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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Hans Raffert</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Raffert_and_Roland_Mesnier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hans_Raffert_and_Roland_Mesnier.jpg/220px-Hans_Raffert_and_Roland_Mesnier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hans_Raffert_and_Roland_Mesnier.jpg/330px-Hans_Raffert_and_Roland_Mesnier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hans_Raffert_and_Roland_Mesnier.jpg/440px-Hans_Raffert_and_Roland_Mesnier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="2520" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hans Raffert (left) in 1992</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1927-03-11</span>)</span>March 11, 1927<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 3, 2005<span style="display:none">(2005-03-03)</span> (aged 77)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German American</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Culinary career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cooking style</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French cuisine</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hans F. Raffert</b> (March 11, 1927 – March 3, 2005) was a <a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German American</a> chef who was <a href="/wiki/White_House_Executive_Chef" title="White House Executive Chef">White House Executive Chef</a> from 1988 to 1992. He was the first White House chef to annually build a <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread_house" title="Gingerbread house">gingerbread house</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Residence" title="Executive Residence">Executive Residence</a>'s Christmas holiday decorations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_work">Early life and work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Raffert&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raffert was born March 11, 1927, in <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whitehouse_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-footnotes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnotes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a <a href="/wiki/Bakery" title="Bakery">baker</a>, which sparked his interest in cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-martinson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 14, as was typical for boys in Germany at the time, he entered an <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a>, and chose cooking as a career.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimeschooses-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked four days a week, and spent two days in school. His apprenticeship ended in 1941 when he was 17. With World War II raging, he chose to enlist in the <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German</a> navy. Enlisting meant that he would avoid being <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripted</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>, where he was much more likely to die. As a cook in the navy, he also avoided much of the hunger that afflicted the average German during the latter part of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-martinson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raffert trained at a number of hotels and resorts in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> after the war. In 1951 he moved to <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, but emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, in 1952 in order to take advantage of the immense demand for chefs generated by the <a href="/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics" title="1952 Winter Olympics">1952 Winter Olympics</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. He spent the next seven and a half years in Sweden, working a various hotels. For three and a half of these years, he worked aboard <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_American_Line" title="Swedish American Line">Swedish American Line</a>, during which he made three around-the-world cruises.<sup id="cite_ref-martinson_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After spending the summer of 1957 working in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, he emigrated to the United States even though he spoke very little <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-martinson_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent about a year working at hotels in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_McAlpin" title="Hotel McAlpin">Hotel McAlpin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimeschooses-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then moved to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, where he spent eight years working as the <i><a href="/wiki/Chef_de_cuisine" title="Chef de cuisine">chef de cuisine</a></i> (executive chef) at the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Washington_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Hotel Washington (Washington, D.C.)">Hotel Washington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whitehouse_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimeschooses-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a <a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">naturalized citizen of the United States</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-martinson_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="White_House_years">White House years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Raffert&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: White House years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1969, White House Executive Chef <a href="/wiki/Henry_Haller" title="Henry Haller">Henry Haller</a> hired Raffert as <a href="/wiki/Sous-chef" title="Sous-chef">sous-chef</a> in the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-whitehouse_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitehouse-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raffert was one of only six staff members on the White House kitchen staff. (The staff consisted of the executive chef, a sous-chef, a kitchen assistant, the pastry chef, a pastry assistant, and a pot-washer.) Due to a delay in obtaining his security clearance, Raffert did not arrive at the White House until the day before Haller was due to leave for vacation.<sup id="cite_ref-martinson_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This left Raffert having to oversee planning, preparation, and cooking for a <a href="/wiki/State_dinner#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="State dinner">state dinner</a> for West German <a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> three days later.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimeschooses-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1969, Raffert created the first official White House <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread_house" title="Gingerbread house">gingerbread house</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haller retired on October 1, 1987, and was replaced by chef <a href="/wiki/Jon_Hill_(chef)" title="Jon Hill (chef)">Jon Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burros_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burros-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Hill proved unpopular with <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a>, and resigned on January 8, 1988, after just five months on the job.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raffert was appointed Acting Executive Chef on January 9.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raffert was permanently named to the position on March 3. Although the White House interviewed several candidates, Raffert's experience on the job and the high level of competency he displayed during his one and a half months as Acting Executive Chef convinced the First Lady that Raffert was the right candidate for the job.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimeschooses-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first White House Executive Chef to be promoted from within the ranks, rather than be brought in from outside the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimeschooses-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His salary in 1969 was $13,389 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-footnotes_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footnotes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his time at the White House, as sous-chef and executive chef, Raffert planned, prepared, and cooked for the <a href="/wiki/First_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="First Family">First Family</a> as well as for state dinners and other formal and informal social functions at the White House. Among some of the major events he cooked for were a "welcome home" for 1,200 former <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> on the South Lawn of the White House on May 24, 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-martinson_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a September 1978 dinner for 1,300 on the South Lawn to celebrate the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp David accords">Camp David accords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-martinson_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-burros_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burros-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He enjoyed cooking for the First Family very much. First Lady <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> liked <a href="/wiki/Duck_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck (food)">roast duck</a> (a Raffert favorite as well), while President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and his family a large meant on Sundays after church and were very much like the average American family. (First Daughter <a href="/wiki/Amy_Carter" title="Amy Carter">Amy Carter</a> would bake cookies in the White House kitchen, overseen by Raffert.) He also approved of the way First Lady <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> handled state dinner menus, personally approving the food and wine choices rather than allowing a committee of staff to argue at length over them.<sup id="cite_ref-martinson_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raffert was the first White House chef to create a <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread_house" title="Gingerbread house">gingerbread house</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Residence" title="Executive Residence">Executive Residence</a> Christmas decorations.<sup id="cite_ref-latvala_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latvala-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raffert was 60 when he became Executive Chef, and retired in October 1992 just before he turned 65.<sup id="cite_ref-latvala_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latvala-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A confessed "nibbler" as he cooked, Raffert lost 20 pounds (9.1 kg) after retiring.<sup id="cite_ref-martinson_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frank Ruta, a Washington, D.C.-based chef who trained under Raffert at the White House, later said "Hans was a guy that could do it all. He could do it all, and he could do it all quickly, efficiently, neatly. He was just a walking encyclopedia of classical cooking."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Raffert&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hans_Raffert" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hans Raffert">Hans Raffert</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p>Raffert's marriage to his first wife, Annemarie (a native of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> who emigrated to the United States when she was 16 years old), ended in divorce. They had a son, Patrick.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raffert married his second wife, Doris (a medical secretary), in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-martinson_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple lived in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimeschooses-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raffert died on March 3, 2005, in Alexandria. He was survived by his wife, Doris, and his son, Patrick, as well as a brother, Konrad Raffert of <a href="/wiki/Clarksburg,_Maryland" title="Clarksburg, Maryland">Clarksburg, Maryland</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">funeral Mass</a> was held at St. Louis Catholic Church in Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a>, and inurned at Mount Comfort Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Raffert&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-whitehouse-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whitehouse_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitehouse_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitehouse_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThe_White_House1971" class="citation pressrelease cs1">The White House (June 1, 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150630094055/http://media.nara.gov/presidential-libraries/nixon/gallery/37_RN_WeddingCake.pdf">"Wedding Cake for the Reception of Patricia Nixon and Edward Cox"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Press release). p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.nara.gov/presidential-libraries/nixon/gallery/37_RN_WeddingCake.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wedding+Cake+for+the+Reception+of+Patricia+Nixon+and+Edward+Cox&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1971-06-01&rft.au=The+White+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nara.gov%2Fpresidential-libraries%2Fnixon%2Fgallery%2F37_RN_WeddingCake.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Raffert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-footnotes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-footnotes_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-footnotes_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Capital Footnotes". <i>Greeley Daily Tribune</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Hail+to+the+Chef&rft.pages=C1-C2&rft.date=1994-02-23&rft.aulast=Martinson&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DEQ5ZAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DQG8DAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2936%252C3420166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Raffert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimeschooses-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimeschooses_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/04/us/white-house-chooses-chef-from-within.html">"White House Chooses Chef From Within"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+City+Paper&rft.atitle=Best+Chef%2FBest+Restaurant&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Carman&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoncitypaper.com%2Fbestofdc%2Ffoodanddrink%2F2008%2Fin-depth-best-chefbest-restaurant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Raffert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Raffert, Hans F.". <i>The Washington Post</i>. March 6, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Raffert%2C+Hans+F.&rft.date=2005-03-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Raffert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Obituaries". <i>The Washington Post</i>. March 28, 2001. p. B07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obituaries&rft.pages=B07&rft.date=2001-03-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHans+Raffert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Hill_(chef)" title="Jon Hill (chef)">Jon Hill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Executive_Chef" title="White House Executive Chef">White House Executive Chef</a> </b><br />1988-1992 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chambrin" title="Pierre Chambrin">Pierre Chambrin</a></div> 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