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</li> <li id="toc-Energy_density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Energy density </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ductility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ductility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.5 Ductility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ductility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toughness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toughness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.6 Toughness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toughness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elongation_at_break" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elongation_at_break"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.7 Elongation at break </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elongation_at_break-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.8 Temperature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supercontraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supercontraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.9 Supercontraction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supercontraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highest-performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest-performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.10 Highest-performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest-performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adhesive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adhesive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Adhesive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adhesive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silk_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silk_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Silk types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silk_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis_and_fibre_spinning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis_and_fibre_spinning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Synthesis and fibre spinning </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synthesis_and_fibre_spinning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Synthesis and fibre spinning subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_and_fibre_spinning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silk_gland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silk_gland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Silk gland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silk_gland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artificial_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artificial_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Artificial synthesis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artificial_synthesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Artificial synthesis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Artificial_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feedstock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feedstock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Feedstock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feedstock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Geometry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syringe_and_needle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syringe_and_needle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Syringe and needle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syringe_and_needle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superhydrophobic_surfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superhydrophobic_surfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Superhydrophobic surfaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superhydrophobic_surfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sheets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sheets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Sheets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sheets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microfluidics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microfluidics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Microfluidics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microfluidics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrospinning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrospinning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Electrospinning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrospinning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_shapes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_shapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Other shapes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_shapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_spider_silk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_spider_silk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Synthetic spider silk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_spider_silk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Human uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Spider silk</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" > 26 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA" title="حرير العنكبوت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرير العنكبوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Павуцінне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Павуцінне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Паяжина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паяжина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda_d%27aranya" title="Seda d'aranya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Seda d'aranya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Эрешмен карти – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эрешмен карти" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavou%C4%8D%C3%AD_hedv%C3%A1b%C3%AD" title="Pavoučí hedvábí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pavoučí hedvábí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda_de_ara%C3%B1a" title="Seda de araña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Seda de araña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranea_silko" title="Aranea silko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aranea silko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armiarma-zeta" title="Armiarma-zeta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Armiarma-zeta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ابریشم عنکبوت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابریشم عنکبوت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soie_d%27araign%C3%A9e" title="Soie d'araignée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soie d'araignée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Սարդոստայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սարդոստայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra_laba-laba" title="Sutra laba-laba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sutra laba-laba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seta_di_ragno" title="Seta di ragno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seta di ragno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3kselyem" title="Pókselyem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pókselyem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinrag" title="Spinrag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spinrag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edderkoppsilke" title="Edderkoppsilke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Edderkoppsilke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edderkoppsilke" title="Edderkoppsilke – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edderkoppsilke" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%87_prz%C4%99dna" title="Nić przędna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nić przędna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda_de_aranha" title="Seda de aranha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Seda de aranha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%83tase_de_p%C4%83ianjen" title="Mătase de păianjen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mătase de păianjen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Паутина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паутина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spider silk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Павутина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Павутина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%A1_nh%E1%BB%87n" title="Tơ nhện – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tơ nhện" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%98%E8%9B%9B%E7%B5%B2" title="蜘蛛絲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蜘蛛絲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2740926#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Spider_silk" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Arachnidium" redirects here. For the genus of bryozoans, see <a href="/wiki/Arachnidium_(bryozoan)" title="Arachnidium (bryozoan)">Arachnidium (bryozoan)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argiope_bruennichi_Cornacchiaia_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Argiope_bruennichi_Cornacchiaia_1.jpg/220px-Argiope_bruennichi_Cornacchiaia_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Argiope_bruennichi_Cornacchiaia_1.jpg/330px-Argiope_bruennichi_Cornacchiaia_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Argiope_bruennichi_Cornacchiaia_1.jpg/440px-Argiope_bruennichi_Cornacchiaia_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2276" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption>A female specimen of <a href="/wiki/Argiope_bruennichi" title="Argiope bruennichi">Argiope bruennichi</a> wraps her prey in silk.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B3zef_Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_-_Indian_summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/J%C3%B3zef_Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_-_Indian_summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-J%C3%B3zef_Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_-_Indian_summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/J%C3%B3zef_Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_-_Indian_summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-J%C3%B3zef_Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_-_Indian_summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/J%C3%B3zef_Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_-_Indian_summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-J%C3%B3zef_Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski_-_Indian_summer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3205" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indian_Summer_(painting)" title="Indian Summer (painting)">Indian Summer</a> by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Che%C5%82mo%C5%84ski" title="Józef Chełmoński">Józef Chełmoński</a> (1875, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>) depicts a peasant woman with a thread of gossamer in her hand.</figcaption></figure> Spider silk is a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> <a href="/wiki/Fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre">fibre</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> spun by <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>. Spiders use silk to make <a href="/wiki/Spider_web" title="Spider web">webs</a> or other structures that function as <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesive</a> traps to catch prey, to entangle and restrain prey before biting, to transmit tactile information, or as <a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">nests</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoon (silk)">cocoons</a> to protect their offspring. They can use the silk to suspend themselves from height, to <a href="/wiki/Ballooning_(spider)" title="Ballooning (spider)">float through the air</a>, or to glide away from predators. Most spiders vary the thickness and adhesiveness of their silk according to its use. In some cases, spiders may use silk as a food source.<a href="#cite_note-DoiSMissing-1">[1]</a> While methods have been developed to collect silk from a spider by force,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> gathering silk from many spiders is more difficult than from silk-spinning organisms such as <a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">silkworms</a>. All spiders produce silk, although some spiders do not make webs. Silk is tied to <a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">courtship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a>. Silk produced by females provides a transmission channel for male vibratory courtship signals, while webs and draglines provide a substrate for female <a href="/wiki/Sex_pheromone" title="Sex pheromone">sex pheromones</a>. Observations of male spiders producing silk during sexual interactions are common across widespread taxa. The function of male-produced silk in mating has received little study.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural">Structural</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structural">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_of_spider_silk_thread_Modified.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Structure_of_spider_silk_thread_Modified.svg/265px-Structure_of_spider_silk_thread_Modified.svg.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Structure_of_spider_silk_thread_Modified.svg/398px-Structure_of_spider_silk_thread_Modified.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Structure_of_spider_silk_thread_Modified.svg/530px-Structure_of_spider_silk_thread_Modified.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption> Spider silk structure: crystalline beta-sheets separated by amorphous linkages</figcaption></figure> Silks have a hierarchical structure. The <a href="/wiki/Primary_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary structure">primary structure</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> sequence of its proteins (<a href="/wiki/Spidroin" title="Spidroin">spidroin</a>), mainly consisting of highly repetitive <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">alanine</a> blocks,<a href="#cite_note-Hinman_92-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simmons_96-5">[5]</a> which is why silks are often referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Copolymer" title="Copolymer">block co-polymer</a>. On a secondary level, the short side-chained alanine is mainly found in the crystalline domains (<a href="/wiki/Beta_sheet" title="Beta sheet">beta sheets</a>) of the nanofibril. Glycine is mostly found in the so-called amorphous matrix consisting of helical and beta turn structures.<a href="#cite_note-Simmons_96-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-van_Beek_02-6">[6]</a> The interplay between the hard crystalline segments and the strained elastic semi-amorphous regions gives spider silk its extraordinary properties.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Various compounds other than protein are used to enhance the fibre's properties. <a href="/wiki/Pyrrolidine" title="Pyrrolidine">Pyrrolidine</a> has <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopy" title="Hygroscopy">hygroscopic</a> properties that keep the silk moist while warding off ant invasion. It occurs in high concentration in glue threads. <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydrogen_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium hydrogen phosphate">Potassium hydrogen phosphate</a> releases <a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">hydrogen ions</a> in aqueous solution, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of about 4, making the silk <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> and thus protecting it from <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> that would otherwise digest the protein. <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Potassium nitrate</a> is believed to prevent the protein from denaturing in the acidic milieu.<a href="#cite_note-Heimer-9">[9]</a> Termonia introduced this first basic model of silk in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Termonia_94-10">[10]</a> He suggested <a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">crystallites</a> embedded in an amorphous matrix interlinked with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a>. Refinements to this model include: semi-crystalline regions were found<a href="#cite_note-Simmons_96-5">[5]</a> as well as a fibrillar skin core model suggested for spider silk,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> later visualised by <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Force_Microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic Force Microscopy">AFM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Electron_Microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Electron Microscopy">TEM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Sizes of the nanofibrillar structure and the crystalline and semi-crystalline regions were revealed by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">neutron scattering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The fibres' microstructural information and macroscopic mechanical properties are related.<a href="#cite_note-plaza_12-14">[14]</a> Ordered regions (i) mainly reorient by deformation for low-stretched fibres and (ii) the fraction of ordered regions increases progressively for higher fibre stretching. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 935px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 930px; height: 430px;"><a href="/wiki/File:0.Figure.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Schematic of the spider's orb web, structural modules, and spider silk structure.[15] On the left is shown a schematic drawing of an orb web. The red lines represent the dragline, radial line, and frame lines. The blue lines represent the spiral line, and the centre of the orb web is called the "hub". Sticky balls drawn in blue are made at equal intervals on the spiral line with viscous material secreted from the aggregate gland. Attachment cement secreted from the piriform gland is used to connect and fix different lines. Microscopically, the spider silk secondary structure is formed of spidroin with the structure shown on the right side. In the dragline and radial line, a crystalline β-sheet and an amorphous helical structure are interwoven. The large amount of β-spiral structure gives elastic properties to the capture part of the orb web. In the structural modules diagram, a microscopic structure of dragline and radial lines is shown, composed mainly of two proteins of MaSp1 and MaSp2, as shown in the upper central part. The spiral line has no crystalline β-sheet region."><img alt="Schematic of the spider's orb web, structural modules, and spider silk structure.[15] On the left is shown a schematic drawing of an orb web. The red lines represent the dragline, radial line, and frame lines. The blue lines represent the spiral line, and the centre of the orb web is called the "hub". Sticky balls drawn in blue are made at equal intervals on the spiral line with viscous material secreted from the aggregate gland. Attachment cement secreted from the piriform gland is used to connect and fix different lines. Microscopically, the spider silk secondary structure is formed of spidroin with the structure shown on the right side. In the dragline and radial line, a crystalline β-sheet and an amorphous helical structure are interwoven. The large amount of β-spiral structure gives elastic properties to the capture part of the orb web. In the structural modules diagram, a microscopic structure of dragline and radial lines is shown, composed mainly of two proteins of MaSp1 and MaSp2, as shown in the upper central part. The spiral line has no crystalline β-sheet region." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/0.Figure.png/900px-0.Figure.png" decoding="async" width="900" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/0.Figure.png/1350px-0.Figure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/0.Figure.png/1800px-0.Figure.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="846" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Schematic of the spider's orb web, structural modules, and spider silk structure.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> On the left is shown a schematic drawing of an orb web. The red lines represent the dragline, radial line, and frame lines. The blue lines represent the spiral line, and the centre of the orb web is called the "hub". Sticky balls drawn in blue are made at equal intervals on the spiral line with viscous material secreted from the aggregate gland. Attachment cement secreted from the piriform gland is used to connect and fix different lines. Microscopically, the spider silk secondary structure is formed of spidroin with the structure shown on the right side. In the dragline and radial line, a crystalline β-sheet and an amorphous helical structure are interwoven. The large amount of β-spiral structure gives elastic properties to the capture part of the orb web. In the structural modules diagram, a microscopic structure of dragline and radial lines is shown, composed mainly of two proteins of MaSp1 and MaSp2, as shown in the upper central part. The spiral line has no crystalline β-sheet region.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical">Mechanical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanical">edit</a>]</div> Each spider and each type of silk has a set of mechanical properties optimised for their biological function. Most silks, in particular dragline silk, have exceptional mechanical properties. They exhibit a unique combination of high <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> and extensibility (<a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductility</a>). This enables a silk fibre to absorb a large amount of energy before breaking (<a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">toughness</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Integral" title="Integral">area under</a> a stress-strain curve). <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Kevlar_Silk_Comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikipedia_Kevlar_Silk_Comparison.jpg/280px-Wikipedia_Kevlar_Silk_Comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikipedia_Kevlar_Silk_Comparison.jpg/420px-Wikipedia_Kevlar_Silk_Comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikipedia_Kevlar_Silk_Comparison.jpg/560px-Wikipedia_Kevlar_Silk_Comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2069" data-file-height="1709" /></a><figcaption> An illustration of the differences between toughness, stiffness and strength</figcaption></figure> Strength and toughness are distinct quantities. Weight for weight, silk is stronger than steel, but not as strong as <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a>. Spider silk is, however, tougher than both. The variability of spider silk fibre mechanical properties is related to their degree of molecular alignment.<a href="#cite_note-guinea_05-16">[16]</a> Mechanical properties also depend on ambient conditions, i.e. humidity and temperature.<a href="#cite_note-plaza_06-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Young's_modulus">Young's modulus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Young's modulus">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> is the resistance to deformation elastically along the tensile force direction. Unlike steel or Kevlar which are stiff, spider silk is ductile and elastic, having lower Young's modulus. According to Spider Silkome Database, Ariadna lateralisl silk has the highest Young's modulus with 37 GPa,<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a> compared to 208 GPa for steel<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and 112 GPa for Kevlar.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tensile_strength">Tensile strength</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tensile strength">edit</a>]</div> A dragline silk's <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> is comparable to that of high-grade alloy <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> (450−2000 MPa),<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and about half as strong as <a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">aramid</a> filaments, such as <a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a> or Kevlar (3000 MPa).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> According to Spider Silkome Database, Clubiona vigil silk has the highest tensile strength.<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Density">Density</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Density">edit</a>]</div> Consisting of mainly protein, silks are about a sixth of the density of steel (1.3 g/cm3). As a result, a strand long enough to circle the Earth would weigh about 2 kilograms (4.4 lb). (Spider dragline silk has a tensile strength of roughly 1.3 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a>. The tensile strength listed for steel might be slightly higher – e.g. 1.65 GPa,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> but spider silk is a much less dense material, so that a given weight of spider silk is five times as strong as the same weight of steel.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy_density">Energy density</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Energy density">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> of dragline spider silk is roughly 1.2×108 J/m3.<a href="#cite_note-Vollrath_01-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ductility">Ductility</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ductility">edit</a>]</div> Silks are <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a>, with some able to stretch up to five times their relaxed length without breaking. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Toughness">Toughness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Toughness">edit</a>]</div> The combination of strength and ductility gives dragline silks a high <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">toughness</a> (or work to fracture), which "equals that of commercial <a href="/wiki/Polyaramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyaramid">polyaramid</a> (aromatic nylon) filaments, which themselves are benchmarks of modern polymer fibre technology".<a href="#cite_note-Vollrath_410-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> According to Spider Silkome Database, Araneus ishisawai silk is the toughest.<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elongation_at_break">Elongation at break</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Elongation at break">edit</a>]</div> Elongation at break compares initial object length to final length at break. According to Spider Silkome Database, Caerostris darwini silk has the highest strain at break for any spider silk, breaking at 65% extension.<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Temperature">Temperature</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Temperature">edit</a>]</div> While unlikely to be relevant in nature, dragline silks can hold their strength below -40 °C (-40 °F) and up to 220 °C (428 °F).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> As occurs in many materials, spider silk fibres undergo a <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition" title="Glass transition">glass transition</a>. The glass-transition temperature depends on humidity, as water is a <a href="/wiki/Plasticiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasticiser">plasticiser</a> for spider silk.<a href="#cite_note-plaza_06-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supercontraction">Supercontraction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Supercontraction">edit</a>]</div> When exposed to water, dragline silks undergo supercontraction, shrinking up to 50% in length and behaving like a weak rubber under tension.<a href="#cite_note-plaza_06-17">[17]</a> Many hypotheses have attempted to explain its use in nature, most popularly to re-tension webs built in the night using the morning dew.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Highest-performance">Highest-performance</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Highest-performance">edit</a>]</div> The toughest known spider silk is produced by the species <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_bark_spider" title="Darwin's bark spider">Darwin's bark spider</a> (Caerostris darwini): "The toughness of forcibly silked fibers averages 350 <a href="/wiki/Toughness#Unit_of_toughness" title="Toughness">MJ/m3</a>, with some samples reaching 520 MJ/m3. Thus, C. darwini silk is more than twice as tough as any previously described silk and over 10 times tougher than Kevlar".<a href="#cite_note-Agnarsson_10-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adhesive">Adhesive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Adhesive">edit</a>]</div> Silk fibre is a two-compound <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pyriform" class="extiw" title="wikt:pyriform">pyriform</a> secretion, spun into patterns (called "attachment discs") using a minimum of silk substrate.<a href="#cite_note-wolff-31">[31]</a> The pyriform threads <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymerise</a> under ambient conditions, become functional immediately, and are usable indefinitely, remaining biodegradable, versatile and compatible with other materials in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-wolff-31">[31]</a> The adhesive and durability properties of the attachment disc are controlled by functions within the spinnerets.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Some adhesive properties of the silk resemble <a href="/wiki/Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue">glue</a>, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Microfibrils" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfibrils">microfibrils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> enclosures.<a href="#cite_note-wolff-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> All spiders produce silks, and a single spider can produce up to seven different types of silk for different uses.<a href="#cite_note-Foelix_96-33">[33]</a> This is in contrast to insect silks, where an individual usually only produces a single type.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Spiders use silks in many ways, in accord with the silk's properties. As spiders have evolved, so has their silks' complexity and uses, for example from primitive tube webs 300–400 million years ago to complex orb webs 110 million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Hillyard_07-35">[35]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th>Use </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Prey capture </td> <td>Orb webs produced by the <a href="/wiki/Orb-weaver_spider" title="Orb-weaver spider">Araneidae</a> (typical orb-weavers); tube webs; tangle webs; sheet webs; lace webs, dome webs; single thread used by the Bolas spiders for "fishing". </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Foelix_96-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hillyard_07-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Prey immobilisation </td> <td>"Swathing bands" to envelop prey. Often combined with immobilising prey using a <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venom</a>. In species of <a href="/wiki/Scytodes_thoracica" title="Scytodes thoracica">Scytodes</a> the silk is combined with venom and squirted from the <a href="/wiki/Chelicerae" title="Chelicerae">chelicerae</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Foelix_96-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Reproduction </td> <td>Male spiders may produce sperm webs; spider eggs are covered in silk cocoons. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Foelix_96-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Dispersal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ballooning_(spider)" title="Ballooning (spider)">"Ballooning" or "kiting"</a> used by smaller spiders to float through the air, for instance for dispersal. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-snerdey-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Food </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Kleptoparasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleptoparasite">kleptoparasitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Argyrodes" title="Argyrodes">Argyrodes</a> eats the silk of host spider webs. Some daily weavers of temporary webs eat their own unused silk, thus mitigating an otherwise heavy metabolic expense. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DoiSMissing-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_978-0-7993-4689-3-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Nest lining and nest construction </td> <td>Tube webs used by "primitive" spiders such as the European tube web spider (<a href="/wiki/Segestria_florentina" title="Segestria florentina">Segestria florentina</a>). Threads radiate out of the nest to provide a sensory link to the outside. Silk is a component of the lids of spiders that use "trapdoors", such as members of the family <a href="/wiki/Ctenizidae" title="Ctenizidae">Ctenizidae</a>, and the "water" or "diving bell" spider <a href="/wiki/Argyroneta_aquatica" class="mw-redirect" title="Argyroneta aquatica">Argyroneta aquatica</a> forms a silk <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">diving bell</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Hillyard_07-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Guide lines </td> <td>Some spiders that venture from shelter leave a silk trail by which to find their way home again. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_978-0-7993-4689-3-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Drop lines and anchor lines </td> <td>Spiders such as the <a href="/wiki/Salticidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salticidae">Salticidae</a> venture from shelter and leave a trail of silk, use that as an emergency line in case of falling from inverted or vertical surfaces. Others, even web dwellers, deliberately drop from a web when alarmed, using a silken thread as a drop line by which they can return in due course. Some, such as species of Paramystaria, hang from a drop line while feeding. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_978-0-7993-4689-3-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Alarm lines </td> <td>Some spiders that do not spin actual traps build alarm webs that the feet of their prey (such as ants) can disturb, cueing the spider to pounce on prey or flee a formidable intruder. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_978-0-7993-4689-3-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Pheromonal trails </td> <td>Some wandering spiders leave a largely continuous trail of silk impregnated with pheromones that the opposite sex can follow to find a mate. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ISBN_978-0-7993-4689-3-38">[38]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Silk_types">Silk types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Silk types">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Argiope_picta_wrapping_prey_3836.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Argiope_picta_wrapping_prey_3836.jpg/220px-Argiope_picta_wrapping_prey_3836.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Argiope_picta_wrapping_prey_3836.jpg/330px-Argiope_picta_wrapping_prey_3836.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Argiope_picta_wrapping_prey_3836.jpg/440px-Argiope_picta_wrapping_prey_3836.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="2187" /></a><figcaption>A female Argiope picta immobilizing prey by wrapping a curtain of aciniform silk around the insect for later consumption</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm/220px-seek%3D31-Crab_spider_safety_line.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="59" data-mwtitle="Crab_spider_safety_line.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Crab_spider_safety_line.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e1/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm/Crab_spider_safety_line.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crab_spider" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab spider">Crab spider</a> jumps with safety line, on <a href="/wiki/Verbesina_alternifolia" title="Verbesina alternifolia">yellow ironweed</a>. Repeated at variable slow motion to better see silk line. Spider probably <a href="/wiki/Misumessus_oblongus" title="Misumessus oblongus">Misumessus oblongus</a>.</figcaption></figure> Meeting the specification for all these ecological uses requires different types of silk presenting different properties, as either a fibre, a structure of fibres, or a globule. These types include glues and fibres. Some types of fibres are used for structural support, others for protective structures. Some can absorb energy effectively, whereas others transmit vibration efficiently. These silk types are produced in different glands; so the silk from a particular gland can be linked to its use. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gland </th> <th>Silk Use </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ampullate (major) </td> <td>Dragline silk – used for the web's outer rim and spokes, also for lifeline and for ballooning </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ampullate (minor) </td> <td>Used for temporary scaffolding during web construction </td></tr> <tr> <td>Flagelliform </td> <td>Capture-spiral silk – used for the capturing lines of the web </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tubuliform </td> <td>Egg cocoon silk – used for egg sacs </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aciniform </td> <td>Used to wrap and secure prey; used in male sperm webs; used in stabilimenta </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aggregate </td> <td>Sticky globules </td></tr> <tr> <td>Piriform </td> <td>Bonds between separate threads for attachment point. </td></tr></tbody></table> Many species have different glands to produce silk with different properties for different purposes, including housing, <a href="/wiki/Spider_web" title="Spider web">web</a> construction, defence, capturing and detaining <a href="/wiki/Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Prey">prey</a>, egg protection, and mobility (fine "gossamer" thread for <a href="/wiki/Ballooning_(spider)" title="Ballooning (spider)">ballooning</a>, or for a strand allowing the spider to drop down as silk is extruded).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spider_cocoon-Kadavoor-2015-08-22-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Spider_cocoon-Kadavoor-2015-08-22-001.jpg/220px-Spider_cocoon-Kadavoor-2015-08-22-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Spider_cocoon-Kadavoor-2015-08-22-001.jpg/330px-Spider_cocoon-Kadavoor-2015-08-22-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Spider_cocoon-Kadavoor-2015-08-22-001.jpg/440px-Spider_cocoon-Kadavoor-2015-08-22-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2043" data-file-height="3064" /></a><figcaption>Spider cocoon</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Silk </th> <th>Use </th></tr> <tr> <td>Major-ampullate (dragline) silk </td> <td>The web's outer rim and spokes and the lifeline. Can be as strong per unit weight as steel, but much tougher. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Capture-spiral (flagelliform) silk </td> <td>Capturing lines. Sticky, stretchy, and tough. The capture spiral is sticky due to droplets of aggregate (a spider glue) that are placed on the spiral. The elasticity of flagelliform allows enough time for the aggregate to adhere to the aerial prey flying into the web. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tubiliform (a.k.a. cylindriform) silk </td> <td>Protective egg sacs. Stiffest silk. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aciniform silk </td> <td>Wrap and secure prey. Two to three times as tough as the other silks, including dragline. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minor-ampullate silk </td> <td>Temporary scaffolding during web construction. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis_and_fibre_spinning">Synthesis and fibre spinning</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Synthesis and fibre spinning">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Araneus_diadematus_underside_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Araneus_diadematus_underside_1.jpg/220px-Araneus_diadematus_underside_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Araneus_diadematus_underside_1.jpg/330px-Araneus_diadematus_underside_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Araneus_diadematus_underside_1.jpg/440px-Araneus_diadematus_underside_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/European_Garden_Spider" class="mw-redirect" title="European Garden Spider">garden spider</a> spinning its web</figcaption></figure> Silk production differs in an important aspect from that of most other fibrous biomaterials. It is pulled on demand from a precursor out of specialised glands,<a href="#cite_note-ander-41">[41]</a> rather than continuously grown like plant cell walls.<a href="#cite_note-Vollrath_01-26">[26]</a> The spinning process occurs when a fibre is pulled away from the body of a spider, whether by the spider's legs, by the spider's falling under its own weight, or by any other method. The term "spinning" is misleading because no rotation occurs. It comes from analogy to the textile <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheels</a>. Silk production is a <a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">pultrusion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wilson69-42">[42]</a> similar to extrusion, with the subtlety that the force is induced by pulling at the finished fibre rather than squeezing it out of a reservoir. The fibre is pulled through (possibly multiple) silk <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a> of multiple types.<a href="#cite_note-ander-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silk_gland">Silk gland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Silk gland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spider_anatomy" title="Spider anatomy">Spider anatomy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SIA_spider_silk_Fig1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SIA_spider_silk_Fig1.png/760px-SIA_spider_silk_Fig1.png" decoding="async" width="760" height="456" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SIA_spider_silk_Fig1.png/1140px-SIA_spider_silk_Fig1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SIA_spider_silk_Fig1.png/1520px-SIA_spider_silk_Fig1.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of the spiders spinning apparatus and structural hierarchy in silk assembling related to assembly into fibers.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rising_2015_309–15-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eisoldt_2012_355–61-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In the process of dragline production, the primary structure protein is secreted first from secretory granules in the tail.<a href="#cite_note-Vollrath_2001_541–48-48">[48]</a> In the ampullate (neutral environment, pH = 7), the proteins form a soft micelle of several tens of nanometers by self-organization because the hydrophilic terminals are excluded.<a href="#cite_note-Kluge_2008_244–51-49">[49]</a> In ampullate, the concentration of the protein is high.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Then, the micelles are squeezed into the duct. The long axis direction of the molecules is aligned parallel to the duct by a mechanical frictional force and partially oriented.<a href="#cite_note-Vollrath_2001_541–48-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kluge_2008_244–51-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The continuous lowering of pH from 7.5 to 8.0 in the tail to presumably close to 5.0 occurs at the end of the duct.<a href="#cite_note-Rising_2015_309–15-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Ion exchange, acidification, and water removal all happen in the duct.<a href="#cite_note-Eisoldt_2012_355–61-45">[45]</a> The shear and elongational forces lead to phase separation.<a href="#cite_note-Eisoldt_2012_355–61-45">[45]</a> In the acidic bath of the duct, the molecules attain a high concentration liquid crystal state.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Finally, the silk is spun from the taper exterior. The molecules become more stable helixes and β-sheets from the liquid crystal.</figcaption></figure> The gland's visible, or external, part is termed the <a href="/wiki/Spinneret_(spider)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinneret (spider)">spinneret</a>. Depending on the complexity of the species, spiders have two to eight spinnerets, usually in pairs. Species have varying specialised glands, ranging from a sac with an opening at one end, to the complex, multiple-section ampullate glands of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_silk_orb-weaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden silk orb-weaver">golden silk orb-weavers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Behind each spinneret on the surface of the spider lies a gland, a generalised form of which is shown in the figure. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <dl><dt>Gland characteristics</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spider_silk_duct.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spider_silk_duct.svg/280px-Spider_silk_duct.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spider_silk_duct.svg/420px-Spider_silk_duct.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spider_silk_duct.svg/560px-Spider_silk_duct.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a generalised gland of a <a href="/wiki/Golden_silk_orb-weaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden silk orb-weaver">Golden silk orb-weaver</a>. Each differently coloured section highlights a discrete section of the gland.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></figcaption></figure> <ol><li>The leftmost section s the secretory or tail section. The walls of this section are lined with cells that secrete proteins Spidroin I and Spidroin II, the main components of this spider's dragline. These proteins are found in the form of droplets that gradually elongate to form long channels along the length of the final fibre, hypothesised to assist in preventing crack formation or self-healing.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>The ampulla (storage sac) is next. This stores and maintains the gel-like unspun silk dope. In addition, it secretes proteins that coat the surface of the final fibre.<a href="#cite_note-Vollrath_410-27">[27]</a></li> <li>The funnel rapidly reduces the large diameter of the storage sac to the small diameter of the tapering duct.</li> <li>The final length is the tapering duct, the site of most of the fibre formation. This consists of a tapering tube with several tight sharp turns, a valve near the end includes a spigot from which the solid silk fibre emerges. The tube tapers hyperbolically, therefore the unspun silk is under constant elongational <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear stress</a>, an important factor in fibre formation. This section is lined with cells that exchange ions, reduce the dope pH from neutral to acidic, and remove water from the fibre.<a href="#cite_note-:0-60">[60]</a> Collectively, the shear stress and the ion and pH changes induce the liquid silk dope to undergo a phase transition and condense into a solid protein fibre with high molecular organisation. The spigot at the end has lips that clamp around the fibre, controlling fibre diameter and further retaining water.</li> <li>Almost at the end is a valve. Though discovered some time ago, its precise purpose is still under discussion. It is believed to assist in restarting and rejoining broken fibres,<a href="#cite_note-Vollrath_98-61">[61]</a> acting much in the way of a <a href="/wiki/Helical_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Helical pump">helical pump</a>, regulating the thickness of the fibre,<a href="#cite_note-Wilson69-42">[42]</a> and/or clamping the fibre as a spider falls upon it.<a href="#cite_note-Vollrath_98-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The similarity of the silk worm's silk press and the roles each of these valves play in the silk production in these two organisms are under discussion.</li></ol> Throughout the process the silk appears to have a nematic texture,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> in a manner similar to a <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal#Nematic_phase" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystal</a>, arising in part due to the high protein concentration of silk dope (around 30% in terms of weight per volume).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> This allows the silk to flow through the duct as a liquid while maintaining molecular order. As an example of a complex spinning field, the spinneret apparatus of an adult <a href="/wiki/Araneus_diadematus" title="Araneus diadematus">Araneus diadematus</a> (garden cross spider) consists of many glands shown below.<a href="#cite_note-Heimer-9">[9]</a> A similar gland architecture appears in the black widow spider.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <ul><li>500 pyriform glands for attachment points</li> <li>4 ampullate glands for the web frame</li> <li>300 aciniform glands for the outer lining of egg sacs, and for ensnaring prey</li> <li>4 tubuliform glands for egg sac silk</li> <li>4 aggregate glands for adhesive functions</li> <li>2 coronate glands for the thread of adhesion lines</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artificial_synthesis">Artificial synthesis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Artificial synthesis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artificial_Spider_Silk_Strand.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Artificial_Spider_Silk_Strand.JPG/220px-Artificial_Spider_Silk_Strand.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Artificial_Spider_Silk_Strand.JPG/330px-Artificial_Spider_Silk_Strand.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Artificial_Spider_Silk_Strand.JPG/440px-Artificial_Spider_Silk_Strand.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1489" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>Single strand of artificial spider silk produced under laboratory conditions</figcaption></figure> To artificially synthesise spider silk into fibres, two broad tasks are required. These are synthesis of the feedstock (the unspun silk dope in spiders), and synthesis of the production conditions (the funnel, valve, tapering duct, and spigot). Few strategies have produced silk that can efficiently be synthesised into fibres. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feedstock">Feedstock</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Feedstock">edit</a>]</div> The molecular structure of unspun silk is both complex and long. Though this endows the fibres with desirable properties, it also complicates replication. Various organisms have been used as a basis for attempts to replicate necessary protein components. These proteins must then be extracted, purified, and then spun before their properties can be tested. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Organism </th> <th scope="col">Details </th> <th scope="col">Average Maximum breaking stress (MPa) </th> <th scope="col">Average <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deformation (mechanics)">Strain</a> (%) </th> <th scope="col">Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td>Darwin's bark spider (Caerostris darwini) </td> <td>Malagasy spider famed for making 25 m long strands. "C. darwini silk is more than twice as tough as any previously described silk"[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td> <td>1850 ±350</td> <td>33 ±0.08</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Agnarsson_10-30">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr style=""> <td>Nephila clavipes </td> <td>Typical golden orb weaving spider</td> <td>710–1200</td> <td>18–27</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Bombyx mori</a> Silkworms </th> <td>Silkworms genetically altered to express spider proteins and fibres.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></td> <td>660</td> <td>18.5</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a> </th> <td>Synthesising a large and repetitive molecule (~300 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">kDa</a>) is complex, but required for the strongest silk. Here E. coli was engineered to produce a 556 kDa protein. Fibers spun from these synthetic spidroins are the first to fully replicate the mechanical performance of natural spider silk by all common metrics.</td> <td>1030 ±110</td> <td>18 ±6</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Bowen2018-70">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Goats </th> <td>Genetically modified to secrete silk proteins in their milk.</td> <td>285–250</td> <td>30–40</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tobacco & potato plants </th> <td>Genetically modified to produce silk proteins. Patents were granted in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> but no fibres have yet been described.</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geometry">Geometry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Geometry">edit</a>]</div> Spider silks with comparatively simple molecular structure need complex ducts to be able to form an effective fibre. Approaches: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syringe_and_needle">Syringe and needle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Syringe and needle">edit</a>]</div> Feedstock is forced through a hollow needle using a syringe.<a href="#cite_note-Lazaris_02-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seidel_00-75">[75]</a> Although cheap and easy to produce, gland shape and conditions are loosely approximated. Fibres created using this method may need encouragement to solidify by removing water from the fibre with chemicals such as (environmentally undesirable) <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Seidel_00-75">[75]</a> and also may require later stretching of the fibre to achieve desirable properties.<a href="#cite_note-Xia_10-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazaris_02-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Superhydrophobic_surfaces">Superhydrophobic surfaces</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Superhydrophobic surfaces">edit</a>]</div> Placing a solution of spider silk on a superhydrophobic surface can generate sheets, particles, and nanowires of spider silk.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sheets">Sheets</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sheets">edit</a>]</div> Self-assembly of silk at standing liquid-gas interphases of a solution tough and strong sheets. These sheets are now explored for mimicking the basal membrane in tissue modeling.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microfluidics">Microfluidics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Microfluidics">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Microfluidics" title="Microfluidics">Microfluidics</a> have the advantage of being controllable and able to test spin small volumes of unspun fibre,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> but setup and development costs are high. A patent has been granted and continuously spun fibres have achieved commercial use.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electrospinning">Electrospinning</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Electrospinning">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Electrospinning" title="Electrospinning">Electrospinning</a> is an old technique whereby a fluid is held in a container such that it flows out through capillary action. A conducting substrate is positioned below, and a difference in electrical potential is applied between the fluid and the substrate. The fluid is attracted to the substrate, and tiny fibres jump from their point of emission, the <a href="/wiki/Taylor_cone" title="Taylor cone">Taylor cone</a>, to the substrate, drying as they travel. This method creates nano-scale fibres from silk dissected from organisms and regenerated silk fibroin.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_shapes">Other shapes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other shapes">edit</a>]</div> Silk can be formed into other shapes and sizes such as spherical capsules for drug delivery, cell scaffolds and wound healing, textiles, cosmetics, coatings, and many others.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-gustaffson2018-86">[86]</a> Spider silk proteins can self-assemble on superhydrophobic surfaces into nanowires, as well as micron-sized circular sheets.<a href="#cite_note-gustaffson2018-86">[86]</a> Recombinant spider silk proteins can self-assemble at the liquid-air interface of a standing solution to form protein-permeable, strong and flexible nanomembranes that support cell proliferation. Potential applications include skin transplants, and supportive membranes in organ-on-a-chip.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> These nanomembranes have been used to create a static in-vitro model of a blood vessel.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic_spider_silk">Synthetic spider silk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Synthetic spider silk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_representation_of_spider_web_structure_from_macro_to_nano_scale_oo_86667.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Schematic_representation_of_spider_web_structure_from_macro_to_nano_scale_oo_86667.png/220px-Schematic_representation_of_spider_web_structure_from_macro_to_nano_scale_oo_86667.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Schematic_representation_of_spider_web_structure_from_macro_to_nano_scale_oo_86667.png/330px-Schematic_representation_of_spider_web_structure_from_macro_to_nano_scale_oo_86667.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Schematic_representation_of_spider_web_structure_from_macro_to_nano_scale_oo_86667.png/440px-Schematic_representation_of_spider_web_structure_from_macro_to_nano_scale_oo_86667.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1119" /></a><figcaption>Proposed framework for producing artificial skin from spider silk to help patients with burns.</figcaption></figure> Replicating the complex conditions required to produce comparable fibres has challenged research and early-stage manufacturing. Through <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a>, E. coli bacteria, yeasts, plants, silkworms, and animals other than silkworms have been used to produce spider silk-like proteins, which have different characteristics than those from a spider.<a href="#cite_note-service-89">[89]</a> Extrusion of protein fibres in an aqueous environment is known as "wet-spinning". This process has produced silk fibres of diameters ranging from 10 to 60 μm, compared to diameters of 2.5–4 μm for natural spider silk. Artificial spider silks have fewer and simpler proteins than natural dragline silk, and consequently offer half the diameter, strength, and flexibility of natural dragline silk.<a href="#cite_note-service-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research">Research</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In March 2010, researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Advanced_Institute_of_Science_%26_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology">Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology</a> succeeded in making spider silk directly using E. coli modified with certain genes of the spider <a href="/wiki/Nephila_clavipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephila clavipes">Nephila clavipes</a>. This approach eliminates the need to "milk" spiders.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li> <li>A 556 kDa spider silk protein was manufactured from 192 repeat motifs of the N. clavipes dragline spidroin, having similar mechanical characteristics as their natural counterparts, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> (1.03 ± 0.11 GPa), <a href="/wiki/Elastic_modulus" title="Elastic modulus">modulus</a> (13.7 ± 3.0 GPa), extensibility (18 ± 6%), and toughness (114 ± 51 MJ/m3).<a href="#cite_note-Bowen2018-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMSilk" title="AMSilk">AMSilk</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Spidroin" title="Spidroin">spidroin</a> using bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-service-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-KIJK_2012-04-21-91">[91]</a></li> <li>Bolt Threads produced a recombinant spidroin using yeast, for use in apparel fibers and personal care. They produced the first commercial apparel products made of recombinant spider silk, trademarked Microsilk, demonstrated in ties and beanies.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraig_Biocraft_Laboratories" title="Kraig Biocraft Laboratories">Kraig Biocraft Laboratories</a> used research from the Universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wyoming" title="University of Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">Notre Dame</a> to create silkworms genetically altered to produce spider silk.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li>Defunct Canadian <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> company Nexia produced spider silk protein in <a href="/wiki/Transgenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenic">transgenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>; the milk produced by the goats contained significant quantities of the protein, 1–2 grams of silk proteins per litre of milk. Attempts to spin the protein into a fibre similar to natural spider silk resulted in fibres with tenacities of 2–3 grams per <a href="/wiki/Denier_(measure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Denier (measure)">denier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Nexia used wet spinning and squeezed the silk protein solution through small extrusion holes to simulate the spinneret, but this was not sufficient to replicate native spider silk properties.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li>Spiber produced a synthetic spider silk (Q/QMONOS). In partnership with Goldwin, a ski parka made from this was in testing in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li>Researchers from Japan's RIKEN Center constructed an artificial gland that reproduced spider silk's molecular structure. Precise microfluidic mechanisms directed proteins to self-assemble into functional fibers. The process used negative pressure to pull (rather than push) a spidroin solution through the device. The resulting fibers matched the hierarchical structure of natural fiber.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_2">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"> <caption>Significant papers (50 or more citations) </caption> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <th scope="col" width="50pt">Area of contribution </th> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Main researchers </th> <th scope="col">Title </th> <th scope="col">Contribution to the field </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th scope="row" rowspan="2">Chemical Basis </th> <td>1960</td> <td>Fischer, F. & Brander, J.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></td> <td>"Eine Analyse der Gespinste der Kreuzspinne" (Amino acid composition analysis of spider silk)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1960</td> <td>Lucas, F. et al.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></td> <td>"The Composition of Arthropod Silk Fibroins; Comparative studies of fibroins"</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th scope="row">Gene Sequence </th> <td>1990</td> <td>Xu, M. & Lewis, R. V.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></td> <td>"Structure of a Protein Superfiber − Spider Dragline Silk"</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th scope="row" rowspan="4">Mechanical Properties </th> <td>1964</td> <td>Lucas, F.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></td> <td>"Spiders and their silks"</td> <td>First time mechanical properties of spider silk compared with other materials in a scientific paper. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1989</td> <td>Vollrath, F. & Edmonds, D. T.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></td> <td>"Modulation of the Mechanical Properties of Spider Silk by Coating with Water"</td> <td>First important paper suggesting the water interplay with spider silk fibroin modulating silk properties. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2001</td> <td>Vollrath, F. & Shao, Z.Z.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></td> <td>"The effect of spinning conditions on the mechanics of a spider's dragline silk"</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2006</td> <td>Plaza, G.R., Guinea, G.V., Pérez-Rigueiro, J. & Elices, M.<a href="#cite_note-plaza_06-17">[17]</a></td> <td>"Thermo-hygro-mechanical behavior of spider dragline silk: Glassy and rubbery states"</td> <td>Combined effect of humidity and temperature on mechanical properties. Glass-transition temperature dependence on humidity. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th scope="row" rowspan="7">Structural Characterisation </th> <td>1992</td> <td>Hinman, M.B. & Lewis, R. V<a href="#cite_note-Hinman_92-4">[4]</a></td> <td>"Isolation of a clone encoding a second dragline silk fibroin. Nephila clavipes dragline silk is a two-protein fiber"</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1994</td> <td>Simmons, A. et al.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></td> <td>"Solid-State C-13 Nmr of Nephila-Clavipes Dragline Silk Establishes Structure and Identity of Crystalline Regions"</td> <td>First NMR study of spider silk. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1999</td> <td>Shao, Z., Vollrath, F. et al.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></td> <td>"Analysis of spider silk in native and supercontracted states using Raman spectroscopy"</td> <td>First Raman study of spider silk. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1999</td> <td>Riekel, C., Muller, M.et al.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a></td> <td>"Aspects of X-ray diffraction on single spider fibers"</td> <td>First X-ray on single spider silk fibres. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2000</td> <td>Knight, D.P., Vollrath, F. et al.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a></td> <td>"Beta transition and stress-induced phase separation in the spinning of spider dragline silk"</td> <td>Secondary structural transition confirmation during spinning. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2001</td> <td>Riekel, C. & Vollrath, F.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></td> <td>"Spider silk fibre extrusion: combined wide- and small-angle X- ray microdiffraction experiments"</td> <td>First X-ray on spider silk dope. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2002</td> <td>Van Beek, J. D. et al.<a href="#cite_note-van_Beek_02-6">[6]</a></td> <td>"The molecular structure of spider dragline silk: Folding and orientation of the protein backbone"</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th scope="row" rowspan="4">Structure-Property Relationship </th> <td>1986</td> <td>Gosline, G.M. et al.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></td> <td>"The structure and properties of spider silk"</td> <td>First attempt to link structure with properties of spider silk </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1994</td> <td>Termonia, Y<a href="#cite_note-Termonia_94-10">[10]</a></td> <td>"Molecular Modeling of Spider Silk Elasticity"</td> <td>X-ray evidence presented in this paper; simple model of crystallites embedded in amorphous regions. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1996</td> <td>Simmons, A. et al.<a href="#cite_note-Simmons_96-5">[5]</a></td> <td>"Molecular orientation and two-component nature of the crystalline fraction of spider dragline silk"</td> <td>Two types of alanine-rich crystalline regions were defined. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2006</td> <td>Vollrath, F. & Porter, D.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></td> <td>"Spider silk as an archetypal protein elastomer"</td> <td>New insight and model to spider silk based on Group Interaction Modelling. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th scope="row" rowspan="4">Native Spinning </th> <td>1991</td> <td>Kerkam, K., Kaplan, D. et al.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></td> <td>"Liquid Crystallinity of Natural Silk Secretions"</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1999</td> <td>Knight, D.P. & Vollrath, F.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a></td> <td>"Liquid crystals and flow elongation in a spider's silk production line"</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2001</td> <td>Vollrath, F. & Knight, D.P.<a href="#cite_note-Vollrath_01-26">[26]</a></td> <td>"Liquid crystalline spinning of spider silk"</td> <td>Most cited spider silk paper </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>2005</td> <td>Guinea, G.V., Elices, M., Pérez-Rigueiro, J. & Plaza, G.R.<a href="#cite_note-guinea_05-16">[16]</a></td> <td>"Stretching of supercontracted fibers: a link between spinning and the variability of spider silk"</td> <td>Explanation of the variability of mechanical properties. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <th scope="row" rowspan="3">Reconstituted /Synthetic Spider Silk and Artificial Spinning </th> <td>1995</td> <td>Prince, J. T., Kaplan, D. L. et al.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></td> <td>"Construction, Cloning, and Expression of Synthetic Genes Encoding Spider Dragline Silk"</td> <td>First successful synthesis of Spider silk by E. coli. </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1998</td> <td>Arcidiacono, S., Kaplan, D.L. et al.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></td> <td>"Purification and characterization of recombinant spider silk expressed in Escherichia coli"</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1998</td> <td>Seidel, A., Jelinski, L.W. et al.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></td> <td>"Artificial Spinning of Spider Silk"</td> <td>First controlled wet-spinning of reconstituted spider silk. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_uses">Human uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Human uses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spider_silk_cape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Spider_silk_cape.jpg/220px-Spider_silk_cape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Spider_silk_cape.jpg/330px-Spider_silk_cape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Spider_silk_cape.jpg/440px-Spider_silk_cape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A cape made from Madagascar <a href="/wiki/Golden_orb_spider" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden orb spider">golden orb spider</a> silk<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest recorded attempt to weave fabric from spider silk was in 1709 by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Xavier_Bon_de_Saint_Hilaire" title="François Xavier Bon de Saint Hilaire">François Xavier Bon</a> who, using a process similar to creating silkworm silk, wove silk derived spider's egg cocoons into stockings and gloves. Fifty years later <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> missionary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_M._Termeyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón M. Termeyer (page does not exist)">Ramón M. Termeyer</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Mar%C3%ADa_Termeyer" class="extiw" title="pl:Ramón María Termeyer">pl</a>] invented a reeling device for harvesting spider silk directly from spiders, allowing it to be spun into threads. Neither Bon nor Termeyer were successful in producing commercially viable quantities.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The development of methods to <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produce</a> spider silk led to the manufacturing of military, medical, and consumer goods, such as <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_armour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballistic armour">ballistic armour</a>, athletic footwear, <a href="/wiki/Personal_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal care">personal care</a> products, <a href="/wiki/Breast_implant" title="Breast implant">breast implant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> coatings, mechanical <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> pumps, fashion clothing, and <a href="/wiki/Outerwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Outerwear">outerwear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-service-89">[89]</a> However, due to the difficulties in extracting and processing, the largest known piece of <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a> made of spider silk is an 11-by-4-foot (3.4 by 1.2 m) textile with a <a href="/wiki/Gold_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold (colour)">golden</a> tint made in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Eighty-two people worked for four years to collect over one million <a href="/wiki/Golden_orb_spider" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden orb spider">golden orb spiders</a> and extract silk from them.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In 2012, spider silk fibres were used to create a set of violin strings.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine">Medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Medicine">edit</a>]</div> Peasants in the southern <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> used to cut up tubes built by <a href="/wiki/Atypus" title="Atypus">Atypus</a> and cover wounds with the inner lining. It reportedly facilitated healing, and connected with the skin. This is believed to be due to the silk's antiseptic properties,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-125">[125]</a> and because silk is rich in <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>, which can aid in clotting blood.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verify</a>] <a href="/wiki/Nephila_clavipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephila clavipes">N. clavipes</a> silk was used in research concerning <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuronal</a> regeneration.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> Spider silk has been used as a thread for <a href="/wiki/Crosshair" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosshair">crosshairs</a> in optical instruments such as telescopes, microscopes,<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">telescopic rifle sights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In 2011, silk fibres were used to generate fine diffraction patterns over <a href="/wiki/N-slit_interferometer" title="N-slit interferometer">N-slit interferometric signals</a> used in optical communications.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Silk has been used to create biolenses that could be used in conjunction with lasers to create high-resolution images of the inside of the human body.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Silk has been used to suspend <a href="/wiki/Inertial_confinement_fusion" title="Inertial confinement fusion">inertial confinement fusion</a> targets during laser ignition, as it remains considerably elastic and has a high energy to break at temperatures as low as 10–20 K. In addition, it is made from "light" atomic number elements that emit no <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-rays</a> during irradiation that could preheat the target, limiting the pressure differential required for fusion.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DoiSMissing-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DoiSMissing_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DoiSMissing_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMiyashitaMaezonoShimazaki2004" class="citation journal cs1">Miyashita, Tadashi; Maezono, Yasunori; Shimazaki, Aya (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frank.itlab.us/photo_essays/papers/Argyrodes_kleptoparasite_spider.pdf">"Silk feeding as an alternative foraging tactic in a kleptoparasitic spider under seasonally changing environments"</a> (PDF). 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BBC Science Focus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Science+Focus&rft.atitle=Spider+silk+used+to+create+lenses+for+imaging+human+tissue&rft.date=2020-07-05&rft.aulast=Goodyer&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencefocus.com%2Fnews%2Fspider-silk-used-to-create-lenses-for-imaging-human-tissue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpider+silk" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonino" class="citation web cs1">Bonino, Mark J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lle.rochester.edu/media/publications/documents/theses/Bonino.pdf">"Material Properties of Spider Silk"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Material+Properties+of+Spider+Silk&rft.aulast=Bonino&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lle.rochester.edu%2Fmedia%2Fpublications%2Fdocuments%2Ftheses%2FBonino.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpider+silk" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spider_silk&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spider_silk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Spider silk">Spider silk</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_in_the_Undergrowth#3._"The_Silk_Spinners"" title="Life in the Undergrowth">"The Silk Spinners"</a>, a BBC program about silk-producing animals</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadows2014" class="citation journal cs1">Meadows, Robin (5 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4122354">"How Spiders Spin Silk"</a>. PLOS Biology. 12 (8): e1001922. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001922">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001922</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4122354">4122354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25093404">25093404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=How+Spiders+Spin+Silk&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e1001922&rft.date=2014-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4122354%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25093404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001922&rft.aulast=Meadows&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4122354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpider+silk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRejcek2019" class="citation web cs1">Rejcek, Peter (11 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://singularityhub.com/2019/04/11/the-tangled-web-of-turning-spider-silk-into-a-super-material/">"The Tangled Web of Turning Spider Silk into a Super Material"</a>. Singularity Hub. Retrieved 24 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singularity+Hub&rft.atitle=The+Tangled+Web+of+Turning+Spider+Silk+into+a+Super+Material&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft.aulast=Rejcek&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsingularityhub.com%2F2019%2F04%2F11%2Fthe-tangled-web-of-turning-spider-silk-into-a-super-material%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpider+silk" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/Fv1qq6ypiTk">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811183123/https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=22&v=Fv1qq6ypiTk">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria_and_Albert_Museum2019" class="citation web cs1">Victoria and Albert Museum (29 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fv1qq6ypiTk">"How was it made? Golden spider silk"</a>. YouTube. Retrieved 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=How+was+it+made%3F+Golden+spider+silk&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft.au=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DFv1qq6ypiTk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpider+silk" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newatlas.com/materials/synthetic-spider-silk-stronger-tougher/">"Synthetic spider silk stronger and tougher than the real thing"</a>. New Atlas. 21 July 2021. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spiders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platycryptus undatus"><img alt="Platycryptus undatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg/175px-PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg/263px-PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg/350px-PlatycryptusUndatusFemale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3828" data-file-height="2514" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spider_taxonomy" title="Spider taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araneomorphae" title="Araneomorphae">Araneomorphae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesothelae" title="Mesothelae">Mesothelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mygalomorphae" title="Mygalomorphae">Mygalomorphae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthothelae" title="Opisthothelae">Opisthothelae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_families_of_spiders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of families of spiders">List of families of spiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_spider_species" title="Category:Lists of spider species">Lists of spider species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spider_anatomy" title="Spider anatomy">Anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">Arthropod leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_lung" title="Book lung">Book lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamistrum" title="Calamistrum">Calamistrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalothorax" title="Cephalothorax">Cephalothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelicerae" title="Chelicerae">Chelicerae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelicerae" title="Chelicerae">Cheliceral fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cribellum" title="Cribellum">Cribellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigyne" title="Epigyne">Epigyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exuviae" title="Exuviae">Exuviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthosoma" title="Opisthosoma">Opisthosoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedipalp" title="Pedipalp">Pedipalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpal_bulb" title="Palpal bulb">Palpal bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopulae" title="Scopulae">Scopulae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinneret" title="Spinneret">Spinneret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticating_hair" title="Urticating hair">Urticating hair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophobia" title="Arachnophobia">Arachnophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_spiders" title="Cultural depictions of spiders">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_bite" title="Spider bite">Spider bite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_fighting" title="Spider fighting">Spider fighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Webs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spider_web" title="Spider web">Spider web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_decoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Web decoration">Web decorations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Spiders" title="Category:Spiders">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fibers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fibers" title="Template:Fibers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fibers" title="Template talk:Fibers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fibers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fibers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">Fique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Kapok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">Kenaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">Lotus silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">Catgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiengora" title="Chiengora">Chiengora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama#Fiber" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_(material)" title="Pashmina (material)">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_hair" title="Rabbit hair">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a#Vicuña_wool" title="Vicuña">Vicuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" 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