CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content=""> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="132947390197809" /> <title>Subscribe | Observer</title> <link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <link rel="pingback" href="https://observer.com/xmlrpc.php">   <meta name='ir-site-verification-token' value='-2021963420' />    <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin/>  <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Libre+Franklin:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Source+Serif+Pro&display=swap"/>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Libre+Franklin:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Source+Serif+Pro&display=swap" media="print" onload="this.media='all'"/>  <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Libre+Franklin:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Source+Serif+Pro&display=swap"/> </noscript> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="zJ3aRJmlL0G2aEaUe-CAxMb8voV1BqsDHnDfkKvJNC8" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="xjQFOHNMYtcg_Ma2EUJfyICaOxuCKzKALkSe5Z-oVuk" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="A18ACD436D5A3997E3DA2573E3FD792A" /> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <link rel="preload" href="https://observer.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" as="script"/> <link rel="preload" href="//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/css/main.min.css?ver=1.9.11" as="style"/>  <meta name="google-site-verification" content="-ciyNDvd0J-I1IQmyg-ry9SfJsOqMcmojqopa64qtR8" /> <meta name="p:domain_verify" content="84a72b56883f4f5a9735370ae9dbc696" /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ak.sail-horizon.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.parsely.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s.ntv.io' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.google.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//htlbid.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' /> <style id="font-style">@font-face{font-family:'Source Serif Pro';font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-regular.eot');src:local(''),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-regular.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-regular.woff2') format('woff2'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-regular.woff') format('woff'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-regular.ttf') format('truetype'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-regular.svg#SourceSerifPro') format('svg')}@font-face{font-family:'Source Serif Pro';font-style:italic;font-weight:400;src:url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-italic.eot');src:local(''),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-italic.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-italic.woff2') format('woff2'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-italic.woff') format('woff'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-italic.ttf') format('truetype'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-italic.svg#SourceSerifPro') format('svg')}@font-face{font-family:'Source Serif Pro';font-style:normal;font-weight:600;src:url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-600.eot');src:local(''),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-600.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-600.woff2') format('woff2'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-600.woff') format('woff'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-600.ttf') format('truetype'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-600.svg#SourceSerifPro') format('svg')}@font-face{font-family:'Source Serif Pro';font-style:italic;font-weight:600;src:url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-600italic.eot');src:local(''),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-600italic.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-600italic.woff2') format('woff2'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-600italic.woff') format('woff'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-600italic.ttf') format('truetype'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/source-serif-pro-v11-latin-600italic.svg#SourceSerifPro') format('svg')}@font-face{font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:swap;src:local(''),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-regular.woff2') format('woff2'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-regular.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;font-display:swap;src:local(''),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-500.woff2') format('woff2'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-500.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:Montserrat;font-style:italic;font-weight:500;src:local(''),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-500italic.woff2') format('woff2'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-500italic.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:swap;src:local(''),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-600.woff2') format('woff2'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-600.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:Montserrat;font-style:italic;font-weight:600;font-display:swap;src:local(''),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-600italic.woff2') format('woff2'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-600italic.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:Montserrat;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:local(''),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-700.woff2') format('woff2'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-700.woff') format('woff')}@font-face{font-family:Montserrat;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:local(''),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-700italic.woff2') format('woff2'),url('//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-700italic.woff') format('woff')}</style> <style id="newsletter-styles">.page-subscribe .newsletter-info .newsletter-text{user-select:none}.newsletter-article .signup-form,.newsletter-article.form-ready .about{opacity:0;visibility:hidden;max-height:0}.newsletter-article .about,.newsletter-article.form-ready .signup-form{opacity:1;visibility:visible;max-height:none}.h1{font-size:48px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.3}@media (max-width:600px){.h1{font-size:32px;line-height:1.2}}.h2{font-size:36px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.3}@media (max-width:600px){.h2{font-size:28px;line-height:1.2}}.h3{font-size:32px;font-weight:700;line-height:1.3}@media (max-width:600px){.h3{font-size:24px;line-height:1.2}}.h4{font-size:24px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.4}@media (max-width:600px){.h4{font-size:22px;line-height:1.2}}.h5{font-size:20px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.2}@media (max-width:600px){.h5{font-size:22px}}.h6{font-size:18px;font-weight:600;line-height:1.2}@media (max-width:600px){.h6{font-size:16px}}.site-main-full-width{padding-bottom:35px}.page-subscribe .subscribe-description{text-align:center;margin:30px 0 0 0}@media (max-width:600px){.page-subscribe .subscribe-description{text-align:left}}.page-subscribe .subscribe-description h1{font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif;font-size:37px;line-height:37px;text-transform:uppercase;margin:0 0 12px 0}@media (max-width:768px){.page-subscribe .subscribe-description h1{font-size:32px;line-height:32px}}@media (max-width:600px){.page-subscribe .subscribe-description h1{font-size:32px;line-height:32px}}.page-subscribe .subscribe-description p{display:block;font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif;font-size:19px;line-height:23px;margin:0 auto;color:#868686;max-width:800px}.page-subscribe .subscribe-description p i{font-style:normal;display:inline-block}@media (max-width:900px){.page-subscribe .subscribe-description p{max-width:600px}}@media (max-width:768px){.page-subscribe .subscribe-description p{font-size:16px;line-height:20px}}@media (max-width:600px){.page-subscribe .subscribe-description p{font-size:16px;line-height:20px}.page-subscribe .subscribe-description p i{display:inline}}.page-subscribe .subscribe-form{margin-top:60px;background:#f4f4f4;border-top:solid 1px #333;padding:24px 24px 80px 24px}.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .newsletter-table{display:table;margin-bottom:15px}.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .newsletter-table .four-column-row{display:table-row}.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .newsletter{display:table-cell;background:#fff;border:solid 12px #f4f4f4;width:25%;padding:0;margin:0;font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif}.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .newsletter .background{display:block;margin:0 auto;height:140px;background-size:cover;background-position:center center}.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .activity-container{display:none;position:relative;margin:0;text-align:center;height:100px}.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .notice{text-align:center;font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;padding:15px;margin:0}.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .error{max-width:500px;font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;margin:5px auto;background:#e2e2e2;padding:7px 15px}.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .recaptcha-container{text-align:center}.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .recaptcha-container .recaptcha{display:inline-block;transform:scale(.77,.77);transform-origin:0 0;-ms-transform-origin:0 0;-webkit-transform-origin:0 0}@media (max-width:900px){.page-subscribe .subscribe-form{padding:10px 10px 30px 10px}.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .newsletter{border:6px solid #f4f4f4}}@media (max-width:768px){.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .newsletter-table{display:block}.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .newsletter-table .four-column-row{display:block}.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .newsletter{display:block;width:50%;float:left}}@media (max-width:600px){.page-subscribe .subscribe-form .newsletter{width:100%;float:none}}.page-subscribe .newsletter-info{position:relative;background:#fff;padding:0}.page-subscribe .newsletter-info input[type=checkbox]{display:none}.page-subscribe .newsletter-info input[type=checkbox]+.newsletter-text label:before{content:"";display:inline-block;height:15px;width:15px;background:url(//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/checkbox.svg) left top no-repeat;position:absolute;z-index:1;top:25px;left:23px}.page-subscribe .newsletter-info input[type=checkbox]:checked+.newsletter-text label:before{background:url(//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/images/checkbox-checked.svg) left top no-repeat}.page-subscribe .newsletter-info .tag{display:inline-block;position:absolute;width:62px;height:62px;top:-26px;right:0;left:0;margin:auto;z-index:1;background:#fff;line-height:52px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:11px;font-weight:700;color:#b8b8b8;-moz-border-radius:50%;-webkit-border-radius:50%;border-radius:50%}.page-subscribe .newsletter-info .newsletter-text label{position:relative;display:block;margin:0;z-index:2;padding:24px 24px 10px 48px;font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif;font-size:16px;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:700;line-height:18px;cursor:pointer}.page-subscribe .newsletter-info .newsletter-text p{display:block;margin:0;padding:0 24px 24px 48px;font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#4e4e4e}@media (max-width:900px){.page-subscribe .newsletter-info .newsletter-text{text-align:center}.page-subscribe .newsletter-info .newsletter-text label{font-size:14px;line-height:20px;padding:50px 20px 10px 20px}.page-subscribe .newsletter-info .newsletter-text p{padding:0 20px 20px 20px}.page-subscribe .newsletter-info input[type=checkbox]+.newsletter-text label:before{top:20px;left:50%;margin-left:-7px}}@media (max-width:768px){.page-subscribe .newsletter-info{height:180px}}.page-subscribe .newsletter-email-container{display:block;text-align:center;padding:70px 0 0 0;margin:0}.page-subscribe .newsletter-email-container .newsletter-email{display:block;text-align:center;margin:0 auto 10px auto;max-width:500px;background:#fff;border:solid 1px #c2c2c2}.page-subscribe .newsletter-email-container .newsletter-email input[type=email]{font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif;font-size:14px;line-height:14px;padding:24px 20px;width:80%;width:-webkit-calc(100% - 112px);width:-moz-calc(100% - 112px);width:calc(100% - 112px);max-width:400px;height:62px;vertical-align:middle;outline:0;color:#000;outline:0;border:none}.page-subscribe .newsletter-email-container .newsletter-email input[type=email]:focus{outline:0;border:none}.page-subscribe .newsletter-email-container .newsletter-email input[type=submit]{margin:11px 0;font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif;margin-left:-5px;background:#000;color:#fff;text-transform:uppercase;height:40px;width:100px;margin-right:12px;font-size:13px;-webkit-appearance:none;vertical-align:middle;outline:0}@media (max-width:900px){.page-subscribe .newsletter-email-container{padding:30px 0 0 0}}@media (max-width:768px){.page-subscribe .newsletter-email-container .newsletter-email{background:0 0;border:none}.page-subscribe .newsletter-email-container .newsletter-email input[type=email]{width:90%;text-align:center;background:#fff;border:solid 1px #c2c2c2}}.page-subscribe.processing .subscribe-form .error,.page-subscribe.processing .subscribe-form .notice,.page-subscribe.processing .subscribe-form .recaptcha-container{display:none}.page-subscribe.processing .subscribe-form .activity-container{display:block}.page-subscribe.processing .newsletter-email-container .newsletter-email{display:none}.newsletter-article{display:block;position:relative;width:100%;margin:40px 0;padding:15px;transition:background .3s ease}.newsletter-article .about{display:inline-block;padding:0 150px 0 0;text-align:left;font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif;overflow:hidden;transition:opacity .3s ease}@media (max-width:600px){.newsletter-article .about{width:100%;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0}}.newsletter-article .about .title{text-transform:uppercase;color:#b1b1b1;font-weight:700;font-size:12px;line-height:18px;letter-spacing:.7px;margin:0 0 5px 0}@media (max-width:600px){.newsletter-article .about .title{margin:0 0 7px 0}}.newsletter-article .about h4{display:block;font-weight:700;font-size:18px;line-height:18px;margin:0 0 7px 0}@media (max-width:600px){.newsletter-article .about h4{font-size:17px;line-height:17px}}.newsletter-article .about p{display:block;font-size:15px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0 5px 0;padding:0}.newsletter-article .about .signup{display:inline-block;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:15px;margin:auto;width:100px}@media (max-width:600px){.newsletter-article .about .signup{position:static;width:100%;margin:15px 0 0 0}}.newsletter-article .signup-form{padding:0 115px 0 0;text-align:left;width:100%;overflow:hidden;transform:translate(-50px,0);transition:transform .3s ease}@media (max-width:600px){.newsletter-article .signup-form{width:100%;padding:0}}.newsletter-article .signup-form input[type=email]{font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif;background:#fff;color:#000;padding:12px 20px;margin:10px 0;font-size:14px;line-height:14px;width:100%;outline:0;border:1px solid #c2c2c2;border-radius:0}@media (max-width:600px){.newsletter-article .signup-form input[type=email]{width:100%;text-align:center}}.newsletter-article .signup-form .submit{display:inline-block;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;margin:auto;width:100px}@media (max-width:600px){.newsletter-article .signup-form .submit{position:static;width:100%;margin:15px 0}}.newsletter-article .recaptcha-container{display:none}.newsletter-article .recaptcha-container .recaptcha{transform:scale(.77,.77);transform-origin:0 0;-ms-transform-origin:0 0;-webkit-transform-origin:0 0}.newsletter-article .activity-container{display:none;position:relative;margin:0;text-align:center;height:100px}.newsletter-article .notice{text-align:center;font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif;font-size:15px;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;padding:15px;margin:0}.newsletter-article .error{font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif;font-size:13px;font-weight:700;margin:5px auto;background:#e2e2e2;padding:7px 15px}.newsletter-article.form-ready{background:#f4f4f4;border:solid 1px #ccc}.newsletter-article.form-ready .signup-form{transform:translate(0,0)}.newsletter-article.form-ready .recaptcha-container{display:block}.newsletter-article.processing .about,.newsletter-article.processing .error,.newsletter-article.processing .notice,.newsletter-article.processing .recaptcha-container,.newsletter-article.processing .signup-form{display:none}.newsletter-article.processing .activity-container{display:block}.newsletter-article.submitted .about,.newsletter-article.submitted .error,.newsletter-article.submitted .recaptcha-container,.newsletter-article.submitted .signup-form{display:none}.newsletter-optin{max-width:500px;margin:0 auto 20px}.newsletter-optin p{font-family:"Libre Franklin",sans-serif;font-size:13px;line-height:1.4;text-align:left}.newsletter-optin p a{text-decoration:underline}.newsletter-instream-form{border-top:solid 1px #000;border-bottom:solid 1px #000;padding:15px;background:#fff}.newsletter-single-form{padding:15px;background:#000}.newsletter-single-form .about h4{color:#fff;font-size:19px;line-height:19px;margin:0 0 3px 0}.newsletter-single-form .about p{color:#fff}</style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='observer-style-css' href='//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/css/main.min.css?ver=1.9.11' media='' /> <noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='fallback-observer-default-style-css' href='//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/css/default.min.css?ver=1.9.11' media='all' /> </noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='observer-default-style-css' href='//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/css/default.min.css?ver=1.9.11' media='print' onload='this.media="all"; this.onload=null;' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='print-style-css' href='//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/css/print.min.css?ver=1.9.11' media='print' /> <noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='fallback-wp-block-library-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.5.5' media='all' /> </noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.5.5' media='print' onload='this.media="all"; this.onload=null;' /> <style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css'> .wp-block-audio figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-image figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-right{border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-center{border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-plain{border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-template-part.has-background{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <style id='tenup-accordion-header-style-inline-css'> .wp-block-tenup-accordion-header{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;background-color:transparent;border-color:transparent;border-width:0;cursor:pointer;flex-shrink:0;font-size:1rem;padding:0;transition:all .2s ease-in-out;width:100%}.wp-block-tenup-accordion-header.icon-position-left{flex-direction:row-reverse;justify-content:flex-end}.wp-block-tenup-accordion-item__title{text-align:left}.wp-block-tenup-accordion-item__icon{fill:currentColor;display:flex;width:1rem}.wp-block-tenup-accordion-item{overflow:hidden}[aria-expanded=false] .icon--expanded,[aria-expanded=true] .icon--collapsed{display:none} </style> <style id='tenup-accordion-style-inline-css'> .wp-block-tenup-accordion,.wp-block-tenup-accordion *>*{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-tenup-accordion-content{height:0;overflow:hidden;transition:height .3s ease-in-out,padding .3s ease-in-out}.wp-block-tenup-accordion-content[aria-hidden=true]{padding-bottom:0!important;padding-top:0!important}.wp-block-tenup-accordion-content[aria-hidden=false]{display:block}.wp-block-tenup-accordion.has-child-selected .wp-block-tenup-accordion-content,.wp-block-tenup-accordion.is-selected .wp-block-tenup-accordion-content{display:block;height:100%}[data-type="tenup/accordion"] .wp-block-tenup-accordion-content{transition:none!important}.wp-block-tenup-accordion:not(.has-child-selected) .wp-block-tenup-accordion-content,.wp-block-tenup-accordion:not(.is-selected) .wp-block-tenup-accordion-content{padding-bottom:0!important;padding-top:0!important}.wp-block-tenup-accordion.is-layout-flex{align-items:stretch!important} </style> <style id='wp-parsely-recommendations-style-inline-css'> .parsely-recommendations-list-title{font-size:1.2em}.parsely-recommendations-list{list-style:none;padding:unset}.parsely-recommendations-cardbody{overflow:hidden;padding:.8em;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.parsely-recommendations-cardmedia{padding:.8em .8em 0} </style> <noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='fallback-mediaelement-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' media='all' /> </noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='mediaelement-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/mediaelementplayer-legacy.min.css?ver=4.2.17' media='print' onload='this.media="all"; this.onload=null;' /> <noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='fallback-wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.5.5' media='all' /> </noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-mediaelement-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-includes/js/mediaelement/wp-mediaelement.min.css?ver=6.5.5' media='print' onload='this.media="all"; this.onload=null;' /> <style id='jetpack-sharing-buttons-style-inline-css'> .jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;list-style-type:none;margin:5px;padding:0}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-small-icon-size{font-size:12px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-normal-icon-size{font-size:16px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-large-icon-size{font-size:24px}.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-huge-icon-size{font-size:36px}@media print{.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list{display:none!important}}.editor-styles-wrapper .wp-block-jetpack-sharing-buttons{gap:0;padding-inline-start:0}ul.jetpack-sharing-buttons__services-list.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='frontend-style-css' href='//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/nyo-plugins/dist/css/style.css?ver=1.9.11-1730827837' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} .wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} .wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='fallback-media-credit-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/media-credit/public/css/media-credit.min.css?ver=4.3.0' media='all' /> </noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='media-credit-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/media-credit/public/css/media-credit.min.css?ver=4.3.0' media='print' onload='this.media="all"; this.onload=null;' /> <noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='fallback-lasso-live-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/lasso/admin/assets/css/lasso-live.css?v=1674575012&ver=253' media='all' /> </noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='lasso-live-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/lasso/admin/assets/css/lasso-live.css?v=1674575012&ver=253' media='print' onload='this.media="all"; this.onload=null;' /> <noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='fallback-amp-google-tag-manager-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/amp-google-tag-manager/public/css/amp-google-tag-manager-public.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> </noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='amp-google-tag-manager-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/amp-google-tag-manager/public/css/amp-google-tag-manager-public.css?ver=1.0.0' media='print' onload='this.media="all"; this.onload=null;' /> <noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='fallback-sailthru-subscribe-widget-styles-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/sailthru-widget/css/widget.subscribe.css?ver=6.5.5' media='all' /> </noscript><link rel='stylesheet' id='sailthru-subscribe-widget-styles-css' href='https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/sailthru-widget/css/widget.subscribe.css?ver=6.5.5' media='print' onload='this.media="all"; this.onload=null;' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://observer.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/amp-google-tag-manager/public/js/amp-google-tag-manager-public.js?ver=1.0.0" id="amp-google-tag-manager-defer-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/sailthru-widget/js/widget.subscribe.js?ver=6.5.5" id="sailthru-subscribe-script-js"></script> <script async type="text/javascript" src="https://htlbid.com/v3/observer.com/htlbid.js?ver=3.0" id="hashtag-labs-async-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://observer.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://observer.com/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/159244" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://observer.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.5.5" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://observer.com/?p=159244' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://observer.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2Fsubscribe%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://observer.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2Fsubscribe%2F&format=xml" />  <script async data-src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" id="otSDKStub" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="6a95224d-e53b-4c23-b2a6-31faa3db3cc4"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script>  <style> .getty.aligncenter { text-align: center; } .getty.alignleft { float: none; margin-right: 0; } .getty.alignleft > div { float: left; margin-right: 5px; } .getty.alignright { float: none; margin-left: 0; } .getty.alignright > div { float: right; margin-left: 5px; } </style> <style type="text/css"> :root{ --lasso-main: black !important; --lasso-button: #22baa0 !important; --lasso-button-text: white !important; --lasso-background: white !important; } </style> <meta property="fb:pages" content="9665781619" /> <style>img#wpstats{display:none}</style> <meta name="pocket-site-verification" content="8c38a2261495b2454811b281aae39b" /><meta name="google-site-verification" content="zJ3aRJmlL0G2aEaUe-CAxMb8voV1BqsDHnDfkKvJNC8" /><script type="text/javascript">var sailthru_vars = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}</script>  <script> window.htlbid = window.htlbid || {}; htlbid.cmd = htlbid.cmd || []; htlbid.cmd.push(function() { htlbid.layout(''); // Leave empty string or add custom layout htlbid.setTargeting("is_testing", "no"); htlbid.setTargeting("is_home", "no"); htlbid.setTargeting("pagetype", "page"); htlbid.setTargeting("url", "https:\/\/observer.com\/subscribe\/"); htlbid.setTargeting("tag", ""); htlbid.setTargeting("author", ""); htlbid.setTargeting("articleID", "article_159244"); htlbid.setTargeting("brandsafe", "yes"); htlbid.setTargeting("section", ""); htlbid.setTargeting("servead", "yes"); }); </script>   <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Subscribe" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://observer.com/subscribe/" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Visit the post for more." /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2009-02-22T19:54:16+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2020-09-17T15:03:08+00:00" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Observer" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://observer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/man-coffee-cup-pen.jpg?quality=80" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="635" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="423" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Develop a competitive advantage." /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@Observer" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@Observer" /> <meta name="twitter:text:title" content="Subscribe" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://observer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/man-coffee-cup-pen.jpg?quality=80&w=640" /> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Develop a competitive advantage." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Post by @Observer." />   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-T9PLB60R8S"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag () {dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-T9PLB60R8S'); </script> <script> (function(a,s,y,n,c,h,i,d,e){s.className+=' '+y;h.start=1*new Date; h.end=i=function(){s.className=s.className.replace(RegExp(' ?'+y),'')}; (a[n]=a[n]||[]).hide=h;setTimeout(function(){i();h.end=null},c);h.timeout=c; })(window,document.documentElement,'async-hide','dataLayer',2000, {'GTM-NXSTMDF':true}); </script>  <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-1212249-1', 'auto'); ga('require', 'GTM-NXSTMDF'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript"> function deferUntil(condition, callback, timeout) { timeout = timeout || 10; // Wait until the condition is achieved var defer_interval = setInterval(function() { var condition_met = (condition && (typeof condition == 'function')) ? condition() : true; if (!condition_met) { return; } if (callback && (typeof callback == 'function')) { callback(); } // Clear the defer_interval clearInterval(defer_interval); }, timeout); } </script>    <script>(function (w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; window.addEventListener('load', function() { setTimeout(function(){ j.src = 'https:////www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); }, 1500); }); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-5BPNP6');</script>  <script type="text/javascript">!(function(o,_name){o[_name]=o[_name]||function n(){(n.q=n.q||[]).push(arguments)},o[_name].v=o[_name].v||2;!(function(o,t,n,f,e,i){function c(f,e){(f=(function(t,n){try{if(n=(t=o.localStorage).getItem("_aQS02NERCQkM0ODZFMzRCRjhGQzUxQkIzNDYtMg"))return JSON.parse(n).lgk||[];if((t.getItem("v4ac1eiZr0")||"").split(",")[4]>0)return[[_name+"-engaged","true"]]}catch(f){}})())&&typeof f.forEach===n&&(e=o[t].pubads())&&f.forEach((function(o){o&&o[0]&&e.setTargeting(o[0],o[1]||"")}))}(i=o[t]=o[t]||{}).cmd=i.cmd||[],typeof i.pubads===n?c():typeof i.cmd.unshift===n?i.cmd.unshift(c):i.cmd.push(c)})(window,"googletag","function");})(window,String.fromCharCode(97,100,109,105,114,97,108));!(function(t,c,i){i=t.createElement(c),t=t.getElementsByTagName(c)[0],i.async=1,i.src="https://truculentrate.com/scripts/3f92345fab9c/22bdf0221b6555de6cdadcba",t.parentNode.insertBefore(i,t)})(document,"script");</script>   <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","@id":"https:\/\/observer.com#publisher","name":"Observer","logo":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/themes\/newyorkobserver-2014\/images\/observer-logo-2015.png","height":60,"width":428},"sameAs":["https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_York_Observer","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/observer","https:\/\/twitter.com\/observer","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/observer.com","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/observer\/"],"url":"https:\/\/observer.com","masthead":"https:\/\/observer.com\/about\/","ethicsPolicy":"https:\/\/observer.com\/ethics-policy\/","publishingPrinciples":"https:\/\/observer.com\/ethics-policy\/"} </script>  <script> document.cookie="__adblocker=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; path=/";var e=document.createElement("script");e.setAttribute("async",!0),e.setAttribute("src","https://www.npttech.com/advertising.js"),e.setAttribute("onerror","setNptTechAdblockerCookie(true);"),document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(e) </script>  <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot('/22133348250/Primis_VDU', 'div-gpt-ad-1660852592103-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> </head> <body class="page-template-default page page-id-159244 group-blog">  <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5BPNP6" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id="page" class="hfeed site"> <header class="fw-site-header"> <div class="interior-container"> <div class="nav-controls"> <div class="hamburger square-control"> <div class="bar-container"> <div class="bar"></div> </div> </div> <div class="search-wrapper"> <div class="pretty-search-wrapper"> <div class="pretty-search"> <span class="clear-search"></span> <input class="search-terms" placeholder="Search..." /> </div> </div> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://observer.com/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search…" value="" name="s"> </label> <button type="submit" class="search-submit"><i class="fa fa-search"></i><span class="screen-reader-text">Submit</span> </button> </form> <div class="nav-search square-control"> <span class="search-icon"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="branding"> <div class="branding-logo"> <a class="site-title" href="https://observer.com/" rel="home">Observer</a> </div> <div class="channels"><ul id="menu-main-navigation" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-920719" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-920719"><a href="https://observer.com/business/">Business</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1364306" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1364306"><a href="https://observer.com/finance/">Finance</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1364308" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1364308"><a href="https://observer.com/technology/">Tech</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1364309" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1364309"><a href="https://observer.com/media/">Media</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1364310" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1364310"><a href="https://observer.com/lifestyle/">Lifestyle</a></li> <li id="menu-item-916526" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-916526"><a href="https://observer.com/arts/">Arts</a></li> <li id="menu-item-916519" class="culture menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-916519"><a href="https://observer.com/entertainment/">Entertainment</a></li> </ul></div> <div class="subscribe"> <a href="https://observer.com/subscribe/">Newsletters</a> </div> </div> <div class="flyout"> <div> <div class="flyout-inner-container"><ul id="menu-flyout-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-916550" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-916550"><a href="https://observer.com/entertainment/">Entertainment</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1449920" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1449920"><a href="https://observer.com/author/rex-reed/">Rex Reed Reviews</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-916553" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-916553"><a href="https://observer.com/movies/">Movies</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-916552" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-916552"><a href="https://observer.com/tv/">TV</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-916548" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-916548"><a href="https://observer.com/theater/">Theater</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406305" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406305"><a href="https://observer.com/opera/">Opera</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406609" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406609"><a href="https://observer.com/dance/">Dance</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1305445" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1305445"><a href="https://observer.com/music/">Music</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406610" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406610"><a href="https://observer.com/awards-shows/">Awards Shows</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-916545" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-916545"><a href="https://observer.com/arts/">Arts</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1406251" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406251"><a href="https://observer.com/auctions/">Auctions</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406306" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406306"><a href="https://observer.com/art-fairs/">Art Fairs</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406307" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406307"><a href="https://observer.com/museums/">Museums</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406308" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406308"><a href="https://observer.com/galleries/">Galleries</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406310" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406310"><a href="https://observer.com/tag/artists/">Artists</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406540" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406540"><a href="https://observer.com/tag/art-collectors/">Collectors</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-920732" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-920732"><a href="https://observer.com/business/">Business</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1406260" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406260"><a href="https://observer.com/finance/">Finance</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1440871" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1440871"><a href="https://observer.com/media/">Media</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-921010" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-921010"><a href="https://observer.com/technology/">Technology</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406277" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406277"><a href="https://observer.com/wealth/">Wealth</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-950127" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-950127"><a href="https://observer.com/space/">Space</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406279" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406279"><a href="https://observer.com/climate-change/">Climate Change</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1305448" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1305448"><a href="https://observer.com/lifestyle/">Lifestyle</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1406263" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406263"><a href="https://observer.com/nightlife-dining/">Nightlife & Dining</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1423483" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1423483"><a href="https://observer.com/style/">Style</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1440870" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1440870"><a href="https://observer.com/travel/">Travel</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406290" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406290"><a href="https://observer.com/gift-guides/">Gift Guides</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1406545" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1406545"><a href="https://observer.com/power-index/">Power Lists</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1458263" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1458263"><a href="https://observer.com/list/top-leaders-in-ai/">Leaders in A.I.</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406546" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406546"><a href="https://observer.com/list/top-business-leaders-in-art-2023/">Business of Art Leaders</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406547" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406547"><a href="https://observer.com/list/the-hospitality-leaders-with-powerful-social-impact/">Leaders in Nightlife & Dining</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1406548" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1406548"><a href="https://observer.com/list/most-powerful-people-in-pr-2024/">Top PR Firms</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1321439" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-1321439"><a href="https://observer.com/about-observer/">About</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1413816" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1413816"><a href="https://observer.com/about-observer/">About Observer</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> <li id="menu-item-1321435" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1321435"><a href="https://observer.com/advertise/">Advertise With Us</a><span class="chevron-toggle"></span><div class="rule"></div></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> <a href="/subscribe" class="mobile-subscribe">Newsletters</a> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="content" class="site-content">  <div class="ad-wrapper ad-bottom-margin ad-leaderboard ad-has-disclaimer htlad-observer_leaderboard_atf" id="observer_leaderboard_atf"></div> <main id="main" class="site-main-full-width" role="main"> <div class="page-subscribe"> <div class="subscribe-description"> <h1>Email Subscriptions</h1> <p> Sign up and receive our free newsletters to get more of <i>Observer delivered to your inbox</i> </p> </div> <div class="subscribe-form"> <form id="newsletter-subscribe" data-label="Subscribe Page" class="newsletter-signup-form" method="post" action="#" data-form-action="https://observer.com/newsletter-subscribe.json"> <div class="newsletter-table"> <div class="four-column-row"> </div><div class="four-column-row"> <div class="newsletter"> <div class="background" style="background-image:url('https://observer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2018/09/gettyimages-147108301.jpg?quality=80');"></div> <div class="newsletter-info"> <input id="checkbox-0" type="checkbox" name="newsletters[]" value="newsletter-daily"> <div class="newsletter-text"><label for="checkbox-0">Observer Daily</label> <p>See the world through Observer鈥檚 eyes, every day. Features, profiles, news, opinion and more.</p> </div> <span class="tag">daily</span> </div> </div> <div class="newsletter"> <div class="background" style="background-image:url('https://observer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/05/subscribe-arts.jpg?quality=80');"></div> <div class="newsletter-info"> <input id="checkbox-1" type="checkbox" name="newsletters[]" value="newsletter-arts"> <div class="newsletter-text"><label for="checkbox-1">Arts</label> <p>Must-read reviews and profiles covering visual art, theater, dance and opera</p> </div> <span class="tag">weekly</span> </div> </div> <div class="newsletter"> <div class="background" style="background-image:url('https://observer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/StrangerThings-HP.jpg?quality=80');"></div> <div class="newsletter-info"> <input id="checkbox-2" type="checkbox" name="newsletters[]" value="newsletter-entertainment"> <div class="newsletter-text"><label for="checkbox-2">Entertainment</label> <p>Your curated guide to what to watch and the latest battles in the streaming wars.</p> </div> <span class="tag">weekly</span> </div> </div> </div><div class="four-column-row"> <div class="newsletter"> <div class="background" style="background-image:url('https://observer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/02/subscribe-business-technology1.jpg?quality=80');"></div> <div class="newsletter-info"> <input id="checkbox-3" type="checkbox" name="newsletters[]" value="newsletter-business"> <div class="newsletter-text"><label for="checkbox-3">Intelligence Report</label> <p>Your guide to the 21st-century space race, the businesses that run our world and the disruptors shaping our future.</p> </div> <span class="tag">weekly</span> </div> </div> <div class="newsletter"> <div class="background" style="background-image:url('https://observer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/02/subscribe-style-design1.jpg?quality=80');"></div> <div class="newsletter-info"> <input id="checkbox-4" type="checkbox" name="newsletters[]" value="newsletter-lifestyle"> <div class="newsletter-text"><label for="checkbox-4">Lifestyle</label> <p>Celebrity news, food & drink features, what those wacky royals are up to, and more</p> </div> <span class="tag">weekly</span> </div> </div> <div class="newsletter"> <div class="background" style="background-image:url('https://observer.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/01/TheCreators-Logo-v2.png?quality=80');"></div> <div class="newsletter-info"> <input id="checkbox-5" type="checkbox" name="newsletters[]" value="newsletter-creators"> <div class="newsletter-text"><label for="checkbox-5">The Creators</label> <p>A newsletter about the people powering the creator economy. Released every Saturday morning.</p> </div> <span class="tag">weekly</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="newsletter-email-container"> <div class="newsletter-optin"> <p>By clicking submit, you agree to our <a href="https://observer.com/2007/02/terms-of-service/" target="_blank">terms</a> of service and acknowledge we may use your information to send you emails, product samples, and promotions on this website and other properties.</p> </div> <div class="newsletter-email"> <input type="email" name="email" placeholder="Enter Your Email Address"> <input type="submit" value="Submit"> </div> </div> <div class="activity-container"><span class="observer-activity"></span></div> <div class="recaptcha-container"> <div id="recaptcha-subscribe" class="recaptcha"></div> </div> </form> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> try { ga('send', 'event', 'newsletter', 'subscribe page impression', { nonInteraction: true }); } catch (e) { } </script> </div> </main> <svg aria-hidden="true" style="position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden;" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs> <symbol id="icon-envelope" viewBox="0 0 28 28"> <path d="M26 23.5v-12c-0.328 0.375-0.688 0.719-1.078 1.031-2.234 1.719-4.484 3.469-6.656 5.281-1.172 0.984-2.625 2.188-4.25 2.188h-0.031c-1.625 0-3.078-1.203-4.25-2.188-2.172-1.813-4.422-3.563-6.656-5.281-0.391-0.313-0.75-0.656-1.078-1.031v12c0 0.266 0.234 0.5 0.5 0.5h23c0.266 0 0.5-0.234 0.5-0.5zM26 7.078c0-0.391 0.094-1.078-0.5-1.078h-23c-0.266 0-0.5 0.234-0.5 0.5 0 1.781 0.891 3.328 2.297 4.438 2.094 1.641 4.188 3.297 6.266 4.953 0.828 0.672 2.328 2.109 3.422 2.109h0.031c1.094 0 2.594-1.437 3.422-2.109 2.078-1.656 4.172-3.313 6.266-4.953 1.016-0.797 2.297-2.531 2.297-3.859zM28 6.5v17c0 1.375-1.125 2.5-2.5 2.5h-23c-1.375 0-2.5-1.125-2.5-2.5v-17c0-1.375 1.125-2.5 2.5-2.5h23c1.375 0 2.5 1.125 2.5 2.5z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-twitter" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <path d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-x" viewbox="0 0 30 30"> <path d="M26.37 26l-8.795-12.822l0.015 0.012L25.52 4h-2.65l-6.46 7.48L11.28 4H4.33l8.211 11.971L12.54 15.97L3.88 26h2.65 l7.182-8.322L19.42 26H26.37z M10.23 6l12.34 18h-2.1L8.12 6H10.23z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 28"> <path d="M14.984 0.187v4.125h-2.453c-1.922 0-2.281 0.922-2.281 2.25v2.953h4.578l-0.609 4.625h-3.969v11.859h-4.781v-11.859h-3.984v-4.625h3.984v-3.406c0-3.953 2.422-6.109 5.953-6.109 1.687 0 3.141 0.125 3.563 0.187z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 24 28"> <path d="M5.453 9.766v15.484h-5.156v-15.484h5.156zM5.781 4.984c0.016 1.484-1.109 2.672-2.906 2.672v0h-0.031c-1.734 0-2.844-1.188-2.844-2.672 0-1.516 1.156-2.672 2.906-2.672 1.766 0 2.859 1.156 2.875 2.672zM24 16.375v8.875h-5.141v-8.281c0-2.078-0.75-3.5-2.609-3.5-1.422 0-2.266 0.953-2.641 1.875-0.125 0.344-0.172 0.797-0.172 1.266v8.641h-5.141c0.063-14.031 0-15.484 0-15.484h5.141v2.25h-0.031c0.672-1.062 1.891-2.609 4.672-2.609 3.391 0 5.922 2.219 5.922 6.969z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-instagram" viewBox="0 0 24 28"> <path d="M16 14c0-2.203-1.797-4-4-4s-4 1.797-4 4 1.797 4 4 4 4-1.797 4-4zM18.156 14c0 3.406-2.75 6.156-6.156 6.156s-6.156-2.75-6.156-6.156 2.75-6.156 6.156-6.156 6.156 2.75 6.156 6.156zM19.844 7.594c0 0.797-0.641 1.437-1.437 1.437s-1.437-0.641-1.437-1.437 0.641-1.437 1.437-1.437 1.437 0.641 1.437 1.437zM12 4.156c-1.75 0-5.5-0.141-7.078 0.484-0.547 0.219-0.953 0.484-1.375 0.906s-0.688 0.828-0.906 1.375c-0.625 1.578-0.484 5.328-0.484 7.078s-0.141 5.5 0.484 7.078c0.219 0.547 0.484 0.953 0.906 1.375s0.828 0.688 1.375 0.906c1.578 0.625 5.328 0.484 7.078 0.484s5.5 0.141 7.078-0.484c0.547-0.219 0.953-0.484 1.375-0.906s0.688-0.828 0.906-1.375c0.625-1.578 0.484-5.328 0.484-7.078s0.141-5.5-0.484-7.078c-0.219-0.547-0.484-0.953-0.906-1.375s-0.828-0.688-1.375-0.906c-1.578-0.625-5.328-0.484-7.078-0.484zM24 14c0 1.656 0.016 3.297-0.078 4.953-0.094 1.922-0.531 3.625-1.937 5.031s-3.109 1.844-5.031 1.937c-1.656 0.094-3.297 0.078-4.953 0.078s-3.297 0.016-4.953-0.078c-1.922-0.094-3.625-0.531-5.031-1.937s-1.844-3.109-1.937-5.031c-0.094-1.656-0.078-3.297-0.078-4.953s-0.016-3.297 0.078-4.953c0.094-1.922 0.531-3.625 1.937-5.031s3.109-1.844 5.031-1.937c1.656-0.094 3.297-0.078 4.953-0.078s3.297-0.016 4.953 0.078c1.922 0.094 3.625 0.531 5.031 1.937s1.844 3.109 1.937 5.031c0.094 1.656 0.078 3.297 0.078 4.953z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-mail" viewBox="0 0 20 20"> <path d="M1.574 5.286c0.488 0.262 7.248 3.894 7.5 4.029s0.578 0.199 0.906 0.199c0.328 0 0.654-0.064 0.906-0.199s7.012-3.767 7.5-4.029c0.489-0.263 0.951-1.286 0.054-1.286h-16.919c-0.897 0-0.435 1.023 0.053 1.286zM18.613 7.489c-0.555 0.289-7.387 3.849-7.727 4.027s-0.578 0.199-0.906 0.199-0.566-0.021-0.906-0.199-7.133-3.739-7.688-4.028c-0.39-0.204-0.386 0.035-0.386 0.219s0 7.293 0 7.293c0 0.42 0.566 1 1 1h16c0.434 0 1-0.58 1-1 0 0 0-7.108 0-7.292s0.004-0.423-0.387-0.219z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-filled-envelope" viewBox="0 0 14 14"> <path d="M1.23 1.903h11.54c.183 0 .356.043.512.116l-4.5 4.515-.001.001-1.463 1.468c-.156.156-.481.156-.637 0L5.218 6.535l-.001-.001-4.5-4.515a1.21 1.21 0 0 1 .513-.116Zm6.668 6.68 1.173-1.177 4.211 4.225c-.156.072-.33.116-.513.116H1.23a1.22 1.22 0 0 1-.513-.116l4.211-4.225 1.173 1.176c.485.488 1.322.477 1.797 0v.001ZM.131 2.593a1.209 1.209 0 0 0-.131.54v7.383c0 .195.05.377.13.541l4.22-4.232L.13 2.592l.001.001Zm9.52 4.232 4.218-4.233c.082.164.131.346.131.541v7.383c0 .195-.05.377-.13.541L9.65 6.825h.001Z" /> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-rss" viewBox="0 0 1920 1920"> <path d="M53.333 628.96c682.454 0 1237.76 555.2 1237.76 1237.76v53.333H882.24v-53.333c0-457.067-371.84-828.907-828.907-828.907H0V628.96Zm0-628.96C1082.56 0 1920 837.44 1920 1866.667V1920h-408.853v-53.333c0-803.84-653.974-1457.814-1457.814-1457.814H0V0ZM267.19 1386.667c146.774 0 266.134 119.36 266.134 266.133 0 146.773-119.36 266.24-266.134 266.24S.95 1799.573.95 1652.8c0-146.773 119.467-266.133 266.24-266.133Z" fill-rule="evenodd"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-globe" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 0c6.623 0 12 5.377 12 12s-5.377 12-12 12-12-5.377-12-12 5.377-12 12-12m2.557 16h-5.115c.546 2.46 1.441 4.114 2.558 5.744 1.194-1.741 2.041-3.41 2.557-5.744m-7.157 0h-4.567c1.236 2.825 3.704 4.972 6.755 5.716-1.048-1.733-1.783-3.658-2.188-5.716m13.767 0h-4.567c-.391 1.988-1.095 3.887-2.175 5.694 3.012-.763 5.517-2.895 6.742-5.694m-14.005-6h-4.962c-.267 1.313-.267 2.685 0 4h4.915c-.119-1.329-.101-2.672.047-4m7.661 0h-5.647c-.165 1.326-.185 2.672-.053 4h5.753c.133-1.328.111-2.673-.053-4m6.977 0h-4.963c.148 1.328.166 2.671.048 4h4.915c.26-1.285.273-2.648 0-4m-12.156-7.729c-3.077.732-5.567 2.886-6.811 5.729h4.653c.435-2.042 1.178-3.985 2.158-5.729m2.355-.048c-1.089 1.77-1.91 3.453-2.463 5.777h4.927c-.534-2.246-1.337-3.948-2.464-5.777m2.368.069c1.013 1.812 1.733 3.76 2.146 5.708h4.654c-1.232-2.816-3.762-4.958-6.8-5.708" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd"/> </symbol> </defs> </svg> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer " role="contentinfo"> <div class="inner-container"> <div class="middle"> <div class="left"> <nav class="middle-nav footer-top-row-1"><ul id="menu-footer-1" class="footer-global-middle"><li id="menu-item-1323784" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1323784"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://observermedia.com/contact/">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1413820" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1413820"><a href="https://observer.com/about-observer/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1323786" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1323786"><a href="https://observer.com/advertise/">Advertise</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1323787" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1323787"><a href="https://observer.com/ad-guidelines/">Advertising Guidelines</a></li> </ul></nav><nav class="middle-nav footer-top-row-2"><ul id="menu-footer-2" class="footer-global-middle"><li id="menu-item-1323790" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1323790"><a href="https://observer.com/ethics-policy/">Editorial Ethics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1323791" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1323791"><a href="https://observer.com/sitemap/">Sitemap</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1323788" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-159244 current_page_item menu-item-1323788"><a href="https://observer.com/subscribe/" aria-current="page">Newsletters</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1337587" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1337587"><a href="https://observer.com/rss-feeds/">RSS Feeds</a></li> </ul></nav> </div> <div class="right"> <ul class="social-icons color"> <li class="facebook"> <a target="_blank" data-label="facebook-footer" href="https://www.facebook.com/observer" aria-label="Follow us on Facebook"> <svg class="social-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-facebook"></use></svg> </a> </li> <li class="twitter"> <a target="_blank" data-label="twitter-footer" href="https://x.com/observer" aria-label="Follow us on X"> <svg class="social-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-x"></use></svg> </a> </li> <li class="linkedin"> <a target="_blank" data-label="linkedin-footer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/observer-media" aria-label="Follow us on Linkedin"> <svg class="social-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-linkedin"></use></svg> </a> </li> <li class="instagram"> <a target="_blank" data-label="instagram-footer" href="https://instagram.com/observer" aria-label="Follow us on Instagram"> <svg class="social-icon"><use xlink:href="#icon-instagram"></use></svg> </a> </li> <li class="email"> <a target="_blank" aria-label="Drop us an email" data-label="email-footer" href="mailto:editorial@observer.com?Subject=Feedback"> <svg class="social-icon icon-envelope"><use xlink:href="#icon-envelope"></use></svg> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bottom"> <nav class="left"><ul id="menu-copyright" class="footer-global-bottom"><li id="menu-item-1323792" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1323792"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.observermedia.com/privacy-policy">Privacy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1323793" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1323793"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://observermedia.com/terms">Terms</a></li> <li> <a class="ot-sdk-link ot-sdk-show-settings" onClick="return false;" href="#">Cookie Settings</a>  </li></li> <li> <a class="ot-button" href="https://privacyportal.onetrust.com/webform/8bf444f2-ddd6-41ff-8e24-b69ac0176e05/19c22396-023a-465c-a9c0-d9f831d1d9cd">Do not sell my data</a>  </li></li> </ul></nav> <div class="right"> <div class="vip-powered"> Powered by <a href="https://wpvip.com/?utm_source=vip_powered_wpcom&utm_medium=web&utm_campaign=VIP%20Footer%20Credit&utm_term=observer.com" rel="generator nofollow" class="powered-by-wpcom">WordPress VIP</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <div id="adb-notification" class="adb-notification"> <div class="message-container"> <div class="message" data-message="notify"> <div class="logo"></div> <h3>We noticed you're using an ad blocker.</h3> <p>We get it: you like to have control of your own internet experience.<br> But advertising revenue helps support our journalism.<br><br> To read our full stories, please turn off your ad blocker.<br>We'd really appreciate it.</p> <a href="javascript:void(0);" id="adb-whitelist" class="adb-btn">How Do I Whitelist Observer?</a> </div> <div class="message" data-message="instructions"> <h3 class="larger">How Do I Whitelist Observer?</h3> <p>Below are steps you can take in order to whitelist Observer.com on your browser:</p> <h3>For Adblock:</h3> <p>Click the AdBlock button on your browser and select <strong>Don't run on pages on this domain</strong>.</p> <h3>For Adblock Plus on Google Chrome:</h3> <p>Click the AdBlock Plus button on your browser and select <strong>Enabled on this site.</strong></p> <h3>For Adblock Plus on Firefox:</h3> <p>Click the AdBlock Plus button on your browser and select <strong>Disable on Observer.com.</strong></p> <a href="javascript:void(0);" id="adb-reload" class="adb-link">Then Reload the Page</a> </div> </div> </div> <script>var scriptQueueData = {"scripts":{"sailthru":{"is_sequenced":true,"loaded":true,"delay":3000,"delay_desktop":2250,"deps":[]},"hc-sailthru":{"is_sequenced":true,"loaded":true,"delay":3100,"delay_desktop":2325,"deps":["jquery-core","sailthru"]},"nyo-nativo-js-async":{"is_sequenced":true,"loaded":false,"delay":1500,"delay_desktop":1125,"deps":[],"src":"\/\/s.ntv.io\/serve\/load.js?ver=1.0.0"},"nyo-app-defer":{"is_sequenced":true,"loaded":false,"delay":1700,"delay_desktop":1275,"deps":[],"src":"\/\/observer.com\/wp-content\/themes\/newyorkobserver-2014\/dist\/js\/app.js?ver=1.9.11"},"jquery-core":{"loaded":true,"deps":[]},"frontend":{"loaded":true,"deps":[]},"amp-google-tag-manager-defer":{"loaded":true,"deps":["jquery-core"]},"wp-parsely-loader":{"loaded":true,"deps":["wp-polyfill-inert","regenerator-runtime","wp-polyfill","wp-hooks","wp-i18n"]},"wp-polyfill-inert":{"loaded":true,"deps":[]},"regenerator-runtime":{"loaded":true,"deps":[]},"wp-polyfill":{"loaded":true,"deps":["wp-polyfill-inert","regenerator-runtime"]},"wp-hooks":{"loaded":true,"deps":["wp-polyfill-inert","regenerator-runtime","wp-polyfill"]},"wp-i18n":{"loaded":true,"deps":["wp-polyfill-inert","regenerator-runtime","wp-polyfill","wp-hooks"]},"wp-parsely-tracker":{"loaded":true,"deps":[]},"observer-helpers":{"loaded":true,"deps":[]},"observer-scripts-defer":{"loaded":true,"deps":["jquery-core","flexslider-defer"]},"flexslider-defer":{"loaded":true,"deps":["jquery-core"]},"sailthru-widget":{"loaded":true,"deps":["jquery-core","sailthru","observer-helpers","hc-sailthru"]},"stickfill-nomodule":{"loaded":true,"deps":[]},"observer-newsletter-defer":{"loaded":true,"deps":["jquery-core","underscore"]},"underscore":{"loaded":true,"deps":[],"is_sequenced":true},"observer-recaptcha-async":{"loaded":true,"deps":[]},"xcurrent-delay-load":{"loaded":true,"deps":[]},"xcurrent-lazy-load":{"loaded":true,"deps":[]},"sailthru-subscribe-script":{"loaded":true,"deps":["jquery-core"]},"hashtag-labs-async":{"loaded":true,"deps":[]},"jetpack-stats":{"loaded":true,"deps":[]},"xcurrent-script-queue":{"loaded":true,"deps":[]}},"max_loading_queues":4,"desktop_speedup":0.75,"visited_speedup":1};</script> <script id="delay-script">window.addEventListener("load",(function(){var speedup=window.innerWidth<768?1:.75,scripts=document.querySelectorAll("script[data-src]"),delays={otSDKStub:{delay:2800}},defaultDelay=3e3;[].forEach.call(scripts,(function(script){setTimeout((function(){script.src=script.dataset.src,script.removeAttribute("data-src")}),(delays[script.id]&&delays[script.id].delay||3e3)*speedup)}))}));</script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/observer-block-editor/dist//js/frontend.js?ver=519d7f1aff151fb1ff7d" id="frontend-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="//ak.sail-horizon.com/spm/spm.v1.min.js?ver=5.5.1" id="sailthru-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="hc-sailthru-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var hc_sailthru = {"customerId":"eddd21a32bf5284abd9bc8ac7ddeec34"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/hc-sailthru/assets/js/sailthru.js?ver=20211026" id="hc-sailthru-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://observer.com/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill-inert.min.js?ver=3.1.2" id="wp-polyfill-inert-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://observer.com/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/regenerator-runtime.min.js?ver=0.14.0" id="regenerator-runtime-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" nomodule defer src="https://observer.com/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://observer.com/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://observer.com/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://observer.com/wp-content/mu-plugins/wp-parsely-3.17/build/loader.js?ver=b681bb9905652ac12735" id="wp-parsely-loader-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-parsely-site="observer.com" defer src="https://cdn.parsely.com/keys/observer.com/p.js?ver=3.17.0" id="parsely-cfg"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/js/helpers.js?ver=1.9.11" id="observer-helpers-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/js/vendor/jquery.flexslider.min.js?ver=2.2.2" id="flexslider-defer-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/js/theme.js?ver=1.9.11.04282045" id="observer-scripts-defer-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/js/sailthru-widget.js?ver=1.9.11" id="sailthru-widget-js"></script> <script nomodule type="text/javascript" defer src="//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/js/vendor/stickyfill.min.js?ver=1.1.4" id="stickfill-nomodule-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="https://observer.com/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.4" id="underscore-js"></script> <script defer type="text/javascript" src="//observer.com/wp-content/themes/newyorkobserver-2014/dist/js/newsletter.js?ver=1.9.11" id="observer-newsletter-defer-js"></script> <script async type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?onload=addCaptchaSubscribe&render=explicit&ver=6.5.5" id="observer-recaptcha-async-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async src="https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/xcurrent/assets/js/delay-load.js?ver=8f7693010179fc5007dacef632d329a6" id="xcurrent-delay-load-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/xcurrent/assets/js/lazy-load.js?ver=6bd186b35f60946321703040eae7bccf" id="xcurrent-lazy-load-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://stats.wp.com/e-202448.js" id="jetpack-stats-js" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="jetpack-stats-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ _stq = window._stq || []; _stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"168679389\",\"post\":\"159244\",\"tz\":\"-5\",\"srv\":\"observer.com\",\"hp\":\"vip\",\"j\":\"1:14.0\"}") ]); _stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "168679389", "159244" ]); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://observer.com/wp-content/plugins/xcurrent/assets/js/script-queue.js?ver=bebcad848e998ab9ae82c8431c754b8a" id="xcurrent-script-queue-js"></script> <div class="footer-ads">  <div class="ad-wrapper ad-out-of-page htlad-observer_1x1" id="observer_1x1"></div>  <div class="ad-wrapper ad-out-of-page htlad-observer_1x1_2" id="observer_1x1_2"></div> </div> <script> (function(src) {var a = document.createElement("script");a.type = "text/javascript";a.async = true;a.src = src;var b = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a, b)})("//sandbox.tinypass.com/xbuilder/experience/load?aid=CMrLcDjZsu"); </script>  <script> var _comscore=_comscore||[];_comscore.push({c1:"2",c2:"37161820"}),function(){var c=document.createElement("script"),e=document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];c.async=!0,c.src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/cs/37161820/beacon.js",e.parentNode.insertBefore(c,e)}(); </script> <noscript><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=37161820&cv=3.6.0&cj=1" alt=""></noscript>   <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) {if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}; if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script', 'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '618909876214345'); fbq('track', 'PageView'); </script> <noscript><img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=618909876214345&ev=PageView&noscript=1" alt=""/></noscript>   <div id='div-gpt-ad-1660852592103-0'> <script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1660852592103-0'); });</script> </div> </body> </html>