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interferometriya (sahifa yaratilmagan)">interferometr</a> teleskoplar bilan kuzatiladi. Yulduz burchak kattaligini oʻlchashning yana bir usuli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qoplanish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qoplanish (sahifa yaratilmagan)">qoplanish</a> orqalidir. Yulduzning <a href="/wiki/Oy_(tabiiy_yo%CA%BBldosh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oy (tabiiy yoʻldosh)">Oy</a> tomonidan qoplanganidagi yorqinligi kamayishini oʻlchash orqali yulduz burchak diametri hisoblanadi<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>. Yulduzlar hajmda 20–40 km diametrli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neytron_yulduz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neytron yulduz (sahifa yaratilmagan)">neytron yulduzlardan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Betelgeyze" title="Betelgeyze">Betelgeyze</a> kabi diametri Quyoshnikidan 650 marta oshiq (900 000 000 km) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergigant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supergigant (sahifa yaratilmagan)">supergigantlargacha</a> keladi. Biroq Betelgeyzening <a href="/wiki/Zichlik" class="mw-disambig" title="Zichlik">zichligi</a> Quyoshnikidan ancha past<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinematikasi">Kinematikasi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Kinematikasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Kinematikasi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduzlar_kinematikasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduzlar kinematikasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Yulduzlar kinematikasi</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Pleiades_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pleiades_large.jpg/300px-Pleiades_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pleiades_large.jpg/450px-Pleiades_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pleiades_large.jpg/600px-Pleiades_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4877" data-file-height="3515" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hulkar" title="Hulkar">Hulkar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buzoq_(yulduz_turkumi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buzoq (yulduz turkumi) (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Buzoq</a> <a href="/wiki/Yulduz_turkumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulduz turkumi">yulduz turkumidagi</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siyrak_klaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siyrak klaster (sahifa yaratilmagan)">siyrak klaster</a>. Bu yulduzlar fazoda birga harakatlanadi<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> fotosi</figcaption></figure> Yulduzning Quyoshga nisbatan harakati yulduz kelib chiqishi va yoshi, shuningdek uning atrofidagi galaktika tuzilishi va evolutsiyasi haqida foydali maʼlumot berishi mumkin. Yulduz harakatiga Quyoshdan yoki Quyoshga tomon <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radial_tezlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radial tezlik (sahifa yaratilmagan)">radial tezlik</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%CA%BBz_harakati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oʻz harakati (sahifa yaratilmagan)">oʻz harakati</a> deb ataladigan burchak harakati kiradi. Burchak tezligi yulduz spektr chiziqlaridagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doppler_samarasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doppler samarasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">doppler samarasi</a> yordamida oʻlchanib, <a href="/wiki/Kilometr" title="Kilometr">km</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soniya" title="Soniya">s</a> birlikda ifoda etiladi. Yulduzning oʻz harakati yiliga milliarksoniyalarda aniq astrometrik oʻlchanadi. Yulduz parallaksini aniqlab, uning oʻz harakatidan tezlikni chiqarish mumkin. Oʻz harakati yuqori yulduzlar odatda Quyoshga yaqinroq joylashadi, bu ularni parallaks oʻlchashda qulaydir<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>. Harakatining ikkala qiymatlari aniqlangach, yulduzning Quyoshga yoki galaktikaga nisbatan fazoviy tezligi hisoblanishi mumkin boʻladi. Yaqinroq yulduzlarda yangi, I avlod yulduzlari tezligi eski, II avlod yulduzlarinikidan kamroq boʻlishi kuzatilgan. Eskiroq yulduzlar galaktika tekisligiga oqqan elliptik orbitada harakatlanadi<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>. Yaqinroq yulduzlar kinematikasini solishtirish natijasida shuningdek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduzlar_birlashmasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduzlar birlashmasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">yulduzlar birlashmalari</a> aniqlangan. Bular ehtimol bir molekular bulutda shakllangan yulduzlardir<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnit_maydoni">Magnit maydoni</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Magnit maydoni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Magnit maydoni">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduzlar_magnit_maydoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduzlar magnit maydoni (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Yulduzlar magnit maydoni</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Suaur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Suaur.jpg/220px-Suaur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Suaur.jpg/330px-Suaur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Suaur.jpg/440px-Suaur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=SU_Aurigae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SU Aurigae (sahifa yaratilmagan)">SU Aur</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=T_Tauri_yulduzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T Tauri yulduzi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">T Tauri tipli</a> yosh yulduz) sirt magnit maydoni, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeeman-Doppler_vizualizatsiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeeman-Doppler vizualizatsiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Zeeman-Doppler vizualizatsiyasi</a> yordamida ishlangan.</figcaption></figure> Yulduz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnit_maydoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnit maydoni (sahifa yaratilmagan)">magnit maydoni</a> uning ichidagi <a href="/wiki/Konveksiya" title="Konveksiya">konvektiv</a> oqimlar boʻlib turadigan mintaqalarida hosil boʻladi. Konduktiv plazmaning bunday harakati <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnit_dinamosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnit dinamosi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">dinamo</a> kabi magnit maydon paydo qiladi, bu maydon yulduzdan tashqariga ham choʻziladi. Magnit maydon kuchi yulduz massasi va tuzilishiga, sirt magnit faolligi esa yulduzning oʻz oʻqi atrofida aylanish tezligiga bogʻliq. Bunday sirt faolligi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz_dog%CA%BBlari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduz dogʻlari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">yulduz dogʻlari</a> deb ataladigan kuchli magnit maydonli va sovuqroq mintaqalarni yaratadi. Faol mintaqalardan yulduz tojiga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toj_sirtmog%CA%BBi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toj sirtmogʻi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">toj sirtmoqlari</a> deb nomlanadigan yoysimon magnit maydonlari chiqishi mumkin. Shu magnit maydoni tufayli yuqori energiyali zarrachalar otilib chiqishiga esa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quyosh_chaqnashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quyosh chaqnashi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">yulduz chaqnashi</a> deyiladi<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>. Yosh, tez aylanuvchi yulduzlar oʻzlarining magnit maydonlari tufayli yuqori darajadagi sirt faolligiga ega boʻlishi kuzatiladi. Magnit maydoni yulduz shamoliga taʼsir etib, yulduz keksayishi sari uning aylanishini sekinlashtirishi mumkin. Natijada Quyosh kabi eski yulduzlar sekinroq aylanib, sirt faolligi nisbatan oz boʻladi. Sekin aylanuvchi yulduzlar faolligi darajasi davriy oʻzgarib, bir qancha vaqtga oʻchishi ham mumkin<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>. Masalan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maunder_minimumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maunder minimumi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Maunder minimumi</a> paytida Quyoshda 70 yil deyarli chaqnash sodir boʻlmagan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massasi">Massasi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Massasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Massasi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduzlar_massasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduzlar massasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Yulduzlar massasi</a></div> Bizga maʼlum eng massiv yulduzlardan biri <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eta_Carinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eta Carinae (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Eta Carinae</a> boʻlib<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a>, uning massasi Quyoshnikida 100–150 marta ortiq; uning hayot davomiyligi juda qisqa — bir necha million yil xolos. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arches_klasteri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arches klasteri (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Arches klasterini</a> oʻrganish natijasida 150 Quyosh massasi hozirgi olamdagi yulduzlar uchun eng katta massa ekanligi aniqlandi<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>. Bunday cheklanish sababi toʻlaligicha maʼlum emas, sabab sifatida atmosferadan gazlarni koinotga chiqarmay eng koʻp nurlanish qiymatini aniqlovchi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddington_chegarasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eddington chegarasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Eddington chegarasi</a> taxmin etiladi. Biroq <a href="/wiki/R136a1" title="R136a1">R136a1</a> nomli yulduz (RMC 136a klasterida) Quyoshdan 265 marta massivroq ekanligi aniqlangan, bu bunday chegarani shubha ostiga qoʻyadi<a href="#cite_note-eso20100721-102">[102]</a>. Tadqiqot shuni koʻrsatdiki, <a href="/w/index.php?title=R136&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R136 (sahifa yaratilmagan)">R136dagi</a> massiv yulduzlar qoʻshaloq yulduzlar toʻqnashuvi va birlashishi natijasida hosil boʻlib, 150 Quyosh massasi chegarasidan tashqariga chiqishni ilojli qilgan<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Ngc1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ngc1999.jpg/250px-Ngc1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ngc1999.jpg/375px-Ngc1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ngc1999.jpg/500px-Ngc1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NGC_1999" title="NGC 1999">NGC 1999</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qaytaruvchi_tumanlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qaytaruvchi tumanlik (sahifa yaratilmagan)">qaytaruvchi tumanligi</a> markazdagi 3,5 Quyosh massasili oʻzgaruvchi V380 Orionis yulduzi tomonidan yoritiladi. Qora osmon boʻlagi avvallari taxmin etilganidek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qorong%CA%BBu_tumanlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qorongʻu tumanlik (sahifa yaratilmagan)">qorongʻu tumanlik</a> boʻlmay, shunchaki ulkan boʻshliqdir. NASA surati</figcaption></figure> Katta Portlashdan keyin birinchi shakllangan yulduzlar tarkibida <a href="/wiki/Litiy" title="Litiy">litiy</a> va undan ogʻirroq unsurlar boʻlmagani uchun 300 Quyosh massasigacha yoki undan ortiq boʻlgan boʻlishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>. Bu supermasiv <a href="/w/index.php?title=III_avlod_yulduz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="III avlod yulduz (sahifa yaratilmagan)">III avlod yulduzlar</a> endilikda yoʻq, deb taxmin etiladi. Massasi <a href="/wiki/Yupiter" title="Yupiter">Yupiternikidan</a> 93 marta oshiq <a href="/w/index.php?title=AB_Doradus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AB Doradus (sahifa yaratilmagan)">AB Doradus C</a> yadrosida yadroviy sintez ketayotgan eng yengil yulduz hisoblanadi<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>. Metalligi Quyoshnikidek boʻlgan va yadrosida hamon sintez boʻlayotgan yulduzlar uchun nazariy minimum massa taxminan 75 Yupiter massasidir<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-minimum-107">[107]</a>. Metallik juda past boʻlgan holda esa eng kam massa Quyosh massasining 8,3% qismi boʻlishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-minimum-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>. Bundan-da kichikroq obyektlar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigarrang_mitti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jigarrang mitti (sahifa yaratilmagan)">jigarrang mittilar</a> deyilib, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaz_gigantlari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaz gigantlari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">gaz gigantlari</a> va yulduzlar orasidagi yaxshi taʼriflanmagan sohada yotadi. Yulduz radiusi va massasi uning sirt tortishish kuchini belgilaydi. Bahaybat yulduzlar bosh ketma-ketlikdagi yulduzlardan ancha kuchsizroq sirt gravitatsiyasi hosil qilsa, oq mitti kabi degenerat, zich yulduzlar kuchli gravitatsiya maydonini yaratadi. Sirt gravitatsiyasi yulduz spektriga taʼsir etishi mumkin, masalan kuchli gravitatsiya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yutilish_chizig%CA%BBi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yutilish chizigʻi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">yutilish chiziqlarining</a> kengayishiga sabab boʻladi<a href="#cite_note-new_cosmos-31">[31]</a>. Yulduzlar yadroviy sintezi nihoyasiga yetib borar ekan, baʼzan evolutsiyaviy tarziga asoslanib massalariga koʻra guruhlanadilar. 0,5 Quyosh massasidan yengil juda oz massali yulduzlar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gigantlarning_asimptotik_tarmog%CA%BBi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gigantlarning asimptotik tarmogʻi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">gigantlarning asimptotik tarmogʻiga</a> (GAT) kirmay toʻgʻri oq mittilarga evolutsiyalanadi. 1,8-2,2 Quyosh massasili oz massali yulduzlar GATga kiradi va geliy yadro hosil qiladi. Oʻrta massali yulduzlar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geliy_sintezi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geliy sintezi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">geliy sintezini</a> kechirib, uglerod-kislorod yadro hosil qiladi. Kamida 7-10 Quyosh massasili massiv yulduzlar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uglerod_sintezi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uglerod sintezi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">uglerod sintezini</a> kechirib, <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBta_yangi_yulduz" class="mw-redirect" title="Oʻta yangi yulduz">oʻta yangi yulduz</a> portlashi natijasida halok boʻladi<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aylanishi">Aylanishi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Aylanishi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Aylanishi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz_aylanishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduz aylanishi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Yulduz aylanishi</a></div> Yulduzlarning oʻz oʻqi atrofida aylanishi tezligi <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopiya" title="Spektroskopiya">spektroskopik oʻlchov</a> orqali taqriban, yulduz dogʻlari aylanishini kuzatish orqali esa aniqroq hisoblanishi mumkin. Yosh yulduzlar tez aylanib, ekvatoridagi tezlik 100 km/s dan oshishi mumkin. Masalan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Achernar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achernar (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Achernar</a> B sinf yulduzi ekvatori 225 km/s yoki undan tezroq aylanadi, markazdan qochma kuch uning ekvatorial diametrini qutbiy diametriga nisbatan 50% ga choʻzib, yassilashtirgan. Bunday aylanish yulduz boʻlinib ketadigan kritik 300 km/s tezlikdan sal sekinroq<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>. Taqqoslash uchun, Quyoshning oʻz oʻqi atrofida aylanish davri 25-35 kun boʻlib, ekvatorial tezligi atigi 1,994 km/s dir. Bosh ketma-ketlikdagi yulduzlar aylanishini magnit maydoni va yulduz shamoli sezilarli sekinlashtiradi<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ixcham_yulduz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ixcham yulduz (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Ixcham yulduzlar</a> oʻz oʻqi atrofida tez aylangani tufayli kuchli siqiladilar. Biroq ular <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burchak_momenti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burchak momenti (sahifa yaratilmagan)">burchak momentini</a> saqlash — aylanuvchi jismning hajmini kamaytirishini kompensatsiyalash uchun aylanish tezligini oshirish natijasida kelib chiqadigan tezlik bilan solishtirganda sekinroq aylanadi. Yulduz burchak momentining katta qismi yulduz shamoli sababli massa yoʻqolishidan kamayadi<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>. Bunga qaramay, pulsarning aylanish tezligi juda katta boʻlishi mumkin. Masalan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qisqichbaqa_tumanligi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qisqichbaqa tumanligi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Qisqichbaqa tumanligi</a> markazidagi pulsar soniyasiga 30 marta aylanadi<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>. Pulsar aylanish tezligi nurlanish evaziga asta sekinlashib boradi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harorati">Harorati</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Harorati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Harorati">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> Bosh ketma-ketlikdagi yulduz sirt harorati uning yadrosidagi energiya ishlab chiqarilishi jadalligi va radiusiga bogʻliq boʻlib, yulduzning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rang_ko%CA%BBrsatkichi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rang koʻrsatkichi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">rang koʻrsatkichidan</a> aniqlanadi<a href="#cite_note-astronomynotes-114">[114]</a>. U odatda energiyasini yulduzdek yorqinlikda nurlatuvchi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolut_qora_jism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolut qora jism (sahifa yaratilmagan)">ideal qora jism</a> harorati boʻlmish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarali_harorat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarali harorat (sahifa yaratilmagan)">samarali harorat</a> sifatida beriladi. Bunda samarali harorat faqatgina oʻrtacha harorat ekanligiga diqqat qaratish lozim, chunki yulduzlar harorati yadrodan atmosferaga tomon tobora pasayib boradi<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>. Yulduz yadrosidagi harorat bir necha million <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin">kelvinga</a> yetadi<a href="#cite_note-aps_mss-116">[116]</a>. Yulduz harorati turli unsurlarning energizatsiyasi yoki ionizatsiyasi jadalligini belgilab, spektrda xarakterli yutilish chiziqlarini hosil etadi. Yulduz sirt harorati, uning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolut_yulduz_kattaligi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolut yulduz kattaligi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">absolut yulduz kattaligi</a> va yutilish xususiyatlari bilan birgalikda yulduzni sinflantirishda ishlatiladi<a href="#cite_note-new_cosmos-31">[31]</a>. Bosh ketma-ketlikdagi massiv yulduzlar sirt harorati 50 000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin">K</a> ga yetadi. Quyosh kabi kichikroq yulduzlar sirt harorati bir necha ming kelvin boʻladi. Qizil gigantlar nisbatan sovuqroq — ularning sirt harorati 3 600 K atrofida, biroq ularning sirti katta boʻlgani uchun yorqinligi ham katta<a href="#cite_note-zeilik-117">[117]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nurlanishi">Nurlanishi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Nurlanishi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Nurlanishi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> Energiya yulduzlar tomonidan nukleosintez yon mahsuli oʻlaroq chiqarilib, fazoga ham <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnit_nurlanish" title="Elektromagnit nurlanish">elektromagnit nurlanish</a>, ham <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarracha_nurlanishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarracha nurlanishi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">zarracha nurlanishi</a> sifatida tarqaladi. Zarrachalar nurlanishi yulduz shamoli<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> (u yulduz tashqi qatlamidan chiqadigan erkin <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa_zarracha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfa zarracha (sahifa yaratilmagan)">alfa</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_zarracha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta zarracha (sahifa yaratilmagan)">beta zarrachalar</a> kabi elektrlangan zarrachalardan iborat) va yadrodan chiqadigan <a href="/wiki/Neytrino" title="Neytrino">neytrinolar</a> sifatida namoyon boʻladi. Yadroda energiya chiqarilishi sababli yulduzlar yorqin charaqlaydi: har atom yadrolari toʻqnashuvi reaksiyasi natijasida <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma_nurlanish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma nurlanish (sahifa yaratilmagan)">gamma nurlanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotonlari</a> ajraladi. Bu energiya yulduz tashqi qatlamiga yetguncha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektromagnit_energiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elektromagnit energiya (sahifa yaratilmagan)">elektromagnit energiyaning</a> boshqa shakllariga, jumladan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ko%CA%BBrinuvchi_yorug%CA%BBlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koʻrinuvchi yorugʻlik (sahifa yaratilmagan)">koʻrinuvchi yorugʻlikka</a> aylanadi. Yulduzning koʻrinuvchi yorugʻlik pik <a href="/wiki/Chastota" title="Chastota">chastotasi</a> bilan belgilanuvchi <a href="/wiki/Rang" title="Rang">rangi</a> yulduz tashqi qatlamlari, jumladan <a href="/wiki/Fotosfera" title="Fotosfera">fotosferaga</a> bogʻliq<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>. Koʻrinuvchi yorugʻlikdan tashqari yulduzlar shuningdek <a href="/wiki/Odam_ko%CA%BBzi" title="Odam koʻzi">odam koʻziga</a> koʻrinmas elektromagnit nurlanish ham chiqaradi. Umuman aytganda yulduz elektromagnit nurlanishi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiochastota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiochastota (sahifa yaratilmagan)">radiochastota</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infraqizil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infraqizil (sahifa yaratilmagan)">infraqizildan</a> to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultrabinafsha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultrabinafsha (sahifa yaratilmagan)">ultrabinafsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rentgen" title="Rentgen">rentgen</a> va gamma nurlanishgacha butun <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnit_spektr" title="Elektromagnit spektr">elektromagnit spektrni</a> qoplaydi. Yulduz elektromagnit nurlanishining barcha komponentlari muhimdir. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomik_spektroskopiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomik spektroskopiya (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Yulduz spektrlarini</a> ishlatib, astronomlar yulduz sirt harorati, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sirt_gravitatsiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sirt gravitatsiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">sirt gravitatsiyasi</a>, metalligi va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aylanish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aylanish (sahifa yaratilmagan)">aylanish</a> tezligini aniqlay olishadi. Yulduzgacha masofa maʼlum boʻlsa, uning yorqinligini ham chiqarsa boʻladi. Massa, radius, sirt gravitatsiyasi va aylanish davri mavjud yulduz modellariga binoan aniqlanishi mumkin (qoʻshaloq yulduzlar massasini toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri chiqarish mumkin; yulduz massasi shuningdek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravitatsiyaviy_mikrolinzalash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravitatsiyaviy mikrolinzalash (sahifa yaratilmagan)">gravitatsiyaviy mikrolinzalash</a> usuli bilan ham hisoblanadi)<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a>. Bu parametrlar bilan astronomlar yulduz yoshini ham hisoblay oladilar<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yorqinligi">Yorqinligi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Yorqinligi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Yorqinligi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> Astronomiyada yorqinlik atamasi ostida yulduz <a href="/wiki/Vaqt" title="Vaqt">vaqt</a> birligida chiqaradigan <a href="/wiki/Yorug%CA%BBlik" title="Yorugʻlik">yorugʻlik</a> va boshqa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nurlanish_energiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nurlanish energiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">nurlanish energiyasi</a> miqdori tushuniladi. Yulduz yorqinligi uning radiusi va sirt haroratiga bogʻliq. Biroq aksariyat yulduzlar nurlanishi bir tekis oqimda emas. Masalan, tez aylanuvchi <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a> yulduzi qutblarida energiya oqimi uning <a href="/wiki/Ekvator" title="Ekvator">ekvatoriga</a> nisbatan kuchliroq<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a>. Harorati va yorqinligi oʻrtachadan past sohalar yulduz dogʻlari, deyiladi. Quyosh kabi kichik, mitti yulduzlar diskida bunday dogʻlar siyrak va kichik boʻladi. Kattaroq, gigant yulduzlarda esa dogʻlar katta va koʻzga tashlanadigan boʻladi<a href="#cite_note-Michelson_Starspots-123">[123]</a>, shuningdek ularning <a href="/wiki/Terminator" class="mw-disambig" title="Terminator">terminatori</a> qorongʻiroq boʻlishi kuzatiladi. Yaʼni yorqinlik yulduz diskiga tomon kamayib boradi<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=UV_Ceti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UV Ceti (sahifa yaratilmagan)">UV Ceti</a> kabi qizil mitti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaqnovchi_yulduz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaqnovchi yulduz (sahifa yaratilmagan)">chaqnovchi yulduzlar</a> ham yaqqol dogʻlarga ega boʻlishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yulduz_kattaligi">Yulduz kattaligi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Yulduz kattaligi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Yulduz kattaligi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/wiki/Ko%CA%BBrinma_yulduz_kattaligi" title="Koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi">Koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi</a></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolut_yulduz_kattaligi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolut yulduz kattaligi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Absolut yulduz kattaligi</a></div> Yulduzning koʻrinma porloqligi <a href="/wiki/Ko%CA%BBrinma_yulduz_kattaligi" title="Koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi">koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi</a> (yoki magnitudasi) bilan oʻlchanadi. Koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi Yerdan yulduzning koʻrinish porloqligidir. Shuningdek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Absolut_yulduz_kattaligi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Absolut yulduz kattaligi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">absolut yulduz kattaligi</a> degan oʻlchov ham bor, u yulduz va Yer orasidagi masofa 10 <a href="/wiki/Parsek" title="Parsek">parsek</a> (32,6 yorugʻlik yili) boʻlganda Yerga qanday porloqlikda koʻrinishini bildiradi. <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>Yulduz kattaligidan porloqroq yulduzlar soni </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Koʻrinma kattalik </th> <th>Yulduzlar soni<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>1 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>2 </td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>3 </td> <td>171 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>4 </td> <td>513 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>5 </td> <td>1,602 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>6 </td> <td>4,800 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>7 </td> <td>14,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> Yulduz kattaliklari <a href="/wiki/Logarifm" title="Logarifm">logarifmik</a> shkalada joylashgan: yulduz kattaligidagi <a href="/wiki/1_(son)" title="1 (son)">bir</a> farq porloqlik 2,5 marta<a href="#cite_note-luminosity-127">[127]</a> (<a href="/wiki/100_(son)" title="100 (son)">100</a> ning <a href="/wiki/Arifmetik_ildiz" title="Arifmetik ildiz">5-darajali ildizi</a> taxminan 2,512 ga teng) farqlanishini bildiradi. Demak, birinchi kattalikli (+1,00) yulduz ikkinchi kattalikdagi (+2,00) yulduzdan 2,5 baravar, oltinchi kattalikdagi (+6,00) yulduzdan esa 100 baravar porloqroq. Toza havoda koʻzi oʻtkir odam koʻra oladigan eng ojiz yulduzlar kattaligi +6 dir. Yulduz kattaligini bildiruvchi son qancha kichik boʻlsa, yulduz shuncha porloq boʻladi va aksincha. Eng porloq yulduzlarning yulduz kattaliklari manfiy (0 dan kichik). Ikki yulduz porloqliklari orasidagi farqni (ΔL) hisoblash uchun xiraroq yulduz kattaligidan (mx) porloqroq yulduz kattaligi (mp) ayirib, 2,512 asos sonni chiqqan ayirma darajasiga oshiriladi: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta {m}=m_{\mathrm {x} }-m_{\mathrm {p} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta {m}=m_{\mathrm {x} }-m_{\mathrm {p} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/406e278051be74a127b81ed1c45df1861889635c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.242ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta {m}=m_{\mathrm {x} }-m_{\mathrm {p} }}"></dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2,512^{\Delta {m}}=\Delta {L}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <msup> <mn>512</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>L</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2,512^{\Delta {m}}=\Delta {L}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec844e63c8e6c134a2c1c6d0b61944022b333ac1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.345ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2,512^{\Delta {m}}=\Delta {L}}"></dd></dl> Yorqinligi va Yerdan uzoqligiga qarab, absolut kattalik (M) koʻrinma kattalikka (m) ekvivalent emas<a href="#cite_note-luminosity-127">[127]</a>; masalan, Sirius koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi −1,44 ga, absolut yulduz kattaligi esa +1,41 ga teng. Quyoshning koʻrinma yulduz kattaligi −26,7, biroq absolut yulduz kattaligi esa atigi +4,83. Sirius, tungi osmondagi eng porloq yulduz, Quyoshdan taxminan 23 marta yorqinroq boʻlsa, tungi osmonda ikkinchi eng porloq <a href="/wiki/Kanopus" title="Kanopus">Kanopus</a> yulduzi (absolut kattaligi -5,33) Quyoshdan 14 000 ming marta yorqinroqdir. Kanopus Siriusga nisbatan juda yorqinroq, lekin Sirius Yer uchun porloqroq koʻrinadi. Sababi Sirius Yerda 8,6 yorugʻlik yili uzoqlikda, Kanopus esa ancha uzoqroq joylashgan — ungacha masofa 310 yorugʻlik yilidir. 2006-yilga koʻra eng katta absolut yulduz kattaligiga ega yulduz <a href="/w/index.php?title=LBV_1806-20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LBV 1806-20 (sahifa yaratilmagan)">LBV 1806-20</a> boʻlib, magnitudasi −14,2 ga teng. Bu yulduz Quyoshdan kamida 5 000 000 marta yorqinroq<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a>. Bizga maʼlum yorqinligi eng kam yulduzlar <a href="/wiki/NGC_6397" title="NGC 6397">NGC 6397</a> klasterida joylashgan. Bu klasterdagi eng zaif qizil mittilar magnitudasi 26, shuningdek 28 magnitudali oq mitti ham kashf etilgan. Bu yulduzlar shunchalik xiraki, ularning porloqligi Yerdan qaralganda Oyda yoqilgan shamnikidek keladi<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tasnifi">Tasnifi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tasnifi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Tasnifi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: center; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>Turli sinf yulduzlar uchun sirt harorati farqlari<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sinf </th> <th>Harorat </th> <th>Etalon yulduz </th></tr> <tr style="background: #aabfff"> <td>O </td> <td>33 000 K yoki koʻp </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta_Ophiuchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeta Ophiuchi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Zeta Ophiuchi</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #cad7ff"> <td>B </td> <td>10 500–30 000 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rigel" title="Rigel">Rigel</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8f7ff"> <td>A </td> <td>7 500–10 000 K </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altair (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Altair</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fcf4d8"> <td>F </td> <td>6 000–7 200 K </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procyon (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Procyon A</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fff2a1"> <td>G </td> <td>5 500–6 000 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quyosh" title="Quyosh">Quyosh</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe46f"> <td>K </td> <td>4 000–5 250 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Indi" title="Epsilon Indi">Epsilon Indi</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffa040"> <td>M </td> <td>2 600–3 850 K </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxima_Centauri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proxima Centauri (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Proxima Centauri</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduzlar_tasnifi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduzlar tasnifi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Yulduzlar tasnifi</a></div> Zamonaviy yulduz sinflantirish XX asr boshlarida kelib chiqib, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neytral_vodorod_radiochizig%CA%BBi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neytral vodorod radiochizigʻi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">neytral vodorod radiochizigʻi</a> kuchiga asoslangan holda yulduzlar A dan Q gacha sinflarga ajratilgan<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a>. U paytda vodorod chizigʻiga harorat katta taʼsir etishi nomaʼlum edi; vodorod chizigʻi 9000 K atrofida choʻqqiga chiqib, undan baland yoki past haroratlarda kuchsizlashadi. Tasnif harorat boʻyicha qayta tartibga solinib, zamonaviy <a href="/wiki/Tarx" title="Tarx">tarxga</a> yaqin keldi<a href="#cite_note-carlos-132">[132]</a>. Yulduzlar spektrlariga koʻra bir harf bilan belgilanadigan turli sinflarga ajratiladi, O eng issiq yulduz sinfi boʻlsa, M sinfidagi yulduz shunday sovuq-ki, uning atmosferasida molekulalar shakllanishi mumkin. Sirt harorati kamayishi boʻyicha sinflar quyidagicha: O, B, A, F, G, K va M. Kamyob spektr tiplar uchun maxsus sinflar mavjud. Ulardan eng keng tarqalganlari L va T boʻlib, bu sinflarga eng sovuq kichik massali yulduzlar va jigarrang mittilar kiradi. Har bir harf harorat kamayishi boʻylab 0 dan 9 gacha 10 ta ostqismga ega. Biroq ushbu tizim ekstremal yuqori haroratlarda buziladi: O0 va O1 yulduzlar mavjud boʻlmasligi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-spectrum-133">[133]</a>. Yulduzlar shuningdek spektr chiziqlaridagi yorqinlik samaralariga koʻra ham sinflarga ajratilishi mumkin, bu samaralar ularning hajmi va sirt gravitatsiyasiga bogʻliq. Bular 0 (<a href="/wiki/Gipergigant" title="Gipergigant">gipergigantlar</a>) va III (<a href="/wiki/Gigant_yulduz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigant yulduz">gigantlar</a>) dan to V (bosh ketma-ketlik mittilari) gacha boʻladi; ayrim olimlar VII (oq mittilar) sinfini ham qoʻshishadi. Aksariyat yulduzlar vodorod sintezi bilan mashgʻul bosh ketma-ketlikka oid. Absolut yulduz kattaligi va spektr tipiga koʻra grafik chizilganda bunday yulduzlar tor, diagonal chiziqqa tushadi<a href="#cite_note-spectrum-133">[133]</a>. Quyosh bosh ketma-ketlikdagi G2V sinfli sariq mitti boʻlib, harorat va hajmda oʻrtachadir. Kichik harflar bilan belgilanadigan qoʻshimcha nomenklatura spektrning qiziqarli xususiyatlarini bildirish uchun ishlatiladi. Masalan, „e“ emissiya chiziqlari borligini; „m“ metallar darajasi yuqoriligini, „var“ esa spektr tipi oʻzgarib turishini bildiradi<a href="#cite_note-spectrum-133">[133]</a>. Oq mitti yulduzlar D harfi bilan boshlanuvchi alohida sinfga joylashtirilgan. Bu sinf spektr chiziqlariga koʻra yana DA, DB, DC, DO, DZ va DQ sinflariga boʻlinadi. Ushbu sinflar nomiga harorat koʻrsatkichi ham qoʻshiladi<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oʻzgaruvchi_yulduzlar">Oʻzgaruvchi yulduzlar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Oʻzgaruvchi yulduzlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Oʻzgaruvchi yulduzlar">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzgaruvchi_yulduz" class="mw-redirect" title="Oʻzgaruvchi yulduz">Oʻzgaruvchi yulduz</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Mira_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/200px-Mira_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/300px-Mira_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/400px-Mira_1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Tebranuvchi oʻzgaruvchi yulduz <a href="/wiki/Mira_(yulduz)" title="Mira (yulduz)">Miraning</a> asimmetrik koʻrinishi. NASA <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubble_Space_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubble Space Telescope (sahifa yaratilmagan)">HST</a> surati</figcaption></figure> Oʻzgaruvchi yulduzlar ichki yoki tashqi xususiyatlari tufayli yorqinliklarida davriy yoki tasodifiy oʻzgarishlar boʻlib turadi. Ichki oʻzgaruvchi yulduzlar uchta prinsipial guruhga ajratiladi. Evolutsiyasi paytida ayrim yulduzlar pulsatsiyalanuvchi oʻzgaruvchi yulduz fazasidan oʻtadi. Pulsatsiyalanuvchi yulduzlar hajmiga qarab bir necha daqiqadan bir necha yillargacha davriylik bilan radiusi va yorqinligini oʻzgartirib turadi. Bu turkumga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sefeida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sefeida (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Sefeidasimon</a> yulduzlar va uzoq davriylikli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mirida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mirida (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Mirida</a> yulduzlar kiradi<a href="#cite_note-variables-135">[135]</a>. Chaqnash yoki massiv otilib chiqish hodisalari tufayli yorqinligini keskin oshiruvchi yulduzlar eruptiv oʻzgaruvchilar toifasiga kiradi<a href="#cite_note-variables-135">[135]</a>. Bu guruhga protoyulduzlar, Wolf-Rayet va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaqnovchi_yulduz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaqnovchi yulduz (sahifa yaratilmagan)">chaqnovchi yulduzlar</a> hamda gigant va supergigantlar kiradi. Kataklizmik yoki portlovchi oʻzgaruvchilar xususiyatlari dramatik oʻzgaradi. Bu guruhga yangi va oʻta yangi yulduzlar kiradi. Tarkibida oq mitti boʻlgan qoʻshaloq yulduz tizimi yangi va 1a tipli oʻta yangi yorqin yulduz portlashlarini boshidan kechirishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-iben-67">[67]</a>. Portlash oq mitti qoʻshni yulduz vodorodini oʻziga tortib, sintez boshlanadigan massaga yetkazganida roʻy beradi<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a>. Baʼzi yangi yulduzlar takroriy boʻlib, oʻrta amplitudali davriy portlashlarni boshidan kechiradi<a href="#cite_note-variables-135">[135]</a>. Yulduzlar yorqinligi oʻzgarishiga shuningdek tutiluvchi qoʻshaloq yulduzlar, kuchli dogʻlar chiqaruvchi aylanuvchi yulduzlar kabi tashqi faktorlar ham sabab boʻlishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-variables-135">[135]</a>. Tutiluvchi qoʻshaloq yulduzga Algol misol boʻladi, uning yulduz kattaligi 2,87 kun davriylik bilan 2,3 va 3,5 orasida oʻzgarib turadi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tuzilishi">Tuzilishi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tuzilishi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Tuzilishi">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz_tuzilishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yulduz tuzilishi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Yulduz tuzilishi</a></div> Barqaror yulduz ich qismi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gidrostatik_muvozanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gidrostatik muvozanat (sahifa yaratilmagan)">gidrostatik muvozanatdadir</a>: har qanday kichik hajmdagi kuchlar bir-birini kompensatsiyalaydi. Muvozanatlashgan kuchlar yulduz ichkarisiga qaratilgan gravitatsiyaviy va tashqarisiga qaratilgan <a href="/wiki/Gradiyent" title="Gradiyent">gradiyent</a> bosim kuchlaridir. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barik_gradiyent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barik gradiyent (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bosim gradiyenti</a> plazma harorati gradiyenti tomonidan belgilanadi; yulduz tashqi qismlari uning yadrosidan sovuqroq. Bosh ketma-ketlikdagi yoki gigant yulduz yadrosidagi harorat — kamida 107 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelvin">K</a>. Bosh ketma-ketlik yulduzida vodorod yoqilayotgan yadrodagi harorat va bosim <a href="/wiki/Termoyadroviy_reaksiya" title="Termoyadroviy reaksiya">termoyadroviy reaksiya</a> olib borish va yulduz kollapsining oldini olish uchun yetarli boʻladi<a href="#cite_note-hansen-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild-138">[138]</a>. Yulduz ichida atom yadrolari parchalanar ekan, ular <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma_nurlanish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma nurlanish (sahifa yaratilmagan)">gamma nurlanish</a> shaklida energiya chiqaradi. Bu fotonlar atrofdagi plazma bilan taʼsirlashib, yadroning issiqlik energiyasini oshiradi. Bosh ketma-ketlikdagi yulduzlar vodorodni geliyga ayalantirib, asta-sekin yadroda geliy yigʻib boradilar. Oqibatda geliy miqdori oshib ketib, yadroda energiya chiqarilishi toʻxtaydi. 0,4 va undan ortiq Quyosh massasili yulduzlarda reaksiya geliy yadroni oʻrab turuvchi va sekin oʻsib boruvchi degenerat qobiqqa koʻchadi<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a>. Gidrostatik muvozanatdan tashqari, barqaror yulduz ichida <a href="/wiki/Issiqlik_muvozanati" title="Issiqlik muvozanati">issiqlik muvozanati</a> ham ushlab turiladi. Ichkaridan tashqariga uzluksiz harorat gradiyenti oqib, issiqlik energiyasi har qatlamda sobit saqlanib turadi. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Sun_parts_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sun_parts_big.jpg/360px-Sun_parts_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Sun_parts_big.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Ushbu diagramma Quyosh tipli yulduz kesimini koʻrsatadi. NASA rasmi</figcaption></figure> Yulduz ichida energiya oqimini ushlab turuvchi mintaqaga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nurlanish_hududi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nurlanish hududi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">nurlanish hududi</a> deyiladi. Bu mintaqada plazma perturbatsiyasi boʻlmay, har qanday massiv harakatlar toʻxtatiladi. Aks holda plazma beqaror boʻlib qolib, konveksiya boshlanadi va mintaqa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konveksiya_hududi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konveksiya hududi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">konveksiya hududiga</a> aylanadi. Bu hol juda yuqori energiya oqimlari boʻladigan mintaqalarda, masalan, yadro yaqinida yoki yuqori <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiralik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiralik (sahifa yaratilmagan)">xiralik</a> qatlamlarida roʻy berishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild-138">[138]</a>. Bosh ketma-ketlikdagi yulduz tashqi qatlamida konveksiya boʻlish-boʻlmasligi uning massasiga bogʻliq. Quyoshdan bir necha marta massivroq yulduzlarda konveksiya hududi chuqur ichkarida, nurlanish hududi esa tashqi qatlamlarda boʻladi. Quyosh kabi kichikroq yulduzlarda esa aksincha, konveksiya hududi tashqariroqda joylashadi<a href="#cite_note-imagine-140">[140]</a>. 0,4 Quyosh massasidan yengilroq qizil mittilar butunlay konvektivdirlar, bu ularda geliy yadrosi yigʻilishiga yoʻl qoʻymaydi<a href="#cite_note-late_stages-2">[2]</a>. Koʻp yulduzlarda konvektiv hududlar joylashuvi vaqt oʻtishi bilan oʻzgarib turadi<a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild-138">[138]</a>. Yulduzning kuzativchiga koʻrinadigan qismi <a href="/wiki/Fotosfera" title="Fotosfera">fotosfera</a> deyiladi. Bu qatlamda yulduz plazmasi yorugʻlik fotonlari uchun <a href="/wiki/Shaffoflik" title="Shaffoflik">shaffof</a> boʻladi. Bu yerdan yadrodan chiqayotgan energiya fazoga tarqaydi. Yulduz dogʻlari aynan shu fotosferada hosil boʻladi. Fotosferadan tepada esa <a href="/wiki/Yulduz_atmosferasi" title="Yulduz atmosferasi">yulduz atmosferasi</a> boʻladi. Quyosh kabi bosh ketma-ketlik yulduzida atmosferaning eng quyi qatlami <a href="/wiki/Xromosfera" title="Xromosfera">xromosfera</a> mintaqasi boʻlib, unda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spikula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spikula (sahifa yaratilmagan)">spikulalar</a> shakllanadi va yulduz chaqnashlari roʻy beradi. Xromosferadan teparoqda oʻtish mintaqasi boʻlib, unda harorat atigi 100 km balandlikdayoq keskin koʻtariladi. Undan tepada esa <a href="/wiki/Quyosh_toji" title="Quyosh toji">yulduz toji</a> boʻlib, u yerdagi oʻta qizigan plazma bir necha million kilometrga choʻzilishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a>. Toj mavjudligi yulduz konvektiv hududining tashqi qatlamlarda yotishiga bogʻliq<a href="#cite_note-imagine-140">[140]</a>. Yuqori haroratli boʻlishiga qaramay, toj juda kam yorugʻlik chiqaradi. Masalan, Quyosh toji faqatgina <a href="/wiki/Quyosh_tutilishi" title="Quyosh tutilishi">Quyosh tutilishi</a> paytida koʻrinadi. Tojdan teparoqda plazma zarrachalari shamoli esib, <a href="/wiki/Yulduzlararo_muhit" title="Yulduzlararo muhit">yulduzlararo muhitgacha</a> tarqaladi. <a href="/wiki/Quyosh_shamoli" title="Quyosh shamoli">Quyosh shamoli</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geliosfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geliosfera (sahifa yaratilmagan)">geliosfera</a> dab atalmish pufaksimon mintaqadan tashqariga chiqadi<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a>. Yadrosi 10 million kelvingacha qizigan Quyoshda vodorod geliyga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proton-proton_sikli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proton-proton sikli (sahifa yaratilmagan)">proton-proton sikli</a> deb ataluvchi reaksiyda orqali aylanadi:<a href="#cite_note-synthesis-143">[143]</a>: 4<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodorod-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vodorod-1 (sahifa yaratilmagan)">1H</a> → 2<a href="/wiki/Deyteriy" title="Deyteriy">2H</a> + 2<a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">e+</a> + 2<a href="/wiki/Neytrino" title="Neytrino">νe</a> (4,0 <a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">MeV</a> + 1,0 MeV): 21H + 22H → 2<a href="/wiki/Geliy-3" title="Geliy-3">3He</a> + 2<a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">γ</a> (5,5 MeV): 23He → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geliy-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geliy-4 (sahifa yaratilmagan)">4He</a> + 21H (12,9 MeV) Bu reaksiyalar quyidagi reaksiyaga olib keladi:: 41H → 4He + 2e+ + 2γ + 2νe (26,7 MeV) bu yerda e+ — <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitron</a>, γ — gamma nurlanish fotoni, νe — <a href="/wiki/Neytrino" title="Neytrino">neytrino</a>, H va He — mos ravishda vodorod va geliy izotoplari. Bu reaksiya natijasida millionlab elektron volt energiya chiqadi (eV juda kichik energiya miqdori, shuning uchun bu energiya katta emas). Biroq bir vaqtda bunday reaksiyalarning juda ulkan miqdori sodir boʻlgani uchun yulduz nurlanishi kuchli boʻladi. <table class="wikitable" style="float: left;"> <caption>Sintez uchun kerakli minimal massa </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unsur </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Quyosh_massasi" title="Quyosh massasi">Quyosh massasi</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Vodorod</td> <td style="text-align: center;">0,01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geliy</td> <td style="text-align: center;">0,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uglerod</td> <td style="text-align: center;">5<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Neon</td> <td style="text-align: center;">8 </td></tr></tbody></table> Massivroq yulduzlarda geliy <a href="/wiki/Kataliz" title="Kataliz">katalizatori</a> uglerod boʻlgan <a href="/w/index.php?title=CNO-sikl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CNO-sikl (sahifa yaratilmagan)">uglerod-azot-kislorod siklida</a> ajralib chiqadi<a href="#cite_note-synthesis-143">[143]</a>. Massasi 0,5 va 10 Quyosh massasi oraligʻida, yadrosi 100 million kelvinda boʻlgan evolutsiyalangan yulduzlarda geliy <a href="/wiki/Berilliy" title="Berilliy">berilliy</a> ishtirokidagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uchlamchi_alfa_jarayoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uchlamchi alfa jarayoni (sahifa yaratilmagan)">uchlamchi alfa jarayonida</a> uglerodga aylanishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-synthesis-143">[143]</a>: <dl><dd>4He + 4He + 92 keV → <a href="/wiki/Berilliy" title="Berilliy">8*Be</a></dd> <dd>4He + 8*Be + 67 keV → 12*C</dd> <dd>12*C → <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uglerod-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uglerod-12 (sahifa yaratilmagan)">12C</a> + γ + 7,4 MeV</dd></dl> Natijaviy reaksiya quyidagicha:: 34He → 12C + γ + 7,2 MeV Massiv yulduzlarning siqilayotgan yadrosida ogʻirroq unsurlar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neon_yadroviy_yonishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neon yadroviy yonishi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">neon yadroviy yonishi</a> va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kislorod_yadroviy_yonishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kislorod yadroviy yonishi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">kislorod yadroviy yonishi</a> jarayonlarida ham yoqilishi mumkin. Yulduz nukleosintezining oxirgi bosqichi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremniy_yadroviy_yonishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kremniy yadroviy yonishi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">kremniy yadroviy yonishi</a> boʻlib, unda barqaror temir-56 izotopi ajralib chiqadi. Bundan soʻng sintez faqatgina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endotermik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endotermik (sahifa yaratilmagan)">endotermik</a> jarayon orqali davom etishi, qolgan energiya faqat gravitatsiyaviy siqilish natijasida chiqishi mumkin<a href="#cite_note-synthesis-143">[143]</a>. Quyidagi misolda massasi Quyoshnikidan 20 marta katta boʻlgan yulduz qancha vaqtda yadroviy yoqilgʻisini yondirib bitkazishi koʻrsatilgan. Bosh ketma-ketlikdagi O-sinf yulduzi uchun bu 8 Quyosh radiusi va 62 000 Quyosh yorqinligi demaktir<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> . <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th valign="bottom">Yoqilgʻi materiali </th> <th valign="bottom">Harorat (million kelvin) </th> <th valign="bottom">Zichlik (kg/sm3) </th> <th valign="bottom">Yonish davri (yil) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>H </td> <td>37 </td> <td>0,0045 </td> <td>8,1 million </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>He </td> <td>188 </td> <td>0,97 </td> <td>1,2 million </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>C </td> <td>870 </td> <td>170 </td> <td>976 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Ne </td> <td>1 570 </td> <td>3 100 </td> <td>0,6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>O </td> <td>1 980 </td> <td>5 550 </td> <td>1,25 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>S/Si </td> <td>3 340 </td> <td>33 400 </td> <td>0,0315<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manbalar">Manbalar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Manbalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Manbalar">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3605845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sunshine-1"><a href="#cite_ref-sunshine_1-0">↑</a> Bahcall, John N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/articles/fusion/index.html">„How the Sun Shines“</a>. Nobel Foundation (2000-yil 29-iyun). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 30-avgust. </li> <li id="cite_note-late_stages-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-late_stages_2-0">2,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-late_stages_2-1">2,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-late_stages_2-2">2,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-late_stages_2-3">2,3</a> Richmond, Michael <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys230/lectures/planneb/planneb.html">„Late stages of evolution for low-mass stars“</a>. Rochester Institute of Technology. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 4-avgust. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/space/stellardeath/stellardeath_intro.html">„Stellar Evolution & Death“</a>. NASA Observatorium. 2008-yil 10-fevralda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210154901/http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/space/stellardeath/stellardeath_intro.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 8-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-forbes_4-0">4,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forbes_4-1">4,1</a> Forbes, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8172">History of Astronomy</a>. London: Watts & Co., 1909. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/1-153-62774-4" title="Maxsus:BookSources/1-153-62774-4">ISBN 1-153-62774-4</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Astronomy&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=George&rft.pub=Watts+%26+Co.&rft.place=London &rft.isbn=1-153-62774-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F8172">  </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> Hevelius, Johannis. Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive Uranographia, Gdansk, 1690.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Firmamentum+Sobiescianum%2C+sive+Uranographia&rft.aulast=Hevelius&rft.aufirst=Johannis&rft.place=Gdansk">  </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> Tøndering, Claus <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-ancient.html">„Other ancient calendars“</a>. WebExhibits. 2019-yil 21-noyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191121041104/http://www.webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-ancient.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 10-dekabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5263675">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFvon_Spaeth2000" class="citation magazine cs1">von Spaeth, Ove (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut1-mapdate_en.asp">„Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map“</a>. Centaurus International Magazine of the History of Mathematics, Science and Technology. 42-jild, № 3. 159–179-bet. Qaraldi: 2007-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centaurus+International+Magazine+of+the+History+of+Mathematics%2C+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Dating+the+Oldest+Egyptian+Star+Map&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=159-179&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=von+Spaeth&rft.aufirst=Ove&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moses-egypt.net%2Fstar-map%2Fsenmut1-mapdate_en.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-north_1995_30_31-8"><a href="#cite_ref-north_1995_30_31_8-0">↑</a> North, John. The Norton History of Astronomy and Cosmology. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995 — 30–31-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-393-03656-1" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-393-03656-1">ISBN 0-393-03656-1</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Norton+History+of+Astronomy+and+Cosmology&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=John&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=30%E2%80%9331 &rft.isbn=0-393-03656-1">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> Murdin, P. „Aristillus (c. 200 BC)“, . Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics, November 2000. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="en:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1888/0333750888/3440">10.1888/0333750888/3440</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-333-75088-8" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-333-75088-8">ISBN 0-333-75088-8</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Aristillus+%28c.+200+BC%29&rft.aulast=Murdin&rft.aufirst=P. &rft.isbn=0-333-75088-8&rft_id=info:doi/10.1888%2F0333750888%2F3440">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Grasshoff, Gerd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofptolemy0000gras">The history of Ptolemy's star catalogue</a>. Springer, 1990 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofptolemy0000gras/page/n18">1</a>–5-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-387-97181-5" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-387-97181-5">ISBN 0-387-97181-5</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Ptolemy%27s+star+catalogue&rft.aulast=Grasshoff&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofptolemy0000gras%2Fpage%2Fn18+1%5D%E2%80%935 &rft.isbn=0-387-97181-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofptolemy0000gras">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> Pinotsis, Antonios D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conferences.phys.uoa.gr/jets2008/historical.html">„Astronomy in Ancient Rhodes“</a>. Section of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, Department of Physics, University of Athens. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 2-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-clark-12"><a href="#cite_ref-clark_12-0">↑</a> Clark, D. H.; Stephenson, F. R. (29-iyun 1981-yil). "The Historical Supernovae". Supernovae: A survey of current research; Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute. Cambridge, England: Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co. pp. 355–370.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Supernovae&rft.atitle=Supernovae%3A+A+survey+of+current+research%3B+Proceedings+of+the+Advanced+Study+Institute&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rft.au=Clark%2C%26%2332%3BD.+H.&rft.au=Stephenson%2C%26%2332%3BF.+R.&rft.date=29-iyun+1981-yil&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B355%E2%80%93370&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Dordrecht%2C+D.+Reidel+Publishing+Co&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yulduz">  </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoStromJiang2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Zhao, Fu-Yuan; Strom, R. G.; Jiang, Shi-Yang (2006). „The Guest Star of AD185 Must Have Been a Supernova“. Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 6-jild, № 5. 635–640-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ChJAA...6..635Z">2006ChJAA...6..635Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1009-9271%2F6%2F5%2F17">10.1088/1009-9271/6/5/17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1009-9271">1009-9271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Journal+of+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+Guest+Star+of+AD185+Must+Have+Been+a+Supernova&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=635-640&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1009-9271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1009-9271%2F6%2F5%2F17&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ChJAA...6..635Z&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Fu-Yuan&rft.au=Strom%2C+R.+G.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Shi-Yang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr03/pr0304.html">„Astronomers Peg Brightness of History's Brightest Star“</a>. NAOA News (5-mart 2003-yil). 2003-yil 2-aprelda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030402121341/http://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr03/pr0304.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 8-iyun. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2020-05-12 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200512190611/https://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr03/pr0304.html">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-SN1054-15"><a href="#cite_ref-SN1054_15-0">↑</a> Frommert, Hartmut; Kronberg, Christine <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://messier.seds.org/more/m001_sn.html">„Supernova 1054 – Creation of the Crab Nebula“</a>. SEDS. University of Arizona (30-avgust 2006-yil). </li> <li id="cite_note-PASP1942-16"><a href="#cite_ref-PASP1942_16-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFDuyvendak1942" class="citation magazine cs1">Duyvendak, J. J. L. (1942). „Further Data Bearing on the Identification of the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part I. The Ancient Oriental Chronicles“. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 54-jild, № 318. 91–94-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942PASP...54...91D">1942PASP...54...91D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F125409">10.1086/125409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Further+Data+Bearing+on+the+Identification+of+the+Crab+Nebula+with+the+Supernova+of+1054+A.D.+Part+I.+The+Ancient+Oriental+Chronicles&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=318&rft.pages=91-94&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F125409&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1942PASP...54...91D&rft.aulast=Duyvendak&rft.aufirst=J.+J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#parameter_ignored" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFMayallOort1942" class="citation magazine cs1">Mayall, N. U.; Oort, Jan Hendrik (1942). „Further Data Bearing on the Identification of the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part II. The Astronomical Aspects“. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 54-jild, № 318. 95–104-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1942PASP...54...95M">1942PASP...54...95M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F125410">10.1086/125410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Further+Data+Bearing+on+the+Identification+of+the+Crab+Nebula+with+the+Supernova+of+1054+A.D.+Part+II.+The+Astronomical+Aspects&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=318&rft.pages=95-104&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F125410&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1942PASP...54...95M&rft.aulast=Mayall&rft.aufirst=N.+U.&rft.au=Oort%2C+Jan+Hendrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#parameter_ignored" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFBrecherFesenMaranBrandt1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Brecher, K.; et al. (1983). „Ancient records and the Crab Nebula supernova“. The Observatory. 103-jild. 106–113-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Obs...103..106B">1983Obs...103..106B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&rft.atitle=Ancient+records+and+the+Crab+Nebula+supernova&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=106-113&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983Obs...103..106B&rft.aulast=Brecher&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Fesen%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Maran%2C+S.+P.&rft.au=Brandt%2C+J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1962" class="citation magazine cs1">Kennedy, Edward S. (1962). „Review: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin Sayili“. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isis_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isis (journal) (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Isis</a>. 53-jild, № 2. 237–239-bet. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F349558">10.1086/349558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Observatory+in+Islam+and+Its+Place+in+the+General+History+of+the+Observatory+by+Aydin+Sayili&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=237-239&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F349558&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_19-0">↑</a> Jones, Kenneth Glyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cz/books?id=IuhLR35I9QUC&pg=&dq#v=onepage&q=&f">Messier's nebulae and star clusters</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1991 — 1-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-37079-5" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-37079-5">ISBN 0-521-37079-5</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Messier%27s+nebulae+and+star+clusters&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Glyn&rft.pub=%5B%5BCambridge+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.pages=1 &rft.isbn=0-521-37079-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cz%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIuhLR35I9QUC%26pg%3D%26dq%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f">  </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> Zahoor, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhas.ac.id/~rhiza/saintis/biruni.html">„Al-Biruni“</a>. Hasanuddin University (1997). 2008-yil 26-iyunda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626074150/http://www.unhas.ac.id/~rhiza/saintis/biruni.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2007-yil 21-oktyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-Montada-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Montada_21-0">↑</a> Montada, Josep Puig <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ibn-bajja">„Ibn Bajja“</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> (28-sentabr 2007-yil). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 11-iyul. </li> <li id="cite_note-he_history-22">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-he_history_22-0">22,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-he_history_22-1">22,1</a> Drake, Stephen A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/headates/heahistory.html">„A Brief History of High-Energy (X-ray & Gamma-Ray) Astronomy“</a>. NASA HEASARC (17-avgust 2006-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 24-avgust. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> Greskovic, Peter; Rudy, Peter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/casreports-2004/rep-228/">„Exoplanets“</a>. ESO (24-iyul 2006-yil). 2008-yil 10-oktyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010140635/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/casreports-2004/rep-228/">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 15-iyun. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2008-10-10 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010140635/http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/cas/cas2004/casreports-2004/rep-228/">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Ahmad, I. A. (1995). „The impact of the Qur'anic conception of astronomical phenomena on Islamic civilization“. Vistas in Astronomy. 39-jild, № 4. 395–403 [402]-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995VA.....39..395A">1995VA.....39..395A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0083-6656%2895%2900033-X">10.1016/0083-6656(95)00033-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vistas+in+Astronomy&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+the+Qur%27anic+conception+of+astronomical+phenomena+on+Islamic+civilization&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=395-403+402&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0083-6656%2895%2900033-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995VA.....39..395A&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=I.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Setia-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Setia_25-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFSetia2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Setia, Adi (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710164222/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QYQ/is_2_2/ai_n9532826/">„Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi on Physics and the Nature of the Physical World: A Preliminary Survey“</a>. Islam & Science. 2-jild. 2012-07-10da <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0QYQ/is_2_2/ai_n9532826/">asl nusxadan</a> arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 2010-03-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islam+%26+Science&rft.atitle=Fakhr+Al-Din+Al-Razi+on+Physics+and+the+Nature+of+the+Physical+World%3A+A+Preliminary+Survey&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Setia&rft.aufirst=Adi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0QYQ%2Fis_2_2%2Fai_n9532826%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: Andozada hech qanday qiymat berilmagan (boʻsh) nomaʼlum parametr mavjud: <code class="cs1-code">|seperator=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#param_unknown_empty" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> Hoskin, Michael <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stsci.edu/stsci/meetings/lisa3/hoskinm.html">„The Value of Archives in Writing the History of Astronomy“</a>. Space Telescope Science Institute (1998). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 24-avgust. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFProctor1870" class="citation magazine cs1">Proctor, Richard A. (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/HistSciTech/HistSciTech-idx?type=div&did=HISTSCITECH.0012.0052.0005&isize=M">„Are any of the nebulæ star-systems?“</a>. Nature. 1-jild, № 13. 331–333-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1870Natur...1..331P">1870Natur...1..331P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F001331a0">10.1038/001331a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Are+any+of+the+nebul%C3%A6+star-systems%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=331-333&rft.date=1870&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F001331a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1870Natur...1..331P&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistSciTech%2FHistSciTech-idx%3Ftype%3Ddiv%26did%3DHISTSCITECH.0012.0052.0005%26isize%3DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> MacDonnell, Joseph <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/secchi.htm">„Angelo Secchi, S.J. (1818–1878) the Father of Astrophysics“</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairfield_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fairfield University (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Fairfield University</a>. 2011-yil 21-iyulda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721210124/http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/secchi.htm">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 2-oktyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> Aitken, Robert G.. The Binary Stars. New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1964 — 66-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-486-61102-7" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-486-61102-7">ISBN 0-486-61102-7</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Binary+Stars&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft.pub=Dover+Publications+Inc.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=66 &rft.isbn=0-486-61102-7">  </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFMichelsonPease1921" class="citation magazine cs1">Michelson, A. A.; Pease, F. G. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1921-05_53_4/page/249">„Measurement of the diameter of Alpha Orionis with the interferometer“</a>. Astrophysical Journal. 53-jild. 249–259-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921ApJ....53..249M">1921ApJ....53..249M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F142603">10.1086/142603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+the+diameter+of+Alpha+Orionis+with+the+interferometer&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=249-259&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F142603&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1921ApJ....53..249M&rft.aulast=Michelson&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft.au=Pease%2C+F.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_astrophysical-journal_1921-05_53_4%2Fpage%2F249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-new_cosmos-31">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-new_cosmos_31-0">31,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_cosmos_31-1">31,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-new_cosmos_31-2">31,2</a> Unsöld, Albrecht. The New Cosmos, 5th, New York: Springer, 2001 — 180–185, 215–216-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/3-540-67877-8" title="Maxsus:BookSources/3-540-67877-8">ISBN 3-540-67877-8</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cosmos&rft.aulast=Uns%C3%B6ld&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Springer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=180%E2%80%93185%2C+215%E2%80%93216 &rft.isbn=3-540-67877-8">  </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> e. g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFBattinelliDemersLetarte2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Battinelli, Paolo; Demers, Serge; Letarte, Bruno (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_astronomical-journal_2003-03_125_3/page/1298">„Carbon Star Survey in the Local Group. V. The Outer Disk of M31“</a>. The Astronomical Journal. 125-jild, № 3. 1298–1308-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AJ....125.1298B">2003AJ....125.1298B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F346274">10.1086/346274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=Carbon+Star+Survey+in+the+Local+Group.+V.+The+Outer+Disk+of+M31&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1298-1308&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F346274&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AJ....125.1298B&rft.aulast=Battinelli&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Demers%2C+Serge&rft.au=Letarte%2C+Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_astronomical-journal_2003-03_125_3%2Fpage%2F1298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=HIPPARCOS&page=esa_msa">„Millennium Star Atlas marks the completion of ESA's Hipparcos Mission“</a>. ESA (8-dekabr 1997-yil). Qaraldi: 2007-yil 5-avgust. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> Villard, Ray; Freedman, Wendy L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1994/1994/49/text/">„Hubble Space Telescope Measures Precise Distance to the Most Remote Galaxy Yet“</a>. Hubble Site (26-oktabr 1994-yil). 2016-yil 6-iyulda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160706140607/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1994/1994/49/text/">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2007-yil 5-avgust. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1999/19/text/">„Hubble Completes Eight-Year Effort to Measure Expanding Universe“</a>. Hubble Site (25-may 1999-yil). 2016-yil 19-dekabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219184540/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1999/19/text/">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2007-yil 2-avgust. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publicaffairs.ubc.ca/media/releases/2007/mr-07-001.html">„UBC Prof., alumnus discover most distant star clusters: a billion light-years away.“</a>. UBC Public Affairs (8-yanvar 2007-yil). 2013-yil 27-iyulda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727073001/http://www.publicaffairs.ubc.ca/media/releases/2007/mr-07-001.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2007-yil 2-avgust. </li> <li id="cite_note-koch95-37"><a href="#cite_ref-koch95_37-0">↑</a> Koch-Westenholz, Ulla; Koch, Ulla Susanne. Mesopotamian astrology: an introduction to Babylonian and Assyrian celestial divination, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications. Museum Tusculanum Press, 1995 — 163-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/87-7289-287-0" title="Maxsus:BookSources/87-7289-287-0">ISBN 87-7289-287-0</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+astrology%3A+an+introduction+to+Babylonian+and+Assyrian+celestial+divination&rft.aulast=Koch-Westenholz&rft.aufirst=Ulla&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.pages=163 &rft.series=Carsten+Niebuhr+Institute+Publications&rft.isbn=87-7289-287-0">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mythology-38">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-mythology_38-0">38,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mythology_38-1">38,1</a> Coleman, Leslie S <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frostydrew.org/papers.dc/papers/paper-myths/">„Myths, Legends and Lore“</a>. Frosty Drew Observatory. Qaraldi: 2012-yil 15-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau.org/public/naming/">„Naming Astronomical Objects“</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Astronomical_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Astronomical Union (sahifa yaratilmagan)">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU). Qaraldi: 2009-yil 30-yanvar. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spider.seds.org/spider/Misc/naming.html">„Naming Stars“</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Students_for_the_Exploration_and_Development_of_Space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Students for the Exploration and Development of Space</a> (SEDS). Qaraldi: 2009-yil 30-yanvar. </li> <li id="cite_note-space_law09-41"><a href="#cite_ref-space_law09_41-0">↑</a> Lyall, Francis; Larsen, Paul B. „Chapter 7: The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies“, . <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spacelaw00lyal">Space Law: A Treatise</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2009 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spacelaw00lyal/page/n190">176</a>-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-7546-4390-5" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-7546-4390-5">ISBN 0-7546-4390-5</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Law%3A+A+Treatise&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+The+Moon+and+Other+Celestial+Bodies&rft.aulast=Lyall&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspacelaw00lyal%2Fpage%2Fn190+176%5D &rft.isbn=0-7546-4390-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspacelaw00lyal">  </li> <li id="cite_note-astrometry05-42"><a href="#cite_ref-astrometry05_42-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrometry.org/starnaming.php">„Star naming“</a>. Scientia Astrophysical Organization. (2005). 2015-yil 18-oktyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018221740/http://www.astrometry.org/starnaming.php">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 29-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-bl_disclaimer-43"><a href="#cite_ref-bl_disclaimer_43-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/names.html">„Disclaimer: Name a star, name a rose and other, similar enterprises“</a>. British Library. The British Library Board. 2010-yil 19-yanvarda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100119033625/http://www.bl.uk/names.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 29-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-andersen10-44"><a href="#cite_ref-andersen10_44-0">↑</a> Andersen, Johannes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau.org/public/buying_star_names/">„Buying Stars and Star Names“</a>. International Astronomical Union. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 24-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-si30_5-45"><a href="#cite_ref-si30_5_45-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFPliat" class="citation magazine cs1">Pliat, Phil (September/October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/name_dropping_want_to_be_a_star/">„Name Dropping: Want to Be a Star?“</a>. Skeptical Inquirer. 30.5-jild. Qaraldi: 2010-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Name+Dropping%3A+Want+to+Be+a+Star%3F&rft.chron=September%2FOctober+2006&rft.volume=30.5&rft.aulast=Pliat&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fname_dropping_want_to_be_a_star%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#bad_date" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-sd19980401-46"><a href="#cite_ref-sd19980401_46-0">↑</a> Adams, Cecil <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/826/can-you-pay-35-to-get-a-star-named-after-you">„Can you pay $35 to get a star named after you?“</a>. The Straight Dope (1-aprel 1998-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 13-avgust. </li> <li id="cite_note-golden_faflick82-47"><a href="#cite_ref-golden_faflick82_47-0">↑</a> Golden, Frederick; Faflick, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,925195,00.html">„Science: Stellar Idea or Cosmic Scam?“</a>. Times Magazine. Time Inc. (11-yanvar 1982-yil). 2013-yil 25-avgustda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825182125/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,925195,00.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 24-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-di_justo20011226-48"><a href="#cite_ref-di_justo20011226_48-0">↑</a> Di Justo, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2001/12/49345">„Buy a Star, But It's Not Yours“</a>. Wired. Condé Nast Digital (26-dekabr 2001-yil). 2012-yil 9-dekabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121209015923/http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2001/12/49345">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 29-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-constants-49">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-constants_49-0">49,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-constants_49-1">49,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFSackmannBoothroyd2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Sackmann, I.-J.; Boothroyd, A. I. (2003). „Our Sun. V. A Bright Young Sun Consistent with Helioseismology and Warm Temperatures on Ancient Earth and Mars“. The Astrophysical Journal. 583-jild, № 2. 1024–1039-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0210128">astro-ph/0210128</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...583.1024S">2003ApJ...583.1024S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F345408">10.1086/345408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Our+Sun.+V.+A+Bright+Young+Sun+Consistent+with+Helioseismology+and+Warm+Temperatures+on+Ancient+Earth+and+Mars&rft.volume=583&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1024-1039&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0210128&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F345408&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003ApJ...583.1024S&rft.aulast=Sackmann&rft.aufirst=I.-J.&rft.au=Boothroyd%2C+A.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFTripathyAntia1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Tripathy, S. C.; Antia, H. M. (1999). „Influence of surface layers on the seismic estimate of the solar radius“. Solar Physics. 186-jild, № 1/2. 1–11-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SoPh..186....1T">1999SoPh..186....1T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1005116830445">10.1023/A:1005116830445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Solar+Physics&rft.atitle=Influence+of+surface+layers+on+the+seismic+estimate+of+the+solar+radius&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1005116830445&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999SoPh..186....1T&rft.aulast=Tripathy&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft.au=Antia%2C+H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1978" class="citation magazine cs1">Woodward, P. R. (1978). „Theoretical models of star formation“. Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics. 16-jild, № 1. 555–584-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ARA&A..16..555W">1978ARA&A..16..555W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.16.090178.003011">10.1146/annurev.aa.16.090178.003011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+review+of+astronomy+and+astrophysics&rft.atitle=Theoretical+models+of+star+formation&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=555-584&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.16.090178.003011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978ARA%26A..16..555W&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=P.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> Smith, Michael David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originstars00smit">The Origin of Stars</a>. Imperial College Press, 2004 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originstars00smit/page/n70">57</a>–68-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/1-86094-501-5" title="Maxsus:BookSources/1-86094-501-5">ISBN 1-86094-501-5</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Stars&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginstars00smit%2Fpage%2Fn70+57%5D%E2%80%9368 &rft.isbn=1-86094-501-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginstars00smit">  </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> Seligman, Courtney <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://courtneyseligman.com/text/stars/starevol2.htm">„Slow Contraction of Protostellar Cloud“</a>. Self-published. 2008-yil 23-iyunda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623190408/http://courtneyseligman.com/text/stars/starevol2.htm">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 5-sentyabr. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2008-06-23 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623190408/http://courtneyseligman.com/text/stars/starevol2.htm">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> Bally, J.; Morse, J.; Reipurth, B. (1996). "The Birth of Stars: Herbig-Haro Jets, Accretion and Proto-Planetary Disks". in Benvenuti, Piero; Macchetto, F. D.; Schreier, Ethan J.. Science with the Hubble Space Telescope – II. Proceedings of a workshop held in Paris, France, December 4–8, 1995. Space Telescope Science Institute. p. 491.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Stars%3A+Herbig-Haro+Jets%2C+Accretion+and+Proto-Planetary+Disks&rft.atitle=Science+with+the+Hubble+Space+Telescope+%E2%80%93+II.+Proceedings+of+a+workshop+held+in+Paris%2C+France%2C+December+4%E2%80%938%2C+1995&rft.aulast=Bally&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Bally%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.au=Morse%2C%26%2332%3BJ.&rft.au=Reipurth%2C%26%2332%3BB.&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B491&rft.pub=Space+Telescope+Science+Institute&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Yulduz">  </li> <li id="cite_note-smith04-55"><a href="#cite_ref-smith04_55-0">↑</a> Smith, Michael David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originstars00smit">The origin of stars</a>. Imperial College Press, 2004 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originstars00smit/page/n189">176</a>-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/1-86094-501-5" title="Maxsus:BookSources/1-86094-501-5">ISBN 1-86094-501-5</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+stars&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginstars00smit%2Fpage%2Fn189+176%5D &rft.isbn=1-86094-501-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginstars00smit">  </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> Megeath, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMFEAKPO8G_index_0.html">„Herschel finds a hole in space“</a>. ESA (11-may 2010-yil). Qaraldi: 2010-yil 17-may. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFMengelDemarqueSweigartGross1979" class="citation magazine cs1">Mengel, J. G.; et al. (1979). „Stellar evolution from the zero-age main sequence“. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 40-jild. 733–791-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979ApJS...40..733M">1979ApJS...40..733M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F190603">10.1086/190603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=Stellar+evolution+from+the+zero-age+main+sequence&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=733-791&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F190603&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979ApJS...40..733M&rft.aulast=Mengel&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Demarque%2C+P.&rft.au=Sweigart%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Gross%2C+P.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sun_future-58">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-sun_future_58-0">58,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sun_future_58-1">58,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFSackmannBoothroydKraemer1993" class="citation magazine cs1">Sackmann, I. J.; Boothroyd, A. I.; Kraemer, K. E. (1993). „Our Sun. III. Present and Future“. Astrophysical Journal. 418-jild. 457-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993ApJ...418..457S">1993ApJ...418..457S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F173407">10.1086/173407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Our+Sun.+III.+Present+and+Future&rft.volume=418&rft.pages=457&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F173407&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993ApJ...418..457S&rft.aulast=Sackmann&rft.aufirst=I.+J.&rft.au=Boothroyd%2C+A.+I.&rft.au=Kraemer%2C+K.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFWoodMüllerZankLinsky2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Wood, B. E.; et al. (2002). „Measured Mass-Loss Rates of Solar-like Stars as a Function of Age and Activity“. The Astrophysical Journal. 574-jild, № 1. 412–425-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0203437">astro-ph/0203437</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...574..412W">2002ApJ...574..412W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F340797">10.1086/340797</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Measured+Mass-Loss+Rates+of+Solar-like+Stars+as+a+Function+of+Age+and+Activity&rft.volume=574&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=412-425&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0203437&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F340797&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ApJ...574..412W&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=B.+E.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+H.-R.&rft.au=Zank%2C+G.+P.&rft.au=Linsky%2C+J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFde_Loorede_GreveLamers1977" class="citation magazine cs1">de Loore, C.; de Greve, J. P.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M. (1977). „Evolution of massive stars with mass loss by stellar wind“. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 61-jild, № 2. 251–259-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977A&A....61..251D">1977A&A....61..251D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+massive+stars+with+mass+loss+by+stellar+wind&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-259&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977A%26A....61..251D&rft.aulast=de+Loore&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=de+Greve%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Lamers%2C+H.+J.+G.+L.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/stars/stellar-evolution/the-evolution-of-stars-between-50-and-100-times-the-mass-of-the-sun">„The evolution of stars between 50 and 100 times the mass of the Sun“</a>. Royal Greenwich Observatory. 2012-yil 3-iyunda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120603160705/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/stars/stellar-evolution/the-evolution-of-stars-between-50-and-100-times-the-mass-of-the-sun">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 7-sentyabr. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2012-06-03 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120603160705/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/stars/stellar-evolution/the-evolution-of-stars-between-50-and-100-times-the-mass-of-the-sun">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-saomainseq-62"><a href="#cite_ref-saomainseq_62-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/M/Main+Sequence+Lifetime">„Main Sequence Lifetime“</a>. Swinburne Astronomy Online Encyclopedia of Astronomy. Swinburne University of Technology. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFPizzolatoVenturaD'AntonaMaggio2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Pizzolato, N.; et al. (2001). „Subphotospheric convection and magnetic activity dependence on metallicity and age: Models and tests“. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 373-jild, № 2. 597–607-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A&A...373..597P">2001A&A...373..597P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20010626">10.1051/0004-6361:20010626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Subphotospheric+convection+and+magnetic+activity+dependence+on+metallicity+and+age%3A+Models+and+tests&rft.volume=373&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=597-607&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20010626&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001A%26A...373..597P&rft.aulast=Pizzolato&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Ventura%2C+P.&rft.au=D%27Antona%2C+F.&rft.au=Maggio%2C+A.&rft.au=Micela%2C+G.&rft.au=Sciortino%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/groups/hotstar/research_massloss.html">„Mass loss and Evolution“</a>. UCL Astrophysics Group (18-iyun 2004-yil). 2004-yil 22-noyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041122143115/http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/groups/hotstar/research_massloss.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 26-avgust. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2004-11-22 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041122143115/http://www.star.ucl.ac.uk/groups/hotstar/research_massloss.html">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-sun_future_schroder-65"><a href="#cite_ref-sun_future_schroder_65-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFSchröderSmith2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Schröder, K.-P.; Smith, Robert Connon (2008). „Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 386-jild, № 1. 155-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0801.4031">0801.4031</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386..155S">2008MNRAS.386..155S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Distant+future+of+the+Sun+and+Earth+revisited&rft.volume=386&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=155&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0801.4031&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008MNRAS.386..155S&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=K.-P.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Robert+Connon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> See also Palmer, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13369?feedId=online-news_rss20">„Hope dims that Earth will survive Sun's death“</a>. NewScientist.com news service (22-fevral 2008-yil). Qaraldi: 2008-yil 24-mart. </li> <li id="cite_note-hinshaw-66">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-hinshaw_66-0">66,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hinshaw_66-1">66,1</a> Hinshaw, Gary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/rel_stars.html">„The Life and Death of Stars“</a>. NASA WMAP Mission (23-avgust 2006-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 1-sentyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-iben-67">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-iben_67-0">67,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iben_67-1">67,1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFIben1991" class="citation magazine cs1">Iben, Icko, Jr. (1991). „Single and binary star evolution“. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 76-jild. 55–114-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991ApJS...76...55I">1991ApJS...76...55I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F191565">10.1086/191565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=Single+and+binary+star+evolution&rft.volume=76&rft.pages=55-114&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F191565&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991ApJS...76...55I&rft.aulast=Iben&rft.aufirst=Icko%2C+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/stars/what-is-a-star">„What is a star?“</a>. Royal Greenwich Observatory. 2015-yil 25-oktyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025044353/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/stars/what-is-a-star">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 7-sentyabr. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2015-10-25 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025044353/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/stars/what-is-a-star">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFLiebert1980" class="citation magazine cs1">Liebert, J. (1980). „White dwarf stars“. Annual review of astronomy and astrophysics. 18-jild, № 2. 363–398-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980ARA&A..18..363L">1980ARA&A..18..363L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.18.090180.002051">10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.002051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+review+of+astronomy+and+astrophysics&rft.atitle=White+dwarf+stars&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=363-398&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.aa.18.090180.002051&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980ARA%26A..18..363L&rft.aulast=Liebert&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-supernova-70">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-supernova_70-0">70,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-supernova_70-1">70,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-supernova_70-2">70,2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/objects/snrs/snrstext.html">„Introduction to Supernova Remnants“</a>. Goddard Space Flight Center (6-aprel 2006-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 16-iyul. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFFryer2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Fryer, C. L. (2003). „Black-hole formation from stellar collapse“. Classical and Quantum Gravity. 20-jild, № 10. S73–S80-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003CQGra..20S..73F">2003CQGra..20S..73F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0264-9381%2F20%2F10%2F309">10.1088/0264-9381/20/10/309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+and+Quantum+Gravity&rft.atitle=Black-hole+formation+from+stellar+collapse&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=S73-S80&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0264-9381%2F20%2F10%2F309&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003CQGra..20S..73F&rft.aulast=Fryer&rft.aufirst=C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> Szebehely, Victor G.; Curran, Richard B.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stabilityofsolar0000nato">Stability of the Solar System and Its Minor Natural and Artificial Bodies</a>. Springer, 1985. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/90-277-2046-0" title="Maxsus:BookSources/90-277-2046-0">ISBN 90-277-2046-0</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stability+of+the+Solar+System+and+Its+Minor+Natural+and+Artificial+Bodies&rft.aulast=Szebehely&rft.aufirst=Victor+G.&rft.pub=Springer &rft.isbn=90-277-2046-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstabilityofsolar0000nato">  </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (30-yanvar 2006-yil). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2006/pr200611.html">„Most Milky Way Stars Are Single“</a>. Press-reliz. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 16-iyul. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/faqs/what-is-a-galaxy-how-many-stars-in-a-galaxy-how-many-stars/galaxies-in-the-universe">„What is a galaxy? How many stars in a galaxy / the Universe?“</a>. Royal Greenwich Observatory. 2015-yil 9-noyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151109083127/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/faqs/what-is-a-galaxy-how-many-stars-in-a-galaxy-how-many-stars/galaxies-in-the-universe">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 18-iyul. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2015-11-09 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151109083127/http://www.rmg.co.uk/explore/astronomy-and-time/astronomy-facts/faqs/what-is-a-galaxy-how-many-stars-in-a-galaxy-how-many-stars/galaxies-in-the-universe">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> Borenstein, Seth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/12/01/tech/main7107200.shtml">„Universe's Star Count Could Triple“</a>. CBS News (1-dekabr 2010-yil). 2013-yil 15-oktyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131015032113/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/12/01/tech/main7107200.shtml">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2011-yil 14-iyul. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1997/02/text/">„Hubble Finds Intergalactic Stars“</a>. Hubble News Desk (14-yanvar 1997-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 6-noyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> 3.99 × 1013 km / (3 × 104 km/soat × 24 × 365.25) = 1.5 × 105 yil. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFHolmbergFlynn2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Holmberg, J.; Flynn, C. (2000). „The local density of matter mapped by Hipparcos“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 313-jild, № 2. 209–216-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9812404">astro-ph/9812404</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000MNRAS.313..209H">2000MNRAS.313..209H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2000.02905.x">10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.02905.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=The+local+density+of+matter+mapped+by+Hipparcos&rft.volume=313&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-216&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9812404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-8711.2000.02905.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000MNRAS.313..209H&rft.aulast=Holmberg&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DarkMatter-79"><a href="#cite_ref-DarkMatter_79-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/space/06/02/stellar.collisions/">„Astronomers: Star collisions are rampant, catastrophic“</a>. CNN News (2-iyun 2000-yil). 2007-yil 7-yanvarda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107140146/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/space/06/02/stellar.collisions/">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 21-iyul. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFLombardi,_Jr.WarrenRasioSills2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Lombardi, Jr., J. C.; et al. (2002). „Stellar Collisions and the Interior Structure of Blue Stragglers“. The Astrophysical Journal. 568-jild, № 2. 939–953-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0107388">astro-ph/0107388</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ApJ...568..939L">2002ApJ...568..939L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F339060">10.1086/339060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Stellar+Collisions+and+the+Interior+Structure+of+Blue+Stragglers&rft.volume=568&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=939-953&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0107388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F339060&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ApJ...568..939L&rft.aulast=Lombardi%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft.au=Warren%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Rasio%2C+F.+A.&rft.au=Sills%2C+A.&rft.au=Warren%2C+A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> Frebel, A.; Norris, J. E.; Christlieb, N.; Thom, C.; Beers, T. C.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/05/070510151902.htm">„Nearby Star Is A Galactic Fossil“</a>. Science Daily (11-may 2007-yil). Qaraldi: 2007-yil 10-may. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFFrebelChristliebNorrisThom" class="citation magazine cs1">Frebel, Anna; et al. (May, 2007). „Discovery of HE 1523-0901, a Strongly r-Process-enhanced Metal-poor Star with Detected Uranium“. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophysical_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrophysical Journal (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Astrophysical Journal</a> Letters. 660-jild, № 2. L117–L120-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0703414">astro-ph/0703414</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...660L.117F">2007ApJ...660L.117F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F518122">10.1086/518122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+HE+1523-0901%2C+a+Strongly+r-Process-enhanced+Metal-poor+Star+with+Detected+Uranium&rft.chron=May%2C+2007&rft.volume=660&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L117-L120&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F0703414&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F518122&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ApJ...660L.117F&rft.aulast=Frebel&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Christlieb%2C+Norbert&rft.au=Norris%2C+John+E.&rft.au=Thom%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Beers%2C+Timothy+C.&rft.au=Rhee%2C+Jaehyon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#bad_date" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> Naftilan, S. A.; Stetson, P. B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=how-do-scientists-determi">„How do scientists determine the ages of stars? Is the technique really accurate enough to use it to verify the age of the universe?“</a>. Scientific American (13-iyul 2006-yil). Qaraldi: 2007-yil 11-may. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFLaughlinBodenheimerAdams1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Laughlin, G.; Bodenheimer, P.; Adams, F. C. (1997). „The End of the Main Sequence“. The Astrophysical Journal. 482-jild, № 1. 420–432-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997ApJ...482..420L">1997ApJ...482..420L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F304125">10.1086/304125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+Main+Sequence&rft.volume=482&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=420-432&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F304125&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997ApJ...482..420L&rft.aulast=Laughlin&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Bodenheimer%2C+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+F.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> Irwin, Judith A.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astrophysicsdeco00jair">Astrophysics: Decoding the Cosmos</a>. John Wiley and Sons, 2007 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astrophysicsdeco00jair/page/78">78</a>-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-470-01306-0" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-470-01306-0">ISBN 0-470-01306-0</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astrophysics%3A+Decoding+the+Cosmos&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Judith+A.&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastrophysicsdeco00jair%2Fpage%2F78+78%5D &rft.isbn=0-470-01306-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastrophysicsdeco00jair">  </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0634/">„A "Genetic Study" of the Galaxy“</a>. ESO (2006-yil 12-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 10-oktyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFFischerValenti2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Fischer, D. A.; Valenti, J. (2005). „The Planet-Metallicity Correlation“. The Astrophysical Journal. 622-jild, № 2. 1102–1117-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...622.1102F">2005ApJ...622.1102F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F428383">10.1086/428383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Planet-Metallicity+Correlation&rft.volume=622&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1102-1117&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F428383&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ApJ...622.1102F&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft.au=Valenti%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/04/050417162354.htm">„Signatures Of The First Stars“</a>. ScienceDaily (17-aprel 2005-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 10-oktyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFFeltzingGonzalez2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Feltzing, S.; Gonzalez, G. (2000). „The nature of super-metal-rich stars: Detailed abundance analysis of 8 super-metal-rich star candidates“. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 367-jild, № 1. 253–265-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A&A...367..253F">2001A&A...367..253F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20000477">10.1051/0004-6361:20000477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+nature+of+super-metal-rich+stars%3A+Detailed+abundance+analysis+of+8+super-metal-rich+star+candidates&rft.volume=367&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=253-265&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20000477&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001A%26A...367..253F&rft.aulast=Feltzing&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a> Gray, David F.. The Observation and Analysis of Stellar Photospheres. Cambridge University Press, 1992 — 413–414-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-40868-7" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-40868-7">ISBN 0-521-40868-7</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Observation+and+Analysis+of+Stellar+Photospheres&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.pages=413%E2%80%93414 &rft.isbn=0-521-40868-7">  </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso9706/">„The Biggest Star in the Sky“</a>. ESO (11-mart 1997-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 10-iyul. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFRaglandChandrasekharAshok1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Ragland, S.; Chandrasekhar, T.; Ashok, N. M. (1995). „Angular Diameter of Carbon Star Tx-Piscium from Lunar Occultation Observations in the Near Infrared“. Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 16-jild. 332-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JApAS..16..332R">1995JApAS..16..332R</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Astrophysics+and+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Angular+Diameter+of+Carbon+Star+Tx-Piscium+from+Lunar+Occultation+Observations+in+the+Near+Infrared&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=332&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995JApAS..16..332R&rft.aulast=Ragland&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Chandrasekhar%2C+T.&rft.au=Ashok%2C+N.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a> Davis, Kate <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aavso.org/vstar/vsots/1200.shtml">„Variable Star of the Month—December, 2000: Alpha Orionis“</a>. AAVSO (1-dekabr 2000-yil). 2006-yil 12-iyulda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712000904/http://www.aavso.org/vstar/vsots/1200.shtml">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 13-avgust. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2006-07-12 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712000904/http://www.aavso.org/vstar/vsots/1200.shtml">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFLoktin2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Loktin, A. V. (2006). „Kinematics of stars in the Pleiades open cluster“. Astronomy Reports. 50-jild, № 9. 714–721-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006ARep...50..714L">2006ARep...50..714L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1063772906090058">10.1134/S1063772906090058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+Reports&rft.atitle=Kinematics+of+stars+in+the+Pleiades+open+cluster&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=714-721&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS1063772906090058&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006ARep...50..714L&rft.aulast=Loktin&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#parameter_ignored" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=HIPPARCOS">„Hipparcos: High Proper Motion Stars“</a>. ESA (10-sentabr 1999-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 10-oktyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1957" class="citation magazine cs1">Johnson, Hugh M. (1957). „The Kinematics and Evolution of Population I Stars“. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 69-jild, № 406. 54-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957PASP...69...54J">1957PASP...69...54J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F127012">10.1086/127012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=The+Kinematics+and+Evolution+of+Population+I+Stars&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=406&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F127012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1957PASP...69...54J&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Hugh+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFElmegreenEfremov1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Elmegreen, B.; Efremov, Y. N. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050323072521/http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/15714/page/1">„The Formation of Star Clusters“</a>. American Scientist. 86-jild, № 3. 264-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AmSci..86..264E">1998AmSci..86..264E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1511%2F1998.3.264">10.1511/1998.3.264</a>. 2005-03-23da <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/15714/page/1">asl nusxadan</a> arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 2006-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+Star+Clusters&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=264&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1511%2F1998.3.264&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998AmSci..86..264E&rft.aulast=Elmegreen&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Efremov%2C+Y.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Ftemplate%2FAssetDetail%2Fassetid%2F15714%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: Andozada hech qanday qiymat berilmagan (boʻsh) nomaʼlum parametr mavjud: <code class="cs1-code">|seperator=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#param_unknown_empty" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2005-03-23 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050323072521/http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/15714/page/1">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a> Brainerd, Jerome James <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/observation/XRayCorona.html">„X-rays from Stellar Coronas“</a>. The Astrophysics Spectator (6-iyul 2005-yil). Qaraldi: 2007-yil 21-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a> Berdyugina, Svetlana V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solarphysics.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrsp-2005-8/">„Starspots: A Key to the Stellar Dynamo“</a>. Living Reviews (2005). Qaraldi: 2007-yil 21-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Smith, Nathan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618222023/http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/9804/eta.html">„The Behemoth Eta Carinae: A Repeat Offender“</a>. Mercury Magazine. 27-jild. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 20-bet. 2016-06-18da <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/9804/eta.html">asl nusxadan</a> arxivlandi. Qaraldi: 2006-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mercury+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Behemoth+Eta+Carinae%3A+A+Repeat+Offender&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrosociety.org%2Fpubs%2Fmercury%2F9804%2Feta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: Andozada hech qanday qiymat berilmagan (boʻsh) nomaʼlum parametr mavjud: <code class="cs1-code">|seperator=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#param_unknown_empty" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2016-06-18 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618222023/http://www.astrosociety.org/pubs/mercury/9804/eta.html">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2005/mar/HQ_05071_HST_galaxy.html">„NASA's Hubble Weighs in on the Heaviest Stars in the Galaxy“</a>. NASA News (3-mart 2005-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 4-avgust. </li> <li id="cite_note-eso20100721-102"><a href="#cite_ref-eso20100721_102-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1030/">„Stars Just Got Bigger“</a>. European Southern Observatory (21-iyul 2010-yil). Qaraldi: 2010-17-24. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a> Wolchover, Natalie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.yahoo.com/mystery-monster-stars-solved-monster-mash-161251348.html?_esi=1">„Mystery of the 'Monster Stars' Solved: It Was a Monster Mash“</a>. LiveScience.com (7-avgust 2012-yil). </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/2005/pr200531.html">„Ferreting Out The First Stars“</a>. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (22-sentabr 2005-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 5-sentyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0503/">„Weighing the Smallest Stars“</a>. ESO (1-yanvar, 2005). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 13-avgust. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a> Boss, Alan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnegieinstitution.org/News4-3,2001.html">„Are They Planets or What?“</a>. Carnegie Institution of Washington (3-aprel 2001-yil). 2006-yil 28-sentyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928065124/http://www.carnegieinstitution.org/News4-3,2001.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 8-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-minimum-107">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-minimum_107-0">107,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-minimum_107-1">107,1</a> Shiga, David <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientistspace.com/article/dn9771-mass-cutoff-between-stars-and-brown-dwarfs-revealed.html">„Mass cut-off between stars and brown dwarfs revealed“</a>. New Scientist (17-avgust 2006-yil). 2006-yil 14-noyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061114221813/http://space.newscientist.com/article/dn9771-mass-cutoff-between-stars-and-brown-dwarfs-revealed.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 23-avgust. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a> Leadbeater, Elli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5260008.stm">„Hubble glimpses faintest stars“</a>. BBC (18-avgust 2006-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 22-avgust. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a> Kwok, Sun. The origin and evolution of planetary nebulae, Cambridge astrophysics series. Cambridge University Press, 2000 — 103–104-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-62313-8" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-62313-8">ISBN 0-521-62313-8</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origin+and+evolution+of+planetary+nebulae&rft.aulast=Kwok&rft.aufirst=Sun&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.pages=103%E2%80%93104 &rft.series=Cambridge+astrophysics+series&rft.isbn=0-521-62313-8">  </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0316/">„Flattest Star Ever Seen“</a>. ESO (11-iyun 2003-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 3-oktyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a> Fitzpatrick, Richard <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/lectures/lectures.html">„Introduction to Plasma Physics: A graduate course“</a>. The University of Texas at Austin (13-fevral 2006-yil). 2010-yil 4-yanvarda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104142353/http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/plasma/lectures/lectures.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 4-oktyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFVillata1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Villata, Massimo (1992). „Angular momentum loss by a stellar wind and rotational velocities of white dwarfs“. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 257-jild, № 3. 450–454-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992MNRAS.257..450V">1992MNRAS.257..450V</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Angular+momentum+loss+by+a+stellar+wind+and+rotational+velocities+of+white+dwarfs&rft.volume=257&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=450-454&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992MNRAS.257..450V&rft.aulast=Villata&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1996/22/astrofile/">„A History of the Crab Nebula“</a>. ESO (30-may 1996-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 3-oktyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-astronomynotes-114"><a href="#cite_ref-astronomynotes_114-0">↑</a> Strobel, Nick <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomynotes.com/starprop/s5.htm">„Properties of Stars: Color and Temperature“</a>. Astronomy Notes. Primis/McGraw-Hill, Inc. (20-avgust 2007-yil). 2007-yil 26-iyunda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626090138/http://www.astronomynotes.com/starprop/s5.htm">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2007-yil 9-oktyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">↑</a> Seligman, Courtney <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cseligman.com/text/stars/heatflowreview.htm">„Review of Heat Flow Inside Stars“</a>. Self-published. Qaraldi: 2007-yil 5-iyul. </li> <li id="cite_note-aps_mss-116"><a href="#cite_ref-aps_mss_116-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrophysicsspectator.com/topics/stars/MainSequence.html">„Main Sequence Stars“</a>. The Astrophysics Spectator (16-fevral 2005-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 10-oktyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-zeilik-117"><a href="#cite_ref-zeilik_117-0">↑</a> Zeilik, Michael A.; Gregory, Stephan A.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductoryastr0000zeil">Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics</a>, 4th, Saunders College Publishing, 1998 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductoryastr0000zeil/page/321">321</a>-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-03-006228-4" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-03-006228-4">ISBN 0-03-006228-4</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.aulast=Zeilik&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Saunders+College+Publishing&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductoryastr0000zeil%2Fpage%2F321+321%5D &rft.isbn=0-03-006228-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductoryastr0000zeil">  </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">↑</a> Koppes, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/03/030620.parker.shtml">„University of Chicago physicist receives Kyoto Prize for lifetime achievements in science“</a>. The University of Chicago News Office (20-iyun 2003-yil). Qaraldi: 2012-yil 15-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html">„The Colour of Stars“</a>. Australian Telescope Outreach and Education. 2012-yil 22-fevralda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222183238/http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 13-avgust. (<a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a> saytida 2012-03-10 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6630AbtJZ?url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2004/24/text/">„Astronomers Measure Mass of a Single Star—First Since the Sun“</a>. Hubble News Desk (15-iyul 2004-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 24-may. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFGarnettKobulnicky2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Garnett, D. R.; Kobulnicky, H. A. (2000). „Distance Dependence in the Solar Neighborhood Age-Metallicity Relation“. The Astrophysical Journal. 532-jild, № 2. 1192–1196-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9912031">astro-ph/9912031</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApJ...532.1192G">2000ApJ...532.1192G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F308617">10.1086/308617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Distance+Dependence+in+the+Solar+Neighborhood+Age-Metallicity+Relation&rft.volume=532&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1192-1196&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9912031&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F308617&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ApJ...532.1192G&rft.aulast=Garnett&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.au=Kobulnicky%2C+H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">↑</a> Staff.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr06/pr0603.html">„Rapidly Spinning Star Vega has Cool Dark Equator“</a>. National Optical Astronomy Observatory (10-yanvar 2006-yil). 2019-yil 24-mayda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190524103812/https://www.noao.edu/outreach/press/pr06/pr0603.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2007-yil 18-noyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-Michelson_Starspots-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Michelson_Starspots_123-0">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFMichelsonPease2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Michelson, A. A.; Pease, F. G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solarphysics.livingreviews.org/Articles/lrsp-2005-8/">„Starspots: A Key to the Stellar Dynamo“</a>. Living Reviews in Solar Physics. Max Planck Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Living+Reviews+in+Solar+Physics&rft.atitle=Starspots%3A+A+Key+to+the+Stellar+Dynamo&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Michelson&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rft.au=Pease%2C+F.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsolarphysics.livingreviews.org%2FArticles%2Flrsp-2005-8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFManducaBellGustafsson1977" class="citation magazine cs1">Manduca, A.; Bell, R. A.; Gustafsson, B. (1977). „Limb darkening coefficients for late-type giant model atmospheres“. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 61-jild, № 6. 809–813-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977A&A....61..809M">1977A&A....61..809M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Limb+darkening+coefficients+for+late-type+giant+model+atmospheres&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=809-813&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977A%26A....61..809M&rft.aulast=Manduca&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Bell%2C+R.+A.&rft.au=Gustafsson%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFChugainov1971" class="citation magazine cs1">Chugainov, P. F. (1971). „On the Cause of Periodic Light Variations of Some Red Dwarf Stars“. Information Bulletin on Variable Stars. 520-jild. 1–3-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971IBVS..520....1C">1971IBVS..520....1C</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Information+Bulletin+on+Variable+Stars&rft.atitle=On+the+Cause+of+Periodic+Light+Variations+of+Some+Red+Dwarf+Stars&rft.volume=520&rft.pages=1-3&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971IBVS..520....1C&rft.aulast=Chugainov&rft.aufirst=P.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nso.edu/PR/answerbook/magnitude.html">„Magnitude“</a>. National Solar Observatory—Sacramento Peak. 2008-yil 6-fevralda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080206074842/http://www.nso.edu/PR/answerbook/magnitude.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 23-avgust. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2008-02-06 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080206074842/http://www.nso.edu/PR/answerbook/magnitude.html">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-luminosity-127">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-luminosity_127-0">127,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-luminosity_127-1">127,1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_luminosity.html">„Luminosity of Stars“</a>. Australian Telescope Outreach and Education. 2014-yil 9-avgustda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809120004/http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach//education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_specparallax.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 13-avgust. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2014-08-09 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809120004/http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach//education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_specparallax.html">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">↑</a> Hoover, Aaron <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napa.ufl.edu/2004news/bigbrightstar.htm">„Star may be biggest, brightest yet observed“</a>. HubbleSite (15-yanvar 2004-yil). 2007-yil 7-avgustda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807035239/http://www.napa.ufl.edu/2004news/bigbrightstar.htm">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 8-iyun. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2007-08-07 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807035239/http://www.napa.ufl.edu/2004news/bigbrightstar.htm">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/37/image/a/">„Faintest Stars in Globular Cluster NGC 6397“</a>. HubbleSite (17-avgust 2006-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 8-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">↑</a> Smith, Gene <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/Stars.html">„Stellar Spectra“</a>. University of California, San Diego (16-aprel 1999-yil). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 12-oktyabr. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFFowler" class="citation magazine cs1">Fowler, A. (1891–2). „The Draper Catalogue of Stellar Spectra“. Nature. 45-jild. 427–8-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1892Natur..45..427F">1892Natur..45..427F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F045427a0">10.1038/045427a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Draper+Catalogue+of+Stellar+Spectra&rft.chron=1891%E2%80%932&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=427-8&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F045427a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1892Natur..45..427F&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: <code class="cs1-code">|year=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#bad_date" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-carlos-132"><a href="#cite_ref-carlos_132-0">↑</a> Jaschek, Carlos; Jaschek, Mercedes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0000jasc">The Classification of Stars</a>. Cambridge University Press, 1990 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0000jasc/page/31">31</a>–48-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-38996-8" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-521-38996-8">ISBN 0-521-38996-8</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classification+of+Stars&rft.aulast=Jaschek&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0000jasc%2Fpage%2F31+31%5D%E2%80%9348 &rft.isbn=0-521-38996-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0000jasc">  </li> <li id="cite_note-spectrum-133">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-spectrum_133-0">133,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spectrum_133-1">133,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spectrum_133-2">133,2</a> MacRobert, Alan M <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyandtelescope.com/howto/basics/3305876.html">„The Spectral Types of Stars“</a>. Sky and Telescope. 2013-yil 22-oktyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022124237/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/howto/basics/3305876.html">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 19-iyul. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2013-10-22 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022124237/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/howto/basics/3305876.html">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/people/ross/ph3080/whitey.htm">„White Dwarf (wd) Stars“</a>. White Dwarf Research Corporation. 2009-yil 8-oktyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008115925/http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/people/ross/ph3080/whitey.htm">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 19-iyul. </li> <li id="cite_note-variables-135">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-variables_135-0">135,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-variables_135-1">135,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-variables_135-2">135,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-variables_135-3">135,3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aavso.org/types-variables">„Types of Variable“</a>. AAVSO (11-may 2010-yil). 2018-yil 17-oktyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017170335/http://www.aavso.org/types-variables">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2010-yil 20-avgust.(<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2018-10-17 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017170335/http://www.aavso.org/types-variables">arxivlangan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/cataclysmic_variables.html">„Cataclysmic Variables“</a>. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (2004-yil 1-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 8-iyun. </li> <li id="cite_note-hansen-137"><a href="#cite_ref-hansen_137-0">↑</a> Hansen, Carl J.; Kawaler, Steven D.; Trimble, Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stellarinteriors00hans_446">Stellar Interiors</a>. Springer, 2004 — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stellarinteriors00hans_446/page/32">32</a>–33-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-387-20089-4" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-387-20089-4">ISBN 0-387-20089-4</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stellar+Interiors&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Carl+J.&rft.pub=Springer&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstellarinteriors00hans_446%2Fpage%2F32+32%5D%E2%80%9333 &rft.isbn=0-387-20089-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstellarinteriors00hans_446">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarzschild-138">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarzschild_138-0">138,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarzschild_138-1">138,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwarzschild_138-2">138,2</a> Schwarzschild, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structureevoluti0000mart">Structure and Evolution of the Stars</a>. Princeton University Press, 1958. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/0-691-08044-5" title="Maxsus:BookSources/0-691-08044-5">ISBN 0-691-08044-5</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structure+and+Evolution+of+the+Stars&rft.aulast=Schwarzschild&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press &rft.isbn=0-691-08044-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructureevoluti0000mart">  </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aether.lbl.gov/www/tour/elements/stellar/stellar_a.html">„Formation of the High Mass Elements“</a>. Smoot Group. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 11-iyul. </li> <li id="cite_note-imagine-140">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-imagine_140-0">140,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imagine_140-1">140,1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/stars.html">„What is a Star?“</a>. NASA (2006-yil 1-sentyabr). Qaraldi: 2006-yil 11-iyul. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">↑</a> ESO (1-avgust 2001-yil). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso0127/">„The Glory of a Nearby Star: Optical Light from a Hot Stellar Corona Detected with the VLT“</a>. Press-reliz. Qaraldi: 2006-yil 10-iyul. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFBurlagaNessAcuñaLepping2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Burlaga, L. F.; et al. (2005). „Crossing the Termination Shock into the Heliosheath: Magnetic Fields“. Science. 309-jild, № 5743. 2027–2029-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...309.2027B">2005Sci...309.2027B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1117542">10.1126/science.1117542</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (sahifa yaratilmagan)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16179471">16179471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Crossing+the+Termination+Shock+into+the+Heliosheath%3A+Magnetic+Fields&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=5743&rft.pages=2027-2029&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16179471&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1117542&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...309.2027B&rft.aulast=Burlaga&rft.aufirst=L.+F.&rft.au=Ness%2C+N.+F.&rft.au=Acu%C3%B1a%2C+M.+H.&rft.au=Lepping%2C+R.+P.&rft.au=Connerney%2C+J.+E.+P.&rft.au=Stone%2C+E.+C.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+F.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-synthesis-143">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-synthesis_143-0">143,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-synthesis_143-1">143,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-synthesis_143-2">143,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-synthesis_143-3">143,3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFWallersteinIben_Jr.ParkerBoesgaard1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Wallerstein, G.; et al. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://authors.library.caltech.edu/10255/1/WALrmp97.pdf">„Synthesis of the elements in stars: forty years of progress“</a> (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 69-jild, № 4. 995–1084-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997RvMP...69..995W">1997RvMP...69..995W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.69.995">10.1103/RevModPhys.69.995</a>. Qaraldi: 2006-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+the+elements+in+stars%3A+forty+years+of+progress&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=995-1084&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.69.995&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997RvMP...69..995W&rft.aulast=Wallerstein&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Iben+Jr.%2C+I.&rft.au=Parker%2C+P.&rft.au=Boesgaard%2C+A.+M.&rft.au=Hale%2C+G.+M.&rft.au=Champagne%2C+A.+E.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=KM-dppeler%2C+F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+V.+V.&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Timmes%2C+F.+X.&rft.au=Sneden%2C+C.&rft.au=Boyd%2C+R.+N.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+B.+S.&rft.au=Lambert%2C+D.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F10255%2F1%2FWALrmp97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFGirardiBressanBertelliChiosi2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Girardi, L.; Bressan, A.; Bertelli, G.; Chiosi, C. (2000). „Evolutionary tracks and isochrones for low- and intermediate-mass stars: From 0.15 to 7 Msun, and from Z=0.0004 to 0.03“. Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 141-jild, № 3. 371–383-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (sahifa yaratilmagan)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9910164">astro-ph/9910164</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000A&AS..141..371G">2000A&AS..141..371G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1051%2Faas%3A2000126">10.1051/aas:2000126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics+Supplement&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+tracks+and+isochrones+for+low-+and+intermediate-mass+stars%3A+From+0.15+to+7+M%3Csub%3Esun%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+and+from+Z%3D0.0004+to+0.03&rft.volume=141&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-383&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9910164&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Faas%3A2000126&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000A%26AS..141..371G&rft.aulast=Girardi&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Bressan%2C+A.&rft.au=Bertelli%2C+G.&rft.au=Chiosi%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">↑</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite id="CITEREFWoosleyHegerWeaver2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Woosley, S. E.; Heger, A.; Weaver, T. A. (2002). „The evolution and explosion of massive stars“. Reviews of Modern Physics. 74-jild, № 4. 1015–1071-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RvMP...74.1015W">2002RvMP...74.1015W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.74.1015">10.1103/RevModPhys.74.1015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=The+evolution+and+explosion+of+massive+stars&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1015-1071&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.74.1015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002RvMP...74.1015W&rft.aulast=Woosley&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft.au=Heger%2C+A.&rft.au=Weaver%2C+T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AYulduz" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">↑</a> 11,5 kun 0,0315-yilga teng. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Havolalar">Havolalar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Havolalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">tahrir</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yulduz&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Havolalar">manbasini tahrirlash</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ziyonet.uz/uzl/library/libid/10100">Astronomiya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2013-02-24 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130224235201/http://www.ziyonet.uz/uzl/library/libid/10100">arxivlangan</a>). ZiyoNET.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cosmos-news.ru/">Koinot haqida - Koinotning tuzulishi. Galaktika. Yulduzlar va sayyoralar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2012-05-31 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531013906/http://www.cosmos-news.ru/">arxivlangan</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/sow.html">"Portraits of Stars and their Constellations"</a>. Kaler, James. Illinois Universiteti.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assa.org.au/sig/variables/classifications.asp">"How To Decipher Classification Codes"</a>. Janubiy Avstraliya Astronomiya Jamiyati.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-star.st-and.ac.uk/~kw25/teaching/stars/stars.html">"Stars: Stellar Atmospheres, Structure, & Evolution"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2021-02-11 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211123306/http://www-star.st-and.ac.uk/~kw25/teaching/stars/stars.html">arxivlangan</a>). Prialnick, Dina et al. St. Andrews Universiteti.</li></ul> <table class="metadata navigation-box" style="margin:0 0 1em 1em; clear:right; border:solid #aaa 1px; background:#f9f9f9; padding:1ex; font-size:88%; float:right"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vikiombor" title="Vikiombor">Vikiomborda</a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stars">Yulduzlar</a> haqida turkum mavjud </td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img 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