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href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Apostateco" title="Granda Apostateco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda Apostateco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_apostasie" title="Grande apostasie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande apostasie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%B0%B0%EA%B5%90%EB%A1%A0" title="대배교론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대배교론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_Apostateso" title="Granda Apostateso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Granda Apostateso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemurtadan_Besar" title="Kemurtadan Besar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kemurtadan Besar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fivadiham-pinoana_Lehibe" title="Fivadiham-pinoana Lehibe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fivadiham-pinoana Lehibe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concept in some Christian churches</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the book by James E. Talmage, see <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Apostasy_(book)" title="The Great Apostasy (book)">The Great Apostasy (book)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Contrasting beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of <i>Revelation</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">The Millennium</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a> <ul><li>Prewrath rapture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Biblical texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_13" title="Mark 13">Mark 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">Matthew 24</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> <a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">(Events)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pseudepigrapha</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">Apocatastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">False prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christian_eschatology" title="Template talk:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christian_eschatology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christian eschatology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PapalPolitics2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PapalPolitics2.JPG/220px-PapalPolitics2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PapalPolitics2.JPG/330px-PapalPolitics2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PapalPolitics2.JPG/440px-PapalPolitics2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption><i>Antichristus</i>, a woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Pope_as_Antichrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope as Antichrist">pope depicted as the Antichrist</a>, using his <a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">temporal power</a> to grant authority to a generously contributing ruler.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Great Apostasy</b> is a concept within <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to describe a perception that <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream Christian">mainstream Christian</a> Churches have fallen away from the original faith founded by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> and promulgated through his <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FosterBlowersDunnavantWilliams2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FosterBlowersDunnavantWilliams2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A belief in a Great Apostasy has been characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Restorationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationist">Restorationist</a> tradition of Christianity, which includes unrelated groups emerging after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Church"> Swedenborgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Molloy2017_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molloy2017-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buck2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buck2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LewisMittelstadt2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewisMittelstadt2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Restorationist groups hold that traditional Christianity, represented by <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodoxy</a>, has fallen into error and thus, the true faith needs to be restored.<sup id="cite_ref-FosterBlowersDunnavantWilliams2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FosterBlowersDunnavantWilliams2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term has been used to describe the perceived fallen state of traditional <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, sometimes claiming that it changed the doctrines of the early church and allowed traditional <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman culture">Greco-Roman culture</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Greco-Roman mysteries</a>, deities of <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">solar</a> <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> festivals and <a href="/wiki/Mithraic_mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithraic mysteries">Mithraic sun worship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idol_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Idol worship">idol worship</a>) into the Church on its own perception of authority.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because it made these changes using claims of <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">tradition</a> and not from <a href="/wiki/Religious_text#Christianity" title="Religious text">scripture</a>, the Church – in the opinion of those adhering to this concept – has fallen into <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HN1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HN1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JTC1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JTC1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major thread of this perception is the suggestion that, to attract and convert people to Christianity, the Church in Rome incorporated pagan beliefs and practices within the Christian religion, mostly <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Graeco-Roman rituals, mysteries, and festivals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a> informs the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Christians of Thessalonica</a> that a great <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a> must occur before the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">return of Christ</a>, when "the <a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">man of sin</a> is revealed, the son of destruction" (<a href="/wiki/2_Thessalonians_2" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Thessalonians 2">chapter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/2+Thessalonians+2:1">2:1–12</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> have interpreted this chapter as referring to a future falling-away, during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeGarmo2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGarmo2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Apostasy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Roman imperial cult</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg/220px-Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg/330px-Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg/440px-Bronnikov_gimnpifagoreizev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Pythagoreans celebrate sunrise</figcaption></figure> <p>Some modern scholars<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believe that the Christian Church in the early stages picked up pagan oral teachings from Jewish and Hellenistic sources, which formed the basis of a secret <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, which in the 4th century came to be called the <i><a href="/wiki/Disciplina_arcani" title="Disciplina arcani">disciplina arcani</a></i>. Mainstream theologians believe it contained liturgical details and certain other pagan traditions which remain a part of some branches of <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">mainstream Christianity</a> (for example, some Catholic theologians thought that the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a> was a part of this).<sup id="cite_ref-Stroumsa_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stroumsa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important <a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">esoteric</a> influences on the church were the Christian theologians <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, the main figures of the <a href="/wiki/Catechetical_School_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechetical School of Alexandria">Catechetical School of Alexandria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Restorationists teach that the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papacy</a> slowly became corrupted as it strove to attain great dominion and authority, both civil and ecclesiastical.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, they say, it reinstated the pagan ceremonies and obligations of the <i><a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">Collegium Pontificum</a></i> and the position of <i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a></i> and created Christian <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious orders</a> to replace the ancient Roman ones such as the <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgins</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">flamines</a></i>. It brought into the church the ancient pagan festivals and made them 'Holy Days'.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics as well as the Reformers pointed to the office of the Papacy as responsible for the fallen state of the church as they considered the conduct of those in power had grown so spiritually or morally corrupt that it was called the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist power</a> by those within as well as outside of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protestant_views">Protestant views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Apostasy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protestant views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine the Great and Christianity</a></div> <p>Reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and others disagreed with the papacy's claim of temporal power over all secular governments and the autocratic character of the papal office, and challenged papal authority as a corruption from the early church and questioned the Catholic Church's ability to define Christian practice.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformed_perspective">Reformed perspective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Apostasy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reformed perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></div> <p>The defenses of the right belief and worship of the church resided in the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>, and Protestants theorize that the process of unifying the doctrine of the church also concentrated power into their own hands (see also <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a>, who advocated a powerful bishop), and made their office an instrument of power coveted by ambitious men.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They charge that, through ambition and jealousy, the church has been at times, and not very subtly, subverted from carrying out its sacred aim. For the Reformers, the culmination of this gradual corruption was typified, in a concentrated way, in the office of the pope who took on ancient titles such as <i>Pontifex Maximus</i> and supreme power in the church.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calvin, Luther, and many later churches and preachers have held that Scripture points out the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as the fallen church of biblical prophecy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> believed and taught that the church had strayed and fallen away from the true teachings of the scripture. He challenged the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> by teaching that the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">only source</a> of <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinely</a> revealed knowledge,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opposed <a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">sacerdotalism</a> by considering <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinists">Calvinists</a> hold that the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecumenical Council">Ecumenical Councils</a> of the early and <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> church are true expressions of the Christian faith, many assert<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (February 2011)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> the councils are at times inconsistent with one another, and err on particular points. The true church, they argue, will be mixed with alien influences and false beliefs, which is necessary in order for these impurities ultimately to be overcome and the truth to be vindicated. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a> (Calvinist), states: </p> <blockquote><p>The purest churches under heaven are subject both to mixture and error; and some have so degenerated as to become no churches of Christ, but <a href="/wiki/Synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues">synagogues</a> of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. Nevertheless, there shall be always a church on earth, to worship God according to his will.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispensationalist_perspective">Dispensationalist perspective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Apostasy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dispensationalist perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Dispensationalism"></span> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicist</a> biblical interpretation was the viewpoint of most major Protestant Reformers, beginning with the accusations of Martin Luther. Refuting these claims was accordingly a major objective of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, both in the Catholic Church's initial response to Luther and especially in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>. This required a renewed effort to interpret the relevant scriptural passages in light of the arguments put forth by the early Protestants. Two particularly noteworthy theories were proposed during the Counter-Reformation to address the historicist claim that the Antichrist was actually the Roman Catholic church.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ribera" title="Francisco Ribera">Francisco Ribera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Alcazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Alcazar">Luis de Alcazar</a>, both 16th-century Spanish <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, rose to meet the challenge by introducing counter-interpretations of the prophecies in Daniel and Revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their approaches became known as the <a href="/wiki/Preterist" class="mw-redirect" title="Preterist">Preterist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurist</a> schools, and both theologies quickly gained traction throughout Catholic Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gradually, Preterism and Futurism gained currency even in Protestant thought. Few mainstream Protestant leaders today still employ the vocabulary of "apostasy" and "anti-Christ" when discussing the papacy, although some conservative Evangelical and <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> churches still accept these teachings to varying degrees. </p><p>The spread of <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispensationalist">dispensationalist</a> doctrine has led many conservative Protestants to drop the traditional interpretation of the Book of Revelation as prediction of events that have taken place throughout history (historicism) and shifted it to future events (futurism), eliminating any relation between the prophecies and the Catholic Church. This has resulted in a re-interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end times</a>. Although Protestant fundamentalists still largely object to Catholic doctrine concerning the papacy, most have dropped the harsher Reformation view and no longer identify the pope as the Antichrist.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restorationist_perspective">Restorationist perspective</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Apostasy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Restorationist perspective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Restorationism_(Christian_primitivism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationism (Christian primitivism)">Restorationism (Christian primitivism)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Apostasy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/220px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg/330px-Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Joseph_Smith_first_vision_stained_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>LDS Church members believe that <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> was called by God to restore the true teachings of Jesus Christ</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church), the Great Apostasy started not long after the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension of Jesus Christ">ascension</a> of Jesus and continued until <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/First_Vision" title="First Vision">First Vision</a> in 1820.<sup id="cite_ref-PMG35_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMG35-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To LDS Church members, or <a href="/wiki/Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a>, the Great Apostasy is marked by: </p> <ul><li>the difficulty of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">Apostles</a> to keep early Christians from distorting the teachings of Jesus and to prevent the followers from dividing into different ideological groups;<sup id="cite_ref-MARV1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MARV1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a> of the church's Apostles;<sup id="cite_ref-GA1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the loss of leaders with <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">priesthood authority</a> to administer the church and its ordinances;<sup id="cite_ref-Eyring_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eyring-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the lack of <a href="/wiki/Continuous_revelation" title="Continuous revelation">continuous revelation</a> to instruct the leaders and guide the church;<sup id="cite_ref-PMG35_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMG35-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>the corruption of Christian doctrine by <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek</a> or other allegedly <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> philosophies such as <a href="/wiki/Neo-Platonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Platonism">Neo-Platonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Platonic realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascetic#Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">Asceticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GA2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GA2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Beginning in the 1st century and continuing up to the 4th century AD, some <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Emperors">emperors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> carried out violent persecutions against early Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-burning_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burning-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LDS Church believes that all priesthood leaders with authority to conduct and perpetuate church affairs were either martyred, taken from the earth, or began to teach impure doctrines, causing a break in the necessary <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PMG35_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMG35-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a belief that what survived was a portion of the light and truth that Jesus had established: the Church of Jesus Christ, as established by him, was no longer to be found on the earth. Survivors of the persecutions were overly-influenced by various pagan philosophies either because they were not well indoctrinated in Jesus' teachings or they corrupted their Christian beliefs (willingly, by compulsion, or with good intentions but without direct revelation from God to help them interpret said beliefs) by accepting non-Christian doctrines into their faith. LDS Church doctrine is that many plain and simple truths of the gospel of Christ were, therefore, lost.<sup id="cite_ref-PMG35_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMG35-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LDS Church and its members understand various writings in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> to be an indication that even soon after the ascension of Jesus the Apostles struggled to keep early Christians from distorting the teachings of Jesus and to prevent the followers from dividing into different ideological groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Faust_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faust-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine highlights statements from the Scriptures that various Old Testament and New Testament scriptures, like 2 Thessalonians 2:3, that Jesus Christ prophesied this "falling away" or "apostasy." The Christian believers who survived the persecutions took it upon themselves to speak for God, interpret, amend or add to his doctrines and ordinances, and carry out his work without proper authority and divine direction from God. During this time, important doctrines and rites were lost or corrupted.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> adopted at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Council of Nicaea</a> is an example shown of how pagan philosophy corrupted the teachings of Jesus. The LDS Church believes that Joseph Smith's visions and revelations taught an important and sacrosanct doctrine that God, the Eternal Father, His Son, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are not <a href="/wiki/Consubstantial" class="mw-redirect" title="Consubstantial">one substance</a>, but three separate and distinct beings forming one <a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Latter Day Saints)">Godhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latter-day Saints reject the early <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a> for what they see as misguided human attempts without divine assistance to decide matters of doctrine, substituting debate or politics for divine <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>. The LDS Church teaches that the often heated proceedings of such councils were evidence that the church was no longer led by revelation and divine authority. Indeed, the normative Christian view is that public revelation, or revelation that is binding on all Christians, concluded with the death of the last Apostle.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, LDS Church members refer to the "restitution of all things" mentioned in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%203:20–21&version=nrsv">Acts 3:20–21</a> and believe that a <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Mormonism)" title="Restoration (Mormonism)">restoration</a> of all the original and primary doctrines and rites of Christianity was necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Faust_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faust-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church members believe that God the Father and His Son, Jesus Christ, appeared to Smith, then a 14-year-old boy, and called him to be a prophet.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Peter, James, and John, three of Christ's apostles in the New Testament, appeared from heaven to Smith and ordained him an apostle.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Christ's priesthood authority and divine direction, church members believe that Smith was called and ordained to re-establish Christ's church. Hence, members of the faith refer to their church as "The Church of Jesus Christ," a name which they believe to have been revealed to Smith after the church's founding on 6 April 1830, originally called the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)">Church of Christ</a>. Latter-day Saints is a term members believe refers to members of Christ's church who were originally called "saints" and that the LDS Church is Christ's restored church in these days, believed by many Christian denominations to be the last days prior to the prophesied second coming of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adventists">Adventists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Apostasy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adventists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a> wrote </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His word has given warning of the impending danger; let this be unheeded, and the Protestant world will learn what the purposes of Rome really are, only when it is too late to escape the snare. She is silently growing into power. Her doctrines are exerting their influence in legislative halls, in the churches, and in the hearts of men. She is piling up her lofty and massive structures in the secret recesses of which her former persecutions will be repeated. Stealthily and unsuspectedly she is strengthening her forces to further her own ends when the time shall come for her to strike. All that she desires is vantage ground, and this is already being given her. We shall soon see and shall feel what the purpose of the Roman element is. Whoever shall believe and obey the word of God will thereby incur reproach and persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ellen G. White, The Great Controversy: Between Christ and Satan, page 581</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</a> believe that the <a href="/wiki/Mark_of_the_beast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark of the beast">mark of the Beast</a> refers to the apostate church which in the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end times</a> will legally enforce Sunday-worship. "Those who reject God's memorial of creatorship – the Bible Sabbath – choosing to worship and honor Sunday in the full knowledge that it is not God's appointed day of worship, will receive the 'mark of the beast.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Sunday Sabbath is purely a child of the Papacy. It is the mark of the beast."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They see an apostate church that changed God's law, preferred pagan traditions, allowed pagan beliefs and ceremonies into the church, and brought oppression against and persecuted the true believers throughout the Dark Ages for 1260 years as prophesied in Revelation 12:6, 14–16.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyperdispensationalism">Hyperdispensationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Apostasy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hyperdispensationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hyperdispensationalism" title="Hyperdispensationalism">Hyperdispensationalism</a></div> <p>Hyperdispensationalism is a niche view in Protestantism which views Pauline Christianity or the beliefs and doctrines espoused by the apostle Paul through his writings as the purest form of Christian faith and worship from which the church fell away. <a href="/wiki/Ethelbert_William_Bullinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethelbert William Bullinger">E. W. Bullinger</a> framed the position for early apostasy thus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We are told, on every hand, today, that we must go back to the first three centuries to find the purity of faith and worship of the primitive church! But it is clear from this comparison of Acts xix.10 and 2 Tim.i.15, that we cannot go back ... even to the apostle's own life-time! ... It was Pauline truth and teaching from which all had "turned away".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Juanita Carey, <i>E. W. Bullinger: A Biography</i>, page 148, quoting from Bullinger's "The Church Epistles"</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses_of_Catholicism,_Lutheranism"><span id="Responses_of_Catholicism.2C_Lutheranism"></span>Responses of Catholicism, Lutheranism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Apostasy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Responses of Catholicism, Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist in the Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerical celibacy (Catholic Church)">Clerical celibacy (Catholic Church)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a></div> <p>Regarding "forbidding to marry" and the "commanding to abstain from meats" in 1 Timothy 4 (Paul might have spoken in general in regard to any new sects or doctrines which could arise), the Catholic Church responds: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Regarding the Church's discipline of celibacy, men and women freely abstain from the high and holy good of marriage so that they can more fully give themselves to God and His work. Marriage is not "forbidden". Neither is it considered evil. See the Catechism of the Catholic Church (Catechism), numbers 1618–20, especially the quote from St. John Chrysostom. 1 Timothy 4:1–5 needs to be read in context. There were those in Paul's time that forbade marriage on heretical presuppositions that marriage was intrinsically evil, a teaching based in turn on the false belief that the body or all matter was evil, and only the Spirit was good. This <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> heresy became prevalent again in the second century. The heresy became manifest in later centuries as well, with groups like the Albigensians, who also fell away from the Catholic Faith. ... With regard to foods, none are forbidden to Catholics. Unlike vegetarians, we may eat meat; unlike Jews and Muslims, we may eat pork, shellfish, and other non-kosher foods. Fasting – a practice actively promoted in Scripture – and abstinence from certain foods at particular times are good spiritual disciplines, but there is no food from which Catholics must abstain at all times. ... So who is Paul condemning regarding abstinence? He is referring to <a href="/wiki/Gnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostics">Gnostics</a> and their spiritual descendants. In ascetic Gnosticism, we find both practices Paul condemned in his First Letter to Timothy. Ascetic Gnostics categorically forbade marriage (which libertine Gnostics also did) and abstained from sexual intercourse and meat all the time.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Doesn't St. Paul Condemn Celibacy, Fasting, and Abstaining From Meat?</cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, who spearheaded the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, sought to <i>reform</i> the Catholic Church, as opposed to <i>restoring</i> it.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamport2017_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamport2017-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a> traditionally sees itself as the "main trunk of the historical Christian Tree" founded by Christ and the Apostles, holding that during the Reformation, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Church of Rome</a> fell away.<sup id="cite_ref-Remensnyder1893_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Remensnyder1893-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Frey1918_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frey1918-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a>, the Lutheran confession of faith, teaches that "the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church".<sup id="cite_ref-Ludwig2016_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludwig2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession to <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, they explained "that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils".<sup id="cite_ref-Ludwig2016_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludwig2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Apostasy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">Bible prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church">Criticism of the Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormonism and Christianity">Mormonism and Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/References_to_the_Antichrist_in_ecclesiastical_writings" title="References to the Antichrist in ecclesiastical writings">References to the Antichrist in ecclesiastical writings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacralism" title="Sacralism">Sacralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_of_Christian_eschatological_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Summary of Christian eschatological differences">Summary of Christian eschatological differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Apostasy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FosterBlowersDunnavantWilliams2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FosterBlowersDunnavantWilliams2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FosterBlowersDunnavantWilliams2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFosterBlowersDunnavantWilliams2004" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Douglas A.; Blowers, Paul M.; Dunnavant, Anthony L.; Williams, D. Newell (2004). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 561. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3898-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-3898-8</bdi></a>. <q>...to distinguish the goal of their restorationist efforts from other forms of Christianity, whether Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, denomination, or sectarian. They viewed modern Christianity as corrupt, apostate, or spurious, while New Testament Christianity was, in the words of Alexander Campbell, 'the gospel of our Lord as proclaimed originally by the apostles.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Stone-Campbell+Movement&rft.pages=561&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3898-8&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Douglas+A.&rft.au=Blowers%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=Dunnavant%2C+Anthony+L.&rft.au=Williams%2C+D.+Newell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molloy2017-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Molloy2017_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolloy2017" class="citation book cs1">Molloy, Michael (2017). <i>The Christian Experience: An Introduction to Christianity</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 366. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-8284-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-8284-3"><bdi>978-1-4725-8284-3</bdi></a>. <q>Like other Restorationists, Russell held the theory of the Great Apostasy, the belief that Christianity had fallen away from its original purity. To the simple early message of Christianity, he believed, later teachers and political leaders had added unwarranted beliefs and practices.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Experience%3A+An+Introduction+to+Christianity&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-8284-3&rft.aulast=Molloy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buck2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Buck2009_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck2009" class="citation book cs1">Buck, Christopher (2009). <i>Religious Myths and Visions of America: How Minority Faiths Redefined America's World Role</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35959-0"><bdi>978-0-313-35959-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Myths+and+Visions+of+America%3A+How+Minority+Faiths+Redefined+America%27s+World+Role&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35959-0&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisMittelstadt2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LewisMittelstadt2016_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisMittelstadt2016" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Paul W.; Mittelstadt, Martin William (2016). <i>What's So Liberal about the Liberal Arts?: Integrated Approaches to Christian Formation</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3145-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-3145-9"><bdi>978-1-4982-3145-9</bdi></a>. <q>The Second Great Awakening (1790–1840) spurred a renewed interest in primitive Christianity. What is known as the Restoration Movement of the nineteenth century gave birth to an array of groups: Mormons (The Latter Day Saint Movement), the Churches of Christ, Adventists, and Jehovah's Witnesses. Though these groups demonstrate a breathtaking diversity on the continuum of Christianity they share an intense restorationist impulse. Picasso and Stravinsky reflect a primitivism that came to the fore around the turn of the twentieth century that more broadly has been characterized as a "retreat from the industrialized world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What%27s+So+Liberal+about+the+Liberal+Arts%3F%3A+Integrated+Approaches+to+Christian+Formation&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-3145-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul+W.&rft.au=Mittelstadt%2C+Martin+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiscoveries" class="citation web cs1">Discoveries, Amazing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604043048/https://amazingdiscoveries.org/S-deception_end-time_paganism_Catholic_sun-worship">"Sun Worship | Paganism and Catholicism | Buddhism, Hinduism and Catholicism"</a>. <i>amazingdiscoveries.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amazingdiscoveries.org/S-deception_end-time_paganism_Catholic_sun-worship">the original</a> on 2023-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amazingdiscoveries.org&rft.atitle=Sun+Worship+%7C+Paganism+and+Catholicism+%7C+Buddhism%2C+Hinduism+and+Catholicism&rft.aulast=Discoveries&rft.aufirst=Amazing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famazingdiscoveries.org%2FS-deception_end-time_paganism_Catholic_sun-worship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HN1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HN1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewcomb2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Newcomb" title="Harvey Newcomb">Newcomb, Harvey</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XZ0JL9AhS0wC&pg=PA33"><i>Great Apostasy: Being an Account of the Origin, Rise and Progress of Corruption and Tryanny in the Church of Rome</i></a>. Kessinger Publishing. pp. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0766178847" title="Special:BookSources/978-0766178847"><bdi>978-0766178847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Apostasy%3A+Being+an+Account+of+the+Origin%2C+Rise+and+Progress+of+Corruption+and+Tryanny+in+the+Church+of+Rome&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0766178847&rft.aulast=Newcomb&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXZ0JL9AhS0wC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JTC1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JTC1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmage1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Talmage" title="James E. Talmage">Talmage, James E.</a> (1973). <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_the_Christ_(book)" title="Jesus the Christ (book)">Jesus the Christ</a></i> (40th ed.). LDS Church. pp. 745–757. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2012826">2012826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+the+Christ&rft.pages=745-757&rft.edition=40th&rft.pub=LDS+Church&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2012826&rft.aulast=Talmage&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Socrates, <i>Church History</i>, 5.22, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff2005" class="citation web cs1">Schaff, Philip (July 13, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.ii.viii.xxiii.html">"The Author's Views respecting the Celebration of Easter, Baptism, Fasting, Marriage, the Eucharist, and Other Ecclesiastical Rites"</a>. <i>Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories</i>. Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Socrates+and+Sozomenus+Ecclesiastical+Histories&rft.atitle=The+Author%27s+Views+respecting+the+Celebration+of+Easter%2C+Baptism%2C+Fasting%2C+Marriage%2C+the+Eucharist%2C+and+Other+Ecclesiastical+Rites.&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf202.ii.viii.xxiii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeGarmo2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeGarmo2019_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeGarmo2019" class="citation book cs1">DeGarmo, Braxton (15 September 2019). <i>Still Here!: Surviving the End Times</i>. Christen Haus Publishing. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-943509-35-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-943509-35-5"><bdi>978-1-943509-35-5</bdi></a>. <q>Amillennialism has been the primary perspective of the church though most of history and still outside of the U.S., as well as in the orthodox (Catholic and Eastern Orthodox) and reform (Presbyterian and Lutheran) groups within the U.S.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Still+Here%21%3A+Surviving+the+End+Times&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Christen+Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2019-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-943509-35-5&rft.aulast=DeGarmo&rft.aufirst=Braxton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Alister_E._McGrath" class="mw-redirect" title="Alister E. McGrath">Alister E. McGrath</a>, <i>Iustitia Dei: A History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification</i>, 2nd edition (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, reprinted 1998), pp. 17, 19–20; Erich S. Gruen, <i>Heritage and Hellenism: The Reinvention of Jewish Tradition</i>, U California Press, Berkeley, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stroumsa-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stroumsa_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. G. Stroumsa, <i>Hidden Wisdom: Esoteric Traditions and the Roots of Christian Mysticism</i>, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frommann, <i>De Disciplina Arcani in vetere Ecclesia christiana obticuisse fertur</i>, Jena 1833.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Hatch, <i>The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church</i>, London, 1890, Chapter 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Danielou, <i>Origen</i>, translated by Walter Mitchell, 1955.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> (415 AD) made the following declaration in Canon 28: 'The Bishop of New Rome (Constantinople) shall enjoy the same honor as the Bishop of Old Rome, for the former possesses the same privileges.'" (Disciplinary Decrees of the General Councils, Schroeder, p. 125).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He (Theodore I, bishop of Rome, 642–649 DJR) was the first Pope officially styled 'Sovereign Pontiff,' and the last whom the bishops called 'brother.' The preeminence of the first See and the extension of the Pontifical authority were becoming more necessary in proportion as the Church spread further her conquests." (Darras, Vol. II, p. 232).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The church took the pagan philosophy and made it the buckler of faith against the heathen. She took the pagan, Roman Pantheon, temple of all the gods, and made it sacred to all the martyrs; so it stands to this day. She took the pagan Sunday and made it the Christian Sunday. She took the pagan Easter and made it the feast we celebrate during this season. Sunday and Easter day are, if we consider their derivation, much the same. In truth, all Sundays are Sundays only because they are a weekly, partial recurrence of Easter day. The pagan Sunday was, in a manner, an unconscious preparation for Easter day. The Sun was a foremost god with heathendom. Balder the beautiful, the White God, the old Scandinavians called him. The sun has worshippers at this hour in Persia and other lands. ...Hence the church in these countries would seem to have said, "Keep that old pagan name. It shall remain consecrated, sanctified." And thus the pagan Sunday, dedicated to Balder, became the Christian Sunday, sacred to Jesus. The sun is a fitting emblem of Jesus. The Fathers often compared Jesus to the sun; as they compared Mary to the moon, the beautiful moon, the beautiful Mary, shedding her mild, beneficent light on the darkness and the night of this world – not light of her own; no Catholic says this; but – light reflected from the sun, Jesus." Source: PASCHALE GAUDIUM, by William L. Gildea, D.D., in The Catholic World, Vol. LVIII., No. 348., March, 1894., published in New York by The Office of the Catholic World., pp. 808–809.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Every Reformer, without exception, spoke of the papacy as Antichrist" – R. Allen Anderson, Unfolding the Revelation, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnulf Bishop of Orleans (Roman Catholic) "deplored the roman popes as 'monsters of guilt' and declared in a council called by the King of France in 991 AD that the pontiff, clad in purple and gold, was, 'Antichrist, sitting in the temple of God, and showing himself as God'" – Philip Schaff, <i>History of the Christian Church</i>, 8 vols., reprint of the 3d (1910) ed. (Grand Rapids Mich.: Wm. B Eerdmans Publishing Co., n.d.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Luther states, "We here are of the conviction that the papacy is the seat of the true and real Antichrist ...Personally I declare that I owe the Pope no other obedience than that to Antichrist." (Aug. 18, 1520) Taken from <i>The Prophetic Faith of Our Fathers</i>, Vol. 2., p. 121 by Froom. (In response to a papal bull [official decree]): "I despise and attack it, as impious, false. ...It is Christ Himself who is condemned therein. ...I rejoice in having to bear such ills for the best of causes. Already I feel greater liberty in my heart; for at last I know that the pope is antichrist, and that his throne is that of Satan himself." – D'Aubigné, b. 6, ch. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Luther, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookofconcord.com/smalcald.html#article4">Smalcald Articles, Article four</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010210703/http://www.bookofconcord.com/smalcald.html#article4">Archived</a> 2008-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Wesley speaking of the office of the Papacy he said, "He is in an emphatical sense, the Man of Sin, as he increases all manner of sin above measure. And he is, too, properly styled the Son of Perdition, as he has caused the death of numberless multitudes, both of his opposers and followers... He it is...that exalteth himself above all that is called God, or that is worshipped...claiming the highest power, and highest honour...claiming the prerogatives which belong to God alone." Taken from Antichrist and His Ten Kingdoms by John Wesley, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blueletterbible.org/study/larkin/dt/24.cfm">"Chapter 24. Babylon the Great – Dispensational Truth – Study Resources"</a>. <i>Blue Letter Bible</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blue+Letter+Bible&rft.atitle=Chapter+24.+Babylon+the+Great+%E2%80%93+Dispensational+Truth+%E2%80%93+Study+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueletterbible.org%2Fstudy%2Flarkin%2Fdt%2F24.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1689 London Baptist Confession – Chapter 26: Of the Church. The Lord Jesus Christ is the Head of the church, in whom, by the appointment of the Father, all power for the calling, institution, order or government of the church, is invested in a supreme and sovereign manner; neither can the Pope of Rome in any sense be head thereof, but is that antichrist, that man of sin, and son of perdition, that exalteth himself in the church against Christ, and all that is called God; whom the Lord shall destroy with the brightness of his coming.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, Adam. <i>Commentary on the Old Testament</i> Vol IV p. 596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ewald M. Plass, <i>What Luther Says</i>, 3 vols., (St. Louis: CPH, 1959), 88, no. 269; M. Reu, <i>Luther and the Scriptures</i>, Columbus, Ohio: Wartburg Press, 1944, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luther, Martin. <i>Concerning the Ministry</i> (1523), tr. Conrad Bergendoff, in Bergendoff, Conrad (ed.) Luther's Works. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1958, 40:18 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/materials/prophecy/ellen-g-white-and-interpretation-daniel-and-revelation">"Ellen G. White and the Interpretation of Daniel and Revelation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ellen+G.+White+and+the+Interpretation+of+Daniel+and+Revelation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventistbiblicalresearch.org%2Fmaterials%2Fprophecy%2Fellen-g-white-and-interpretation-daniel-and-revelation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary, vol. 4 [4BC], 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amazingdiscoveries.org/RT_encyclopedia_Futurism_Preterism_Catholic">"Futurism and Preterism"</a>. <i>amazingdiscoveries.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amazingdiscoveries.org&rft.atitle=Futurism+and+Preterism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famazingdiscoveries.org%2FRT_encyclopedia_Futurism_Preterism_Catholic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ministrymagazine.org/archive/1939/11/dispensationalisms-basic-fallacies">"Dispensationalism's Basic Fallacies – No. 1"</a>. <i>www.ministrymagazine.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ministrymagazine.org&rft.atitle=Dispensationalism%27s+Basic+Fallacies+%E2%80%93+No.+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ministrymagazine.org%2Farchive%2F1939%2F11%2Fdispensationalisms-basic-fallacies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMG35-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMG35_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMG35_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMG35_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMG35_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127194606/http://media.ldscdn.org/pdf/scripture-and-lesson-support/preach-my-gospel-a-guide-to-missionary-service/2005-04-00-preach-my-gospel-a-guide-to-missionary-service-eng.pdf?download=true"><i>Preach My Gospel (A Guide to Missionary Service)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. LDS Church. 2004. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-402-36617-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-402-36617-4"><bdi>0-402-36617-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.ldscdn.org/pdf/scripture-and-lesson-support/preach-my-gospel-a-guide-to-missionary-service/2005-04-00-preach-my-gospel-a-guide-to-missionary-service-eng.pdf?download=true">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preach+My+Gospel+%28A+Guide+to+Missionary+Service%29&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=LDS+Church&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-402-36617-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.ldscdn.org%2Fpdf%2Fscripture-and-lesson-support%2Fpreach-my-gospel-a-guide-to-missionary-service%2F2005-04-00-preach-my-gospel-a-guide-to-missionary-service-eng.pdf%3Fdownload%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MARV1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MARV1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/LeGrand_Richards" title="LeGrand Richards">Richards, LeGrand</a> (1976). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Marvelous_Work_and_a_Wonder" title="A Marvelous Work and a Wonder">A Marvelous Work and a Wonder</a></i>. Deseret Book Company. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87747-161-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87747-161-4"><bdi>0-87747-161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Marvelous+Work+and+a+Wonder&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Deseret+Book+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87747-161-4&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=LeGrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GA1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GA1_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmage1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Talmage" title="James E. Talmage">Talmage, James E.</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/greatapostasycon00atalm#page/68/mode/2up"><i>The Great Apostasy</i></a>. The Deseret News. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87579-843-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87579-843-8"><bdi>0-87579-843-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Apostasy&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=The+Deseret+News&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=0-87579-843-8&rft.aulast=Talmage&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgreatapostasycon00atalm%23page%2F68%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyring-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eyring_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyring2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Eyring" title="Henry B. Eyring">Eyring, Henry B.</a> (May 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2008/05/the-true-and-living-church?lang=eng">"The True and Living Church"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ensign_(LDS_magazine)" title="Ensign (LDS magazine)">Ensign</a></i>, LDS Church: 20–24</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=The+True+and+Living+Church&rft.pages=20-24&rft.date=2008-05&rft.aulast=Eyring&rft.aufirst=Henry+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fensign%2F2008%2F05%2Fthe-true-and-living-church%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GA2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GA2_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmage1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Talmage" title="James E. Talmage">Talmage, James E.</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/greatapostasycon00atalm#page/68/mode/2up"><i>The Great Apostasy</i></a>. The Deseret News. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87579-843-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87579-843-8"><bdi>0-87579-843-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Apostasy&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=The+Deseret+News&rft.date=1909&rft.isbn=0-87579-843-8&rft.aulast=Talmage&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgreatapostasycon00atalm%23page%2F68%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burning-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burning_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenan1890" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Renan" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Renan">Renan, Joseph</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/renan/antichrist.viii.html"><i>The History of the Origins of Christianity. Book IV. The Antichrist</i></a>. Mathieson & Company. pp. 60–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Origins+of+Christianity.+Book+IV.+The+Antichrist&rft.pages=60-75&rft.pub=Mathieson+%26+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Renan&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Frenan%2Fantichrist.viii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faust-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faust_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faust_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/James_E._Faust" title="James E. Faust">Faust, James E.</a> (May 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/2006/05/the-restoration-of-all-things?lang=eng">"The Restoration of All Things"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Liahona_(magazine)" title="Liahona (magazine)">Liahona</a></i>, LDS Church: 61–62, 67–68</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liahona&rft.atitle=The+Restoration+of+All+Things&rft.pages=61-62%2C+67-68&rft.date=2006-05&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fliahona%2F2006%2F05%2Fthe-restoration-of-all-things%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill1971" class="citation cs2">Merrill, Hyde M. (November 1971), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1972/11/the-great-apostasy-as-seen-by-eusebius?lang=eng">"The Great Apostasy as Seen by Eusebius"</a>, <i>Ensign</i>, LDS Church</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ensign&rft.atitle=The+Great+Apostasy+as+Seen+by+Eusebius&rft.date=1971-11&rft.aulast=Merrill&rft.aufirst=Hyde+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fensign%2F1972%2F11%2Fthe-great-apostasy-as-seen-by-eusebius%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Doctrine_and_Covenants/Section_130#22" class="extiw" title="s:The Doctrine and Covenants/Section 130">Doctrine and Covenants 130:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.catholic.com/tracts/private-revelation">http://www.catholic.com/tracts/private-revelation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233732/http://www.catholic.com/tracts/private-revelation">Archived</a> 2013-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (first paragraph)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1902" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/B._H._Roberts" title="B. H. Roberts">Roberts, B. H.</a> (1902), <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Church_(Joseph_Smith)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Church (Joseph Smith)">History of the Church</a></i>, Deseret News Press, pp. 1–8</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Church&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Deseret+News+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=B.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classic.scriptures.lds.org/en/dc/27/12#12"><i>D&C 27:12</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%26C+27%3A12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassic.scriptures.lds.org%2Fen%2Fdc%2F27%2F12%2312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Quentin_L._Cook" title="Quentin L. Cook">Cook, Quentin L.</a> (November 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/2003/11/are-you-a-saint?lang=eng">"Are You a Saint?"</a>, <i>Liahona</i>, LDS Church: 95–96</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liahona&rft.atitle=Are+You+a+Saint%3F&rft.pages=95-96&rft.date=2003-11&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Quentin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fliahona%2F2003%2F11%2Fare-you-a-saint%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">White, Ellen G.</a> (1999) [1888]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiteestate.org/books/gc/gc30.html">"Enmity Between Man and Satan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whiteestate.org/books/gc/gc.asp"><i>The Great Controversy: Between Christ and Satan</i></a>. The Ellen G. White Estate. p. 581. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8163-1923-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8163-1923-5"><bdi>0-8163-1923-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Enmity+Between+Man+and+Satan&rft.btitle=The+Great+Controversy%3A+Between+Christ+and+Satan&rft.pages=581&rft.pub=The+Ellen+G.+White+Estate&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8163-1923-5&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ellen+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whiteestate.org%2Fbooks%2Fgc%2Fgc30.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Seventh-day Adventists Believe (2nd ed)</i>. Ministerial Association, <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists</a>. 2005. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventh-day+Adventists+Believe+%282nd+ed%29&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Ministerial+Association%2C+General+Conference+of+Seventh-day+Adventists&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Advent Review, Vol. I, No. 2, August, 1850.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egwwritings.org/">"EGW Writings®: The Complete Published Books of Ellen G. White"</a>. <i>egwwritings.org</i>. Chapter 15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=egwwritings.org&rft.atitle=EGW+Writings%C2%AE%3A+The+Complete+Published+Books+of+Ellen+G.+White&rft.pages=Chapter+15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegwwritings.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Seventh-day Adventists Believe (2nd ed)</i>. Ministerial Association, <a href="/wiki/General_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists</a>. 2005. pp. 184–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57847-041-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57847-041-2"><bdi>1-57847-041-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventh-day+Adventists+Believe+%282nd+ed%29&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=Ministerial+Association%2C+General+Conference+of+Seventh-day+Adventists&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57847-041-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carey, Juanita, <i>E. W. Bullinger: A Biography</i>, p. 148, quoting from Bullinger's <i>The Church Epistles</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicexchange.com/2003/03/04/82916/">"Doesn't St. Paul Condemn Celibacy, Fasting and Abstaining From Meat?"</a>. Catholic Exchange. 2003-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doesn%27t+St.+Paul+Condemn+Celibacy%2C+Fasting+and+Abstaining+From+Meat%3F&rft.pub=Catholic+Exchange&rft.date=2003-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholicexchange.com%2F2003%2F03%2F04%2F82916%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lamport2017-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lamport2017_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamport2017" class="citation book cs1">Lamport, Mark A. (2017). <i>Encyclopedia of Martin Luther and the Reformation</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7159-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7159-3"><bdi>978-1-4422-7159-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Martin+Luther+and+the+Reformation&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-7159-3&rft.aulast=Lamport&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Remensnyder1893-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Remensnyder1893_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunius_Benjamin_Remensnyder1893" class="citation book cs1">Junius Benjamin Remensnyder (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWA3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12"><i>The Lutheran Manual</i></a>. Boschen & Wefer Company. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lutheran+Manual&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Boschen+%26+Wefer+Company&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Junius+Benjamin+Remensnyder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWA3AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frey1918-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frey1918_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey1918" class="citation book cs1">Frey, H. (1918). <i>Is One Church as Good as Another?</i>. Vol. 37. <a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lutheran Witness">The Lutheran Witness</a>. pp. 82–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+One+Church+as+Good+as+Another%3F&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=The+Lutheran+Witness&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludwig2016-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ludwig2016_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ludwig2016_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudwig2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Ludwig, Alan (12 September 2016). "Luther's Catholic Reformation". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Witness" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lutheran Witness">The Lutheran Witness</a></i>. <q>When the Lutherans presented the <i>Augsburg Confession</i> before Emperor Charles V in 1530, they carefully showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils and even the canon law of the Church of Rome. They boldly claim, 'This is about the Sum of our Doctrine, in which, as can be seen, there is nothing that varies from the Scriptures, or from the Church Catholic, or from the Church of Rome as known from its writers' (AC XXI Conclusion 1). The underlying thesis of the <i>Augsburg Confession</i> is that the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church. In fact, it is actually the Church of Rome that has departed from the ancient faith and practice of the catholic church (see AC XXIII 13, XXVIII 72 and other places).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lutheran+Witness&rft.atitle=Luther%27s+Catholic+Reformation&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Ludwig&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Apostasy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Barker" title="James L. Barker">James L. Barker</a>; <i>Apostasy from the Divine Church</i>; <a href="/wiki/Bookcraft" title="Bookcraft">Bookcraft</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88494-544-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88494-544-8">0-88494-544-8</a> (1952; Hardcover 1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_R._Bickmore" title="Barry R. Bickmore">Barry R. Bickmore</a>; <i>Restoring the Ancient Church</i>; Cornerstone Publishing, FAIR; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893036-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-893036-00-6">1-893036-00-6</a> (Paperback, 1999); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125025519/http://www.fair-lds.org/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=FAIR-BB-99&Category_Code=FP">Available directly from the publisher</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a></i> (1599), annotations of "Fr. Junius" to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, repr. L. L. Brown Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9629888-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9629888-0-4">0-9629888-0-4</a> (1990)</li> <li>Holy Bible, King James Version, Isaiah 2:2,3; 5:20,21,25–29; 24:1–5; 28:10,11; 29:4,10–14,18,22–24; 49:22–23; 52:11,12; 54:1–3; 55:5; 56:6–8; 60:1–3,16. Malachi 3:1; 4:5,6.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_R._Dursteler2002" class="citation journal cs1">Eric R. Dursteler (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401081614/http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1100&index=4">"Inheriting the 'Great Apostasy': The Evolution of Latter-day Saint Views on the Middle Ages and the Renaissance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Mormon_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Mormon History">Journal of Mormon History</a></i>. <b>28</b> (Fall): 23–59. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=1100&index=4">the original</a> on 2014-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-28</span></span> – via the <a href="/wiki/Neal_A._Maxwell_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Neal A. Maxwell Institute">Neal A. Maxwell Institute</a> website.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mormon+History&rft.atitle=Inheriting+the+%27Great+Apostasy%27%3A+The+Evolution+of+Latter-day+Saint+Views+on+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Renaissance&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=Fall&rft.pages=23-59&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Eric+R.+Dursteler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.maxwellinstitute.byu.edu%2Ffullscreen%2F%3Fpub%3D1100%26index%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreat+Apostasy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>The <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1571-39articles.html">Thirty-Nine Articles</a></i> of the Episcopal Church in America.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_C._Harper" title="Steven C. Harper">Steven C. Harper</a>; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsc.byu.edu/archived/prelude-restoration-apostasy-restored-church">Prelude to the Restoration: Apostasy to the Restored Church</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232014/https://rsc.byu.edu/archived/prelude-restoration-apostasy-restored-church">Archived</a> 2013-12-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a> 2004; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5903-8329-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-5903-8329-X">1-5903-8329-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_P._Jackson" title="Kent P. Jackson">Kent P. Jackson</a>; <i>From Apostasy to Restoration</i>; <a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Book">Deseret Book</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57345-218-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57345-218-1">1-57345-218-1</a> (Hardcover 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nibley" title="Hugh Nibley">Hugh Nibley</a>; <a href="/wiki/Todd_M._Compton" class="mw-redirect" title="Todd M. Compton">Todd M. Compton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Ricks" title="Stephen D. Ricks">Stephen D. Ricks</a>, editors; <i>Mormonism and Early Christianity</i>; <a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Book">Deseret Book</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87579-127-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87579-127-1">0-87579-127-1</a> (Hardcover, 1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nibley" title="Hugh Nibley">Hugh Nibley</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111011084826/http://maxwellinstitute.byu.edu/publications/books/?bookid=54"><i>The World and the Prophets</i></a> Maxwell Institute, BYU</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Talmage" title="James E. Talmage">James E. Talmage</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Apostasy_(book)" title="The Great Apostasy (book)">The Great Apostasy</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Deseret_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Deseret Book">Deseret Book</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87579-843-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87579-843-8">0-87579-843-8</a> (1909; Softcover, February 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Lorenz_Von_Mosheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Lorenz Von Mosheim">Johann Lorenz Von Mosheim</a>; <i>De rebus Christianorum ante Constantinum Magnum Commentarii</i> (6 vols.); (1753) <ul><li>Johann Lorenz Von Mosheim; <i>Ecclesiastical History from the Birth of Christ to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century</i> (4 vols.), translated by Archibald Maclaine; (1758)</li> <li>Johann Lorenz Von Mosheim; <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, translated by James Murdock; (1851)</li></ul></li> <li>Timothy M. Youngblood; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813104314/http://www.masters-table.org/apostasy/Great_Apostasy_PDF.pdf">The Great Apostasy</a></i> (2nd ed.); Copyright 1998/2005 Timothy Malone Youngblood. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/TXu">000883 TXu -883</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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