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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sources of slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slave_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slave_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Slave trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slave_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_and_illegal_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_and_illegal_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Abolition and illegal trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_and_illegal_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantiese_slawehandel" title="Transatlantiese slawehandel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Transatlantiese slawehandel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="تجارة العبيد عبر الأطلسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجارة العبيد عبر الأطلسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comerciu_atl%C3%A1nticu_d%27esclavos" title="Comerciu atlánticu d'esclavos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comerciu atlánticu d'esclavos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C3%A7_atl%C3%A0ntic_d%27esclaus" title="Comerç atlàntic d'esclaus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comerç atlàntic d'esclaus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantick%C3%BD_obchod_s_otroky" title="Transatlantický obchod s otroky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Transatlantický obchod s otroky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masnach_gaethweision_yr_Iwerydd" title="Masnach gaethweision yr Iwerydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Masnach gaethweision yr Iwerydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantischer_Sklavenhandel" title="Atlantischer Sklavenhandel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atlantischer Sklavenhandel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Δουλεμπόριο προς την Αμερική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουλεμπόριο προς την Αμερική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Atlantic slave trade" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercio_atl%C3%A1ntico_de_esclavos" title="Comercio atlántico de esclavos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comercio atlántico de esclavos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantika_triangula_sklavkomerco" title="Transatlantika triangula sklavkomerco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transatlantika triangula sklavkomerco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantikoko_esklabo_merkataritza" title="Atlantikoko esklabo merkataritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atlantikoko esklabo merkataritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="تجارت برده در اقیانوس اطلس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجارت برده در اقیانوس اطلس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traite_n%C3%A9gri%C3%A8re_occidentale" title="Traite négrière occidentale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traite négrière occidentale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1d%C3%A1il_scl%C3%A1bhaithe_an_Atlantaigh" title="Trádáil sclábhaithe an Atlantaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Trádáil sclábhaithe an Atlantaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comercio_atl%C3%A1ntico_de_escravos" title="Comercio atlántico de escravos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comercio atlántico de escravos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%84%9C%EC%96%91_%EB%85%B8%EC%98%88_%EB%AC%B4%EC%97%AD" title="대서양 노예 무역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대서양 노예 무역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Անդրատլանտյան ստրկավաճառություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անդրատլանտյան ստրկավաճառություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अटलांटिक दास व्यापार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अटलांटिक दास व्यापार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantska_trgovina_robljem" title="Atlantska trgovina robljem – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atlantska trgovina robljem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan_budak_Atlantik" title="Perdagangan budak Atlantik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perdagangan budak Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratta_atlantica_degli_schiavi_africani" title="Tratta atlantica degli schiavi africani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tratta atlantica degli schiavi africani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99" title="סחר העבדים האטלנטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סחר העבדים האטלנטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanto_verg%C5%B3_prekyba" title="Atlanto vergų prekyba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atlanto vergų prekyba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdagangan_hamba_Atlantik" title="Perdagangan hamba Atlantik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perdagangan hamba Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Atlantische_slavenhandel" title="Trans-Atlantische slavenhandel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Trans-Atlantische slavenhandel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B7%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93" title="大西洋奴隷貿易 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大西洋奴隷貿易" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_atlantiske_slavehandelen" title="Den atlantiske slavehandelen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den atlantiske slavehandelen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_atlantiske_slavehandelen" title="Den atlantiske slavehandelen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den atlantiske slavehandelen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daldala_garbaa" title="Daldala garbaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Daldala garbaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="په شمالي اتلانتیک کې د غلامانو سوداګري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په شمالي اتلانتیک کې د غلامانو سوداګري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik_sliev_chried" title="Atlantik sliev chried – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Atlantik sliev chried" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantycki_handel_niewolnikami" title="Transatlantycki handel niewolnikami – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transatlantycki handel niewolnikami" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Com%C3%A9rcio_de_escravos_no_Atl%C3%A2ntico" title="Comércio de escravos no Atlântico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comércio de escravos no Atlântico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comer%C8%9Bul_transatlantic_cu_sclavi" title="Comerțul transatlantic cu sclavi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comerțul transatlantic cu sclavi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Трансатлантическая работорговля – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трансатлантическая работорговля" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantska_trgovina_robljem" title="Atlantska trgovina robljem – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Atlantska trgovina robljem" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangdagangan_budak_Atlantik" title="Pangdagangan budak Atlantik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pangdagangan budak Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantin_orjakauppa" title="Atlantin orjakauppa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atlantin orjakauppa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transatlantiska_slavhandeln" title="Transatlantiska slavhandeln – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transatlantiska slavhandeln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அத்திலாந்திக் அடிமை வணிகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அத்திலாந்திக் அடிமை வணிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Okyanusu%27ndaki_k%C3%B6le_ticareti" title="Atlas Okyanusu'ndaki köle ticareti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atlas Okyanusu'ndaki köle ticareti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Трансатлантична работоргівля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трансатлантична работоргівля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%B4n_b%C3%A1n_n%C3%B4_l%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_T%C3%A2y_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Buôn bán nô lệ Đại Tây Dương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Buôn bán nô lệ Đại Tây Dương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Slave_Auction_Ad.jpg/330px-Slave_Auction_Ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Slave_Auction_Ad.jpg/440px-Slave_Auction_Ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption>Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, in 1769.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122542">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery" title="Category:Slavery">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shackles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/125px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/188px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png/250px-IJzeren_voetring_voor_gevangenen_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_21st_century" title="Slavery in the 21st century">Contemporary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">Bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_prostitution" title="Forced prostitution">Forced prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st-century jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Historical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_antiquity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in antiquity (not yet started)">Antiquity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in ancient Egypt (not yet started)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babylonian_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babylonian law (not yet started)">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in ancient Greece (not yet started)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_ancient_Rome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in ancient Rome (not yet started)">Rome</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_medieval_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in medieval Europe (not yet started)">Medieval Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Byzantine Empire (not yet started)">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kholop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kholop (not yet started)">Kholop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serfdom_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serfdom in Russia (not yet started)">In Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thrall (not yet started)">Thrall</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of slavery in the Muslim world (not yet started)">Muslim world</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avret_Esir_Pazarlar%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avret Esir Pazarları (not yet started)">Avret Esir Pazarları</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mukataba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mukataba (not yet started)">Contract of manumission</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast (not yet started)">Barbary Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbary pirates (not yet started)">pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Abductions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Abductions (not yet started)">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_views_on_concubinage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic views on concubinage (not yet started)">Concubinage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarya" title="Jarya">Jarya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cariye" title="Cariye">Cariye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odalisque" title="Odalisque">Odalisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyan" title="Qiyan">Qiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_walad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm walad">Umm walad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_malakat_aymanukum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma malakat aymanukum (not yet started)">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avret_Esir_Pazarlar%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avret Esir Pazarları (not yet started)">Avret Esir Pazarları</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbasid_harem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbasid harem (not yet started)">Abbasid harem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Imperial_Harem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem (not yet started)">Ottoman Imperial Harem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">21st century</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantic slave trade</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bristol_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bristol slave trade (not yet started)">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil (not yet started)">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voyages:_The_Trans-Atlantic_Slave_Trade_Database&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database (not yet started)">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Slave_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch Slave Coast (not yet started)">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Role_of_Nantes_in_the_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Role of Nantes in the slave trade (not yet started)">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_New_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in New France (not yet started)">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panyarring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panyarring (not yet started)">Panyarring</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America (not yet started)">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_Coast_of_West_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave Coast of West Africa (not yet started)">Slave Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States (not yet started)">Thirteen colonies</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Topics and practice</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghilman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghilman (not yet started)">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devshirme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devshirme (not yet started)">Devshirme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">Slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corv%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corvée (not yet started)">Corvée labor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_slaves_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Field slaves in the United States (not yet started)">Field slaves in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States (not yet started)">Treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_slave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House slave (not yet started)">House slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqaliba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saqaliba (not yet started)">Saqaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_raiding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave raiding (not yet started)">Slave raiding</a></li> <li>History of children in the military</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White slavery (not yet started)">White slavery</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">Impressment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghaiing" title="Shanghaiing">Shanghaiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Galley_slave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Galley slave (not yet started)">Galley slave</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbary_pirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbary pirates (not yet started)">Pirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Africa (not yet started)">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa" title="Slavery in contemporary Africa">Contemporary Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-Saharan_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade (not yet started)">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Sea_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Sea slave trade (not yet started)">Red Sea slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Ocean_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indian Ocean slave trade (not yet started)">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Angola (not yet started)">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Chad (not yet started)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Ethiopia (not yet started)">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Mali (not yet started)">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Mauritania (not yet started)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Niger (not yet started)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Nigeria (not yet started)">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Seychelles (not yet started)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Somalia (not yet started)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in South Africa (not yet started)">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Sudan (not yet started)">Sudan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Americas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Americas (not yet started)">North and South America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas (not yet started)">Americas indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States (not yet started)">U.S. Natives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aztec_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aztec slavery (not yet started)">Aztec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_slaves_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Field slaves in the United States (not yet started)">Field slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Female_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Female slavery in the United States (not yet started)">female</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contemporary_slavery_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contemporary slavery in the United States (not yet started)">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">maps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partus_sequitur_ventrem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partus sequitur ventrem (not yet started)">partus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_labor_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penal labor in the United States (not yet started)">prison labor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_codes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave codes (not yet started)">Slave codes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatment_of_the_enslaved_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treatment of the enslaved in the United States (not yet started)">Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_trade_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave trade in the United States (not yet started)">interregional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in the United States (not yet started)">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the Bahamas (not yet started)">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Canada (not yet started)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_British_and_French_Caribbean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the British and French Caribbean (not yet started)">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbados_Slave_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbados Slave Code (not yet started)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the British Virgin Islands (not yet started)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Trinidad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Trinidad (not yet started)">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_Noir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Code Noir (not yet started)">Code Noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Latin_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Latin America (not yet started)">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Brazil (not yet started)">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lei_%C3%81urea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lei Áurea (not yet started)">Lei Áurea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Colombia (not yet started)">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Cuba (not yet started)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Haiti (not yet started)">Haiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Restavek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Restavek (not yet started)">Restavek</a></li></ul></li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encomienda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encomienda (not yet started)">Encomienda</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans (not yet started)">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Asia (not yet started)">East, Southeast, and South Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Southeast_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Southeast Asia (not yet started)">Human trafficking in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Bhutan (not yet started)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in China (not yet started)">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Booi_Aha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Booi Aha (not yet started)">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laogai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laogai (not yet started)">Laogai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penal_system_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penal system in China (not yet started)">penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in India (not yet started)">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Debt_bondage_in_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Debt bondage in India (not yet started)">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chukri_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chukri System (not yet started)">Chukri System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Japan (not yet started)">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Korea (not yet started)">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwalliso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kwalliso (not yet started)">Kwalliso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Thailand (not yet started)">Thailand</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_military_and_prostitution_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States military and prostitution in South Korea (not yet started)">Yankee princess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Vietnam (not yet started)">Vietnam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Oceania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Oceania (not yet started)">Australia and Oceania</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Australia (not yet started)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Australia (not yet started)">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_raiding_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave raiding in Easter Island (not yet started)">Slave raiding in Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea (not yet started)">Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blackbirding_in_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blackbirding in Polynesia (not yet started)">Blackbirding in Polynesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Europe and North Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sex_trafficking_in_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sex trafficking in Europe (not yet started)">Sex trafficking in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Britain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Britain (not yet started)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danish slave trade (not yet started)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Slave_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch Slave Coast (not yet started)">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II (not yet started)">Germany in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Malta (not yet started)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thrall (not yet started)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Poland (not yet started)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Portugal (not yet started)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Romania (not yet started)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Russia (not yet started)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Spain (not yet started)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swedish_slave_trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swedish slave trade (not yet started)">Sweden</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>North Africa and West Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Afghanistan (not yet started)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Algeria (not yet started)">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Bahrain (not yet started)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Egypt (not yet started)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East (not yet started)">Human trafficking in the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Iran (not yet started)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Kuwait (not yet started)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Libya (not yet started)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Morocco (not yet started)">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Oman (not yet started)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Saudi Arabia (not yet started)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Tunisia (not yet started)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Qatar (not yet started)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in Yemen (not yet started)">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in the United Arab Emirates (not yet started)">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Bible_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Bible and slavery (not yet started)">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_views_on_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian views on slavery (not yet started)">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Church and slavery (not yet started)">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mormonism_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mormonism and slavery (not yet started)">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_views_on_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish views on slavery (not yet started)">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baháʼí Faith and slavery (not yet started)">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Opposition and resistance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1926_Slavery_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1926 Slavery Convention (not yet started)">1926 Slavery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom (not yet started)">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolitionism in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_abolitionists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of abolitionists (not yet started)">Abolitionists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Egyptian_Slave_Trade_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention (not yet started)">Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-Slavery_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-Slavery International (not yet started)">Anti-Slavery International</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blockade_of_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blockade of Africa (not yet started)">Blockade of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Africa_Squadron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Africa Squadron (not yet started)">U.K.</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=African_Slave_Trade_Patrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="African Slave Trade Patrol (not yet started)">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Colonization_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Colonization Society (not yet started)">Colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compensated_emancipation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compensated emancipation (not yet started)">Compensated emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedman (not yet started)">Freedman</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manumission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manumission (not yet started)">manumission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedom_suit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedom suit (not yet started)">Freedom suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songs_of_the_Underground_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Songs of the Underground Railroad (not yet started)">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave rebellion (not yet started)">Slave rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_Trade_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave Trade Act (not yet started)">Slave Trade Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_international_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery in international law (not yet started)">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment to the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom (not yet started)">Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolition_of_slave_trade_in_Persian_gulf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf (not yet started)">Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="fa:ممنوعیت تجارت برده در خلیج فارس">fa</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavery_at_common_law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavery at common law (not yet started)">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States (not yet started)">Fugitive slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States (not yet started)">laws</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons (not yet started)">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_slaves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of slaves (not yet started)">List of slaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_slave_owners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of slave owners (not yet started)">owners</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_last_surviving_American_enslaved_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of last surviving American enslaved people (not yet started)">last surviving American enslaved people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marriage_of_enslaved_people_(United_States)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marriage of enslaved people (United States) (not yet started)">Marriage of enslaved people (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_narrative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave narrative (not yet started)">Slave narrative</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_films_featuring_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of films featuring slavery (not yet started)">films</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_Songs_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave Songs of the United States (not yet started)">songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave name (not yet started)">Slave name</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_catcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave catcher (not yet started)">Slave catcher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_patrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave patrol (not yet started)">Slave patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Slave_Route_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Slave Route Project (not yet started)">Slave Route Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breeding_of_enslaved_people_in_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breeding of enslaved people in the United States (not yet started)">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_slave_court_cases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American slave court cases (not yet started)">court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Washington and slavery (not yet started)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery (not yet started)">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Quincy_Adams_and_abolitionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Quincy Adams and abolitionism (not yet started)">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery (not yet started)">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forty_acres_and_a_mule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forty acres and a mule (not yet started)">40 acres</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freedmen%27s_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freedmen's Bureau (not yet started)">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_iron_bit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave iron bit (not yet started)">Iron bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emancipation_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emancipation Day (not yet started)">Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10098456">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavery" title="Template:Slavery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavery" title="Template talk:Slavery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Slavery&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Atlantic slave trade</b> was the <a href="/wiki/Sell" class="mw-disambig" title="Sell">selling</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slaves</a> by <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europeans</a> in and around the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. It lasted from the 15th century to the 19th century. Most slaves were shipped from <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and brought over to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> on a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slave_trip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slave trip (not yet started)">slave ship</a>. </p><p>The slaves on these ships lived in unhealthy conditions. Many died on the ships. The journey by ship was known as the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_of_slaves">Sources of slaves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Sources of slaves" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Sources of slaves"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some slaves were <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/capture" class="extiw" title="wikt:capture">captured</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battle" title="Battle">battle</a> or through <a href="/wiki/Raid" title="Raid">raids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ISM_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were sold into slavery as <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a> or to pay a <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a>, usually by other Africans.<sup id="cite_ref-ISM_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then they were <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/shackle" class="extiw" title="wikt:shackle">shackled</a> together and marched to the <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coast</a> on journeys lasting weeks or months.<sup id="cite_ref-ISM_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISM-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they arrived they were imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">forts</a> where they were <a href="/wiki/Purchase" title="Purchase">purchased</a> by Europeans. Most <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a> today think that 12 to 13 million Africans arrived in the New World.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dahomian army was involved and traded slaves for <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a> to protect themselves. King Gezo of <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" class="mw-redirect" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a> said in the 1840s:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7427041">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The slave trade is the ruling principle of my people. It is the source and the glory of their wealth...the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery...<i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slave_trade">Slave trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Slave trade" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Slave trade"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The slave trade is sometimes called the <i>Maafa</i> by African and <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholar">scholars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FD_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It means <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/catastrophe" class="extiw" title="wikt:catastrophe">catastrophe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FD_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some slave ships worked a three-part <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economic cycle</a> often called the <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It tied the economies of several <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> together.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main triangular trading countries were <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Netherlands">The Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other ships just worked the slave trade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> first came to the Americas in 1492 while seeking the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. European countries started to build <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonies</a> in the Americas. This led to an economic reason for the Atlantic slave trade. Slaves were first imported in large numbers for <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> and later to grow <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>. Slavery is much more <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient</a> than the transatlantic trade. Slaves were used in many ancient societies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians think that about 4.9 million slaves were brought to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, 1.3 million to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonies</a>, and 400 thousand to mainland <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. About 3.9 million were brought to other parts of the Americans, mainly the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. Records show that only about 9000 slaves were brought to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abolition_and_illegal_trade">Abolition and illegal trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Abolition and illegal trade" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Abolition and illegal trade"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 18th century, a small opposition developed against the slave trade in Britain, America, and some parts of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain and America, opposition to the trade was led by the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a> (Quakers) and establishment Evangelicals such as <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>People who protested against the trade were opposed by the owners of land in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1772, slaves became free upon entering the British Isles.<sup id="cite_ref-CUP_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a> became stronger in the 19th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> was the first European country to ban the slave trade, in 1792, which took effect in 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 22 February 1807, the work of <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> was rewarded with victory. By 283 votes for to 16 against, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> passed the Slave Trade Act to abolish the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> abolished it later that year. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> set up a <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> of Africa to stop the trade. Treaties with other nations allowed the blockade ships to stop their slave trade. </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a> of slaves was very common. Hundreds of thousands of Black people were enslaved illegally. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> was a center for this illegal slave trade. <a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Judges</a> in New York avoided punishing slave traders through the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many slaves continued to be sent to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slave trade in Brazil was banned in 1831. However, many Portuguese Brazilians thought it was necessary for their economy, so the country failed to stop it. </p><p>Hundreds of thousands more slaves were brought to Brazil in the 1830s and 1840s until the British forced Brazil to end the slave trade.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality" class="mw-disambig" title="Equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">Slave ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_slave_trade" title="Arab slave trade">Arab slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_slave_trade" title="African slave trade">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_slave_trade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ISM-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ISM_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ISM_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ISM_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/africa/capture_sale.aspx">"The capture and sale of slaves"</a>. International Slave Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+capture+and+sale+of+slaves&rft.pub=International+Slave+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk%2Fism%2Fslavery%2Fafrica%2Fcapture_sale.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+slave+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Hugh 1997. <i>The Slave Trade: the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440–1870</i>. London: Picador, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-35437-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-35437-X">0-330-35437-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDQiAQAAIAAJ&dq=%27%27The+slave+trade+is+the+ruling+principle+of+my+people.&pg=PA94">"The Anglo-American Magazine"</a>. <b>V</b>. July–December 1854<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-American+Magazine&rft.volume=V&rft.date=1854-07%2F1854-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDQiAQAAIAAJ%26dq%3D%2527%2527The%2Bslave%2Btrade%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bruling%2Bprinciple%2Bof%2Bmy%2Bpeople.%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+slave+trade" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FD-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FD_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-FD_4-1">4.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Maafa+Commemoration">"Maafa Commemoration"</a>. The Free Dictionary/Farlex<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maafa+Commemoration&rft.pub=The+Free+Dictionary%2FFarlex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FMaafa%2BCommemoration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+slave+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_5-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_5-2">5.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/dialogue/the-slave-route/transatlantic-slave-trade/">"Transatlantic Slave Trade"</a>. UNESCO<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transatlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fthemes%2Fdialogue%2Fthe-slave-route%2Ftransatlantic-slave-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+slave+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, Jacqueline. <i>Slavery in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia</i>. 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-531-16538-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-531-16538-8">0-531-16538-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slavevoyages.org/assessment/estimates">"Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates"</a>. <i>slavevoyages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=slavevoyages&rft.atitle=Trans-Atlantic+Slave+Trade+%E2%80%93+Estimates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slavevoyages.org%2Fassessment%2Festimates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+slave+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, David Brion 1975. <i>The problem of slavery in the age of revolution: 1770–1823</i>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Library of Society of Friends Subject Guide: Abolition of the Slave Trade.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CUP-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CUP_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovejoy, Paul E. 2000. <i>Transformations in slavery: a history of slavery in Africa</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2012" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Gordon (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_tyQCwAAQBAJ&dq=Denmark+was+the+first+European+country+to+ban+the+slave+trade%2C+in+1792%2C+which+took+effect+in+1803.&pg=PT42"><i>Short History of Africa: From the Origins of the Human Race to the Arab Spring</i></a>. Oldacastle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842436349" title="Special:BookSources/9781842436349"><bdi>9781842436349</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+Africa%3A+From+the+Origins+of+the+Human+Race+to+the+Arab+Spring&rft.pub=Oldacastle+Books&rft.date=2012-06&rft.isbn=9781842436349&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_tyQCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DDenmark%2Bwas%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2BEuropean%2Bcountry%2Bto%2Bban%2Bthe%2Bslave%2Btrade%252C%2Bin%2B1792%252C%2Bwhich%2Btook%2Beffect%2Bin%2B1803.%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+slave+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brycchancarey.com/abolition/wilberforce.htm">William Wilberforce (1759–1833).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFVinson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Vinson, Robert Trent (July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inmotionaame.org/texts/viewer.cfm?view=2&id=1_033BT&part=35">"The Law As Lawbreaker: The Promotion and Encouragement of the Atlantic Slave Trade by the New York Judiciary System, 1857-1862"</a>. <i>Afro-Americans in New York Life and History</i>. <b>20</b>: <span class="nowrap">35–</span>58 – via In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afro-Americans+in+New+York+Life+and+History&rft.atitle=The+Law+As+Lawbreaker%3A+The+Promotion+and+Encouragement+of+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade+by+the+New+York+Judiciary+System%2C+1857-1862&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1996-07&rft.aulast=Vinson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Trent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inmotionaame.org%2Ftexts%2Fviewer.cfm%3Fview%3D2%26id%3D1_033BT%26part%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+slave+trade" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since September 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aimes, Hubert H. 1967.<i> A history of slavery in Cuba, 1511 to 1868</i>. New York: Octagon Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFConrad1969" class="citation journal cs1">Conrad, Robert (1969-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article/49/4/617/157301/The-Contraband-Slave-Trade-to-Brazil-1831-1845">"The Contraband Slave Trade to Brazil, 1831-1845"</a>. <i>Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>49</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">617–</span>638. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-49.4.617">10.1215/00182168-49.4.617</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2168">0018-2168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Contraband+Slave+Trade+to+Brazil%2C+1831-1845&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E617-%3C%2Fspan%3E638&rft.date=1969-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-49.4.617&rft.issn=0018-2168&rft.aulast=Conrad&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fhahr%2Farticle%2F49%2F4%2F617%2F157301%2FThe-Contraband-Slave-Trade-to-Brazil-1831-1845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+slave+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.brown.edu/create/fivecenturiesofchange/chapters/chapter-3/slavery-and-aboliton/">"4.2 Slavery and Abolition in the 19th Century | Brazil: Five Centuries of Change"</a>. <i>library.brown.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.brown.edu&rft.atitle=4.2+Slavery+and+Abolition+in+the+19th+Century+%7C+Brazil%3A+Five+Centuries+of+Change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.brown.edu%2Fcreate%2Ffivecenturiesofchange%2Fchapters%2Fchapter-3%2Fslavery-and-aboliton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+slave+trade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122542"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r10098651">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans303" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r10098456"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:African_American_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans303" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. 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