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dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Buganda is a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> kingdom within <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>. The kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Baganda" title="Baganda">Baganda people</a>, Buganda is the largest of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_African_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign African monarchs">traditional kingdoms</a> in present-day East Africa, consisting of Uganda's <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Uganda" title="Districts of Uganda">Central Region</a>, including the Ugandan capital <a href="/wiki/Kampala" title="Kampala">Kampala</a>. The 14 million Baganda (singular Muganda; often referred to simply by the root word and adjective, Ganda) make up the largest Ugandan region, representing approximately 16% of <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Uganda" title="Demographics of Uganda">Uganda's population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Buganda</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category">Traditional tribal kingdom</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Buganda.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Buganda"><img alt="Flag of Buganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Buganda.svg/100px-Flag_of_Buganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Buganda.svg/150px-Flag_of_Buganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Buganda.svg/200px-Flag_of_Buganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Ekitiibwa_kya_Buganda" title="Ekitiibwa kya Buganda">Ekitiibwa kya Buganda</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Buganda_(map).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Buganda is shaded red on this map"><img alt="Buganda is shaded red on this map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Buganda_%28map%29.png/250px-Buganda_%28map%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Buganda_%28map%29.png/375px-Buganda_%28map%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Buganda_%28map%29.png/500px-Buganda_%28map%29.png 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="518"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Buganda is shaded red on this map</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sovereign state</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mengo,_Uganda" title="Mengo, Uganda">Mengo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Lukiiko" title="Lukiiko">Lukiiko</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Kabaka_of_Buganda" title="Kabaka of Buganda">Kabaka</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muwenda_Mutebi_II_of_Buganda" title="Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda">Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Katikkiro_of_Buganda" title="Katikkiro of Buganda">Katikkiro</a> (Prime Minister)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Peter_Mayiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Peter Mayiga">Charles Peter Mayiga</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-GeoHive-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">61,403.2 km2 (23,707.9 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,200 m (3,900 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2002 census)<a href="#cite_note-GeoHive-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,575,425</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2021)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">11,952,600<a href="#cite_note-ubospop2021-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">110/km2 (280/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Time" title="East Africa Time">EAT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.buganda.or.ug/">https://www.buganda.or.ug/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Ganda</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">muGanda</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baganda" title="Baganda">Baganda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NJOVU_CLAN_Totem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="NJOVU CLAN Totem.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NJOVU_CLAN_Totem.jpg/220px-NJOVU_CLAN_Totem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NJOVU_CLAN_Totem.jpg/330px-NJOVU_CLAN_Totem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/NJOVU_CLAN_Totem.jpg/440px-NJOVU_CLAN_Totem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5175" data-file-height="4000"></a><figcaption>Photo of Njovu Clan totem</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buganda" title="History of Buganda">Buganda's history</a> includes unification during the 13th century by the first king <a href="/wiki/Kato_Kintu" title="Kato Kintu">Kato Kintu</a>, the founder of Buganda's Kintu Dynasty, Buganda grew to become one of the largest and most powerful states in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> during the 18th and 19th centuries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>, and following unsuccessful attempts to retain its independence against <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British imperialism</a>, Buganda became the center of the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda Protectorate</a> in 1884; the name Uganda, the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> term for Buganda, was adopted by British officials. Under British rule, many Baganda acquired status as colonial administrators, and Buganda became a major producer of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Uganda%27s_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda's independence">Uganda's independence</a> in 1962, the kingdom was abolished by Uganda's first Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Milton_Obote" title="Milton Obote">Dr Apollo Milton Obote</a> in 1966, declaring Uganda a republic. Following years of disturbance caused by Obote and dictator <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Field Marshall Idi Amin Dada</a>, as well as several years of internal divisions among Uganda's ruling <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Movement" title="National Resistance Movement">National Resistance Movement</a> under <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Kaguta Museveni Tibuhaburwa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Uganda" title="President of Uganda">President of Uganda</a> since 1986, the kingdom was officially restored in 1993. Buganda is now a traditional kingdom and so occupies a largely ceremonial role. Since the restoration of the kingdom in 1993, the King of Buganda, known as the <a href="/wiki/Kabaka_of_Buganda" title="Kabaka of Buganda">Kabaka</a>, has been <a href="/wiki/Muwenda_Mutebi_II_of_Buganda" title="Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda">Muwenda Mutebi II</a>. He is recognized as the 36th Kabaka of Buganda. The current queen, known as the <a href="/wiki/Nnabagereka_of_Buganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nnabagereka of Buganda">Nnabagereka</a> or Kaddulubale is <a href="/wiki/Queen_Sylvia_of_Buganda" title="Queen Sylvia of Buganda">Queen Sylvia Nagginda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Geography_and_environment">1 Geography and environment</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Districts">1.1 Districts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Origin">2.1 Origin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Precolonial_times">2.2 Precolonial times</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Colonial_times">2.3 Colonial times</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Attempted_secession_in_Kayunga">2.4 Attempted secession in Kayunga</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Previous_Kings">2.5 Previous Kings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Government">3 Government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Amasaza">3.1 Amasaza</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Infrastructure">4 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Communication">4.1 Communication</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Military">5 Military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Demographics">6 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Clans_of_Buganda">6.1 Clans of Buganda</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Nansangwa">6.1.1 Nansangwa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Kintu_migration">6.1.2 Kintu migration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Kato_Kimera_migration">6.1.3 Kato Kimera migration</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Major_cities_and_towns">6.2 Major cities and towns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Education">6.3 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Ethnic_groups">6.4 Ethnic groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Religion">6.5 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Economy">7 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Agriculture">7.1 Agriculture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Crafts">7.2 Crafts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Slavery">7.3 Slavery</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Culture_and_Society">8 Culture and Society</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Women_and_Royal_Power">8.1 Women and Royal Power</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Cinema">8.2 Cinema</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Cuisine">8.3 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Fashion">8.4 Fashion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Language_and_Literature">8.5 Language and Literature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Music">8.6 Music</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Tourism">8.7 Tourism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Bibliography">11 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Geography_and_environment">Geography and environment</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography and environment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buganda_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Buganda map." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Buganda_map.jpg/220px-Buganda_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="770"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 202px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Buganda_map.jpg/220px-Buganda_map.jpg" data-alt="Buganda map." data-width="220" data-height="202" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Buganda_map.jpg/330px-Buganda_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Buganda_map.jpg/440px-Buganda_map.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Buganda map.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">It was a rich country, the most favoured part of the Lakeland, which is the most favoured part of Africa. Thanks to the great inland sea that the Ganda call Nalubaale, 'Mother of the gods', it enjoys a very reliable supply of rain. There are two official seasons of precipitation, the long rains from March through June and the shorter but fiercer rains, often accompanied by thunderstorms of extraordinary violence, in October-November; but few months are wholly rainless and prolonged drought is unknown. Being on the Equator it is warm all the year round, but as it is around 4,000 feet above sea-level it is never oppressively hot. And if climate has been kind, geology has been even kinder. Buganda is a land of small green hills, each rising some 200-400 feet above the valley floor. Many are flat-topped; for the land was once a plateau that has mostly crumbled away. As a result, the long slopes are covered with soils that are young and well supplied with plant nutrients. Deep, well structured, not easily eroded, they support a lush vegetation of which the characteristic feature is tenfoot-tall <a href="/wiki/Cenchrus_purpureus" title="Cenchrus purpureus">Elephant grass</a>.</blockquote><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Ganda villages, sometimes as large as forty to fifty homes, were generally located on hillsides, leaving hilltops and <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swampy lowlands</a> uninhabited, to be used for crops or pastures. Early Ganda villages surrounded the home of a chief or headman, which provided a common meeting ground for members of the village. The chief collected tribute from his subjects, provided tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Kabaka_of_Buganda" title="Kabaka of Buganda">Kabaka</a>, who was the ruler of the kingdom, distributed resources among his subjects, maintained order, and reinforced social solidarity through his decision-making skills. During the late 19th century, Ganda villages became more dispersed as the role of the chiefs diminished in response to political turmoil, population migration, and occasional popular revolts. Buganda's boundaries are marked by the <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzanian border</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> (Lake Nnalubaale) to the south, the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Nile" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Nile">River Nile</a> (River Kiira) to the east, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Kyoga" title="Lake Kyoga">Lake Kyoga</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/River_Kafu" title="River Kafu">River Kafu</a> to the northwest.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Districts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Buganda currently is divided into 26 districts as of 2021. These are: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Buikwe_District" title="Buikwe District">Buikwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukomansimbi_District" title="Bukomansimbi District">Bukomansimbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butambala_District" title="Butambala District">Butambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buvuma_District" title="Buvuma District">Buvuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomba_District" title="Gomba District">Gomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalangala_District" title="Kalangala District">Kalangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalungu_District" title="Kalungu District">Kalungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampala_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampala District">Kampala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassanda_District" title="Kassanda District">Kassanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayunga_District" title="Kayunga District">Kayunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiboga_District" title="Kiboga District">Kiboga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyankwanzi_District" title="Kyankwanzi District">Kyankwanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyotera_District" title="Kyotera District">Kyotera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwero_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwero District">Luwero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lwengo_District" title="Lwengo District">Lwengo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyantonde_District" title="Lyantonde District">Lyantonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masaka_District" title="Masaka District">Masaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mityana_District" title="Mityana District">Mityana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpigi_District" title="Mpigi District">Mpigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubende_District" title="Mubende District">Mubende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukono_District" title="Mukono District">Mukono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakaseke_District" title="Nakaseke District">Nakaseke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakasongola_District" title="Nakasongola District">Nakasongola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakai_District" title="Rakai District">Rakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssembabule_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ssembabule District">Ssembabule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakiso_District" title="Wakiso District">Wakiso</a></li></ol></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buganda_traditional_dance_in_Central_Uganda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Buganda traditional dance performed by Baganda tribe in Central Uganda on all traditional functions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Buganda_traditional_dance_in_Central_Uganda.jpg/220px-Buganda_traditional_dance_in_Central_Uganda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="1191"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Buganda_traditional_dance_in_Central_Uganda.jpg/220px-Buganda_traditional_dance_in_Central_Uganda.jpg" data-alt="Buganda traditional dance performed by Baganda tribe in Central Uganda on all traditional functions." data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Buganda_traditional_dance_in_Central_Uganda.jpg/330px-Buganda_traditional_dance_in_Central_Uganda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Buganda_traditional_dance_in_Central_Uganda.jpg/440px-Buganda_traditional_dance_in_Central_Uganda.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Buganda traditional dance performed by Baganda tribe in Central Uganda on all traditional functions.</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Buganda" title="History of Buganda">History of Buganda</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ganda oral history reveals that Buganda was distinct and of at least equal antiquity to that of its historical rival, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Kitara" title="Empire of Kitara">Kitara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It is indeed very likely that the Buganda state is much more ancient than has previously been thought. Buganda began as a small kingdom in the north of Lake Victoria in what is now Busiro County.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A political structure of some sort, small in scale and mainly ritual in function, may be taken to have existed in northern Busiro, where the ancient shrines are clustered, at a time far beyond the reach of historical tradition...the rituals of Ganda kingship are both too elaborate and too archaic in character to have been evolved within the past few centuries.</blockquote><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Ganda oral history has no mention of the Chwezi and According to the historian Christopher Wrigley, "It is unlikely that Buganda was fully integrated into the system that was probably not called <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Kitara" title="Empire of Kitara">Kitara</a>. Its language is distinct from '<a href="/wiki/Rutara_languages" title="Rutara languages">Rutara</a>', and the directors of the Ntusi and Biggo systems would not have had much interest in a land that was not really suited to cattle-rearing".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Some traditions from Buganda's historical enemy Bunyoro claim (likely propaganda in order to increase the prestige of their own state) that their "first Bito first king allotted Buganda to his son" or supposed twin brother. The kings of Buganda do not claim to be Bito and the Ganda do not use the Luo <a href="/wiki/Empaako" title="Empaako">Empaako</a> names. The Baganda regarded the Banyoro as "inferior Foreigners".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">studies of the oral traditions of, for instance, Buganda strongly suggest that the Kinyoro claim that Buganda was once a Babito subdynasty is a patriotic fiction, one which, however, has proved extremely popular with historians. More systematic studies of oral traditions in other parts of the interlacustrine region are likely to reveal that, with the exception of Kooki and Toro, countries such as Kiziba have never been Babito subdynasties, although they were subject to sporadic raids</blockquote><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precolonial_times">Precolonial times</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Precolonial times" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Before the arrival of Europeans in the region, Buganda was an expanding, "embryonic empire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsterhammel2015445-16">[16]</a> It built fleets of war canoes from the 1840s to take control of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> and the surrounding regions and subjugated several weaker peoples. These subject peoples were then exploited for cheap labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsterhammel2015445-16">[16]</a> The first Europeans to enter the Kingdom of Buganda were British explorers <a href="/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">John Hanning Speke</a> and Captain Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard Francis Burton</a> while searching for the headwaters of the Nile in 1862. They found a highly organized political system.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_times">Colonial times</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colonial times" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabaka_Palace_in_Kampala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kabaka_Palace_in_Kampala.jpg/220px-Kabaka_Palace_in_Kampala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4671" data-file-height="3093"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kabaka_Palace_in_Kampala.jpg/220px-Kabaka_Palace_in_Kampala.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kabaka_Palace_in_Kampala.jpg/330px-Kabaka_Palace_in_Kampala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kabaka_Palace_in_Kampala.jpg/440px-Kabaka_Palace_in_Kampala.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kabaka Palace in Kampala</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tombs_of_Buganda_Kings_at_Kasubi-114329.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tombs_of_Buganda_Kings_at_Kasubi-114329.jpg/220px-Tombs_of_Buganda_Kings_at_Kasubi-114329.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tombs_of_Buganda_Kings_at_Kasubi-114329.jpg/220px-Tombs_of_Buganda_Kings_at_Kasubi-114329.jpg" data-alt="Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tombs_of_Buganda_Kings_at_Kasubi-114329.jpg/330px-Tombs_of_Buganda_Kings_at_Kasubi-114329.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Tombs_of_Buganda_Kings_at_Kasubi-114329.jpg/440px-Tombs_of_Buganda_Kings_at_Kasubi-114329.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi</figcaption></figure> Buganda was colonized by the British<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and made a protectorate of the United Kingdom in 1884. The move towards independence reached a climax when the Lukiiko, the parliament of Buganda, declared independence on 8 October 1960 and requested that the British protectorate be terminated. While in exile, Mwanga II was received into the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a> and was baptized with the name of Danieri (Daniel). He spent the rest of his life in exile. He died in 1903, at 35 years of age. In 2010 his remains were repatriated and buried at Kasubi.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> On 24 July 1993, the monarchy of Buganda was restored when Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II was crowned king. Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II was the son of King 'Freddy', who had been deposed by the Ugandan government in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_secession_in_Kayunga">Attempted secession in Kayunga</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attempted secession in Kayunga" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In September 2009, some members of the minority<a href="#cite_note-globalrights.org-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Banyala" title="Banyala">Banyala</a> ethnic group, led by the recently retired UPDF Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isabanyala_Baker_Kimeze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isabanyala Baker Kimeze (page does not exist)">Isabanyala Baker Kimeze</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> announced that <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugerere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bugerere (page does not exist)">Bugerere</a> had seceded from the Kingdom of Buganda. The Banyala make up 0.09% of the population of Uganda<a href="#cite_note-globalrights.org-21">[21]</a> and 13% of the population of the district, Kayunga, which they claimed to be leading into secession.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Because of the resulting tensions, the government of Uganda prevented the <a href="/wiki/Kabaka_of_Buganda" title="Kabaka of Buganda">Kabaka of Buganda</a> from traveling to Bugerere, leading to riots in the capital Kampala and its neighboring districts. Thirty were killed in what came to be known as the Buganda riots.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_Kings">Previous Kings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Previous Kings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> On July 31, 2023, Buganda unveiled portraits of its former Kings (bassekabaka) based on oral narrations and written histories dating back to the founding of the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Buganda is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> The current Head of State is the <a href="/wiki/Kabaka_of_Buganda" title="Kabaka of Buganda">Kabaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muwenda_Mutebi_II_of_Buganda" title="Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda">Muwenda Mutebi II</a> who has reigned since the restoration of the kingdom in 1993. The Head of Government is the <a href="/wiki/Katikkiro_of_Buganda" title="Katikkiro of Buganda">Katikkiro</a> (Prime Minister) <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mayiga" title="Charles Mayiga">Charles Mayiga</a>, who was appointed by the Kabaka in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> The Parliament of Buganda is the <a href="/wiki/Lukiiko" title="Lukiiko">Lukiiko</a>. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Buganda_Agreement_(1900)" title="Buganda Agreement (1900)">Buganda Agreement of 1900</a>, Buganda was an almost <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[27]</a> Under the Kabaka, there were three types of chief: bakungu (administrative) chiefs, who were appointed directly by the Kabaka; traditional bataka chieftains; and batongole chiefs, who served as representatives of the Kabaka, charged with "maintaining internal security, supervising royal estates and military duties".<a href="#cite_note-J%C3%B8rgensen1981-28">[28]</a> The 1900 agreement, however, greatly enhanced the power of the Lukiiko (which had previously been simply an advisory council) at the expense of the Kabaka.<a href="#cite_note-Reid2017-29">[29]</a> While Buganda retained self-government, as one part of the larger Uganda Protectorate, it would henceforth be subject to formal British overrule.<a href="#cite_note-:1-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Buganda_Agreement_(1955)" title="Buganda Agreement (1955)">Buganda Agreement of 1955</a> continued the transition from absolute to constitutional monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-:022-30">[30]</a> During Uganda independence, the constitutional position of Buganda (and the degree to which it would be able to exercise self-government) was a major issue.<a href="#cite_note-:022-30">[30]</a> Discussions as part of the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Relationships_Commission" title="Uganda Relationships Commission">Uganda Relationships Commission</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Buganda_Agreement_(1955)" title="Buganda Agreement (1955)">Buganda Agreement of 1961</a> and the first <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uganda" title="Constitution of Uganda">Constitution of Uganda</a> (1962), as part of which Buganda would be able to exercise a high degree of autonomy. This position was reversed during 1966–67, however, before the Kabakaship and Lukiiko were disestablished altogether in 1967<a href="#cite_note-J%C3%B8rgensen19812-31">[31]</a> before being restored in 1993. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amasaza">Amasaza</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Amasaza" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Buganda is made up of 18 political divisions called amasaza in Luganda. These are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol><li>Buddu</li> <li>Bulemeezi</li> <li>Buruuli</li> <li>Buweekula</li> <li>Buvuma</li> <li>Bugerere</li> <li>Busunjju</li> <li>Busiro</li> <li>Butambala</li> <li>Ggomba</li> <li>Kyaddondo</li> <li>Kabula</li> <li>Kyaggwe</li> <li>Kooki|Kkooki</li> <li>Mawogola</li> <li>Mawokota</li> <li>Ssingo</li> <li>Ssese</li></ol></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buganda_Kingdom_Palace,_Kampala_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Buganda Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Buganda_Kingdom_Palace%2C_Kampala_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%282%29.jpg/220px-Buganda_Kingdom_Palace%2C_Kampala_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Buganda_Kingdom_Palace%2C_Kampala_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%282%29.jpg/220px-Buganda_Kingdom_Palace%2C_Kampala_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%282%29.jpg" data-alt="Buganda Kingdom" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Buganda_Kingdom_Palace%2C_Kampala_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%282%29.jpg/330px-Buganda_Kingdom_Palace%2C_Kampala_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Buganda_Kingdom_Palace%2C_Kampala_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%282%29.jpg/440px-Buganda_Kingdom_Palace%2C_Kampala_-_Flickr_-_Dave_Proffer_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Buganda Kingdom sign post</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The explorer and journalist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a> visited Buganda in 1875. At Buganda's capital, <a href="/wiki/Lubaga" title="Lubaga">Lubaga</a>, Stanley found a well-ordered town surrounding the king's palace, which was situated atop a commanding hill. A tall cane fence surrounded the palace compound, which was filled with grass-roofed houses, meeting halls, and storage buildings. Thronging the grounds were foreign ambassadors seeking audiences, chiefs going to the royal advisory council, messengers running errands, and a corps of young pages. He estimated the population of the kingdom at 2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-Stanley-32">[32]</a>: 152, 156, 164 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Population estimates for Kampala, the capital of Buganda, at the time of Kabaka Mutesa, in 1862, run as high as 77,000. Wrigley thinks that Kampala was probably the largest agglomeration of population in interior Africa, and that it had certain urban characteristics by the time Mutesa had ascended the throne Kampala, the capital, was the heart of the Ganda state and the center of the redistributive network that encompassed it.</blockquote><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication">Communication</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Communication" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As a rule, Ganda roads were remarkably straight, cutting over the crests of hills and through valleys, forests, swamps and rivers. Early visitors to Buganda describe the well-planned and carefully maintained system of roads, which radiated from the capital to all corners of the kingdom. The importance of these rapid means of communication in what the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Audrey_Richards" title="Audrey Richards">Audrey Richards</a> has called a "pedestrian state", especially one whose terrain is covered with dense vegetation and contains innumerable papyrus swamps and streams, is evident. They enabled the king and his officials at the capital to maintain close political contact even with outlying parts of the kingdom, all of which could easily be reached by a runner within a day or two. Buganda's excellent means of communication enabled the Kabaka "to maintain active control over a territory one quarter the size of England without written communication and with no means of travel on land beyond the human foot" <a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> When <a href="/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">John Hanning Speke</a> visited Buganda in 1862, he described the kingdom's roads as being "as long as our coach-roads, cut through the long grasses, straight over the hills and down through the woods in the dells—a strange contrast to the wretched tracks in all the adjacent countries."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> water transport was very important for Buganda and greatly helped in the kingdom's expansion via its fleet of war canoes. Water transport also provided a means of political communication between the capital, which was usually sited fairly close to the lake, and outlying areas of the Kingdom along the lake shore, as well as the islands. The island chiefs had to maintain a great fleet of canoes ready for state service.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The Mamba clan specialized in water transport and provided the kingdom’s overall “chief of canoes.”<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> messages were sent by "runners of athletic renown". These messengers were called bakayungirizi and were trained from an early age in prolonged, rapid marches, moving night and day with only short breaks; king Mutesa had many in his service.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The use of talking drums to spread messages was widespread in Buganda.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Military" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Buganda was described as a "warefare state", with warefare being "the main activity which dominated the lives of most male Ganda".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The Baganda army consisted of district levies and each was headed by a royal-appointed chief or governor and remained the basic unit of military organization. All districts were expected to provide soldiers when called by the king.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> An army usually carried at least a month’s supply of food, though it generally lived off the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Kabaka Kamanya’s reign in the early nineteenth century was known as one of “restless warfare”. His successor Suna, carried on sixteen major military expeditions in a twenty-six- year reign. Under the Reign of Kabaka Suna II, Buganda's borders were strengthened through the perfection of an army organization which was able to field 50,000 warriors. The Katikiro (prime minister) <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Kaggwa" title="Apollo Kaggwa">Apollo Kaggwa</a> speaks of wars being waged regularly every six months.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The reign of Mutesa I was the zenith of Ganda military power. Under Mutesa, there were sixty-six wars in twenty-eight years.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In the 1890s, raiding parties of up to 20,000 Baganda were mobilized to plunder the rival kingdom of Bunyoro.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The explorer and journalist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a> visited Buganda in 1875 and provided an estimate of Buganda troop strength. Stanley counted 125,000 troops and a fleet of war canoes.<a href="#cite_note-Stanley-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buel_-_Buganda_war_canoe_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Buel_-_Buganda_war_canoe_1875.jpg/220px-Buel_-_Buganda_war_canoe_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Buel_-_Buganda_war_canoe_1875.jpg/220px-Buel_-_Buganda_war_canoe_1875.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Buel_-_Buganda_war_canoe_1875.jpg/330px-Buel_-_Buganda_war_canoe_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Buel_-_Buganda_war_canoe_1875.jpg/440px-Buel_-_Buganda_war_canoe_1875.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Buganda effectively controlled <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> using fleets of war canoes from the 1840s<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsterhammel2015445-16">[16]</a> </figcaption></figure> Baganda war canoes could carry 60 to 100 warriors (not including the crew of 50 to 100). These vessels were organized into a squadron under a leader. When engaged in battle, the paddlers squatted on the sides of the canoes while the warriors stood upright holding spears and shields. In 1878, Mutesa sent a fleet to <a href="/wiki/Ukerewe_Island" title="Ukerewe Island">Ukerewe Island</a>, where it helped the local ruler, Lukonge put down a rebellion. The next year, the Baganda mounted successful slave raids against <a href="/wiki/Busoga" title="Busoga">Busoga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Buvuma_Island" title="Buvuma Island">Buvuma Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Buganda had a projected population of about 11,952,600 people in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-ubospop2021-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blind_Baganda_Harpist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Blind_Baganda_Harpist.jpg/220px-Blind_Baganda_Harpist.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="374"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Blind_Baganda_Harpist.jpg/220px-Blind_Baganda_Harpist.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Blind_Baganda_Harpist.jpg/330px-Blind_Baganda_Harpist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Blind_Baganda_Harpist.jpg/440px-Blind_Baganda_Harpist.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A blind Buganda harpist c. 1911</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clans_of_Buganda">Clans of Buganda</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Clans of Buganda" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As of 2009, there were at least 52 recognized clans within the kingdom, with at least another four making a claim to clan status. Within this group of clans, there are four distinct sub-groups, which reflect historical waves of immigration to Buganda.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nansangwa">Nansangwa</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nansangwa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The oldest clans trace their lineage to Bakiranze Kivebulaya, who is supposed to have ruled in the region from about 400 AD until about 1300 AD. These seven clans are referred to as the Nansangwa, or the indigenous:<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <ol><li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture_of_the_Lugave_Clan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sculpture_of_the_Lugave_Clan.jpg/220px-Sculpture_of_the_Lugave_Clan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5296" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sculpture_of_the_Lugave_Clan.jpg/220px-Sculpture_of_the_Lugave_Clan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sculpture_of_the_Lugave_Clan.jpg/330px-Sculpture_of_the_Lugave_Clan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sculpture_of_the_Lugave_Clan.jpg/440px-Sculpture_of_the_Lugave_Clan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lugave Clan</figcaption></figure>Lugave (<a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">Pangolin</a>)</li> <li>Mmamba (<a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">Lungfish</a>)</li> <li>Ngeye (<a href="/wiki/Mantled_guereza" title="Mantled guereza">Colobus monkey</a>)</li> <li>Njaza (<a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Reedbuck</a>)</li> <li>Ennyange (<a href="/wiki/Cattle_egret" title="Cattle egret">Cattle egret</a>)</li> <li>Fumbe (<a href="/wiki/African_civet" title="African civet">Civet cat</a>)</li> <li>Ngonge (<a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Otter</a>)</li> <li>Mpindi (<a href="/wiki/Cowpea" title="Cowpea">Cowpea</a>)</li> <li>Ngabi Ennyunga (<a href="/wiki/Bushbuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushbuck">Bushbuck</a>)</li> <li>Njovu (<a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">Elephant</a>)</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpture_of_the_Mpologoma_Clan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sculpture_of_the_Mpologoma_Clan.jpg/220px-Sculpture_of_the_Mpologoma_Clan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4576" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sculpture_of_the_Mpologoma_Clan.jpg/220px-Sculpture_of_the_Mpologoma_Clan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sculpture_of_the_Mpologoma_Clan.jpg/330px-Sculpture_of_the_Mpologoma_Clan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Sculpture_of_the_Mpologoma_Clan.jpg/440px-Sculpture_of_the_Mpologoma_Clan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mpologoma Clan </figcaption></figure>Mpologoma(<a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion</a>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kintu_migration">Kintu migration</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kintu migration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Abalasangeye dynasty came to power through the conquests of Kabaka of Buganda ssekabaka Kintu,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> which are estimated to have occurred sometime between 1200 and 1400 AD.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vervet_Monkey_in_Uganda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Vervet Monkey in Uganda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vervet_Monkey_in_Uganda.jpg/150px-Vervet_Monkey_in_Uganda.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2858" data-file-height="4040"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vervet_Monkey_in_Uganda.jpg/150px-Vervet_Monkey_in_Uganda.jpg" data-alt="Vervet Monkey in Uganda" data-width="150" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vervet_Monkey_in_Uganda.jpg/225px-Vervet_Monkey_in_Uganda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Vervet_Monkey_in_Uganda.jpg/300px-Vervet_Monkey_in_Uganda.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vervet_monkey" title="Vervet monkey">Vervet Monkey</a> in Uganda</figcaption></figure> Thirteen clans that are believed to have come with Kintu: <ol><li>Ekkobe (<a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Liana</a> fruit)</li> <li>Mbwa (<a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a>)</li> <li>Mpeewo (<a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi</a> antelope)</li> <li>Mpologoma (<a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">Lion</a>)</li> <li>Namuŋoona (<a href="/wiki/Pied_crow" title="Pied crow">Pied crow</a>)</li> <li>Ngo (<a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">Leopard</a>)</li> <li>Ŋonge (<a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">Otter</a>)</li> <li>Nte (<a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cow</a>)</li> <li>Nkejje (<a href="/wiki/Haplochromis" title="Haplochromis">Cichlids</a>)</li> <li>Nkima (<a href="/wiki/Vervet_monkey" title="Vervet monkey">Vervet monkey</a>)</li> <li>Ntalaganya (<a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker</a>)</li> <li>Nvubu (<a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus</a>)</li> <li>Nvuma (<a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a>)</li></ol> The descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Basimba_people" title="Basimba people">Basimba people</a> (also known as Bashimba) which is a <a href="/wiki/Bissa_language" title="Bissa language">Bisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Ambo</a> nickname of the Clan of the leopards, the bena Ngo in Zambia, who settled at Mpogo, <a href="/wiki/Sironko_District" title="Sironko District">Sironko District</a>, are among the Ngo Clan group that come along with Kabaka Kato Kintu in his immigration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kato_Kimera_migration">Kato Kimera migration</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Kato Kimera migration" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Around 1370 AD another wave of immigration began, assisted by Kabaka <a href="/wiki/Kimera_of_Buganda" title="Kimera of Buganda">Kimera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> who was the son of Omulangira Kalemeera. Kabaka Kimera was born in <a href="/wiki/Kibulala,_Ssingo" title="Kibulala, Ssingo">Kibulala</a>, and returned to Buganda with Jjumba of the Nkima clan and other Buganda elders. These eleven clans are: <ol><li>Bugeme</li> <li>Butiko (Mushrooms)</li> <li>Kasimba (<a href="/wiki/Genet_(animal)" title="Genet (animal)">Genet</a>)</li> <li>Kayozi (<a href="/wiki/Jerboa" title="Jerboa">Jerboa</a>)</li> <li>Kibe (<a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">Fox</a>)</li> <li>Mbogo (<a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Buffalo</a>)</li> <li>Musu/Omusu (<a href="/wiki/Gambian_pouched_rat" title="Gambian pouched rat">Edible rat</a>)</li> <li>Ngabi Ensamba(<a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">Antelope</a>)</li> <li>Nkerebwe (<a href="/wiki/Jungle_Shrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle Shrew">Jungle Shrew</a>)</li> <li>Nsuma (<a href="/wiki/Peters%27_elephantnose_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Peters' elephantnose fish">snout fish</a>)</li> <li>Nseenene (<a href="/wiki/Nsenene" title="Nsenene">Copiphorini</a>)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities_and_towns">Major cities and towns</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Major cities and towns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The largest city in Buganda is Kampala. Others include Masaka City, <a href="/wiki/Entebbe" title="Entebbe">Entebbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nansana" title="Nansana">Nansana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kira_Town" title="Kira Town">Kira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ssabagabo" title="Ssabagabo">Makindye-Ssabagabo</a>, Njeru and Mukono. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Education in Buganda is divided between Primary, Secondary and Higher Education. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The majority of people in Buganda are <a href="/wiki/Baganda" title="Baganda">Baganda</a>. Other ethnic groups include the <a href="/wiki/Soga_people" title="Soga people">Basoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Banyankole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gisu_people" title="Gisu people">Bagisu</a>, Bateeso, Bayindi. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are several religions practiced in Buganda. The largest are <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">traditional</a> Kiganda religion. Some people practice both traditional religions as well as Christianity or Islam. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Agriculture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The traditional Ganda economy relied on crop cultivation. In contrast with many other <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> economic systems, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> played only a minor role. Many Baganda hired laborers from outside Buganda to herd the Baganda's cattle, for those who owned livestock. <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Bananas</a> were the most important staple food, providing the economic base for the region's dense population growth.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> This crop does not require shifting cultivation or bush fallowing to maintain soil fertility, and as a result, Ganda villages were quite permanent. Women did most of the agricultural work, while men often engaged in commerce and <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a> (and in precolonial times, <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">warfare</a>). Before the introduction of woven cloth, traditional clothing was manufactured from the bark of trees.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crafts">Crafts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Crafts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The royal craftsmen were a protected minority that were gifted land and were exempt from paying taxes or labour duties. The blacksmiths especially were extremely skilled and their work was highly specialized and sought after. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trowell" title="Margaret Trowell">Margaret Trowell</a> describes further:<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The leader of the royal craftsmen and often his second in command holds a hereditary position and comes from one particular clan, although the workmen under him may be of any clan. But among the smiths many of the clans seem to have their own closed groups where all the workmen will be of one clan and where only a certain type of work is done. Thus the Nvubu clan have always been makers of the royal shields and the bracelets, anklets and other ornaments for the Kings' wives; while the Ente clan make the weapons and agricultural implements.</blockquote> Leatherworking and tanning was an important industry and employed significant numbers of subjects. An account from 1874 describes the tanning of leather by the bakopi (commoners) who made large sheets of leather than were "beautifully tanned and sewed together". A resident missionary in 1879 reported purchasing dyed leather skins cut in the shape of a hat. Cowhides were fashioned into sandals worn by the elite and priests since before the 18th century, with buffalo hides specifically worn by chiefs and the elite.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> As early as the 1860s, professional smiths attached to the court were making ammunition for imported firearms, and by 1892, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lugard,_1st_Baron_Lugard" title="Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard">Federick Lugard</a> observed that the Ganda smiths: "will construct you a new stock to a rifle which you will hardly detect from that made by a London gun-maker. The Fundi Kisule, who learnt his art from Mackay, is an accomplished blacksmith and gunsmith, and will make a new spring or repair any damaged rifle with admirable workmanship. Their folding stools of rod iron, and their beautifully-tumed-out spears, attest their ability as blacksmiths."<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Slavery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ths vast majority of slaves in Buganda were from foreign ethnic groups such as the Banyoro, Basoga and Banyankole. The Ganda sold other Ganda only in extremely exceptional circumstances and various Kabakas such as Suna banned the sale of any native Ganda to foreigners. Only cows, goats and ivory could be sold.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Ganda slave raiders invaded Bunyoro-Kitara throughout the 19th century and local missionaries would report vast numbers of slaves captured from Buganda's enemy kingdom. The explorer <a href="/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">John Hanning Speke</a> witnessed the Ganda army returning from Bunyoro with "immense numbers of cows, women and children, but not men, for they were killed".<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The Hima (a pastoralist group) were especially sought out as slaves in raids into the foreign western kingdoms such as Ankole and Busongora. Hima women were considered highly attractive by the Ganda and were popular as wives. Many Hima women were put in the harems of chiefs and the Kabaka. Many cattle in Buganda were herded by enslaved Bahima herdsmen taken prisoners in war.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> It is estimated that Buganda had a sex ratio of 3.5:1 due to the vast numbers of foreign female slaves taken into the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture_and_Society">Culture and Society</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Culture and Society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_Royal_Power">Women and Royal Power</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Women and Royal Power" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Pre-colonial Buganda was a strongly hierarchical and patriarchal kingdom. However, of the three people who could be called "Kabaka" or king two were women, the queen mother (Namasole) and the queen sister (Lubuga).<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The Queen mother was the most important woman in the kingdom and had political and ritual powers that resembled the king. The Namasole possessed her own courts and estates and had the power to collect taxes.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The death of the Kabaka's mother could instigate a time of terror, as the Kabaka would have his executioners catch and kill many people in his grief.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The Queen sister effectively shared the throne with her brother and had the same powers he had, for example, she controlled land throughout the country with estates in each district, and she had her own courts and her own chiefs with the same titles as those of the king's chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> For their own subjects, the Namasole and Lubuga were the final decision makers and arbiters. The Lubuga’s palace was about twice the size of that of an important wife of the king. The others had more elaborate palaces. <a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> After the death of a king, the lùbugà took the title nnaalinnya (I will soon ascend) and became responsible for protecting the shrines in which the deceased king’s jawbone and umbilical cord were kept. This shrine was where the òmuzimù (spirit) of the king resided and so "the lùbugà/nnaalinnya held significant creative power even after leaving office."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The senior wives of the king would also warrant special respect and had status and privilege within Ganda society. She was considered superior to all other chiefs and technically the most powerful commoner, being a royal by marriage. The Katikkiro (prime minister) and most chiefs in Buganda were under the control of the elite titled wives of the king<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The titled wives were privy to state secrets and were heavily involved in court politics and in vying for power through their sons and clans. Since succession was decided by the king's mothers clan, in order to consolidate clan support, the sons of the king adopted the totems of their mothers and not of their fathers.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Women would also participate in military campaigns. Princess Nakuyita was second in command of Kabaka Sunna II's army in the early 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The Àbàmbejja (Princesses) had many privileges, including the right to own land. They were shown great respect by chiefs and were exempted from many restrictions faced by the commoner women. Under Mutesa I (1824-1884) princesses were given to chiefs to consolidate their patron-client relations. Many princesses became spirit wives by ‘marrying’ the Balùbaalè (national deities) and were thus able to mobilise creative power to influence the king and the queen mother. One princess, the favorite wife of the king, and another titled woman in Mukaabya Mutesa’s court were instrumental in deposing the Katikkiro (prime minister), Kayira, because they felt he had claimed too much power.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Princess Ndege Nassolo organized a successful rebellion of chiefs and princes against her brother, the cruel king Kagulu (1674-1704). Kagulu managed to escape capture after his capital fell but was later caught. Ndege Nassolo had Kagulu drowned in Lake Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In the 13-15th centuries, women are said to have ruled as kabaka; Sir John Gray claims that there is abundant evidence of this. One such ruler was Naku, the daughter of Mukibi, the founder of the Lugave (Pangolin) clan and the wife of Kabaka Kimera. Naku was so powerful that every king that followed Kimera took a wife from her clan and called her Naku.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Ganda history remembers another female Kabaka, Queen Nanono, wife of Kabaka Nakibinge (1494-1524), gained her fame from a battle with the Banyoro at <a href="/wiki/Mpigi" title="Mpigi">Mpigi</a> (which the Baganda lost) while pregnant. After finding out the king had died in battle, she rallied the Baganda warriors and prevented further losses. Thereafter she ruled the country for eighteen months and would have been chosen kabaka had she birthed a male child. Queen Nanano belonged to the Ngo (Leopard) clan, which brought prestige to her clan-mates, who initiated a new name for their daughters: Nnabulya (we also ruled).<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cinema" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Several actors and actresses have been very influential in Kiganda drama including <a href="/wiki/Sam_Bagenda" title="Sam Bagenda">Sam Bagenda</a> of the Ebonies, <a href="/wiki/Mariam_Ndagire" title="Mariam Ndagire">Mariam Ndagire</a>, Aloysius Matovu, <a href="/wiki/Abby_Mukiibi_Nkaaga" title="Abby Mukiibi Nkaaga">Abby Mukiibi</a>, Charles Ssenkubuge, <a href="/wiki/Alex_Mukulu" title="Alex Mukulu">Alex Mukulu</a>, Kato Lubwama, Benon Kibuuka, <a href="/wiki/Nana_Kagga" title="Nana Kagga">Nana Kagga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kisawuzi" title="Sarah Kisawuzi">Sarah Kisawuzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ssemwogerere" title="Ashraf Ssemwogerere">Ashraf Ssemwogerere</a>, Ahmed Lubowa and <a href="/wiki/Hellen_Lukoma" title="Hellen Lukoma">Hellen Lukoma</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Kiganda cuisine is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Matoke" title="Matoke">Matooke</a>. The matooke is sometimes prepared as part of <a href="/wiki/Katogo_(food)" title="Katogo (food)">Katogo</a>. The main dishes are almost always served with stew, soup or sauce. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Fashion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a> was the textile of choice mainly worn by the royals from the days of <a href="/wiki/Kimera_of_Buganda" title="Kimera of Buganda">Ssekabaka Kimera</a> and later everyone else starting with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Semakookiro_of_Buganda" title="Semakookiro of Buganda">Ssekabaka Semakookiro</a>. Barkcloth is no longer as popular as it once was and has been replaced with <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>. However, some fashion designers like Jose Hendo, still use it today. Barkcloth is also worn as a symbol of protest, mourning, or both. The traditional dress is the <a href="/wiki/Kanzu" title="Kanzu">Kanzu</a> for men and the <a href="/wiki/Gomesi" title="Gomesi">Gomesi</a> for women. However, Western-style fashion is very popular these days. Some of the more common hairstyles are Bantu knots (especially Bitutwa), <a href="/wiki/Cornrows" title="Cornrows">cornrows</a>, Pencil braids (Biswahili), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Box_Braids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Box Braids (page does not exist)">Braids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crochet_braids" title="Crochet braids">Crotchets</a>, Weaves and <a href="/wiki/Afro" title="Afro">Afros</a>. Some accessories may include <a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">necklaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">anklets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">earrings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">bracelets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waist_beads" title="Waist beads">waist beads</a> ( or obutiti and they are always worn under ones clothes i.e. undergarments). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_Literature">Language and Literature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Language and Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Luganda language</a> is widely spoken in Uganda and is the most popular language in Uganda along with English. Luganda is also widely spoken in and around other countries in East Africa, such as Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda. It is even used in South Sudan, mostly for business transactions. Luganda is the most spoken local language in Uganda. Despite all efforts made by different governments to promote Kiswahili over the language, it has survived and is still growing.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-3">[3]</a> In literature and common discourse, Buganda is often referred to as Central Uganda.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Buganda has several famous writers like <a href="/wiki/Michael_B._Nsimbi" title="Michael B. Nsimbi">Michael Nsimbi</a>, Solomon E. K. Mpalanyi and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Kaggwa" title="Apollo Kaggwa">Apollo Kaggwa</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The ancient court music composers of Buganda discovered how human auditory perception processes a complex sequence of rapid, irregular sound impulses by splitting the total image into perceptible units at different pitch levels. They had made use of their discovery in composition, creating indirectly polyphonies of interweaving melodic lines that would suggest words to a Luganda speaker, as if some spirit were talking to the performers of a xylopnone or to the lone player of a harp (ennanga). The combination of the first two Xylophone parts creates 'illusory' melodic patterns that exist only in the observers mind, not actually played by either of the first two musicians directly. That these 'resultant' or 'inherent' patterns are materialised only in the minds of listeners is a remarkable feature of Bugandan music. It is probably the oldest example of an audio-psychological effect known as auditory streaming (first recognized in western literature as the <a href="/wiki/Melodic_fission" title="Melodic fission">melodic fission effect</a>) to delliberately occur in music. The music would be produced by regular movement, with the fingers or sticks combining two interlocking tone-rows, but the patterns heard would be irregular, often asymmetric and complex. All the 102 xylophone compositions that were transcribed by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Kubik" title="Gerhard Kubik">Gerhard Kubik</a> In Buganda during the early 1960s reveal an extremely complex structure, and they "fall apart' in perception-generated innerent melodlc-rhythmic patterns. No one, so far, has Succeeded in composing a new piece that would match in quality and complexity those compositions handed down for generations. Some of them can even be dated by correlating the accompanying song texts with the reign of past kings.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Several genres of music are popular in Buganda. Musicians produce <a href="/wiki/Baganda_music" title="Baganda music">traditional Kiganda music</a>, Kadongo Kamu, <a href="/wiki/Zouk" title="Zouk">Zouk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a>. Some of the most famous Kiganda musicians and performers are <a href="/wiki/Annet_Nandujja" title="Annet Nandujja">Annet Nandujja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elly_Wamala" title="Elly Wamala">Elly Wamala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Masagazi" title="Fred Masagazi">Fred Masagazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Basudde" title="Herman Basudde">Herman Basudde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Kafeero" title="Paulo Kafeero">Paulo Kafeero</a>, Gerald Kiweewa and Willy Mukabya,Fred Ssebata,Fred Ssebale,Mathias Walukagga. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Buganda has several tourist attractions and <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_cultural_sites_in_Central_Region,_Uganda" title="List of national cultural sites in Central Region, Uganda">cultural sites</a> including the Kasubi Tombs, and <a href="/wiki/Ssese_Islands" title="Ssese Islands">Ssese Islands</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luganda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luganda language">Luganda language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaka_of_Buganda" title="Kabaka of Buganda">Kabaka of Buganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpindi_clan" title="Mpindi clan">Mpindi clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutesa_II_of_Buganda" title="Mutesa II of Buganda">Mutesa II of Buganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwenda_Mutebi_II_of_Buganda" title="Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda">Muwenda Mutebi II of Buganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baganda_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Baganda Music">Baganda Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_legend_of_Kintu" class="mw-redirect" title="The legend of Kintu">The legend of Kintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Cowries" title="Uganda Cowries">Uganda Cowries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzu" title="Kanzu">Kanzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomesi" title="Gomesi">Gomesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a> (KAR)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GeoHive-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GeoHive_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeoHive_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geohive.com/cntry/uganda.aspx">"Uganda: Administrative units (source: Uganda Bureau of Statistics)"</a>. 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Retrieved 2024-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.buganda.or.ug&rft.atitle=Buganda+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buganda.or.ug%2Fqueen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Kingship_and_State/nWKAFW9oVJcC?hl=en">Kingship and State: The Buganda Dynasty</a>. p. 59-60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingship+and+State%3A+The+Buganda+Dynasty&rft.pages=59-60&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FKingship_and_State%2FnWKAFW9oVJcC%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025205620/http://buganda.com/buga1900.htm">"Uganda Agreement, 1900"</a>. www.buganda.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buganda.com/buga1900.htm">the original</a> on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.buganda.com&rft.atitle=Uganda+Agreement%2C+1900&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buganda.com%2Fbuga1900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up">The Nyoro State</a>. Clarendon Press. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsichei1997" class="citation book cs1">Isichei, Elizabeth (13 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3C2tzBSAp3MC">A History of African Societies to 1870</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45599-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45599-2"><bdi>978-0-521-45599-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+African+Societies+to+1870&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997-04-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45599-2&rft.aulast=Isichei&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3C2tzBSAp3MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrigley1974" class="citation journal cs1">Wrigley, C. C. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171765">"The Kinglists of Buganda"</a>. History in Africa. 1: 134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3171765">10.2307/3171765</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3171765">3171765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Kinglists+of+Buganda&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=134&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3171765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3171765%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wrigley&rft.aufirst=C.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3171765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrigley2002" class="citation book cs1">Wrigley, Christopher (16 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Kingship_and_State/nWKAFW9oVJcC?hl=en">Kingship and State: The Buganda Dynasty</a>. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521894357" title="Special:BookSources/9780521894357"><bdi>9780521894357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingship+and+State%3A+The+Buganda+Dynasty&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2002-05-16&rft.isbn=9780521894357&rft.aulast=Wrigley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FKingship_and_State%2FnWKAFW9oVJcC%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsichei1997" class="citation book cs1">Isichei, Elizabeth (13 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3C2tzBSAp3MC">A History of African Societies to 1870</a>. 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Kampala. The New Vision. Retrieved 14 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=allAfrica&rft.atitle=Uganda%3A+Banyala+Choose+Army+Officer+as+King&rft.date=2008-08-12&rft.au=Charles+Jjuuko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200808130084.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/SpecialReports/-Bunyala-leaders-sparked-storm--Kabaka--Tito-Okello/688342-5269650-2p9jv0/index.html">"How Bunyala leaders sparked the storm"</a>. February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Bunyala+leaders+sparked+the+storm&rft.date=2021-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monitor.co.ug%2FSpecialReports%2F-Bunyala-leaders-sparked-storm--Kabaka--Tito-Okello%2F688342-5269650-2p9jv0%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8251907.stm">Kampala hit by renewed violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 2009-09-11 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/a-peek-into-buganda-s-throne-room-3913306">"A peak into Buganda's throne room"</a>. 13 August 2022. 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Retrieved 29 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Analysis+of+the+Legal+Construction+of+the+Presidency+in+Post-1995+Uganda&rft.pub=Brunel+University&rft.date=2015-05-27&rft.aulast=Sekindi&rft.aufirst=Fredrick+Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbura.brunel.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2F2438%2F11589%2F1%2FFulltextThesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jørgensen1981-28"><a href="#cite_ref-J%C3%B8rgensen1981_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJørgensen1981" class="citation book cs1">Jørgensen, Jan Jelmert (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09MNAAAAQAAJ">Uganda: a modern history</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-643-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-643-0"><bdi>978-0-85664-643-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uganda%3A+a+modern+history&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-85664-643-0&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8rgensen&rft.aufirst=Jan+Jelmert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09MNAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid2017-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Reid2017_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2017" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Richard J. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 158–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06720-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06720-2"><bdi>978-1-107-06720-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Uganda&rft.pages=158-160&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06720-2&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDQEDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApter1967" class="citation book cs1">Apter, David E. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YvMrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA403">The Political Kingdom in Uganda: A Study in Bureaucratic Nationalism</a>. Routledge. pp. 276–300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30757-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30757-7"><bdi>978-1-136-30757-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Kingdom+in+Uganda%3A+A+Study+in+Bureaucratic+Nationalism&rft.pages=276-300&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-1-136-30757-7&rft.aulast=Apter&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvMrBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jørgensen19812-31"><a href="#cite_ref-J%C3%B8rgensen19812_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJørgensen1981" class="citation book cs1">Jørgensen, Jan Jelmert (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09MNAAAAQAAJ">Uganda: a modern history</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 229–231, 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-643-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85664-643-0"><bdi>978-0-85664-643-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uganda%3A+a+modern+history&rft.pages=229-231%2C+279&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-85664-643-0&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8rgensen&rft.aufirst=Jan+Jelmert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09MNAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_32-1">b</a> Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486256677" title="Special:BookSources/0486256677">0486256677</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/178221">Ecological Variables in the Origin and Evolution of African States: the Buganda Example</a>. p. 359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecological+Variables+in+the+Origin+and+Evolution+of+African+States%3A+the+Buganda+Example&rft.pages=359&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F178221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up">The Nyoro State</a>. Clarendon Press. p. 252 and 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=252+and+254&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Political_Power_in_Pre_colonial_Buganda/s0irmwEACAAJ?hl=en">Political power in pre-colonial Buganda : economy, society & warfare in the nineteenth century</a>. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+power+in+pre-colonial+Buganda+%3A+economy%2C+society+%26+warfare+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.pages=108&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPolitical_Power_in_Pre_colonial_Buganda%2Fs0irmwEACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up">The Nyoro State</a>. Clarendon Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up">The Nyoro State</a>. Clarendon Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Military_History_of_Africa/0kPPEAAAQBAJ?hl=en">A Military History of Africa: From Ancient Egypt to the Zulu Kingdom</a>. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Africa%3A+From+Ancient+Egypt+to+the+Zulu+Kingdom&rft.pages=135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_Military_History_of_Africa%2F0kPPEAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Political_Power_in_Pre_colonial_Buganda/s0irmwEACAAJ?hl=en">Political power in pre-colonial Buganda : economy, society & warfare in the nineteenth century</a>. p. 212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+power+in+pre-colonial+Buganda+%3A+economy%2C+society+%26+warfare+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.pages=212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPolitical_Power_in_Pre_colonial_Buganda%2Fs0irmwEACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMushengyezi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mushengyezi, Aaron (2003). 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Journal of African Cultural Studies. 16 (1): 107–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369681032000169302">10.1080/1369681032000169302</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3181389">3181389</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145085458">145085458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Indigenous+Media%3A+Rituals%2C+%27Talking%27+Drums+and+Orality+as+Forms+of+Public+Communication+in+Uganda&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-117&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145085458%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3181389%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369681032000169302&rft.aulast=Mushengyezi&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sisters_and_Wives/koGOzQEACAAJ?hl=en">Sisters and Wives: The Past and Future of Sexual Equality</a>. p. 201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sisters+and+Wives%3A+The+Past+and+Future+of+Sexual+Equality&rft.pages=201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FSisters_and_Wives%2FkoGOzQEACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600062">Buganda: An Outline Economic History</a>. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buganda%3A+An+Outline+Economic+History&rft.pages=72&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2600062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> 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href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Buganda_from_the_Foundation/YLIqAAAAYAAJ?hl=en">A History of Buganda from the Foundation of the Kingdom to 1900</a>. p. 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Buganda+from+the+Foundation+of+the+Kingdom+to+1900&rft.pages=144&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_History_of_Buganda_from_the_Foundation%2FYLIqAAAAYAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Customs_of_the_Baganda/uX5yAAAAMAAJ?hl=en">The Customs of the Baganda</a>. p. 43 and 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Customs+of+the+Baganda&rft.pages=43+and+93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Customs_of_the_Baganda%2FuX5yAAAAMAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/178221">Ecological Variables in the Origin and Evolution of African States: the Buganda Example</a>. p. 376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecological+Variables+in+the+Origin+and+Evolution+of+African+States%3A+the+Buganda+Example&rft.pages=376&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F178221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology_in_Pers/lC7XJ8ia2FoC?hl=en">Social and Cultural Anthropology in Perspective</a>. p. 308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+and+Cultural+Anthropology+in+Perspective&rft.pages=308&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FSocial_and_Cultural_Anthropology_in_Pers%2FlC7XJ8ia2FoC%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeattie1971" class="citation book cs1">Beattie, John (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nyorostate0000beat/mode/2up">The Nyoro State</a>. Clarendon Press. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823171-4"><bdi>978-0-19-823171-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyoro+State&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823171-4&rft.aulast=Beattie&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnyorostate0000beat%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Military_History_of_Africa/0kPPEAAAQBAJ?hl=en">A Military History of Africa: From Ancient Egypt to the Zulu Kingdom</a>. p. 135-136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Africa%3A+From+Ancient+Egypt+to+the+Zulu+Kingdom&rft.pages=135-136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_Military_History_of_Africa%2F0kPPEAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Kyazze, Jones Yosia: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ggwangamujje.com/content/docs/TheGandaClanSystem.pdf">The Ganda Clan System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071129112920/http://ggwangamujje.com/content/docs/TheGandaClanSystem.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-11-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbnac.org/clans/">"BBNAC"</a>. www.bbnac.org. Retrieved 2024-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbnac.org&rft.atitle=BBNAC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbnac.org%2Fclans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YLIqAAAAYAAJ">History of Buganda: From the Foundation of the Kingdom To 1900</a>, CRC Press, 1972, pp. 35, 94, 95, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780841901148" title="Special:BookSources/9780841901148"><bdi>9780841901148</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Buganda%3A+From+the+Foundation+of+the+Kingdom+To+1900&rft.pages=35%2C+94%2C+95&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780841901148&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYLIqAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1468579959">shaping the Society Christianity and Culiture: Special Reference to the African Culture of Buganda</a>, Author House, 2012, p. 94</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=shaping+the+Society+Christianity+and+Culiture%3A+Special+Reference+to+the+African+Culture+of+Buganda&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Author+House&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D1468579959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnkWAAAAIAAJ">The Kings of Buganda</a>, East African Publishing House, 1971, p. 42, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800216337" title="Special:BookSources/9780800216337"><bdi>9780800216337</bdi></a></cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afrique+des+Grands+lacs&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Zone+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781890951344&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIlpyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9970464000">The Bitter Bread of Exile: The Financial Problems of Sir Edward ...</a>, Progressive Publishing, 2013, p. 6</cite><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+power+in+pre-colonial+Buganda+%3A+economy%2C+society+%26+warfare+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.pages=59-60&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPolitical_Power_in_Pre_colonial_Buganda%2Fs0irmwEACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Political_Power_in_Pre_colonial_Buganda/s0irmwEACAAJ?hl=en">Political power in pre-colonial Buganda : economy, society & warfare in the nineteenth century</a>. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+power+in+pre-colonial+Buganda+%3A+economy%2C+society+%26+warfare+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.pages=85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPolitical_Power_in_Pre_colonial_Buganda%2Fs0irmwEACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Political_Power_in_Pre_colonial_Buganda/s0irmwEACAAJ?hl=en">Political power in pre-colonial Buganda : economy, society & warfare in the nineteenth century</a>. p. 153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+power+in+pre-colonial+Buganda+%3A+economy%2C+society+%26+warfare+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.pages=153&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPolitical_Power_in_Pre_colonial_Buganda%2Fs0irmwEACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Slavery_in_the_Great_Lakes_Region_of_Eas/TdAhDgAAQBAJ?hl=en">Slavery in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa</a>. p. 241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+Great+Lakes+Region+of+East+Africa&rft.pages=241&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FSlavery_in_the_Great_Lakes_Region_of_Eas%2FTdAhDgAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/An_African_People_in_the_Twentieth_Centu/uYib0AEACAAJ?hl=en">An African People in the Twentieth Century</a>. p. 122.</cite><span 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International Journal of African Historical Studies. 23 (3): 455–471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F219599">10.2307/219599</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/219599">219599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Women+of+Buganda&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=455-471&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F219599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F219599%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Laurence+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller1990" class="citation journal cs1">Schiller, Laurence (1 January 1990). 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International Journal of African Historical Studies. 23 (3): 455–471. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F219599">10.2307/219599</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/219599">219599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Women+of+Buganda&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=455-471&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F219599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F219599%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusisi1991" class="citation journal cs1">Musisi, Nakanyike B. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174572">"Women, "Elite Polygyny," and Buganda State Formation"</a>. Signs. 16 (4): 782-786. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F494702">10.1086/494702</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174572">3174572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Women%2C+%22Elite+Polygyny%2C%22+and+Buganda+State+Formation&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=782-786&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F494702&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3174572%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Musisi&rft.aufirst=Nakanyike+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3174572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Baganda/aUV2uQAACAAJ?hl=en">The Baganda: An Account of Their Native Customs and Beliefs</a>. p. 82, 237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baganda%3A+An+Account+of+Their+Native+Customs+and+Beliefs&rft.pages=82%2C+237&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Baganda%2FaUV2uQAACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Sisters_and_Wives/koGOzQEACAAJ?hl=en">Sisters and Wives: The Past and Future of Sexual Equality</a>. p. 203-204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sisters+and+Wives%3A+The+Past+and+Future+of+Sexual+Equality&rft.pages=203-204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FSisters_and_Wives%2FkoGOzQEACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_African_Motherhood/gnvBAgAAQBAJ?hl=en">A History of African Motherhood: The Case of Uganda, 700–1900</a>. p. 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+African+Motherhood%3A+The+Case+of+Uganda%2C+700%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_History_of_African_Motherhood%2FgnvBAgAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiller1990" class="citation journal cs1">Schiller, Laurence (1 January 1990). "The Royal Women of Buganda". International Journal. 23 (3): 455–471 – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Women+of+Buganda&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=455-471&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.aulast=Schiller&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_10862/?sp=7&st=image">John Milner Gray, 'Early History of Buganda,' Uganda Journal 2 (4)</a>. p. 261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Milner+Gray%2C+%27Early+History+of+Buganda%2C%27+Uganda+Journal+2+%284%29&rft.pages=261&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fgdcwdl.wdl_10862%2F%3Fsp%3D7%26st%3Dimage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusisi1991" class="citation journal cs1">Musisi, Nakanyike B. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174572">"Women, "Elite Polygyny," and Buganda State Formation"</a>. Signs. 16 (4): 773-776. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F494702">10.1086/494702</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174572">3174572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Women%2C+%22Elite+Polygyny%2C%22+and+Buganda+State+Formation&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=773-776&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F494702&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3174572%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Musisi&rft.aufirst=Nakanyike+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3174572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnkWAAAAIAAJ">The Kings of Buganda</a>. East African Publishing House. 1971. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8002-1633-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8002-1633-7"><bdi>978-0-8002-1633-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kings+of+Buganda&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=East+African+Publishing+House&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8002-1633-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnkWAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusisi1991" class="citation journal cs1">Musisi, Nakanyike B. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174572">"Women, "Elite Polygyny," and Buganda State Formation"</a>. Signs. 16 (4): 782-786. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F494702">10.1086/494702</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174572">3174572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Women%2C+%22Elite+Polygyny%2C%22+and+Buganda+State+Formation&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=782-786&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F494702&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3174572%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Musisi&rft.aufirst=Nakanyike+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3174572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_African_Motherhood/gnvBAgAAQBAJ?hl=en">A History of African Motherhood: The Case of Uganda, 700–1900</a>. p. 137-138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+African+Motherhood%3A+The+Case+of+Uganda%2C+700%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=137-138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_History_of_African_Motherhood%2FgnvBAgAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnkWAAAAIAAJ">The Kings of Buganda</a>. East African Publishing House. 1971. p. 149-152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8002-1633-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8002-1633-7"><bdi>978-0-8002-1633-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kings+of+Buganda&rft.pages=149-152&rft.pub=East+African+Publishing+House&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8002-1633-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnkWAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnkWAAAAIAAJ">The Kings of Buganda</a>. East African Publishing House. 1971. p. 62-66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8002-1633-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8002-1633-7"><bdi>978-0-8002-1633-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kings+of+Buganda&rft.pages=62-66&rft.pub=East+African+Publishing+House&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8002-1633-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnkWAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_African_Motherhood/gnvBAgAAQBAJ?hl=en">A History of African Motherhood: The Case of Uganda, 700–1900</a>. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+African+Motherhood%3A+The+Case+of+Uganda%2C+700%E2%80%931900&rft.pages=138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_History_of_African_Motherhood%2FgnvBAgAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Baganda/aUV2uQAACAAJ?hl=en">The Baganda: An Account of Their Native Customs and Beliefs</a>. p. 221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baganda%3A+An+Account+of+Their+Native+Customs+and+Beliefs&rft.pages=221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FThe_Baganda%2FaUV2uQAACAAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4pZyAAAAMAAJ">Myth, ritual, and kingship in Buganda</a>. Oxford University Press. 1991. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506436-0"><bdi>978-0-19-506436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth%2C+ritual%2C+and+kingship+in+Buganda&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506436-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4pZyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_10862/?sp=7&st=image">John Milner Gray, 'Early History of Buganda,' Uganda Journal 2 (4)</a>. p. 267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Milner+Gray%2C+%27Early+History+of+Buganda%2C%27+Uganda+Journal+2+%284%29&rft.pages=267&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fgdcwdl.wdl_10862%2F%3Fsp%3D7%26st%3Dimage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnkWAAAAIAAJ">The Kings of Buganda</a>. East African Publishing House. 1971. p. 16-17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8002-1633-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8002-1633-7"><bdi>978-0-8002-1633-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kings+of+Buganda&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=East+African+Publishing+House&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8002-1633-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnkWAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hnkWAAAAIAAJ">The Kings of Buganda</a>. East African Publishing House. 1971. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8002-1633-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8002-1633-7"><bdi>978-0-8002-1633-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kings+of+Buganda&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=East+African+Publishing+House&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8002-1633-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhnkWAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/gdcwdl.wdl_10862/?sp=7&st=image">John Milner Gray, 'Early History of Buganda,' Uganda Journal 2 (4)</a>. p. 267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Milner+Gray%2C+%27Early+History+of+Buganda%2C%27+Uganda+Journal+2+%284%29&rft.pages=267&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fgdcwdl.wdl_10862%2F%3Fsp%3D7%26st%3Dimage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Historical_Dictionary_of_Uganda/xhh1EAAAQBAJ?hl=en">Historical Dictionary of Uganda</a>. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Uganda&rft.pages=26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FHistorical_Dictionary_of_Uganda%2Fxhh1EAAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/1/5/1/0/5/p151059_index.html">"Buganda Often called "Central Uganda""</a>. Retrieved 14 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buganda+Often+called+%22Central+Uganda%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allacademic.com%2Fmeta%2Fp_mla_apa_research_citation%2F1%2F5%2F1%2F0%2F5%2Fp151059_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubik1964" class="citation journal cs1">Kubik, Gerhard (1964). "Xylophone Playing in Southern Uganda". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 94 (2): 138–159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2844378">10.2307/2844378</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844378">2844378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Xylophone+Playing+in+Southern+Uganda&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=138-159&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2844378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2844378%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kubik&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKubik2010" class="citation book cs1">Kubik, Gerhard (27 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eg9eDwAAQBAJ&q=Theory+of+African+Music%2C+Volume+II+By+Gerhard+Kubik">Theory of African Music, Volume II</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226456959" title="Special:BookSources/9780226456959"><bdi>9780226456959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+African+Music%2C+Volume+II&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2010-08-27&rft.isbn=9780226456959&rft.aulast=Kubik&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deg9eDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DTheory%2Bof%2BAfrican%2BMusic%252C%2BVolume%2BII%2BBy%2BGerhard%2BKubik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsterhammel2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Osterhammel" title="Jürgen Osterhammel">Osterhammel, Jürgen</a> (2015). The Transformation of the World: A Global History of the Nineteenth Century. Translated by Patrick Camiller. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691169804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691169804"><bdi>978-0691169804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+the+World%3A+A+Global+History+of+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey%3B+Oxford&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0691169804&rft.aulast=Osterhammel&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_S_M_Semakula_Kiwanuka1972" class="citation book cs1">M S M Semakula Kiwanuka (1972). History of Buganda: From the Foundation of the Kingdom To 1900. Africana Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0841901147" title="Special:BookSources/0841901147"><bdi>0841901147</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/309354">309354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Buganda%3A+From+the+Foundation+of+the+Kingdom+To+1900&rft.pub=Africana+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F309354&rft.isbn=0841901147&rft.au=M+S+M+Semakula+Kiwanuka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Anthony_Low1971" class="citation book cs1">Donald Anthony Low, ed. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ith-L8DYXuUC">The Mind of Buganda: Documents of the Modern History of an African Kingdom</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520019690" title="Special:BookSources/9780520019690"><bdi>9780520019690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+Buganda%3A+Documents+of+the+Modern+History+of+an+African+Kingdom&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780520019690&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dith-L8DYXuUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Anthony_Low1971" class="citation book cs1">Donald Anthony Low (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N28QWWLPYtcC">Buganda in Modern History</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520016408" title="Special:BookSources/9780520016408"><bdi>9780520016408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buganda+in+Modern+History&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780520016408&rft.au=Donald+Anthony+Low&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN28QWWLPYtcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Wrigley2002" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Wrigley (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWKAFW9oVJcC">Kingship and State: The Buganda Dynasty</a>. University of Cambridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521894357" title="Special:BookSources/9780521894357"><bdi>9780521894357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingship+and+State%3A+The+Buganda+Dynasty&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521894357&rft.au=Christopher+Wrigley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWKAFW9oVJcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_W._Hattersley1968" class="citation book cs1">Charles W. Hattersley (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5LQ9AAAAMAAJ">The Baganda at home</a>. Cass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baganda+at+home&rft.pub=Cass&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Charles+W.+Hattersley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5LQ9AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuganda" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buganda" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Buganda">Buganda</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buganda&oldid=1259049595">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buganda&oldid=1259049595</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Buganda&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 November 2024, at 02:36 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vug%C3%A1nda" title="Vugánda – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vugánda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buqanda" title="Buqanda – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buqanda" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Буганда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Буганда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="بوگاندا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بوگاندا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EA%B0%84%EB%8B%A4" title="부간다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부간다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar_Buganda" title="Masarautar Buganda – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Masarautar Buganda" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="बूगैन्डा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बूगैन्डा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="בוגנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוגנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugandos_karalyst%C4%97" title="Bugandos karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bugandos karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeganda" title="Boeganda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boeganda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80" title="ブガンダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブガンダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7" title="بوگانڈا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بوگانڈا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Buganda" title="Reino de Buganda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Buganda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Буганда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буганда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buganda" title="Buganda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buganda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Буганда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Буганда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7" title="بوگنڈا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بوگنڈا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B9%B2%E8%BE%BE" title="布干达 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布干达" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 02:36 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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