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interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger_(Desinformationskampagne)" title="Doppelgänger (Desinformationskampagne) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Doppelgänger (Desinformationskampagne)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppelganger" title="Doppelganger – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Doppelganger" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Opération Doppelgänger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opération Doppelgänger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operazione_Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Operazione Doppelgänger – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Operazione Doppelgänger" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8_(%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%94)" title="דופלגנגר (מבצע השפעה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דופלגנגר (מבצע השפעה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%C2%AB%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%C2%BB" title="Операция «Доппельгангер» – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Операция «Доппельгангер»" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q123469357#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian disinformation campaign</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Doppelganger</b> is the name given for a <a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation" title="Russian disinformation">Russian disinformation</a> campaign established in 2022. It targets Ukraine, Germany, France and the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-Antoniuk-2023_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antoniuk-2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the aim of undermining support for Ukraine in Russia's <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion</a> of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin-2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals">Goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doppelganger_(disinformation_campaign)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aim is to serve the Kremlin's narrative, primarily to weaken Western support for Ukraine. The narrative favours four themes (messages): </p> <ul><li>Sanctions against Russia are inefficient</li> <li>Westerners are <a href="/wiki/Anti-Russian_sentiment" title="Anti-Russian sentiment">Russophobic</a></li> <li>The Ukrainian army is barbaric and made up of neo-Nazis</li> <li>Ukrainian refugees are a burden on European countries<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The second goal for the propaganda articles is to be quoted and picked up by Russian media in order to reach the Russian population through the <a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">alternative reality</a> that Russian power is trying to maintain about the war in Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doppelganger_(disinformation_campaign)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Doppelganger has been active since May 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-Antoniuk-2023_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antoniuk-2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert-2023_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign was unmasked by EU DisinfoLab that September.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert-2023_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2024, the company <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> removed accounts used by Doppelganger in <a href="/wiki/Influence_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Influence operations">influence operations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disinformation">Disinformation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doppelganger_(disinformation_campaign)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disinformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Doppelganger relies on fake websites that mimic the appearance of existing news sources, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Parisien" title="Le Parisien">Le Parisien</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin-2023_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benjakob-2023_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjakob-2023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khatsenkova-2023_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khatsenkova-2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., Doppelganger has pushed articles criticising the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBTQ+</a> movement, which has been outlawed in Russia, and raising doubts about the competence of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-Antoniuk-2023_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antoniuk-2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doppelganger_(disinformation_campaign)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Russian invasion of Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></div> <p>Doppelganger's fake websites push false stories that are critical of Ukrainian president <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a>, U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and the White House's Ukraine policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin-2023_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2023, French authorities announced they had uncovered a Doppelganger campaign to target several French daily newspapers such as <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>, <i>Le Parisien</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/20_minutes_(France)" title="20 minutes (France)"><i>20 minutes</i></a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (France)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>. The campaign created copycat websites of the newspapers, using them to promote pro-Russian content, including a fake <i>Le Monde</i> article titled "French Minister supports the murder of Russian soldiers in Ukraine". A fake Ministry of Foreign Affairs website was also created, including a fake announcement for a 1.5% tax on "every monetary transaction" to finance military support for Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its discovery and denunciation, Operation Doppelganger continued. In August 2023, Meta's security report stated that Doppelganger was targeting a new country: the United States. In the summer of 2023, Russian services copied the websites of Fox News, <i>The Washington Post</i> and the NATO website.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2023, researchers identified a disinformation campaign linked to Doppelganger on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>. The campaign pushed ads with pictures of celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Bieber" title="Justin Bieber">Justin Bieber</a> and others alongside fake pro-Russian and anti-Ukrainian quotes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert-2023_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert-2023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel–Hamas_war"><span id="Israel.E2.80.93Hamas_war"></span>Israel–Hamas war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doppelganger_(disinformation_campaign)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Israel–Hamas war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war">Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war</a></div> <p>Doppelganger has pushed false information about the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a> using fake websites that mimic the appearance of Fox News, <i>Le Parisien</i> and <i>Der Spiegel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benjakob-2023_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjakob-2023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khatsenkova-2023_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khatsenkova-2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The websites' articles promote the suggestion that financial support for Ukraine from Western powers has been diverted to Israel and that Ukraine will lose all military and financial support from the West.<sup id="cite_ref-Khatsenkova-2023_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khatsenkova-2023-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fake articles appeared in Russian, Ukrainian, English, French, German and Hebrew, and were relayed by bots on Twitter. One forged German report attempted to link the energy crisis in Europe to the war, and a <a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">deepfake</a> AI-generated video showed an <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> soldier inviting Ukrainians to join the Israeli army in exchange for payment and citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-Benjakob-2023_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjakob-2023-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2023, France accused Doppelganger and Recent Reliable News (RRN) of interfering in its internal affairs by sharing photos of <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a> graffiti painted on buildings across <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Caulcutt-2023_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caulcutt-2023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of October 2023, stenciled blue Stars of David were discovered on street walls in Paris and its suburbs. The act, immediately described as <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a>, was widely denounced as reminiscent of the Stars of David painted by the Nazis on Jewish-owned businesses. After a few days and the arrest of a Moldovan couple suspected of tagging the stars at the request of Anatoliï Prizenko, a pro-Russian <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldovan</a> businessman, <i>Le Monde</i> reported that Prizenko was potentially behind the graffiti incident.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caulcutt-2023_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caulcutt-2023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schofield-2023_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield-2023-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Russian influence operation was suspected. On November 9, 2023, France issued an official statement condemning the involvement of the Doppelganger network. Numerous accounts, attributed "with a high degree of trust" to the Doppelganger network, were the first to publish online photographs of the stenciled Stars of David, and were instrumental in artificially amplifying their spread on social networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Schofield-2023_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schofield-2023-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France's foreign ministry said it demonstrated how Russia was taking advantage of "international crises" to create confusion and fuel tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-Caulcutt-2023_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caulcutt-2023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doppelganger_(disinformation_campaign)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Antoniuk-2023-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Antoniuk-2023_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antoniuk-2023_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Antoniuk-2023_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAntoniuk2023" class="citation web cs1">Antoniuk, Daryna (5 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://therecord.media/doppelganger-influence-operation-new-activity">"Russia-linked 'Doppelgänger' social media operation rolls on, report says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Recorded_Future" title="Recorded Future">The Record</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205220714/https://therecord.media/doppelganger-influence-operation-new-activity">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Record&rft.atitle=Russia-linked+%27Doppelg%C3%A4nger%27+social+media+operation+rolls+on%2C+report+says&rft.date=2023-12-05&rft.aulast=Antoniuk&rft.aufirst=Daryna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftherecord.media%2Fdoppelganger-influence-operation-new-activity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-2023-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin-2023_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin-2023_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin-2023_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2023" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Alexander (29 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://therecord.media/russians-fake-news-anti-ukraine">"Russians impersonate Washington Post and Fox News with anti-Ukraine stories"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Recorded_Future" title="Recorded Future">The Record</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928012539/https://therecord.media/russians-fake-news-anti-ukraine">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Record&rft.atitle=Russians+impersonate+Washington+Post+and+Fox+News+with+anti-Ukraine+stories&rft.date=2023-08-29&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftherecord.media%2Frussians-fake-news-anti-ukraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/files/files/20230719_NP_VIGINUM_SYNTHESE_RAPPORT-CAMPAGNE-RRN_EN.pdf">"RRN: A complex and persistent information manipulation campaign"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>VIGINUM</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307115802/https://www.sgdsn.gouv.fr/files/files/20230719_NP_VIGINUM_SYNTHESE_RAPPORT-CAMPAGNE-RRN_EN.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VIGINUM&rft.atitle=RRN%3A+A+complex+and+persistent+information+manipulation+campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgdsn.gouv.fr%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2F20230719_NP_VIGINUM_SYNTHESE_RAPPORT-CAMPAGNE-RRN_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.la-croix.com/Culture/Desinformation-russe-quest-operation-Doppelganger-2023-06-14-1201271493">"Désinformation russe : qu'est-ce que l'« opération Doppelgänger » ?"</a>. <i>La Croix</i> (in French). 14 June 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0242-6056">0242-6056</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110141024/https://www.la-croix.com/Culture/Desinformation-russe-quest-operation-Doppelganger-2023-06-14-1201271493">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Croix&rft.atitle=D%C3%A9sinformation+russe+%3A+qu%27est-ce+que+l%27%C2%AB+op%C3%A9ration+Doppelg%C3%A4nger+%C2%BB+%3F&rft.date=2023-06-14&rft.issn=0242-6056&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.la-croix.com%2FCulture%2FDesinformation-russe-quest-operation-Doppelganger-2023-06-14-1201271493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert-2023-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert-2023_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert-2023_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert-2023_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Gilbert, David (6 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/russia-ukraine-taylor-swift-disinformation/">"Fake Taylor Swift Quotes Are Being Used to Spread Anti-Ukraine Propaganda"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028">1059-1028</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211105526/https://www.wired.com/story/russia-ukraine-taylor-swift-disinformation/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Fake+Taylor+Swift+Quotes+Are+Being+Used+to+Spread+Anti-Ukraine+Propaganda&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft.issn=1059-1028&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Frussia-ukraine-taylor-swift-disinformation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlaphilippeMachadoMiguelPoldi2022" class="citation web cs1">Alaphilippe, Alexandre; Machado, Gary; Miguel, Raquel; Poldi, Francesco (27 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.disinfo.eu/doppelganger/">"Doppelganger - Media clones serving Russian propaganda"</a>. <i>EU DisinfoLab</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123053358/https://www.disinfo.eu/doppelganger/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EU+DisinfoLab&rft.atitle=Doppelganger+-+Media+clones+serving+Russian+propaganda&rft.date=2022-09-27&rft.aulast=Alaphilippe&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.au=Machado%2C+Gary&rft.au=Miguel%2C+Raquel&rft.au=Poldi%2C+Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.disinfo.eu%2Fdoppelganger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2024" class="citation news cs1">Bond, Shannon (30 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2024/05/30/g-s1-1670/openai-influence-operations-china-russia-israel">"In a first, OpenAI removes influence operations tied to Russia, China and Israel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240530183810/https://www.npr.org/2024/05/30/g-s1-1670/openai-influence-operations-china-russia-israel">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=In+a+first%2C+OpenAI+removes+influence+operations+tied+to+Russia%2C+China+and+Israel&rft.date=2024-05-30&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Shannon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2024%2F05%2F30%2Fg-s1-1670%2Fopenai-influence-operations-china-russia-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benjakob-2023-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benjakob-2023_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benjakob-2023_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benjakob-2023_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjakob2023" class="citation news cs1">Benjakob, Omer (20 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2023-11-20/ty-article/.premium/deep-faked-soldiers-and-spoofed-websites-russian-campaign-pushes-gaza-disinformation/0000018b-ed5c-d36e-a3cb-fd5fadd90000">"Russian Op Pushes Gaza Disinfo With Spoofed Fox News Site and 'Deep-fake' Israeli Soldiers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231201014052/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/security-aviation/2023-11-20/ty-article/.premium/deep-faked-soldiers-and-spoofed-websites-russian-campaign-pushes-gaza-disinformation/0000018b-ed5c-d36e-a3cb-fd5fadd90000">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Russian+Op+Pushes+Gaza+Disinfo+With+Spoofed+Fox+News+Site+and+%27Deep-fake%27+Israeli+Soldiers&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft.aulast=Benjakob&rft.aufirst=Omer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fsecurity-aviation%2F2023-11-20%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2Fdeep-faked-soldiers-and-spoofed-websites-russian-campaign-pushes-gaza-disinformation%2F0000018b-ed5c-d36e-a3cb-fd5fadd90000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khatsenkova-2023-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khatsenkova-2023_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatsenkova-2023_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khatsenkova-2023_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatsenkova2023" class="citation web cs1">Khatsenkova, Sophia (23 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/11/23/doppelganger-how-a-russian-disinformation-campaign-is-exploiting-the-israel-hamas-war">"How a Russian online campaign is exploiting the Israel-Hamas war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210103104/https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2023/11/23/doppelganger-how-a-russian-disinformation-campaign-is-exploiting-the-israel-hamas-war">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=How+a+Russian+online+campaign+is+exploiting+the+Israel-Hamas+war&rft.date=2023-11-23&rft.aulast=Khatsenkova&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2Fmy-europe%2F2023%2F11%2F23%2Fdoppelganger-how-a-russian-disinformation-campaign-is-exploiting-the-israel-hamas-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynaudLeloup2023" class="citation news cs1">Reynaud, Florian; Leloup, Damien (13 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/pixels/article/2023/06/13/doppelganger-the-russian-disinformation-campaign-denounced-by-france_6031227_13.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Doppelgänger': The Russian disinformation campaign denounced by France"</a>. <i>Le Monde</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231111044747/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/pixels/article/2023/06/13/doppelganger-the-russian-disinformation-campaign-denounced-by-france_6031227_13.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=%27Doppelg%C3%A4nger%27%3A+The+Russian+disinformation+campaign+denounced+by+France&rft.date=2023-06-13&rft.aulast=Reynaud&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.au=Leloup%2C+Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Fpixels%2Farticle%2F2023%2F06%2F13%2Fdoppelganger-the-russian-disinformation-campaign-denounced-by-france_6031227_13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatsenkova2023" class="citation web cs1">Khatsenkova, Sophia (15 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2023/06/15/doppelganger-how-france-exposed-a-massive-russian-disinformation-campaign">"France says it exposed a massive Russian disinformation campaign"</a>. <i>Euronews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206172711/https://www.euronews.com/2023/06/15/doppelganger-how-france-exposed-a-massive-russian-disinformation-campaign">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Euronews&rft.atitle=France+says+it+exposed+a+massive+Russian+disinformation+campaign&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft.aulast=Khatsenkova&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2023%2F06%2F15%2Fdoppelganger-how-france-exposed-a-massive-russian-disinformation-campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.fb.com/news/2023/08/raising-online-defenses/">"Raising Online Defenses Through Transparency and Collaboration"</a>. <i>Meta</i>. 29 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207060023/https://about.fb.com/news/2023/08/raising-online-defenses/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meta&rft.atitle=Raising+Online+Defenses+Through+Transparency+and+Collaboration&rft.date=2023-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.fb.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F08%2Fraising-online-defenses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2023" class="citation news cs1">Murphy, Michael (10 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/10/kremlin-stoking-tensions-over-israel-and-hamas-war-gaza/">"Kremlin's 'doppelganger' propaganda so convincing it is hard to tell from real news"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211054528/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/10/kremlin-stoking-tensions-over-israel-and-hamas-war-gaza/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Kremlin%27s+%27doppelganger%27+propaganda+so+convincing+it+is+hard+to+tell+from+real+news&rft.date=2023-12-10&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fworld-news%2F2023%2F12%2F10%2Fkremlin-stoking-tensions-over-israel-and-hamas-war-gaza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caulcutt-2023-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Caulcutt-2023_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caulcutt-2023_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Caulcutt-2023_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaulcutt2023" class="citation web cs1">Caulcutt, Clea (9 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/france-condemns-russia-involvement-stars-of-david-graffiti/">"France condemns Russian disinformation campaign linked to Stars of David graffiti"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204115529/https://www.politico.eu/article/france-condemns-russia-involvement-stars-of-david-graffiti/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=France+condemns+Russian+disinformation+campaign+linked+to+Stars+of+David+graffiti&rft.date=2023-11-09&rft.aulast=Caulcutt&rft.aufirst=Clea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Ffrance-condemns-russia-involvement-stars-of-david-graffiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/france/20231109-france-accuses-russia-of-online-interference-over-stars-of-david-graffiti-in-paris">"France slams Russian networks for 'exploiting' crises with posts of Star of David graffiti in Paris"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a></i>. 9 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202141205/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20231109-france-accuses-russia-of-online-interference-over-stars-of-david-graffiti-in-paris">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=France+slams+Russian+networks+for+%27exploiting%27+crises+with+posts+of+Star+of+David+graffiti+in+Paris&rft.date=2023-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Ffrance%2F20231109-france-accuses-russia-of-online-interference-over-stars-of-david-graffiti-in-paris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertiniLeloupReynaud2023" class="citation news cs1">Albertini, Antoine; Leloup, Damien; Reynaud, Florian (7 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2023/11/07/stars-of-david-graffiti-in-paris-russian-interference-suspected_6235378_7.html">"Stars of David graffiti in Paris: Russian interference suspected"</a>. <i>Le Monde</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231108070316/https://www.lemonde.fr/en/france/article/2023/11/07/stars-of-david-graffiti-in-paris-russian-interference-suspected_6235378_7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Stars+of+David+graffiti+in+Paris%3A+Russian+interference+suspected&rft.date=2023-11-07&rft.aulast=Albertini&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft.au=Leloup%2C+Damien&rft.au=Reynaud%2C+Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Ffrance%2Farticle%2F2023%2F11%2F07%2Fstars-of-david-graffiti-in-paris-russian-interference-suspected_6235378_7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADoppelganger+%28disinformation+campaign%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schofield-2023-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield-2023_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schofield-2023_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchofield2023" class="citation news cs1">Schofield, Hugh (8 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67360768">"Star of David graffiti in Paris - the Russian connection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231202081738/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67360768">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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