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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origin of the word</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_word-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of slavery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_slavery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of slavery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_civilizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_civilizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early civilizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_civilizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Asian slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Arab slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Atlantic_slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Atlantic_slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>The Atlantic slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Atlantic_slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>In the Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern-day_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern-day_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern-day slavery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern-day_slavery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern-day slavery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern-day_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Myanmar_(formerly_Burma)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar_(formerly_Burma)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Myanmar (formerly Burma)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar_(formerly_Burma)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_in_favor_of_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_in_favor_of_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>People in favor of slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_in_favor_of_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stopping_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stopping_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stopping slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stopping_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Slavery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 156 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-156" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">156 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%89%D1%8B%D0%BB%D3%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%8D" title="ПщылӀыгъуэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ПщылӀыгъуэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slawerny" title="Slawerny – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slawerny" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ባርነት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባርነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C4%93owd%C5%8Dm" title="Þēowdōm – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þēowdōm" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عبودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عبودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitut" title="Esclavitut – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Esclavitut" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavit%C3%BA" title="Esclavitú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Esclavitú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembigu%C3%A1i_reko" title="Tembiguái reko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tembiguái reko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27aqisiy%C3%A4wi" title="T'aqisiyäwi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="T'aqisiyäwi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quldarl%C4%B1q" title="Quldarlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quldarlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82" title="قول ساخلاماق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قول ساخلاماق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="দাসত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দাসত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulun" title="Hulun – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hulun" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4%CD%98-l%C4%93_ch%C3%A8-t%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Lô͘-lē chè-tō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lô͘-lē chè-tō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%A1" title="Ҡоллоҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡоллоҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рабства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рабства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рабства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рабства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-uripon" title="Pag-uripon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pag-uripon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Робство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="བྲན་གཡོག་རིང་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྲན་གཡོག་རིང་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robovlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Robovlasništvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Robovlasništvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverezh" title="Sklaverezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sklaverezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Богоолшолго – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Богоолшолго" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitud" title="Esclavitud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esclavitud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Чуралăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чуралăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otroctv%C3%AD" title="Otroctví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otroctví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muranda" title="Muranda – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muranda" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukapolo" title="Ukapolo – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ukapolo" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caethwasiaeth" title="Caethwasiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Caethwasiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عبودية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عبودية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjus" title="Orjus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Orjus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δουλεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουλεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Slavery" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavitud" title="Esclavitud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esclavitud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaveco" title="Sklaveco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sklaveco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavit%C3%BA" title="Esclavitú – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Esclavitú" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esklabotza" title="Esklabotza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esklabotza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="برده‌داری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برده‌داری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulami" title="Gulami – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gulami" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A6lur" title="Trælur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Trælur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavage" title="Esclavage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esclavage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavernij" title="Slavernij – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Slavernij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C9%97o" title="Korɗo – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Korɗo" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scl%C3%A1bha%C3%ADocht" title="Sclábhaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sclábhaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A0illeachd" title="Tràilleachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tràilleachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escravitude" title="Escravitude – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escravitude" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8kombo" title="Ũkombo – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũkombo" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BE" title="ગુલામી પ્રથા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુલામી પ્રથા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%98%88%EC%A0%9C" title="노예제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노예제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauta" title="Bauta – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bauta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ստրկություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստրկություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF)" title="दासप्रथा (पाश्चात्य) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दासप्रथा (पाश्चात्य)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robovlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Robovlasništvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robovlasništvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaveso" title="Sklaveso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sklaveso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannakaadipen" title="Pannakaadipen – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pannakaadipen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbudakan" title="Perbudakan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perbudakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclavitude" title="Sclavitude – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sclavitude" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%A6lahald" title="Þrælahald – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þrælahald" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavismo" title="Schiavismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Schiavismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עבדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עבדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batur_tukon" title="Batur tukon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Batur tukon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗುಲಾಮಗಿರಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುಲಾಮಗಿರಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83" title="Къул тутуу – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къул тутуу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მონათმფლობელობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონათმფლობელობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Құлдық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құлдық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utumwa" title="Utumwa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utumwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumpika" title="Bumpika – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Bumpika" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esklavaj" title="Esklavaj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Esklavaj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katibaj" title="Katibaj – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Katibaj" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xulamt%C3%AE" title="Xulamtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xulamtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Кулчулук – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кулчулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servitus" title="Servitus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Servitus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdz%C4%ABba" title="Verdzība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Verdzība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklaverei" title="Sklaverei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sklaverei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergov%C4%97" title="Vergovė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vergovė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavernie" title="Slavernie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Slavernie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%BAmbu" title="Boúmbu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Boúmbu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/selbaise%27u" title="selbaise'u – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="selbaise'u" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27ciavismo" title="S'ciavismo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="S'ciavismo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabszolgas%C3%A1g" title="Rabszolgaság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rabszolgaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ропство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ропство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanandevozana" title="Fanandevozana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanandevozana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="അടിമത്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അടിമത്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skjavit%C3%B9" title="Skjavitù – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Skjavitù" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="गुलामगिरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुलामगिरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="عبوديه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عبوديه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perhambaan" title="Perhambaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perhambaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrabatura" title="Scrabatura – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Scrabatura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Боолчлол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Боолчлол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ကျွန်စနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျွန်စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavernij" title="Slavernij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slavernij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="दासप्रथा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दासप्रथा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="दास – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दास" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B7%E5%88%B6" title="奴隷制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="奴隷制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лолла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лолла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaawerei" title="Slaawerei – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Slaawerei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esclavatge" title="Esclavatge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Esclavatge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullik" title="Qullik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qullik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80" title="ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ਼ੁਲਾਮੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklabitut" title="Sklabitut – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sklabitut" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="غلامي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="غلامي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slievri" title="Slievri – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Slievri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96" title="ទាសភាព – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទាសភាព" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-ciavit%C3%B9" title="S-ciavitù – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="S-ciavitù" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveree" title="Slaveree – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Slaveree" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niewolnictwo" title="Niewolnictwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niewolnictwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escravatura" title="Escravatura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escravatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulsh%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Qulshılıq – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qulshılıq" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulluq" title="Qulluq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qulluq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclavie" title="Sclavie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sclavie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punqu" title="Punqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рабство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рабство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рабство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рабство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82" title="Кулут – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кулут" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iscravidade" title="Iscravidade – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iscravidade" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skllav%C3%ABria" title="Skllavëria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Skllavëria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schiavismu" title="Schiavismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Schiavismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="වහල් භාවය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වහල් භාවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="غلامي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="غلامي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrok%C3%A1rstvo_(vyu%C5%BE%C3%ADvanie_otrokov)" title="Otrokárstvo (využívanie otrokov) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Otrokárstvo (využívanie otrokov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%BEenjstvo" title="Suženjstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Suženjstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoon" title="Adoon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Adoon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کۆیلایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆیلایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ропство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ропство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropstvo" title="Ropstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ropstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orjuus" title="Orjuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orjuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaveri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang-aalipin" title="Pang-aalipin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pang-aalipin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="அடிமை முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அடிமை முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Коллык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коллык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="బానిసత్వం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బానిసత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA" title="ทาส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทาส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABr%C3%ABk%C3%A4%C5%8B_loony" title="Wërëkäŋ loony – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Wërëkäŋ loony" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Ғуломдорӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ғуломдорӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6lelik" title="Kölelik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kölelik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwo" title="Khwo – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Khwo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Рабство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рабство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="غلامی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غلامی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D9%84%D9%84%DB%87%D9%82_%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B2%DB%88%D9%85" title="قۇللۇق تۈزۈم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇللۇق تۈزۈم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-ciavit%C3%B9" title="S-ciavitù – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="S-ciavitù" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4_l%E1%BB%87" title="Nô lệ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nô lệ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro 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href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99" title="שקלאפעריי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שקלאפעריי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oko%E1%BA%B9r%C3%BA" title="Okoẹrú – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Okoẹrú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8%E5%88%B6" title="奴隸制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奴隸制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_antiquity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in antiquity (not yet started)">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt (not yet started)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babylonian law (not yet started)">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in ancient Greece (not yet started)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in ancient Rome (not yet started)">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_medieval_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in medieval Europe (not yet started)">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire (not yet started)">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kholop (not yet started)">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serfdom_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serfdom in Russia (not yet started)">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thrall (not yet started)">Thrall</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world (not yet started)">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avret_Esir_Pazarlar%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avret Esir Pazarları (not yet started)">Avret Esir Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mukataba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mukataba (not yet started)">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast (not yet started)">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbary pirates (not yet started)">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Abductions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Abductions (not yet started)">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_views_on_concubinage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic views on concubinage (not yet started)">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_walad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm walad">Umm walad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_malakat_aymanukum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma malakat aymanukum (not yet started)">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avret_Esir_Pazarlar%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avret Esir Pazarları (not yet started)">Avret Esir Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbasid_harem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbasid harem (not yet started)">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Imperial_Harem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem (not yet started)">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bristol_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bristol slave trade (not yet started)">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil (not yet started)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database (not yet started)">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Slave_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch Slave Coast (not yet started)">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role_of_Nantes_in_the_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Role of Nantes in the slave trade (not yet started)">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_New_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in New France (not yet started)">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panyarring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panyarring (not yet started)">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America (not yet started)">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave Coast of West Africa (not yet started)">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States (not yet started)">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghilman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghilman (not yet started)">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devshirme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devshirme (not yet started)">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corv%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corvée (not yet started)">Corvée labor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_slaves_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Field slaves in the United States (not yet started)">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States (not yet started)">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_slave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House slave (not yet started)">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqaliba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saqaliba (not yet started)">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_raiding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave raiding (not yet started)">Slave raiding</a></li> <li>History of children in the military</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White slavery (not yet started)">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galley_slave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galley slave (not yet started)">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbary pirates (not yet started)">Pirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Africa (not yet started)">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Saharan_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade (not yet started)">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Sea slave trade (not yet started)">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Ocean slave trade (not yet started)">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Angola (not yet started)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Chad (not yet started)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ethiopia (not yet started)">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Mali (not yet started)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Mauritania (not yet started)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Niger (not yet started)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Nigeria (not yet started)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Seychelles (not yet started)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Somalia (not yet started)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in South Africa (not yet started)">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Sudan (not yet started)">Sudan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Americas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Americas (not yet started)">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas (not yet started)">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States (not yet started)">U.S. Natives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aztec_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aztec slavery (not yet started)">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_slaves_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Field slaves in the United States (not yet started)">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Female slavery in the United States (not yet started)">female</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States (not yet started)">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partus_sequitur_ventrem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partus sequitur ventrem (not yet started)">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_labor_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penal labor in the United States (not yet started)">prison labor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_codes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave codes (not yet started)">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States (not yet started)">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_trade_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave trade in the United States (not yet started)">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in the United States (not yet started)">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Bahamas (not yet started)">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Canada (not yet started)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean (not yet started)">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados_Slave_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbados Slave Code (not yet started)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands (not yet started)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Trinidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Trinidad (not yet started)">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_Noir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Code Noir (not yet started)">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Latin_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Latin America (not yet started)">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Brazil (not yet started)">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lei_%C3%81urea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lei Áurea (not yet started)">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Colombia (not yet started)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Cuba (not yet started)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Haiti (not yet started)">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restavek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restavek (not yet started)">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encomienda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encomienda (not yet started)">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans (not yet started)">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Asia (not yet started)">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia (not yet started)">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Bhutan (not yet started)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in China (not yet started)">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Booi_Aha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Booi Aha (not yet started)">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laogai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laogai (not yet started)">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_system_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penal system in China (not yet started)">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in India (not yet started)">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debt_bondage_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debt bondage in India (not yet started)">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chukri_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chukri System (not yet started)">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Japan (not yet started)">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Korea (not yet started)">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwalliso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwalliso (not yet started)">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Thailand (not yet started)">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea (not yet started)">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Vietnam (not yet started)">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Oceania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Oceania (not yet started)">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Australia (not yet started)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Australia (not yet started)">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island (not yet started)">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea (not yet started)">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackbirding_in_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia (not yet started)">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sex trafficking in Europe (not yet started)">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Britain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Britain (not yet started)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danish slave trade (not yet started)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Slave_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch Slave Coast (not yet started)">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II (not yet started)">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Malta (not yet started)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thrall (not yet started)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Poland (not yet started)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Portugal (not yet started)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Romania (not yet started)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Russia (not yet started)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Spain (not yet started)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swedish slave trade (not yet started)">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Afghanistan (not yet started)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Algeria (not yet started)">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Bahrain (not yet started)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Egypt (not yet started)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East (not yet started)">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Iran (not yet started)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Kuwait (not yet started)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Libya (not yet started)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Morocco (not yet started)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Oman (not yet started)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia (not yet started)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Tunisia (not yet started)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Qatar (not yet started)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Yemen (not yet started)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates (not yet started)">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bible_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Bible and slavery (not yet started)">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_views_on_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian views on slavery (not yet started)">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church and slavery (not yet started)">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mormonism and slavery (not yet started)">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish views on slavery (not yet started)">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery (not yet started)">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1926_Slavery_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1926 Slavery Convention (not yet started)">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom (not yet started)">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_abolitionists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of abolitionists (not yet started)">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention (not yet started)">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Slavery_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Slavery International (not yet started)">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blockade_of_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blockade of Africa (not yet started)">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Africa_Squadron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Africa Squadron (not yet started)">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Slave_Trade_Patrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Slave Trade Patrol (not yet started)">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Colonization_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Colonization Society (not yet started)">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compensated_emancipation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compensated emancipation (not yet started)">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedman (not yet started)">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manumission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manumission (not yet started)">manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_suit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom suit (not yet started)">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad (not yet started)">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave rebellion (not yet started)">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_Trade_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave Trade Act (not yet started)">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_international_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in international law (not yet started)">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom (not yet started)">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (not yet started)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_at_common_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery at common law (not yet started)">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States (not yet started)">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States (not yet started)">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons (not yet started)">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_slaves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of slaves (not yet started)">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_slave_owners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of slave owners (not yet started)">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_last_surviving_American_enslaved_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of last surviving American enslaved people (not yet started)">last surviving American enslaved people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_of_enslaved_people_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage of enslaved people (United States) (not yet started)">Marriage of enslaved people (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_narrative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave narrative (not yet started)">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_films_featuring_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of films featuring slavery (not yet started)">films</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave Songs of the United States (not yet started)">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave name (not yet started)">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_catcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave catcher (not yet started)">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_patrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave patrol (not yet started)">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Slave_Route_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Slave Route Project (not yet started)">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breeding_of_enslaved_people_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breeding of enslaved people in the United States (not yet started)">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_slave_court_cases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American slave court cases (not yet started)">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Washington and slavery (not yet started)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery (not yet started)">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism (not yet started)">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery (not yet started)">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forty acres and a mule (not yet started)">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedmen%27s_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedmen's Bureau (not yet started)">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_iron_bit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave iron bit (not yet started)">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emancipation_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emancipation Day (not yet started)">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10098456">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavery" title="Template:Slavery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavery" title="Template talk:Slavery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Slavery&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Punishing_Slaves_in_Cuba.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> slaves in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> being <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a> during the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Slavery</b> is when a person is treated as the <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> of another person. This person is usually called a slave and the owner is called a slavemaster. It often means that slaves are forced to work, or else they will be punished by the <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> (if slavery is legal in that place) or by their master. There is <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> that even before there was <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>, there was slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> have a history of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Slavery_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slavery-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some societies had laws about slavery or had an <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> that was built on it. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> had many slaves. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entraves_esclave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Entraves_esclave.jpg/220px-Entraves_esclave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Entraves_esclave.jpg/330px-Entraves_esclave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Entraves_esclave.jpg/440px-Entraves_esclave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Chains such as these were used to stop slaves from escaping</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>, almost all <a href="/wiki/Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries">countries</a> made laws making slavery illegal. The <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> says that slavery is wrong. Slavery is now banned by <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, there are still different forms of slavery in some countries.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Millions_'forced_into_slavery'_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Millions_'forced_into_slavery'-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Mauritania">Islamic Republic of Mauritania</a> was the last country in the world to officially ban slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-NYER-2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYER-2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, "under international pressure", its government passed a law allowing slaveholders to be prosecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2019, approximately 40 million people, were still enslaved throughout the world despite slavery being illegal. About 26% of these were children. In the modern world, more than half of the people who are slaves provide <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>, usually in the factories and <a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">sweatshops</a> of the private sector of a country's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Industrialized" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialized">industrialised</a> countries, <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> is a modern form of the slave trade. In non-industrialised countries, enslavement by <a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">debt bondage</a> is a common form of enslaving a person.<sup id="cite_ref-newint_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newint-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many types of modern slavery. Some of these include captured <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic servants</a>, people in <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_use_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Military use of children">child soldiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-modernslavery_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modernslavery-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_word">Origin of the word</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Origin of the word" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Origin of the word"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>slave</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> word <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">sclave</i></span>. <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">Sclave</i></span> came from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> word <i><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">esclave</i></span></i>. The French word came from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <i>sclavus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many theories for where the word <i>sclavus</i> came from. A common theory is that the word came from <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic peoples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> who were often put into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory is that <i>sclavus</i> came from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> <span title="Byzantine Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">σκυλάειν</span></span>. The Greek word means to steal from an enemy that was killed in war. <sup id="cite_ref-OED_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_slavery">History of slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: History of slavery" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: History of slavery"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">History of slavery</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_civilizations">Early civilizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Early civilizations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Early civilizations"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slavery has existed in various forms since antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest records of slavery can be traced to Babylon 18th Century BC, in texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a></i> (c. 1760 BC), which codifies slavery as law.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Ancient <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, slaves were often prisoners of war, which was determined as lawful by the book of <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>. There were many distinctions made to categorize those by factors such as class, gender, age and race. For example, <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> were not allowed to enslave other Israelites. The Deuteronomic Code calls for the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a> Israelites to enslave them. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, slaves were mainly <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>. Many times, slaves inherited the status of their slave parents. Others became slaves over unpaid <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debts</a>. Some slaves were poor <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> who offered themselves into servitude in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shelter" title="Shelter">shelter</a>. The lives of slaves were normally better than that of peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-touregypt1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-touregypt1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young slaves could not be put to hard work, and had to be brought up by the mistress of the <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a>. Not all slaves went to houses. Some sold themselves to <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a>, or were assigned to temples by the <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">king</a>. </p><p>In many places, <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a> were partly or fully protected from being enslaved, so most slaves were foreigners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Ancient Rome" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Ancient Rome"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adamo_Ghisi_-_Alegorija_ropstva,_1573.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Adamo_Ghisi_-_Alegorija_ropstva%2C_1573.jpg/220px-Adamo_Ghisi_-_Alegorija_ropstva%2C_1573.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Adamo_Ghisi_-_Alegorija_ropstva%2C_1573.jpg/330px-Adamo_Ghisi_-_Alegorija_ropstva%2C_1573.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Adamo_Ghisi_-_Alegorija_ropstva%2C_1573.jpg/440px-Adamo_Ghisi_-_Alegorija_ropstva%2C_1573.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="4460" /></a><figcaption>Adamo Ghisi: <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a> of Slavery, etching, 1573.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_004.jpg/220px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_004.jpg/330px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_004.jpg/440px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5533" data-file-height="6974" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Slave_Market_in_Ancient_Rome" title="Slave Market in Ancient Rome">Slave Market in Ancient Rome</a></i>, a painting by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Slaves were important in <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> and the economy of ancient Rome. They did simple manual labor and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">domestic services</a>, but also could have complex jobs and <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">professions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">Teachers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accountant" class="mw-redirect" title="Accountant">accountants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> were often slaves. <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> slaves were often well <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">educated</a>. Most slaves, such as those who were made slaves as <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a>, worked on <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farms</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">mills</a>. Their living conditions were very bad, and they did not live for very long.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources.">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Slaves were considered property under <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> and were not legally people. Unlike Roman <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a>, they could suffer <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual exploitation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sex_work" title="Sex work">sex workers</a> were often slaves), <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Execution" title="Execution">summary execution</a>. A slave's <a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">testimony</a> could not be accepted in a <a href="/wiki/Court_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of law">court of law</a> unless the slave was tortured. This was because they thought that slaves would be too loyal to their masters to reveal damaging evidence unless <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coerced</a>. Over time, however, slaves gained some legal protection, including the right to file complaints against their masters. Attitudes changed in part because of the influence among the educated elite of the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> views of humanity extended to slaves, and also because of slave <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellions</a>. Better treatment meant fewer rebellions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources.">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Roman slaves could hold <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> which, even though it belonged to their <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/master" class="extiw" title="wikt:master">masters</a>, they were allowed to use as if it were their own. Upper class slaves were allowed to earn their own <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>. With enough money they could buy their freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Roman Empire broke up, slavery gradually changed into <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>. Serfdom was similar to slavery but the worker received a set amount of wages and had certain civil rights and could leave the employment of the master.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources.">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_slavery">Asian slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Asian slavery" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Asian slavery"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both non-Muslims and Muslims in Southeast Asia during the 18th century bought Japanese girls who came by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese slave girls were still owned by India-based Portuguese (Lusitanian) families according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_De_Sousa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco De Sousa (not yet started)">Francisco De Sousa</a>, a Jesuit who wrote about that in 1698. This was long after the 1636 <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edict</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokguawa</a> Japan had expelled Portuguese people.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>China imported Korean slaves and Indochinese slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese children in medieval Japan could be taken as slaves if debts were not repaid by their parents.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese parents sold their daughters to Portuguese in Kyushu. Japanese children and women from the Bungo domain were sold as slaves to Europeans in Higo after Bungo was attacked in 1586 by the Satsuma domain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_slave_trade">Arab slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Arab slave trade" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Arab slave trade"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">Arab slave trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Cargo_of_Newly_released_Slaves_on_board_H.M.S._London%27_RMG_E9085_(cropped)_(cropped).tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%27Cargo_of_Newly_released_Slaves_on_board_H.M.S._London%27_RMG_E9085_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.tiff/lossy-page1-300px-%27Cargo_of_Newly_released_Slaves_on_board_H.M.S._London%27_RMG_E9085_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%27Cargo_of_Newly_released_Slaves_on_board_H.M.S._London%27_RMG_E9085_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.tiff/lossy-page1-450px-%27Cargo_of_Newly_released_Slaves_on_board_H.M.S._London%27_RMG_E9085_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/%27Cargo_of_Newly_released_Slaves_on_board_H.M.S._London%27_RMG_E9085_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.tiff/lossy-page1-600px-%27Cargo_of_Newly_released_Slaves_on_board_H.M.S._London%27_RMG_E9085_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2059" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption>Black slaves, mostly <a href="/wiki/Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Children">children</a>, after being taken from slavers, 1880.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians estimate that between 650 <a href="/wiki/AD" class="mw-redirect" title="AD">AD</a> and the 1960s, 10 to 18 million people were enslaved by Arab slave traders. They were taken from Europe, Asia and Africa across the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert. Male slaves were often employed as <a href="/wiki/Servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Servant">servants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">soldiers</a>, or workers by their owners. Many male slaves were <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castrated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreABS_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreABS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been claimed that as many as six out of every ten boys <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">bled</a> to death during the process, though the source may not be reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreABS_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreABS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuchs</a> fetched a higher price: that made castration worthwhile. According to Ronald Segal, author of <i>Islam’s Black Slaves: the other black diaspora</i> (2002), "The calipha in Baghdad at the beginning of the 10th Century had 7,000 black eunuchs and 4,000 white eunuchs in his palace”.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreABS_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreABS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women and children taken as slaves were mainly used as servants and <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubines</a>. While the later Atlantic slave trade concentrated on men for labor, the Arab slave trade started with men and boys, but shifted over time to concentrate more on woman and young girls for <a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">sexual</a> purposes. By the 1900s, Arab slave traders had taken between 10 and 18 million slaves out of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreABS_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreABS-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Atlantic_slave_trade">The Atlantic slave trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: The Atlantic slave trade" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: The Atlantic slave trade"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_slave_trade" title="African slave trade">African slave trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave trade">slave trade</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slavecontract_doc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Slavecontract_doc.jpg/250px-Slavecontract_doc.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Slavecontract_doc.jpg/375px-Slavecontract_doc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Slavecontract_doc.jpg/500px-Slavecontract_doc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Slave contract <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> 13/10/<a href="/wiki/1794" title="1794">1794</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For four <a href="/wiki/Centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuries">centuries</a>, beginning in the late <a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Million" class="mw-redirect" title="Million">millions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africans</a> were taken as slaves by <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europeans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EM_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EM-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europeans began exporting Africans to the New World as a source of cheap labor on colonial plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-EM_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EM-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1452 and 1455, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicolas_V" title="Pope Nicolas V">Pope Nicolas V</a> issued a series of <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bulls</a> authorizing the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> to take African slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-LDL_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDL-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first slave traders raided coastal areas and carried black people off. But the mines and fields of the colonies needed more and more slaves. In the early 1700s, Spain began to issue <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">licenses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a> to supply slaves. By the 1750s, large slaving companies were established. Most of Europe at the time was involved in the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-LDL_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LDL-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: In the United States" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: In the United States"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman-slave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Woman-slave.jpg/220px-Woman-slave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Woman-slave.jpg/330px-Woman-slave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Woman-slave.jpg/440px-Woman-slave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>An enslaved black child with a white slave owner in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> during the 1850s.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europeans</a> who arrived in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> during the <a href="/wiki/17th_century" title="17th century">17th</a> and <a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th centuries</a> came under contract as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured servants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change from indentured servitude to slavery was a gradual process in Virginia. The earliest legal documentation of such a shift was in 1640. This is where an African, <a href="/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)" title="John Punch (slave)">John Punch</a>, was sentenced to lifetime slavery for attempting to run away. This case also marked the disparate treatment of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africans</a> as held by the Virginia County Court, where two <a href="/wiki/Caucasian" class="mw-disambig" title="Caucasian">white</a> runaways received far lesser sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1640, planters started to ignore the expiration of indentured <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a>. They kept their servants as slaves for life. This was demonstrated by the case Johnson v. Parker. The court ruled that <a href="/wiki/John_Casor" title="John Casor">John Casor</a>, an indentured servant, be returned to Johnson who claimed that Casor belonged to him for his life.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_Census" title="1860 United States Census">1860 U. S. census</a>, 393,975 individuals, representing 8% of all US families, owned 3,950,528 slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One-third of Southern families owned slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavery in United States was legally abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a> in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Granger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon Granger (not yet started)">Gordon Granger</a> (a military <a href="/wiki/Officer" title="Officer">officer</a>) and his men, set the last slaves free in <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Middle_East">In the Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: In the Middle East" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: In the Middle East"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2010s, <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>), were taking part in slave trade (of non-Muslim women), on the largest territory that they controlled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Scholars of Islamic law have condemned the revival of the slave trade of non-Muslim women by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>. ISIL had to flee (later in the 2010s), from most of the areas that they once controlled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern-day_slavery">Modern-day slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Modern-day slavery" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Modern-day slavery"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Slavery in the 21st century</a></div> <p>Slavery has officially been abolished, in all countries of the world. Slave-like conditions still exist, but talking aobut 'slavery' has become more difficult, because people no longer agree on the terms. Things like threats, violence, the use of force, abuse of power and trickery are used to get or keep people in a situation where they can easily be exploited. Common forms of modern-day slavery include: </p> <ul><li>Keeping people on fishing boats. These boats often stay at sea for weeks or months, and the people on the boats can easily be exploited</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic servant">Domestic servants</a> are often treated badly, and receive almost no payment for the work they do</li> <li>People are <a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">forced into prostitution</a>. Things like <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriages</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">marriages of children</a> are often used to hide the fact that they are slaves. Sometimes they are used as <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sex slaves</a>.</li> <li>People who are <a href="/wiki/Migrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrants">migrants</a> often fall into the hands of people engaged in <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>. Children get victims of <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_of_children" title="Trafficking of children">trafficking of children</a>.</li> <li>Children are <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">forced to work like adults</a>, and sometimes get used as <a href="/wiki/Child_soldier" title="Child soldier">child soldiers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">Child prostitution</a> also happens.</li> <li>People are <a href="/wiki/Fraud_factory" title="Fraud factory">forced to defraud others</a>.</li> <li>People who are prisoners are forced to work, as part of their sentence. Usually, they get paid very little for the work they do.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p><p>Millions of people are still slaves in some parts of the world, mostly in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. It is less common in the <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">developed world</a> partly because of differences in financing <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a>, but it still happens there as well.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Millions_'forced_into_slavery'_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Millions_'forced_into_slavery'-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ways in which it is done have changed. </p><p>Some of the countries where there is still slavery are in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-antislaverysociety_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antislaverysociety-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While people are still bought at sold, like beforehand, this is less common today. Today, people get trapped in slave-like conditions in other ways.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern slavery is often linked with <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>. There are countries and areas, where people are poorly-educated, and where there is little or no <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. This can create a setting where slavery is seen as acceptable. It is commonly seen in impoverished countries, and those where there are vulnerable minorities. Tens of thousands of people work in slave-like conditions in industries such as mining, farming, and factories; they produce goods for consumption inside the country or export to more <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/prosperous" class="extiw" title="wikt:prosperous">prosperous</a> nations.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the older form of slavery, slave-owners spent more on getting slaves. It was more difficult for them to be disposed of. The cost of keeping them healthy was considered a better investment than getting another slave to replace them. In modern slavery people are easier to get at a lower price so replacing them when exploiters run into problems becomes easier.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources.">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Modern slavery can be quite profitable.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total annual revenues of traffickers were estimated in 2014 to over $150 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though profits are substantially lower. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corrupt</a> governments <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/tacitly" class="extiw" title="wikt:tacitly">tacitly</a> allow it, even though it is outlawed by international treaties such as <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Convention_on_the_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery">Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery</a> and local laws. </p><p>Today, slaves may work because of things like a high <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a>. Many victims are told that their families will be harmed if they report the slave owners. Many slaves are forced to be domestic servants. In some cases, their families sell their children because of poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some slaves have been trafficked from one part of the world to another. These people are illegally in their host country, and therefore do not report the abuse. Forced <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> is a type of slavery. Another form of slavery still happening today is forced <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>. Some children have to work in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>, or they have to fight wars as <a href="/wiki/Child_soldier" title="Child soldier">child soldiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study says that there are 27 million people (but others say there could be as many as 200 million) in slavery today.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other terms that describe the recruitment of laborers, and that may have similarities to slavery are <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources.">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On some fishing boats, there are slaves. The boats fish in <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International water (not yet started)">international waters</a>. Media has said that officials in some countries have accepted <a href="/wiki/Bribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bribe">bribes</a>, so that officials can use power to keep <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> from stopping slaves from working on fishing boats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2006)">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><br /> In 1809, American slaves were sold for around the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>40,000 in today's money.<sup id="cite_ref-Economics_and_Slavery2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economics_and_Slavery2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A slave can be bought for $90–$100 (as of 2017).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous.">where?</span></a></i>]</sup> Bales explains, "This is an economic crime ... People do not enslave people to be mean to them; they do it to make a profit."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Africa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Africa"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Slavery in contemporary Africa</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Child_slavery" title="Child slavery">Child slavery</a> has commonly been used when making <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, more than 109,000 children were working on <a href="/wiki/Cocoa" title="Cocoa">cocoa</a> farms alone in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a> (Ivory Coast) in 'the worst forms of <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a>' in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, it is thought that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Date_and_time" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style"><span title="The text near this tag might need to give a point in time.">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> slaves, and that many of them are used as <a href="/wiki/Bonded_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonded labour">bonded labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavery in Mauritania was made illegal in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, there is also much slavery. A Nigerien study has found that more than 800,000 people are slaves, almost 8% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Asia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Asia"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In summer 2007, 570 people were found to be slaves for brick makers in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brickkiln_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brickkiln-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They included 69 children.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese government made a force of 35,000 police check northern Chinese brick <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a> for slaves, and sent lots of kiln supervisors and officials to prison and sentenced one kiln foreman to death for killing a worker who was a slave.<sup id="cite_ref-brickkiln_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brickkiln-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Myanmar_(formerly_Burma)"><span id="Myanmar_.28formerly_Burma.29"></span>Myanmar (formerly Burma)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Myanmar (formerly Burma)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Myanmar (formerly Burma)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2006, the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> said that it would prosecute members of the <a href="/wiki/Junta" title="Junta">junta</a> that rules <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (also called Burma) at the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> for "Crimes against Humanity". This is because the military makes some <a href="/wiki/Citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens">citizens</a> do <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Labour Organisation says that it thinks that about 800,000 people are forced to work this way.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2025, there are claims that groups of online <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scammer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scammer (not yet started)">scammers</a> (in Myanmar), includes slaves; The <a href="/w/index.php?title=BGF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BGF (not yet started)">BGF</a>'s "involvement in Chinese-run online scams, illegal casinos, and online gambling operations in Myawaddy [was shown] in May" 2024, according to media.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People_in_favor_of_slavery">People in favor of slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: People in favor of slavery" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: People in favor of slavery"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9671799" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Proslavery_thought" title="Proslavery thought">Proslavery thought</a></div> <p>Some people have been in favor of slavery, others were opposed to it. Before and during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, some thinkers thought that slavery was good for people, They said that some people were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_slave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural slave (not yet started)">natural slaves</a>. These people needed supervision, and would not do well if they were free. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stopping_slavery">Stopping slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Stopping slavery" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Stopping slavery"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in the 18th century, there were ideas of stopping or banning slavery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Many of these were done in territories that were part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, or in its sphere of influence. The movement of wanting to stop slavery is called <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionism</a>. People such as <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Newton" title="John Newton">John Newton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> were well-known in the movement. About 1815, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> had a statement that slavery is bad.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1833, the British Empire stopped slavery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Laws in Britain stopped the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">atlantic slave trade</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> ended <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a> in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>. In 1865, when the North won, all slaves were made free. Still more countries abolished slavery afterwards. <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> abolished it in 1888. Forced labor however continued, either against the law or by debt <a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">peonage</a> or other methods which the laws of the various countries did not count as slavery. France abolished slavery in 1794 during the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1802, it was restored under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-dwyer_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwyer-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slavery has not been allowed in France since April 27, 1848.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg/170px-Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg/255px-Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg/340px-Cicatrices_de_flagellation_sur_un_esclave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>A slave who was beaten very badly. The person who hit him worked for his owner.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave trade">Slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery and religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery in 21st-century jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Sources" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Sources"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lovejoy P.E. 2012. <i>Transformations of slavery: a history of slavery in Africa</i>. London: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Stillwell, Sean 2013. <i>Slavery and slaving in African history, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,</i></li> <li>Thornton, John. 1998. <i>Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Eden, Jeff 2018. <i>Slavery and Empire in Central Asia</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108637329" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-108-63732-9</a>.</li> <li>Gordon, Murray 1989. <i>Slavery in the Arab World</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780941533300" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-941533-30-0</a></li> <li>Drescher, Seymour 2009. <i>Abolition: a history of slavery and antislavery. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139482967" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-139-48296-7</a>.</i></li> <li>Westermann, William Linn 1955. <i>The slave systems of Greek and Roman antiquity</i>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871690401" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-87169-040-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tribe and Polity in Late Prehistoric Europe</i>, eds. D. Blair Gibson; M.N. Geselowitz (New York: Plenum Press, 1988), p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slavery-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Slavery_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156">Historical survey > Slave-owning societies</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/SlaveryConvention.aspx">"Slavery Convention"</a>. The United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+Convention&rft.pub=The+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FProfessionalInterest%2FPages%2FSlaveryConvention.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Millions_'forced_into_slavery'-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Millions_'forced_into_slavery'_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Millions_'forced_into_slavery'_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2010401.stm">"Millions 'forced into slavery'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 2002-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Millions+%27forced+into+slavery%27&rft.date=2002-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F2010401.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYER-2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYER-2014_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFOkeowo2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Okeowo, Alexis (September 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180106081042/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/freedom-fighter">"Freedom Fighter: A slaving society and an abolitionist's crusade"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/freedom-fighter">the original</a> on January 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Freedom+Fighter%3A+A+slaving+society+and+an+abolitionist%27s+crusade&rft.date=2014-09-08&rft.aulast=Okeowo&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F09%2F08%2Ffreedom-fighter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-a_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan2007" class="citation web cs1">Corrigan, Terence (September 6, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804032958/http://www.saiia.org.za/governance-and-aprm-opinion/mauritania-made-slavery-illegal-last-month.html">"Mauritania: Country Made Slavery Illegal Last Month"</a>. The East African Standard. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saiia.org.za/governance-and-aprm-opinion/mauritania-made-slavery-illegal-last-month.html">the original</a> on August 4, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mauritania%3A+Country+Made+Slavery+Illegal+Last+Month&rft.pub=The+East+African+Standard&rft.date=2007-09-06&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saiia.org.za%2Fgovernance-and-aprm-opinion%2Fmauritania-made-slavery-illegal-last-month.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFHodal2016" class="citation web cs1">Hodal, Kate (May 31, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430012324/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/25/modern-slavery-trafficking-persons-one-in-200">"One in 200 people is a slave. Why?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/25/modern-slavery-trafficking-persons-one-in-200">the original</a> on April 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=One+in+200+people+is+a+slave.+Why%3F&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.aulast=Hodal&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2Ffeb%2F25%2Fmodern-slavery-trafficking-persons-one-in-200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newint-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-newint_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527095857/http://www.newint.org/issue337/facts.htm">"Slavery in the 21st century"</a>. Newint.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newint.org/issue337/facts.htm">the original</a> on May 27, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+in+the+21st+century&rft.pub=Newint.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newint.org%2Fissue337%2Ffacts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-modernslavery-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-modernslavery_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106012011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/slavery/modern/modern_1.shtml#section_2">"Religion & Ethics – Modern slavery: Modern forms of slavery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. January 30, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/slavery/modern/modern_1.shtml#section_2">the original</a> on January 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+%26+Ethics+%E2%80%93+Modern+slavery%3A+Modern+forms+of+slavery&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2007-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fethics%2Fslavery%2Fmodern%2Fmodern_1.shtml%23section_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OED_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OED_10-1">10.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"slave". <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. 2022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F4545849469">10.1093/OED/4545849469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=slave&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F4545849469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=slave">"slave"</a>, <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=slave&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dslave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/slave"><i>Merriam-Webster's</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fslave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001337/133738e.pdf#page=9">"Struggles against slavery"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO. 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Struggles+against+slavery&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0013%2F001337%2F133738e.pdf%23page%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514033802/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM">"Mesopotamia: The Code of Hammurabi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/CODE.HTM">the original</a> on 14 May 2011. <q>e.g. Prologue, "the shepherd of the oppressed and of the slaves" Code of Laws No. 307, "If any one buy from the son or the slave of another man".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+The+Code+of+Hammurabi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsu.edu%2F~dee%2FMESO%2FCODE.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-touregypt1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-touregypt1_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/slaves.htm">"Slaves and Slavery in Ancient Egypt"</a>. Touregypt.net. 2011-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slaves+and+Slavery+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Touregypt.net&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.touregypt.net%2Ffeaturestories%2Fslaves.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kehoe, Dennis P. 2011. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Social Relations in the Roman World</i>. Oxford University Press, pp. 147–148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFClarence-Smith2006" class="citation book cs1">Clarence-Smith, William Gervase (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQbylEdqJKkC&dq=japanese+girls+sold+slaves+muslims&pg=PA15"><i>Islam and the Abolition of Slavery</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195221516" title="Special:BookSources/0195221516"><bdi>0195221516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Abolition+of+Slavery&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0195221516&rft.aulast=Clarence-Smith&rft.aufirst=William+Gervase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQbylEdqJKkC%26dq%3Djapanese%2Bgirls%2Bsold%2Bslaves%2Bmuslims%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFKowner2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kowner, Rotem (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DgudBQAAQBAJ&dq=japanese+girls+sold+slaves+muslims&pg=PA432"><i>From White to Yellow: The Japanese in European racial thought, 1300-1735</i></a>. Vol. 63 of McGill-Queen's Studies in the History of Ideas (reprint ed.). McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 431, 432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773596849" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773596849"><bdi>978-0773596849</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+White+to+Yellow%3A+The+Japanese+in+European+racial+thought%2C+1300-1735&rft.pages=431%2C+432&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0773596849&rft.aulast=Kowner&rft.aufirst=Rotem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDgudBQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djapanese%2Bgirls%2Bsold%2Bslaves%2Bmuslims%26pg%3DPA432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFWright2017" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Robert E. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-gYpDgAAQBAJ&dq=japanese+girls+sold+slaves+muslims&pg=PA56"><i>The Poverty of Slavery: how unfree labor pollutes the economy</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319489681" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319489681"><bdi>978-3319489681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poverty+of+Slavery%3A+how+unfree+labor+pollutes+the+economy&rft.pages=56&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3319489681&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-gYpDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djapanese%2Bgirls%2Bsold%2Bslaves%2Bmuslims%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbellStanziani2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Campbell, Gwyn; Stanziani, Alessandro (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RolECgAAQBAJ&dq=japanese+girls+sold+slaves+muslims&pg=PA6">"INTRODUCTION"</a>. <i>Bonded labour and debt in the Indian Ocean world</i>. Vol. 1 of Financial History (reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317320081" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317320081"><bdi>978-1317320081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=INTRODUCTION&rft.btitle=Bonded+labour+and+debt+in+the+Indian+Ocean+world&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317320081&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft.au=Stanziani%2C+Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRolECgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djapanese%2Bgirls%2Bsold%2Bslaves%2Bmuslims%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFMoran2012" class="citation book cs1">Moran, J.F. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TNwqBgAAQBAJ&dq=japanese+girls+sold+slaves+muslims&pg=PA106"><i>The Japanese and the Jesuits: Alessandro Valignano in sixteenth century Japan</i></a>. Routledge. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134881130" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134881130"><bdi>978-1134881130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+and+the+Jesuits%3A+Alessandro+Valignano+in+sixteenth+century+Japan&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1134881130&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTNwqBgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djapanese%2Bgirls%2Bsold%2Bslaves%2Bmuslims%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MooreABS-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreABS_22-0">22.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreABS_22-1">22.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreABS_22-2">22.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-MooreABS_22-3">22.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFA._Moore2014" class="citation web cs1">A. Moore (2 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/06/02/10-facts-about-the-arab-enslavement-of-black-people-not-taught-in-schools/">"10 facts about the Arab enslavement of black people not taught in schools"</a>. Atlanta Black Star<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+facts+about+the+Arab+enslavement+of+black+people+not+taught+in+schools&rft.pub=Atlanta+Black+Star&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft.au=A.+Moore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlantablackstar.com%2F2014%2F06%2F02%2F10-facts-about-the-arab-enslavement-of-black-people-not-taught-in-schools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EM-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EM_23-0">23.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EM_23-1">23.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFElikia_M’bokolo1998" class="citation web cs1">Elikia M’bokolo (April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/1998/04/02africa">"The impact of the slave trade on Africa"</a>. Le Monde diplomatique<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+impact+of+the+slave+trade+on+Africa&rft.pub=Le+Monde+diplomatique&rft.date=1998-04&rft.au=Elikia+M%E2%80%99bokolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F1998%2F04%2F02africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LDL-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LDL_24-0">24.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LDL_24-1">24.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/african_laborers_for_a_new_emp/pope_nicolas_v_and_the_portugu">"African Laborers for a New Empire: Iberia, Slavery, and the Atlantic World"</a>. Lowcountry Digital Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Laborers+for+a+New+Empire%3A+Iberia%2C+Slavery%2C+and+the+Atlantic+World&rft.pub=Lowcountry+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fldhi.library.cofc.edu%2Fexhibits%2Fshow%2Fafrican_laborers_for_a_new_emp%2Fpope_nicolas_v_and_the_portugu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mertsahinoglu.com/research/indentured-servitude-colonial-america/">Indentured Servitude in Colonial America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117075542/http://mertsahinoglu.com/research/indentured-servitude-colonial-america/">Archived</a> 2018-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Deanna Barker, <i>Frontier Resources</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFHigginbotham1975" class="citation book cs1">Higginbotham, A. Leon (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ErPg7VegkcMC&dq=%22john+punch%22&pg=PR7"><i>In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195027457" title="Special:BookSources/9780195027457"><bdi>9780195027457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Matter+of+Color%3A+Race+and+the+American+Legal+Process%3A+The+Colonial+Period&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780195027457&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=A.+Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DErPg7VegkcMC%26dq%3D%2522john%2Bpunch%2522%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFFoner1980" class="citation journal cs1">Foner, Philip S. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014135617/http://testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=GR7529&chapterID=GR7529-747&path=books%2Fgreenwood">"History of Black Americans: From Africa to the emergence of the cotton kingdom"</a>. <i>Greenwood Publishing Group</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://testaae.greenwood.com/doc_print.aspx?fileID=GR7529&chapterID=GR7529-747&path=books/greenwood">the original</a> on 2013-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.atitle=History+of+Black+Americans%3A+From+Africa+to+the+emergence+of+the+cotton+kingdom&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftestaae.greenwood.com%2Fdoc_print.aspx%3FfileID%3DGR7529%26chapterID%3DGR7529-747%26path%3Dbooks%2Fgreenwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1993/1/1993_1_90.shtml">Selling Poor Steven</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060507112026/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1993/1/1993_1_90.shtml">Archived</a> 2006-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Philip Burnham, <i>American Heritage Magazine. </i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html">1860 Census Results</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040604075834/http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html">Archived</a> 2004-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Civil War Home Page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFCoates2010" class="citation web cs1">Coates, Ta-Nehisi (2010-08-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2010/08/small-truth-papering-over-a-big-lie/61136/">"Small Truth Papering Over a Big Lie"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Small+Truth+Papering+Over+a+Big+Lie&rft.date=2010-08-09&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Ta-Nehisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnational%2Farchive%2F2010%2F08%2Fsmall-truth-papering-over-a-big-lie%2F61136%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFSusan_L._Boyd1995" class="citation web cs1">Susan L. Boyd (April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ashbrook.org/publications/respub-v6n1-boyd/">"A look into the constitutional understanding of slavery"</a>. Ashbrook Center at Ashland University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+look+into+the+constitutional+understanding+of+slavery&rft.pub=Ashbrook+Center+at+Ashland+University&rft.date=1995-04&rft.au=Susan+L.+Boyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fashbrook.org%2Fpublications%2Frespub-v6n1-boyd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-antislaverysociety-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-antislaverysociety_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808135831/http://www.anti-slaverysociety.org/slavery.htm">"Does Slavery Still Exist?"</a>. Anti-Slavery Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anti-slaverysociety.org/slavery.htm">the original</a> on 2018-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Does+Slavery+Still+Exist%3F&rft.pub=Anti-Slavery+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anti-slaverysociety.org%2Fslavery.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFNolanBoersma2019" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, Justine; Boersma, Martijn (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3humDwAAQBAJ"><i>Addressing Modern Slavery (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2019)</i></a>. University of New South Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781742244631" title="Special:BookSources/9781742244631"><bdi>9781742244631</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028025858/https://books.google.com/books?id=3humDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Addressing+Modern+Slavery+%28Sydney%3A+UNSW+Press%2C+2019%29&rft.pub=University+of+New+South+Wales+Press&rft.date=2019-09&rft.isbn=9781742244631&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Justine&rft.au=Boersma%2C+Martijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3humDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/interactives/modern-slavery">"Modern Slavery: Its Root Causes and the Human Toll"</a>. <i>Council on Foreign Relations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421211352/https://www.cfr.org/interactives/modern-slavery/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Modern+Slavery%3A+Its+Root+Causes+and+the+Human+Toll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Finteractives%2Fmodern-slavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siddarth Kara, Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human-trafficking-numbers">"Human Trafficking Numbers"</a>. <i>Human Rights First</i>. December 7, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507064607/https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/human-trafficking-numbers">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+First&rft.atitle=Human+Trafficking+Numbers&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrightsfirst.org%2Fresource%2Fhuman-trafficking-numbers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFBina2021" class="citation web cs1">Bina, Anna Coren,Jessie Yeung,Abdul Basir (2021-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/01/asia/afghanistan-child-marriage-crisis-taliban-intl-hnk-dst/index.html">"She was sold to a stranger so her family could eat as Afghanistan crumbles"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=She+was+sold+to+a+stranger+so+her+family+could+eat+as+Afghanistan+crumbles&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft.aulast=Bina&rft.aufirst=Anna+Coren%2CJessie+Yeung%2CAbdul+Basir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F11%2F01%2Fasia%2Fafghanistan-child-marriage-crisis-taliban-intl-hnk-dst%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFRigby2020" class="citation news cs1">Rigby, Jennifer (2020-09-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/climate-and-people/children-sale-pandemic-forcing-poverty-stricken-parents-make/">"Children for sale: How the pandemic is forcing poverty-stricken parents to make desperate choices"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Children+for+sale%3A+How+the+pandemic+is+forcing+poverty-stricken+parents+to+make+desperate+choices&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Rigby&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fglobal-health%2Fclimate-and-people%2Fchildren-sale-pandemic-forcing-poverty-stricken-parents-make%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2021/11/01/afghan-girls-for-sale-lead-coren-pkg-vpx.cnn"><i>CNN witnesses 9-year-old being sold for marriage to 55-year-old man | CNN</i></a>, 2021-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-14</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CNN+witnesses+9-year-old+being+sold+for+marriage+to+55-year-old+man+%7C+CNN&rft.date=2021-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Fvideos%2Fworld%2F2021%2F11%2F01%2Fafghan-girls-for-sale-lead-coren-pkg-vpx.cnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFRakela2008" class="citation news cs1">Rakela, Mirjana (2008-11-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/Child_Warriors_Around_The_World__Manipulation_Without_End/1349622.html">"Child Warriors Around The World -- Manipulation Without End"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Child+Warriors+Around+The+World+--+Manipulation+Without+End&rft.date=2008-11-16&rft.aulast=Rakela&rft.aufirst=Mirjana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2FChild_Warriors_Around_The_World__Manipulation_Without_End%2F1349622.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Bales, <i>Disposable People</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economics_and_Slavery2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Economics_and_Slavery2_42-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freetheslaves.net/our-model-for-freedom/slavery-today/">"Slavery Today"</a>. <i>Free The Slaves</i>. 2013-05-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180918033125/https://www.freetheslaves.net/our-model-for-freedom/slavery-today/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+The+Slaves&rft.atitle=Slavery+Today&rft.date=2013-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freetheslaves.net%2Four-model-for-freedom%2Fslavery-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFBatha2017" class="citation news cs1">Batha, Emma (2017-11-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slavery-conference-lives-idUSKBN1DG2O4">"How much is a life worth, ask activists fighting slavery?"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422142812/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slavery-conference-lives-idUSKBN1DG2O4">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=How+much+is+a+life+worth%2C+ask+activists+fighting+slavery%3F&rft.date=2017-11-16&rft.aulast=Batha&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-slavery-conference-lives-idUSKBN1DG2O4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFBales2010" class="citation web cs1">Bales, Kevin (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/kevin_bales">"Kevin Bales | Speaker | TED"</a>. <i>www.ted.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418023959/https://www.ted.com/speakers/kevin_bales">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ted.com&rft.atitle=Kevin+Bales+%7C+Speaker+%7C+TED&rft.date=2010-03&rft.aulast=Bales&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Fspeakers%2Fkevin_bales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61565.htm">U.S. Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices</a>, 2005 Human Rights Report on Côte d'Ivoire</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saiia.org.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=635:mauritaniamadeslaveryillegallastmonth&catid=62:governance-a-aprm-opinion&Itemid=159">Mauritania made slavery illegal last month</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml">"BBC World Service | The Abolition season on BBC World Service"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+World+Service+%7C+The+Abolition+season+on+BBC+World+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fspecials%2F1458_abolition%2Fpage4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6938032.stm">"Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law"</a>. August 9, 2007 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mauritanian+MPs+pass+slavery+law&rft.date=2007-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F6938032.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=813618&page=1">"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=The+Shackles+of+Slavery+in+Niger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FNightline%2Fstory%3Fid%3D813618%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4250709.stm">"Born to be a slave in Niger"</a>. February 11, 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Born+to+be+a+slave+in+Niger&rft.date=2005-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fprogrammes%2Ffrom_our_own_correspondent%2F4250709.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1357_slavery_today/page3.shtml">"BBC World Service | Slavery Today"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+World+Service+%26%23124%3B+Slavery+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fworldservice%2Fspecials%2F1357_slavery_today%2Fpage3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brickkiln-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brickkiln_52-0">52.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brickkiln_52-1">52.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6902459.stm">"Convictions in China slave trial"</a>. BBC. July 17, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Convictions+in+China+slave+trial&rft.date=2007-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F6902459.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFZhe2007" class="citation news cs1">Zhe, Zhu (June 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-06/15/content_894802.htm">"More than 460 rescued from brick kiln slavery"</a>. <i>China Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=More+than+460+rescued+from+brick+kiln+slavery&rft.date=2007-06-15&rft.aulast=Zhe&rft.aufirst=Zhu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2007-06%2F15%2Fcontent_894802.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldNews&storyID=2006-11-16T163442Z_01_NOOTR_RTRJONC_0_India-276537-1.xml&archived=False">"ILO seeks to charge Myanmar junta with atrocities"</a>. Reuters. 2006-11-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ILO+seeks+to+charge+Myanmar+junta+with+atrocities&rft.date=2006-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fin.today.reuters.com%2Fnews%2FnewsArticle.aspx%3Ftype%3DworldNews%26storyID%3D2006-11-16T163442Z_01_NOOTR_RTRJONC_0_India-276537-1.xml%26archived%3DFalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since December 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/asiaCrisis/idUSL14863912">"ILO asks Myanmar to declare forced labour banned"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ILO+asks+Myanmar+to+declare+forced+labour+banned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FasiaCrisis%2FidUSL14863912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119044024/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/GC29Ae02.html">"ILO cracks the whip at Yangon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/GC29Ae02.html">the original</a> on 2017-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ILO+cracks+the+whip+at+Yangon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FSoutheast_Asia%2FGC29Ae02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204150428/http://www.suntimes.com/news/world/926083,thailand050108.article">"Critics: Myanmar biofuel drive uses forced labor"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suntimes.com/news/world/926083,thailand050108.article">the original</a> on 2010-12-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Critics%3A+Myanmar+biofuel+drive+uses+forced+labor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suntimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F926083%2Cthailand050108.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2961315/karen-border-guard-force-to-help-nail-scammers">https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2961315/karen-border-guard-force-to-help-nail-scammers</a>. Retrieved 2025-02-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/2959308/dystopia-of-slavery">https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/2959308/dystopia-of-slavery</a>. Retrieved 2025-02-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714073725/http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm">"Soldiers and Sailors Database – The Civil War (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. Itd.nps.gov. September 19, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/manassas/social/introsoc.htm">the original</a> on July 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soldiers+and+Sailors+Database+%E2%80%93+The+Civil+War+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.pub=Itd.nps.gov&rft.date=2015-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itd.nps.gov%2Fcwss%2Fmanassas%2Fsocial%2Fintrosoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFDorigny2003" class="citation book cs1">Dorigny, Marcel, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbNNFxiAMeAC"><i>The Abolitions of Slavery: From L. F. Sonthonax to Victor Schoelcher, 1793, 1794, 1848</i></a>. Paris: UNESCO Publishing. p. vi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-432-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-432-6"><bdi>978-1-57181-432-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Abolitions+of+Slavery%3A+From+L.+F.+Sonthonax+to+Victor+Schoelcher%2C+1793%2C+1794%2C+1848&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=vi&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-432-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbNNFxiAMeAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwyer-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dwyer_62-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332" /><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dwyer, Philip (2008). "Remembering and Forgetting in Contemporary France: Napoleon, Slavery, and the French History Wars". <i>French Politics, Culture & Society</i>. <b>26</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>: <span class="nowrap">110–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Ffpcs.2008.260306">10.3167/fpcs.2008.260306</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-6370">1537-6370</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42843569">42843569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Politics%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Remembering+and+Forgetting+in+Contemporary+France%3A+Napoleon%2C+Slavery%2C+and+the+French+History+Wars&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1537-6370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42843569%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Ffpcs.2008.260306&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ASlavery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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