CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Underfloor air distribution - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"09e3dd87-478f-4f86-b0ab-4aaa957d32da","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Underfloor_air_distribution","wgTitle":"Underfloor air distribution","wgCurRevisionId":1255634615,"wgRevisionId":1255634615,"wgArticleId":29486330,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","CS1: long volume value","Coordinates not on Wikidata","Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning","Building biology","Floor construction","Low-energy building","Environmental design","Ventilation"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Underfloor_air_distribution","wgRelevantArticleId":29486330,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":36.7377,"lon":-119.7838},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7883584","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/UfadOverview.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="685"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/UfadOverview.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="457"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/UfadOverview.png/640px-UfadOverview.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="365"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Underfloor air distribution - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Underfloor_air_distribution rootpage-Underfloor_air_distribution skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Underfloor+air+distribution" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Underfloor+air+distribution" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Underfloor+air+distribution" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Underfloor+air+distribution" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-System_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>System description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-System_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UFAD_air_distribution_and_stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UFAD_air_distribution_and_stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>UFAD air distribution and stratification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UFAD_air_distribution_and_stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Application Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Application_Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Application Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Application_Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UFAD_cooling_load" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UFAD_cooling_load"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>UFAD cooling load</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UFAD_cooling_load-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UFAD_design_tools_for_zone_airflow_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UFAD_design_tools_for_zone_airflow_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>UFAD design tools for zone airflow requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UFAD_design_tools_for_zone_airflow_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plenum_air_temperature_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plenum_air_temperature_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Plenum air temperature rise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plenum_air_temperature_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_leakage_in_UFAD_plenums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_leakage_in_UFAD_plenums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Air leakage in UFAD plenums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_leakage_in_UFAD_plenums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UFAD_and_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UFAD_and_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>UFAD and energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UFAD_and_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UFAD_compared_to_other_distribution_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UFAD_compared_to_other_distribution_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>UFAD compared to other distribution systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-UFAD_compared_to_other_distribution_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle UFAD compared to other distribution systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-UFAD_compared_to_other_distribution_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overhead_(mixing)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overhead_(mixing)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Overhead (mixing)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overhead_(mixing)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Displacement_ventilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Displacement_ventilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Displacement ventilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Displacement_ventilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_notable_buildings_using_UFAD_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_notable_buildings_using_UFAD_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of notable buildings using UFAD systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_notable_buildings_using_UFAD_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Underfloor air distribution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B9_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="توزيع هواء تحت الأرضية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توزيع هواء تحت الأرضية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B9_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="توزیع هوا از مسیر زیر کف ساختمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توزیع هوا از مسیر زیر کف ساختمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%9D%BF%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%81%E9%A3%8E%E7%A9%BA%E8%B0%83%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="地板式送风空调系统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地板式送风空调系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7883584#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Underfloor_air_distribution" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Underfloor_air_distribution" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&oldid=1255634615" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Underfloor_air_distribution&id=1255634615&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnderfloor_air_distribution"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUnderfloor_air_distribution"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7883584" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=36.7377_N_119.7838_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°44′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">119°47′02″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.7377°N 119.7838°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.7377; -119.7838</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UfadOverview.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of underfloor air distribution showing cool, fresh air moving through the underfloor plenum and supplied via floor diffusers and desktop vents. Warm, stale air is exhausted at the ceiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/UfadOverview.png/350px-UfadOverview.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/UfadOverview.png/525px-UfadOverview.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/UfadOverview.png/700px-UfadOverview.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of air movement in an underfloor air distribution system</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Underfloor air distribution</b> (UFAD) is an air distribution strategy for providing <a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">ventilation</a> and space conditioning in <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">buildings</a> as part of the design of a <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> system. UFAD systems use an underfloor supply <a href="/wiki/Plenum_chamber" title="Plenum chamber">plenum</a> located between the structural concrete slab and a <a href="/wiki/Raised_floor" title="Raised floor">raised floor</a> system to supply conditioned air to supply outlets (usually floor diffusers), located at or near floor level within the occupied space. Air returns from the room at ceiling level or the maximum allowable height above the occupied zone.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UFAD system takes advantage of the thermal <a href="/wiki/Plume_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Plume (fluid dynamics)">plume</a> and stratification phenomenon: the conditioned air is supplied directly to the occupied zone (OZ). The thermal plumes generated by the occupants and other heat sources introduce the conditioned air to absorb the heat and humidity and then bring the contaminated air to the upper zone (UZ).  At a certain plane in the room, the airflow rate returned to the upper zone is equal to the supply air. The plane divides the room into occupied zone and upper zone and leads to thermal stratification: the hot and contaminated air is concentrated in the upper zone, and the air in the occupied zone is cool and fresh.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UFAD can bring several potential advantages over traditional overhead systems, including reduced life-cycle building costs; improved thermal comfort, occupant satisfaction, and productivity; improved ventilation efficiency, <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">indoor air quality</a>, and health; reduced energy use and static pressures; and reduced floor-to-floor height in new construction.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An under-floor air distribution concept combined with a ceiling-distributed returns ventilation layout (UFAD-CDR) can dramatically reduce the risk of airborne transmission at both high and low ACHs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UFAD system was originally introduced in the 1950s for rooms with high heat loads and <a href="/wiki/Raised_floor" title="Raised floor">raised floors</a> systems for cable and equipment management (e.g. computer rooms, control centers, etc.). The system was introduced into office buildings in the 1970s in West Germany, with the addition of occupant-controlled localized supply diffusers. Nowadays UFAD system has achieved considerable acceptance in Europe, South Africa, and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UFAD is often used in <a href="/wiki/Office_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Office building">office buildings</a>, particularly highly-reconfigurable and open plan offices where <a href="/wiki/Raised_floor" title="Raised floor">raised floors</a> are desirable for cable management. UFAD is appropriate for a number of different building types including commercials, schools, churches, airports, museums, libraries, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-UFAD_Guide_2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFAD_Guide_2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable buildings using the UFAD system in North America include <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Building" title="The New York Times Building">The New York Times Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America_Tower_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of America Tower (New York City)">Bank of America Tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Federal_Building" title="San Francisco Federal Building">San Francisco Federal Building</a>. Careful considerations need to be made in the construction phase of UFAD systems to ensure a well-sealed plenum to avoid air leakage in UFAD supply plenums. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_description">System description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: System description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UFAD systems rely on <a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">air handling units</a> to filter and condition air to the appropriate supply conditions so it can be delivered to the occupied zone. While overhead systems typically use <a href="/wiki/Duct_(HVAC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct (HVAC)">ducts</a> to distribute the air, UFAD systems use the underfloor plenum formed by installation of a <a href="/wiki/Raised_floor" title="Raised floor">raised floor</a>. The plenum generally sits 0.3 and 0.46 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metres</a> (12 and 18 <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">in</a>) above the structural concrete slab, although lower heights are possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanzawa_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanzawa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BaumanPecora_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaumanPecora-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specially designed floor <a href="/wiki/Diffuser_(thermodynamics)#HVAC" title="Diffuser (thermodynamics)">diffusers</a> are used as the supply outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-UFAD_Guide_2013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFAD_Guide_2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common UFAD configuration consists of a central air handling unit delivering air through a pressurized plenum and into the space through floor diffusers. Other approaches may incorporate fan powered <a href="/wiki/Duct_(HVAC)#Terminal_units" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct (HVAC)">terminal units</a> at the outlets, underfloor ducts, desktop vents or connections to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_Environmental_Control_Systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Personal Environmental Control Systems (page does not exist)">Personal Environmental Control Systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-design_guide_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design_guide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UFAD_air_distribution_and_stratification">UFAD air distribution and stratification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: UFAD air distribution and stratification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thermal stratification is the result of processes which layer the internal air in accordance with relative density. The resulting air stratum is a vertical gradient with high-density and cooler air below and low-density and warmer air above.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the naturally convective movement of air, stratification is used predominantly in cooling conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg/220px-UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg/330px-UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg/440px-UFAD_Air_Stratification_Example_Diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>Air stratification capitalizes on thermal buoyancy to layer high quality supply air at occupant level and leave unoccupied air unconditioned.</figcaption></figure> <p>UFAD systems capitalize on the natural stratification that occurs when warm air rises due to <a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">thermal buoyancy</a>. In a UFAD design, conditioned air stays in the lower, occupied part of the room, while heat sources such as occupants and equipment generate <a href="/wiki/Plume_(hydrodynamics)#Heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Plume (hydrodynamics)">thermal plumes</a>, which carry the warm air and heat source generated pollutants towards the <a href="/wiki/Ceiling" title="Ceiling">ceiling</a> where they are exhausted through the return air ducts.<sup id="cite_ref-design_guide_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design_guide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The temperature stratification created by the UFAD system has implication for space setpoints. Most of an occupant's body is in an area that is colder than the temperature at the thermostat height; therefore, current practice recommends raising thermostat setpoints compared to traditional overhead systems. The optimal ventilation strategy controls the supply outlets to limit the mixing of supply air with room air to just below the breathing height of the space. Above this height, stratified and more polluted air is allowed to occur. The air that the occupant breathes will have a lower concentration of contaminants compared to conventional uniformly mixed systems.<sup id="cite_ref-design_guide_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design_guide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theoretical behavior of UFAD systems is based on the plume theory for <a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">DV systems</a>. In comparison to classic displacement ventilation (DV) systems <sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that deliver air at low velocities, typical UFAD systems deliver air through floor diffusers with higher supply air velocities. In addition to increasing the amount of mixing (and therefore potentially diminishing the ventilation performance compared to DV systems), these more powerful supply air conditions can have significant impacts on room air stratification and thermal comfort in the occupied zone. Therefore, the control and optimization of this stratification is crucial to system design and sizing, energy-efficient operation, and comfort performance of UFAD systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many factors, including the ceiling height, diffuser characteristics, number of diffusers, supply air temperature, total flow rate, cooling load and conditioning mode affect the ventilation efficiency of UFAD systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swirl and perforated-floor-panel diffusers have been shown to create a low air velocity in the occupied zone, while linear diffusers created the highest velocity in the occupied zone, disturbing thermal stratification and posing a potential draft risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, floor diffusers add an element of personal control within the reach of the occupant, as users can adjust the amount of air that is delivered by the diffuser though rotating the diffuser top. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_Characteristics">Application Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Application Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UFAD_cooling_load">UFAD cooling load</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: UFAD cooling load"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoolingLoadUFADvsOH.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/CoolingLoadUFADvsOH.png/350px-CoolingLoadUFADvsOH.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/CoolingLoadUFADvsOH.png 1.5x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="138" /></a><figcaption>Schematic flow diagram of calculation procedure showing transformation from cooling load calculated for an overhead mixing system into a UFAD cooling load, and then divided between the supply plenum, zone (room), and return plenum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cooling load profiles for UFAD systems and overhead systems are different,<sup id="cite_ref-Simplified_calculation_method_for_design_cooling_loads_in_underfloor_air_distribution_(UFAD)_systems_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simplified_calculation_method_for_design_cooling_loads_in_underfloor_air_distribution_(UFAD)_systems-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly due to the thermal storage effect of the lighter-weight raised floor panels compared to the heavier mass of a structural floor slab. The mere presence of the raised floor reduces the ability of the slab to store heat, thereby producing for the system with a raised floor higher peak cooling loads compared to the system without a raised floor. In the OH system, particularly in perimeter zones, part of the incoming solar heat gain is stored in the floor slab during the day, thus reducing peak zone cooling loads, and released at night when the system is off. In a UFAD system, the presence of the raised flooring transforms the solar absorbing massive floor slab into a lighter weight material, leading to relatively higher peak zone cooling loads.<sup id="cite_ref-UFAD_Guide_2013_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UFAD_Guide_2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A modeling study based on EnergyPlus simulations showed that, generally, UFAD has a peak cooling load 19% higher than an overhead cooling load and 22% and 37% of the total zone UFAD cooling load goes to the supply plenum in the perimeter and interior, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-SchiavonUFADdesigntool_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchiavonUFADdesigntool-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Center for the Built Environment developed a new index UFAD cooling load ratio (UCLR), which is defined by the ratio of the peak cooling load calculated for UFAD to the peak cooling load calculated for a well-mixed system, to calculate the UFAD cooling load for each zone with the traditional peak cooling load of an overhead (well-mixed) system. UCLR is determined by zone type, floor level and the zone orientation. The Supply Plenum Fraction (SPF), Zone Fraction (ZF) and Return Plenum Fraction (RPF) are developed similarly to calculate the supply plenum, zone and return plenum cooling load.<sup id="cite_ref-Simplified_calculation_method_for_design_cooling_loads_in_underfloor_air_distribution_(UFAD)_systems_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simplified_calculation_method_for_design_cooling_loads_in_underfloor_air_distribution_(UFAD)_systems-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UFAD_design_tools_for_zone_airflow_requirements">UFAD design tools for zone airflow requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: UFAD design tools for zone airflow requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two available design tools for determining zone airflow rate requirements for UFAD system, one is developed at <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a> Research Project (RP-1522).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other one is developed at <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Built_Environment" title="Center for the Built Environment">Center for the Built Environment</a> (CBE) at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California Berkeley">University of California Berkeley</a>. </p><p>ASHRAE Research Project (RP-1522) developed a simplified tool that predicts the vertical temperature difference between the head and ankle of occupants, the supply air flow rate for one plenum zone, number of diffusers and the air distribution effectiveness. The tool requires users to specify the zone cooling load and the fraction of the cooling load assigned to the underfloor plenum. It also requires users to input the supply air temperature either at the diffuser or at the duct but with the ratio of plenum flowrate to zonal supply flowrate. The tool allows users to select from three type of diffusers and is applicable to seven type of buildings, including office, classroom, workshop, restaurant, retail shop, conference room and auditorium.<sup id="cite_ref-design_guide_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design_guide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The CBE UFAD design tool based on extensive research is able to predict the cooling load for UFAD system with the input of the design cooling load calculated for the same building with an overhead system. It also predicts the airflow rate, room temperature stratification, and the plenum temperature gain for both interior and perimeter zones of a typical multi-story office buildings using UFAD system. The CBE tool allows the user to select from four different plenum configurations (series, reverse series, independent and common) and three floor-diffusers (swirl, square and linear bar grill). An online version of the design tool is publicly available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/ufad-designtool/online.htm">Center for the Built Environment</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plenum_air_temperature_rise">Plenum air temperature rise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Plenum air temperature rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UfadHeatTransfer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/UfadHeatTransfer.png/350px-UfadHeatTransfer.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/UfadHeatTransfer.png/525px-UfadHeatTransfer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/UfadHeatTransfer.png/700px-UfadHeatTransfer.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Heat transfer pathways in UFAD system.</figcaption></figure> <p>Plenum supply air temperature rise is the increase of the conditioned air due to convective heat gain as it travels through the underfloor supply plenum from the plenum inlet to the floor diffusers.<sup id="cite_ref-Thermal_decay_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thermal_decay-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon is also named thermal decay. Plenum air temperature rise is caused by cool supply air coming into contact with warmer than air concrete slab and raised floor. According to a modeling study, air temperature rise can be quite significant (as much as 5 °C or 9 °F) and subsequently, compared to an idealized simulated UFAD case with no air temperature rise, elevated diffuser air temperatures can lead to higher supply airflow rate and increased fan and chiller energy consumption. The same study found that air temperature rise in summer is higher than in winter and it also depends on the climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Thermal_decay_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thermal_decay-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ground floor with a slab on grade has less temperature rise compared to middle and top floors, and an increase of the supply air temperature causes a decrease in the temperature rise. The temperature rise is not significantly affected by the perimeter zone orientation, the internal heat gain and the window-to-wall ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-Thermal_decay_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thermal_decay-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supply plenum air temperature rise, thus, has implications on the energy saving potential of UFAD systems and their ability to meet cooling requirements with supply temperatures above those of conventional overhead systems. Current research suggests that both energy and thermal performance can be improved in UFAD systems by ducting air to perimeter zones where loads tend to be the greatest.<sup id="cite_ref-Thermal_decay_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thermal_decay-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics suggest however that such underfloor ducting reduces the benefit of having a low-pressure plenum space, as well as adding design and installation complications when fitting ducts between floor tile pedestals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_leakage_in_UFAD_plenums">Air leakage in UFAD plenums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Air leakage in UFAD plenums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UfadLeakageBad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/UfadLeakageBad.png/300px-UfadLeakageBad.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/UfadLeakageBad.png/450px-UfadLeakageBad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/UfadLeakageBad.png/600px-UfadLeakageBad.png 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>UFAD leakage that does not contribute to cooling, leading to wasted increased fan energy.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UfadLeakageGood.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/UfadLeakageGood.png/300px-UfadLeakageGood.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/UfadLeakageGood.png/450px-UfadLeakageGood.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/UfadLeakageGood.png/600px-UfadLeakageGood.png 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>UFAD leakage into the space, contributing to cooling.</figcaption></figure> <p>Leakage in UFAD supply plenums can be a major cause for inefficiency in a UFAD system. There are two types of leakage—leakage into the space and leakage into pathways that bypass the space. The first category of leakage does not result in an energy penalty because air is getting to the zone it is intended to cool. The second category of leakage increases fan energy in order to maintain a constant plenum pressure, resulting in increased energy use. Careful consideration needs to be paid in the construction phase of UFAD systems to ensure a well-sealed plenum.<sup id="cite_ref-design_guide_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design_guide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UFAD_and_energy">UFAD and energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: UFAD and energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The energy assessment of UFAD systems has not been extensive, but some studies indicates potential energy savings due the lower pressure drop and lower air flow rate. Typical plenum pressures are 25 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascals</a> (0.0036 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>) (0.1 inch of water column) or less.<sup id="cite_ref-design_guide_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design_guide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UFAD is particularly suitable for buildings with high height ceilings, where the energy saving effect is more pronounced due to thermal stratification.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because UFAD is accomplished by supplying air through a raised floor using different types of distribution configurations and outlets, the key issue for efficient performance of the system is to ensure thermal stratification. The inefficient operation of the UFAD system virtually deteriorated the potential savings presumed from such a system.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the investigation of energy saving has shown that this amount varies for buildings located in different climates, suggesting further studies should investigate this factor prior to designing a suitable HVAC system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Underfloor air distribution is frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Office_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Office building">office buildings</a>, particularly highly-reconfigurable and open plan offices where <a href="/wiki/Raised_floor" title="Raised floor">raised floors</a> are desirable for cable management. UFAD is also common in <a href="/wiki/Command_center" title="Command center">command centers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">IT</a> <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Server_room" title="Server room">Server rooms</a> that have large cooling loads from electronic equipment and requirements for routing power and data cables. The <a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a> Underfloor Air Distribution Design Guide suggests that any building considering a <a href="/wiki/Raised_floor" title="Raised floor">raised floor</a> for cable distribution should consider UFAD.<sup id="cite_ref-design_guide_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design_guide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specific space considerations should be taken when using UFAD systems in laboratories because of its critical room pressurization requirements and potential migration of chemicals into the access floor plenum due to spillage. UFAD systems are not recommended in some specific facilities or spaces, such as small non-residential buildings, wet spaces like restrooms and pool areas, kitchens and dining areas and gymnasiums, because UFAD may result in especially difficult or costly in design. UFAD systems may also be used with other HVAC systems, like displacement ventilation, overhead air distribution systems, radiant ceiling or chilled beam systems to get better performance.<sup id="cite_ref-design_guide_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design_guide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UFAD_compared_to_other_distribution_systems">UFAD compared to other distribution systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: UFAD compared to other distribution systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overhead_(mixing)"><span id="Overhead_.28mixing.29"></span>Overhead (mixing)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Overhead (mixing)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventional <i>overhead mixing systems</i> usually locate both the supply and return air ducts at the ceiling level. Supply air is supplied at velocities higher than typically acceptable for human comfort and the air temperature may be lower, higher, or the same as desired room temperature depending on the cooling/heating load. High-speed turbulent air jets incoming supply air mix with the room air. </p><p>A well-engineered UFAD systems have several potential advantages over traditional overhead systems, such as layout flexibility, improved thermal comfort, improved ventilation efficiency and indoor air quality, improved energy efficiency in suitable climates and reduced life cycle costs.<sup id="cite_ref-Thermal_decay_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thermal_decay-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Displacement_ventilation">Displacement ventilation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Displacement ventilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></div> <p><i>Displacement Ventilation</i> systems (DV) work on similar principals as UFAD systems. DV systems deliver cool air into the conditioned space at or near the floor level and return air at the ceiling level. This works by utilizing the natural <a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">buoyancy</a> of warm air and the thermal plumes generated by heat sources as cooler air is delivered from lower elevations. While similar, UFAD tends to encourage more mixing within the occupied zone and provide local air supply, which enables it to increase air motion in the space and prevent the sensation of stagnant air conditions, often associated with poor air quality. The major practical differences are that in UFAD, air is supplied at a higher velocity through smaller-size supply outlets than in DV, and the supply outlets are usually controlled by the occupants.<sup id="cite_ref-design_guide_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-design_guide-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_notable_buildings_using_UFAD_systems">List of notable buildings using UFAD systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: List of notable buildings using UFAD systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ececec;"> <th>Structure </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Country </th> <th>City </th> <th>Architects </th> <th>Coordinates </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America_Tower_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of America Tower (New York City)">Bank of America Tower</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cook%2BFox_Architects" class="mw-redirect" title="Cook+Fox Architects">Cook+Fox Architects</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=40_45_20.6_N_73_59_2.81_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°45′20.6″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°59′2.81″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.755722°N 73.9841139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.755722; -73.9841139</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Brower_Center" title="David Brower Center">David Brower Center</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon_E.T.C.-WRT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solomon E.T.C.-WRT (page does not exist)">Solomon E.T.C.-WRT</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=37_52_10.97_N_122_15_58.53_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°52′10.97″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°15′58.53″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.8697139°N 122.2662583°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.8697139; -122.2662583</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Federal_Building" title="San Francisco Federal Building">San Francisco Federal Building</a></td> <td>2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Morphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphosis">Morphosis</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=37_46_47.09_N_122_24_44.13_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°46′47.09″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°24′44.13″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.7797472°N 122.4122583°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.7797472; -122.4122583</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IRS" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS">Internal Revenue Service</a></td> <td>2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">MO</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/BNIM" title="BNIM">BNIM</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=39_5_11.30_N_94_35_2.35_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°5′11.30″N</span> <span class="longitude">94°35′2.35″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.0864722°N 94.5839861°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.0864722; -94.5839861</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Building" title="The New York Times Building">The New York Times Building</a></td> <td>2007</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano Building Workshop</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=40_45_23.42_N_73_59_25.15_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°45′23.42″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°59′25.15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.7565056°N 73.9903194°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.7565056; -73.9903194</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caltrans_District_7_Headquarters" title="Caltrans District 7 Headquarters">Caltrans District 7 HQ</a></td> <td>2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thom_Mayne" title="Thom Mayne">Thom Mayne</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=34_3_21.75_N_118_14_40.47_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°3′21.75″N</span> <span class="longitude">118°14′40.47″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.0560417°N 118.2445750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.0560417; -118.2445750</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CalPERS" title="CalPERS">CalPERS</a> HQ</td> <td>2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pickard_Chilton_Architects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pickard Chilton Architects (page does not exist)">Pickard Chilton Architects</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=38_34_33.51_N_121_30_17.65_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°34′33.51″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°30′17.65″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.5759750°N 121.5049028°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.5759750; -121.5049028</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foundry_Square" title="Foundry Square">Foundry Square</a></td> <td>2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Studios_Architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Studios Architecture (page does not exist)">Studios Architecture <i>et al.</i></a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=37_47_24.54_N_122_23_49.02_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°47′24.54″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°23′49.02″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.7901500°N 122.3969500°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.7901500; -122.3969500</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Coyle_United_States_Courthouse" title="Robert E. Coyle United States Courthouse">Robert E. Coyle United States Courthouse</a></td> <td>2005</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fresno" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresno">Fresno</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moore_Ruble_Yudell,_Gruen_Associates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moore Ruble Yudell, Gruen Associates (page does not exist)">Moore Ruble Yudell, Gruen Associates</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=36.7377_N_119.7838_W_region:US-CA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°44′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">119°47′02″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.7377°N 119.7838°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.7377; -119.7838</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Visteon" title="Visteon">Visteon</a> HQ</td> <td>2004</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_Township,_Wayne_County,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Buren Township, Wayne County, Michigan">Van Buren Township</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/SmithGroup" title="SmithGroup">SmithGroup</a>JJR</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=42_14_39.61_N_83_25_58.53_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°14′39.61″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°25′58.53″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.2443361°N 83.4329250°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.2443361; -83.4329250</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ray_and_Maria_Stata_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray and Maria Stata Center">Ray and Maria Stata Center</a></td> <td>2003</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=42_21_43.35_N_71_5_23.26_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°21′43.35″N</span> <span class="longitude">71°5′23.26″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.3620417°N 71.0897944°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.3620417; -71.0897944</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Foundation" title="Hewlett Foundation">Hewlett Foundation</a></td> <td>2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=B.H._Bocook,_Architects,_Inc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B.H. Bocook, Architects, Inc (page does not exist)">B.H. Bocook, Architects, Inc</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=37_25_30.87_N_122_11_38.04_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°25′30.87″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°11′38.04″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.4252417°N 122.1939000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.4252417; -122.1939000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bellagio_(hotel_and_casino)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellagio (hotel and casino)">Bellagio Show Palace</a></td> <td>1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">NV</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paradise,_Nevada" title="Paradise, Nevada">Paradise</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Will_Bruder" title="Will Bruder">Will Bruder</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=36_6_45.10_N_115_10_33.41_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°6′45.10″N</span> <span class="longitude">115°10′33.41″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.1125278°N 115.1759472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.1125278; -115.1759472</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Public_Library" title="Phoenix Public Library">Phoenix Public Library</a></td> <td>1995</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Will_Bruder" title="Will Bruder">Will Bruder</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=33_28_17.71_N_112_4_23.84_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°28′17.71″N</span> <span class="longitude">112°4′23.84″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.4715861°N 112.0732889°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.4715861; -112.0732889</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Store" title="Apple Store">Apple Store</a></td> <td>1993</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bohlin_Cywinski_Jackson" title="Bohlin Cywinski Jackson">Bohlin Cywinski Jackson</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=37_47_10.16_N_122_24_22.57_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°47′10.16″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°24′22.57″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.7861556°N 122.4062694°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.7861556; -122.4062694</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taco_Bell" title="Taco Bell">Taco Bell</a> Headquarters</td> <td>2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California" title="Irvine, California">Irvine</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=LPA_Architects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LPA Architects (page does not exist)">LPA Architects</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=33.6571981_N_117.7469452_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°39′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">117°44′49″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.6571981°N 117.7469452°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.6571981; -117.7469452</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Tower" title="Pearl River Tower">Pearl River Tower</a> </td> <td>2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skidmore,_Owings_%26_Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Skidmore, Owings & Merrill">SOM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_%2B_Gordon_Gill_Architecture" title="Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture">AS+GG</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=23_7_36.3_N_113_19_3.36_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°7′36.3″N</span> <span class="longitude">113°19′3.36″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.126750°N 113.3176000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.126750; 113.3176000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Hydro_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitoba Hydro Tower">Manitoba Hydro Tower</a></td> <td>2009</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuwabara_Payne_McKenna_Blumberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg">Kuwabara Payne McKenna Blumberg</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=49_53_33.99_N_97_8_46.70_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°53′33.99″N</span> <span class="longitude">97°8′46.70″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.8927750°N 97.1463056°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.8927750; -97.1463056</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Public_Library" title="Vancouver Public Library">Vancouver Public Library</a></td> <td>1995</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Safdie" title="Moshe Safdie">Moshe Safdie</a> & DA architects</td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=49_16_44.72_N_123_6_57.68_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°16′44.72″N</span> <span class="longitude">123°6′57.68″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.2790889°N 123.1160222°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.2790889; -123.1160222</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salesforce_Tower" title="Salesforce Tower">Salesforce Tower</a></td> <td>2017</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Pelli" title="César Pelli">Pelli Clarke Pelli Architects</a></td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Underfloor_air_distribution&params=37_47_23.64_N_122_23_48.84_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°47′23.64″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°23′48.84″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.7899000°N 122.3969000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.7899000; -122.3969000</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaumanDaly2003" class="citation book cs1">Bauman, Fred S.; Daly, Allan (2003). <i>Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) Design Guide</i>. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931862-21-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931862-21-9"><bdi>978-1-931862-21-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54615153">54615153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Underfloor+Air+Distribution+%28UFAD%29+Design+Guide&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Heating%2C+Refrigerating+and+Air-Conditioning+Engineers&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54615153&rft.isbn=978-1-931862-21-9&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&rft.au=Daly%2C+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangZhangLiJin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Kai; Zhang, Xiaosong; Li, Shuhong; Jin, Xing (2014-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778814007014">"Review of underfloor air distribution technology"</a>. <i>Energy and Buildings</i>. <b>85</b>: 180–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2014.09.011">10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.09.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-7788">0378-7788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+and+Buildings&rft.atitle=Review+of+underfloor+air+distribution+technology&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=180-186&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2014.09.011&rft.issn=0378-7788&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xiaosong&rft.au=Li%2C+Shuhong&rft.au=Jin%2C+Xing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0378778814007014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumanWebster2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bauman, Fred; Webster, Tom (Jun 2001). "Outloof of underfloor air distribution". <i>ASHRAE Journal</i>. <b>43</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASHRAE+Journal&rft.atitle=Outloof+of+underfloor+air+distribution&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2001-06&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Webster%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabihiLiBrinkerhoff2024" class="citation journal cs1">Zabihi, Mojtaba; Li, Ri; Brinkerhoff, Joshua (1 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12273-023-1097-y">"Influence of indoor airflow on airborne disease transmission in a classroom"</a>. <i>Building Simulation</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 355–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12273-023-1097-y">10.1007/s12273-023-1097-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1996-8744">1996-8744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Building+Simulation&rft.atitle=Influence+of+indoor+airflow+on+airborne+disease+transmission+in+a+classroom&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-370&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12273-023-1097-y&rft.issn=1996-8744&rft.aulast=Zabihi&rft.aufirst=Mojtaba&rft.au=Li%2C+Ri&rft.au=Brinkerhoff%2C+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs12273-023-1097-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UFAD_Guide_2013-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UFAD_Guide_2013_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UFAD_Guide_2013_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UFAD_Guide_2013_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFASHRAE_Technical_Resource_Group_On_Underfloor_Air_Design2013" class="citation book cs1">ASHRAE Technical Resource Group On Underfloor Air Design (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/products/1859223#jumps"><i>UFAD GUIDE Design, Construction and Operation of Underfloor Air Distribution Systems</i></a>. W. Stephen Comstock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936504-49-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936504-49-7"><bdi>978-1-936504-49-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UFAD+GUIDE+Design%2C+Construction+and+Operation+of+Underfloor+Air+Distribution+Systems&rft.pub=W.+Stephen+Comstock&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-936504-49-7&rft.au=ASHRAE+Technical+Resource+Group+On+Underfloor+Air+Design&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techstreet.com%2Fashrae%2Fproducts%2F1859223%23jumps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanzawa-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanzawa_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanzawaHiguci1996" class="citation cs2">Hanzawa, H.; Higuci, M. (1996), "Air flow distribution in a low-height underfloor air distribution plenum of an air conditioning system", <i>AIJ Journal of Technology and Design</i>, <b>3</b>: 200–205, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3130%2Faijt.2.200">10.3130/aijt.2.200</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIJ+Journal+of+Technology+and+Design&rft.atitle=Air+flow+distribution+in+a+low-height+underfloor+air+distribution+plenum+of+an+air+conditioning+system&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=200-205&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3130%2Faijt.2.200&rft.aulast=Hanzawa&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Higuci%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BaumanPecora-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BaumanPecora_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumanPecoraWebster1999" class="citation cs2">Bauman, Fred; Pecora, Paolo; Webster, Tom (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/5rx3p5w4"><i>How low can you go? Air flow performance of low-height underfloor plenums</i></a>, Center for the Built Environment, UC Berkeley</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+low+can+you+go%3F+Air+flow+performance+of+low-height+underfloor+plenums&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Built+Environment%2C+UC+Berkeley&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Pecora%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Webster%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F5rx3p5w4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-design_guide-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-design_guide_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-design_guide_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-design_guide_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-design_guide_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-design_guide_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-design_guide_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-design_guide_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-design_guide_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-design_guide_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumanDaly2003" class="citation cs2">Bauman, Fred; Daly, Allan (2003), "Underfloor Air Distribution Design Guide", <i>ASHRAF</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASHRAF&rft.atitle=Underfloor+Air+Distribution+Design+Guide&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Daly%2C+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nielsen-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNielsen1996" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Nielsen, P. V. (1996), "Displacement Ventilation – Theory and Design", <i>U</i>, U9513, Department of Building Technology and Structural Engineering, Aalborg University, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0902-8005">0902-8005</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U&rft.atitle=Displacement+Ventilation+%E2%80%93+Theory+and+Design&rft.volume=U9513&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0902-8005&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.aufirst=P.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterBaumanReese2002" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, T.; Bauman, Fred; Reese, J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9145t9gz">"Underfloor air distribution: thermal stratification"</a>. <i>ASHRAE Journal</i>. <b>44</b> (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASHRAE+Journal&rft.atitle=Underfloor+air+distribution%3A+thermal+stratification&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Bauman%2C+Fred&rft.au=Reese%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F9145t9gz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeJiangChen2009" class="citation cs2">Lee, K.S.; Jiang, Z.; Chen, Q. (2009), "Air distribution effectiveness with stratified air distribution", <i>ASHRAE Transactions</i>, <b>115</b> (2)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASHRAE+Transactions&rft.atitle=Air+distribution+effectiveness+with+stratified+air+distribution&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Z.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simplified_calculation_method_for_design_cooling_loads_in_underfloor_air_distribution_(UFAD)_systems-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simplified_calculation_method_for_design_cooling_loads_in_underfloor_air_distribution_(UFAD)_systems_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simplified_calculation_method_for_design_cooling_loads_in_underfloor_air_distribution_(UFAD)_systems_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiavonLee,_Kwang_HoBauman,_FredWebster,_Tom2011" class="citation journal cs1">Schiavon, Stefano; Lee, Kwang Ho; Bauman, Fred; Webster, Tom (February–March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/5w53c7kr">"Simplified calculation method for design cooling loads in underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems"</a>. <i>Energy and Buildings</i>. <b>43</b> (2–3): 517–528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2010.10.017">10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+and+Buildings&rft.atitle=Simplified+calculation+method+for+design+cooling+loads+in+underfloor+air+distribution+%28UFAD%29+systems&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=517-528&rft.date=2011-02%2F2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2010.10.017&rft.aulast=Schiavon&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft.au=Lee%2C+Kwang+Ho&rft.au=Bauman%2C+Fred&rft.au=Webster%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F5w53c7kr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchiavonUFADdesigntool-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchiavonUFADdesigntool_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiavonLeeBaumanWebster2011" class="citation cs2">Schiavon, Stefano; Lee, Kwang Ho; Bauman, Fred; Webster, Tom (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/5w53c7kr">"Simplified calculation method for design cooling loads in underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems"</a>, <i>Energy and Buildings</i>, <b>43</b> (2): 517–528, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2010.10.017">10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.017</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+and+Buildings&rft.atitle=Simplified+calculation+method+for+design+cooling+loads+in+underfloor+air+distribution+%28UFAD%29+systems&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=517-528&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2010.10.017&rft.aulast=Schiavon&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft.au=Lee%2C+Kwang+Ho&rft.au=Bauman%2C+Fred&rft.au=Webster%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F5w53c7kr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeXue,_Guangqing2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Kisup; Xue, Guangqing (June 2012). "Establishment of Design Procedures to Predict Room Airflow Requirements in Partially Mixed Room Air Distribution Systems". <i>ASHRAE Research Project Report RP-1522</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ASHRAE+Research+Project+Report+RP-1522&rft.atitle=Establishment+of+Design+Procedures+to+Predict+Room+Airflow+Requirements+in+Partially+Mixed+Room+Air+Distribution+Systems&rft.date=2012-06&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kisup&rft.au=Xue%2C+Guangqing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXueLee,_KisupJiang,_ZhengChen,_Qingyan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Xue, Guangqing; Lee, Kisup; Jiang, Zheng; Chen, Qingyan (2012). "Thermal environment in indoor spaces with under-floor air distribution systems: Part 2. Determination of design parameters (1522-RP)". <i>HVAC&R Research</i>. <b>18</b> (6): 1192–1201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10789669.2012.710058">10.1080/10789669.2012.710058</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15848165">15848165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HVAC%26R+Research&rft.atitle=Thermal+environment+in+indoor+spaces+with+under-floor+air+distribution+systems%3A+Part+2.+Determination+of+design+parameters+%281522-RP%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1192-1201&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10789669.2012.710058&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15848165%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Xue&rft.aufirst=Guangqing&rft.au=Lee%2C+Kisup&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Zheng&rft.au=Chen%2C+Qingyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thermal_decay-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thermal_decay_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thermal_decay_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thermal_decay_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thermal_decay_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thermal_decay_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwang_HoStefano_SchiavonFred_BaumanTom_Webster2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kwang Ho, Lee; Stefano Schiavon; Fred Bauman; Tom Webster (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6tn9246f">"Thermal decay in underfloor air distribution (UFAD) systems: Fundamentals and influence on system performance"</a>. <i>Applied Energy</i>. <b>91</b> (1): 197–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2011.09.011">10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.09.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54035654">54035654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Energy&rft.atitle=Thermal+decay+in+underfloor+air+distribution+%28UFAD%29+systems%3A+Fundamentals+and+influence+on+system+performance&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=197-207&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2011.09.011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54035654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kwang+Ho&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Stefano+Schiavon&rft.au=Fred+Bauman&rft.au=Tom+Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F6tn9246f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafteryBaumanSchiavonEpp2015" class="citation journal cs1">Raftery, Paul; Bauman, Fred; Schiavon, Stefano; Epp, Tom (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2015.09.005">"Laboratory testing of a displacement ventilation diffuser for underfloor air distribution systems"</a>. <i>Energy and Buildings</i>. <b>108</b>: 82–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2015.09.005">10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.09.005</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+and+Buildings&rft.atitle=Laboratory+testing+of+a+displacement+ventilation+diffuser+for+underfloor+air+distribution+systems&rft.volume=108&rft.pages=82-91&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2015.09.005&rft.aulast=Raftery&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Bauman%2C+Fred&rft.au=Schiavon%2C+Stefano&rft.au=Epp%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.enbuild.2015.09.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlajmiAbou-ZiyanEl-Amer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Alajmi, Ali F.; Abou-Ziyan, Hosny Z.; El-Amer, Wid (2013-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890413001908">"Energy analysis of under-floor air distribution (UFAD) system: An office building case study"</a>. <i>Energy Conversion and Management</i>. <b>73</b>: 78–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enconman.2013.04.003">10.1016/j.enconman.2013.04.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0196-8904">0196-8904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Conversion+and+Management&rft.atitle=Energy+analysis+of+under-floor+air+distribution+%28UFAD%29+system%3A+An+office+building+case+study&rft.volume=73&rft.pages=78-85&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enconman.2013.04.003&rft.issn=0196-8904&rft.aulast=Alajmi&rft.aufirst=Ali+F.&rft.au=Abou-Ziyan%2C+Hosny+Z.&rft.au=El-Amer%2C+Wid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0196890413001908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbe.berkeley.edu/underfloorair/techoverview.htm">"UFAD Technology Overview"</a>. Center for the Built Environment<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 Nov</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UFAD+Technology+Overview&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Built+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbe.berkeley.edu%2Funderfloorair%2Ftechoverview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderfloor+air+distribution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbe.berkeley.edu/research/ufad_techtransfer.htm#symposium">Slides from a Center for the Built Environment workshop about UFAD.</a></li> <li>The Center for the Built Environment (CBE), University of California, Berkeley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/">http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/</a></li></ul> <p>Professional and Trade groups that provide research funding and publish standards or guides regarding UFAD systems include: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Heating,_Refrigerating_and_Air-Conditioning_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers">American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers</a>, (ASHRAE) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ashrae.org/">http://www.ashrae.org/</a></li> <li>Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Technology Institute (ARTI)</li> <li>The Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ahrinet.org/">http://www.ahrinet.org/</a></li></ol> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HVAC" title="Template talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&oldid=1255634615">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&oldid=1255634615</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Category:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Building_biology" title="Category:Building biology">Building biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Floor_construction" title="Category:Floor construction">Floor construction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-energy_building" title="Category:Low-energy building">Low-energy building</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_design" title="Category:Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ventilation" title="Category:Ventilation">Ventilation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_not_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates not on Wikidata">Coordinates not on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 22:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Underfloor_air_distribution&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-7j489","wgBackendResponseTime":151,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.430","walltime":"0.620","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2210,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":98232,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":119,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":91934,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 402.746 1 -total"," 48.26% 194.372 1 Template:Reflist"," 20.25% 81.576 2 Template:Cite_book"," 19.85% 79.941 1 Template:HVAC"," 19.08% 76.851 1 Template:Navbox"," 12.82% 51.624 10 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.96% 48.171 20 Template:Coord"," 8.22% 33.095 2 Template:Convert"," 8.04% 32.384 2 Template:Main"," 7.04% 28.358 6 Template:Citation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.251","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6469721,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-554f9d5bc7-2l79s","timestamp":"20241105223735","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Underfloor air distribution","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Underfloor_air_distribution","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7883584","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7883584","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-11-05T18:02:35Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T22:37:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c4\/UfadOverview.png","headline":"air distribution strategy for providing ventilation and space conditioning"}</script> </body> </html>