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Pat Nixon - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Education and career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family,_early_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family,_early_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Marriage and family, early campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family,_early_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Lady_of_the_United_States,_1953–1961" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Lady_of_the_United_States,_1953–1961"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second Lady of the United States, 1953–1961</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Lady_of_the_United_States,_1953–1961-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Her_husband's_campaigns—1960,_1962_and_1968" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Her_husband's_campaigns—1960,_1962_and_1968"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Her husband's campaigns—1960, 1962 and 1968</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Her_husband's_campaigns—1960,_1962_and_1968-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Lady_of_the_United_States,_1969–1974" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Lady_of_the_United_States,_1969–1974"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>First Lady of the United States, 1969–1974</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_Lady_of_the_United_States,_1969–1974-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First Lady of the United States, 1969–1974 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_Lady_of_the_United_States,_1969–1974-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Major initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_the_White_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_the_White_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Life in the White House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_the_White_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Travels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_and_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_and_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Fashion and style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_and_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Watergate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Watergate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Watergate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Watergate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Public perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Popular culture impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Historical assessments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pat Nixon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بات نيكسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بات نيكسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet_Nikson" title="Pet Nikson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pet Nikson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="پت نیکسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پت نیکسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="প্যাট নিক্সন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যাট নিক্সন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%82_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пэт Ніксан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пэт Ніксан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Патриша Никсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Патриша Никсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixonov%C3%A1" title="Pat Nixonová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pat Nixonová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%84_%CE%9D%CE%AF%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Πατ Νίξον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πατ Νίξον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Ryan_Nixon" title="Patricia Ryan Nixon – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Patricia Ryan Nixon" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="پت نیکسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پت نیکسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%BB_%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A8" title="팻 닉슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팻 닉슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%A9_%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Փեթ Նիքսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փեթ Նիքսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פט ניקסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פט ניקסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პეტ ნიქსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პეტ ნიქსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%82_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пэт Никсон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пэт Никсон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Nixon" title="Patricia Nixon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Patricia Nixon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peta_Niksone" title="Peta Niksone – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Peta Niksone" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="പാറ്റ് നിക്സൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാറ്റ് നിക്സൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بات نيكسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بات نيكسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="パット・ニクソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パット・ニクソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9_%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86" title="پیٹ نکسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیٹ نکسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Никсон, Пэт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Никсон, Пэт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixonov%C3%A1" title="Pat Nixonová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pat Nixonová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="แพต นิกสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แพต นิกสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pat Nixon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Pat Nixon</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:PatNixon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PatNixon.jpg/220px-PatNixon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PatNixon.jpg/330px-PatNixon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PatNixon.jpg/440px-PatNixon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1320" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Nixon in 1972</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In role</b></span><br />January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Lady_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lady of the United States">Second Lady of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In role</b></span><br />January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Richard Nixon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Hadley_Barkley" title="Jane Hadley Barkley">Jane Hadley Barkley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Thelma Catherine Ryan</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-03-16</span>)</span>March 16, 1912<br /><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Nevada" title="Ely, Nevada">Ely, Nevada</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 22, 1993<span style="display:none">(1993-06-22)</span> (aged 81)<br /><a href="/wiki/Park_Ridge,_New_Jersey" title="Park Ridge, New Jersey">Park Ridge, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;">​</div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="June 21, 1940">1940</span>)<wbr />​</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fullerton_College" title="Fullerton College">Fullerton College</a></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PatNixon_Signature_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pat Nixon's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PatNixon_Signature_2.svg/128px-PatNixon_Signature_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PatNixon_Signature_2.svg/192px-PatNixon_Signature_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PatNixon_Signature_2.svg/256px-PatNixon_Signature_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="78" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thelma Catherine</b> "<b>Pat</b>" <b>Nixon</b> (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> <b>Ryan</b></span>; March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993) was <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> from 1969 to 1974 as the wife of President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>. She also served as the <a href="/wiki/Second_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_United_States" title="Second ladies and gentlemen of the United States">second lady of the United States</a> from 1953 to 1961 when her husband was vice president. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Ely,_Nevada" title="Ely, Nevada">Ely, Nevada</a>, she grew up with her two brothers in Artesia, California, graduating from Excelsior Union High School in <a href="/wiki/Norwalk,_California" title="Norwalk, California">Norwalk, California</a> in 1929. She attended <a href="/wiki/Fullerton_Junior_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Fullerton Junior College">Fullerton Junior College</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a>. She paid for her schooling by working multiple jobs, including pharmacy manager, typist, radiographer, and retail clerk. In 1940, she married lawyer Richard Nixon and they had two daughters, <a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie</a>. Dubbed the "Nixon team", Richard and Pat Nixon campaigned together in his successful <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">congressional</a> campaigns of 1946 and 1948. Richard Nixon was elected vice president in 1952 alongside General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, whereupon Pat became second lady. Pat Nixon did much to add substance to the role, insisting on visiting schools, orphanages, hospitals, and village markets as she undertook many missions of goodwill across the world. </p><p>As first lady, Pat Nixon promoted a number of charitable causes, including volunteerism. She oversaw the collection of more than 600 pieces of historic art and furnishings for the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, an acquisition larger than that of any other administration. She was the most traveled first lady in U.S. history, a record unsurpassed until 25 years later. She accompanied the president as the <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">first first lady to visit China</a> and the Soviet Union, and was the first president's wife to be officially designated a representative of the United States on her solo trips to Africa and South America, which gained her recognition as "Madame Ambassador"; she was also the first first lady to enter a combat zone. Though her husband was re-elected in a <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">landslide victory in 1972</a>, her tenure as first lady ended two years later, when President Nixon resigned amid the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>. </p><p>Her public appearances became increasingly rare later in life. She and her husband settled in <a href="/wiki/San_Clemente,_California" title="San Clemente, California">San Clemente, California</a>, and later moved to <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. She suffered two strokes, one in 1976 and another in 1983, and was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a> in 1992. She died in 1993, aged 81. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thelma Catherine Ryan was born in 1912 in the small mining town of <a href="/wiki/Ely,_Nevada" title="Ely, Nevada">Ely, Nevada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father, William M. Ryan Sr., was a sailor, gold miner, and <a href="/wiki/Market_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Market gardening">truck farmer</a> of Irish ancestry; her mother, Katherine Halberstadt, was a German immigrant.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nickname "Pat" was given to her by her father, because of her birth on the day before <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a> and her Irish ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she enrolled in college in 1931 she started using the name "Pat" (and occasionally "Patricia") instead of "Thelma" but she did not legally change her name.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After her birth, the Ryan family moved to California, and in 1914 settled on a small <a href="/wiki/Truck_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Truck farm">truck farm</a> in <a href="/wiki/Artesia,_California" title="Artesia, California">Artesia</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Cerritos,_California" title="Cerritos, California">Cerritos</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thelma Ryan's high school yearbook page gives her nickname as "Buddy" and her ambition to run a boarding house.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She worked on the family farm and also at a local bank as a janitor and bookkeeper. Her mother died of cancer in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-obit_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pat, who was only 12, assumed all the household duties for her father (who died himself of <a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</a> 5 years later) and her two older brothers, William Jr. (1910–1997) and Thomas (1911–1992). She also had a half-sister, Neva Bender (1909–1981), and a half-brother, Matthew Bender (1907–1973), from her mother's first marriage;<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> her mother's first husband had died during a <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash flood</a> in South Dakota.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_career">Education and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Excelsior_High_School_(Norwalk,_California)" title="Excelsior High School (Norwalk, California)">Excelsior High School</a> in 1929, she attended <a href="/wiki/Fullerton_College" title="Fullerton College">Fullerton College</a>. She paid for her education by working odd jobs, including as a driver, a pharmacy manager, a telephone operator, and a typist.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also earned money sweeping the floors of a local bank,<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from 1930 until 1931, she lived in New York City, working as a secretary and also as a <a href="/wiki/Radiographer" title="Radiographer">radiographer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-obit_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Determined "to make something out of myself",<sup id="cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she enrolled in 1931 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> (USC), where she majored in merchandising. A former professor noted that she "stood out from the empty-headed, overdressed little sorority girls of that era like a good piece of literature on a shelf of cheap paperbacks".<sup id="cite_ref-silentpartner_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silentpartner-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She held part-time jobs on campus, worked as a sales clerk in <a href="/wiki/Bullocks_Wilshire" title="Bullocks Wilshire">Bullock's-Wilshire</a> department store,<sup id="cite_ref-Roderick75_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roderick75-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and taught <a href="/wiki/Touch_typing" title="Touch typing">touch typing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> at a high school.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-obit_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also supplemented her income by working as an <a href="/wiki/Extra_(acting)" title="Extra (acting)">extra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bit_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit player">bit player</a> in the film industry,<sup id="cite_ref-wh_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nykr-eh_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nykr-eh-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for which she took several <a href="/wiki/Screen_test" title="Screen test">screen tests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-swift-15_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift-15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this capacity, she made brief appearances in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Becky_Sharp_(film)" title="Becky Sharp (film)">Becky Sharp</a></i> (1935), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Ziegfeld" title="The Great Ziegfeld">The Great Ziegfeld</a></i> (1936), and <i><a href="/wiki/Small_Town_Girl_(1936_film)" title="Small Town Girl (1936 film)">Small Town Girl</a></i> (1936).<sup id="cite_ref-swift-15_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift-15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid197841_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid197841-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases she ended up on the <a href="/wiki/Cutting_room_floor" title="Cutting room floor">cutting room floor</a>, such as with her spoken lines in <i>Becky Sharp</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-swift-15_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swift-15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-erskine_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erskine-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She told Hollywood columnist <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Johnson" title="Erskine Johnson">Erskine Johnson</a> in 1959 that her time in films was "too fleeting even for recollections embellished by the years" and that "my choice of a career was teaching school and the many jobs I pursued were merely to help with college expenses."<sup id="cite_ref-erskine_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erskine-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1968 presidential campaign, she explained to the writer <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a>, "I never had time to think about things like... who I wanted to be, or who I admired, or to have ideas. I never had time to dream about being anyone else. I had to work."<sup id="cite_ref-steinem_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steinem-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, Pat Ryan graduated <i><a href="/wiki/Cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Cum laude">cum laude</a></i> from USC with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> degree in merchandising,<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together with a certificate to teach at the <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a> level, which USC deemed equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower198648_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower198648-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pat accepted a position as a high school teacher at <a href="/wiki/Whittier_Union_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Whittier Union High School">Whittier Union High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Whittier,_California" title="Whittier, California">Whittier, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wh_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wh-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family,_early_campaigns"><span id="Marriage_and_family.2C_early_campaigns"></span>Marriage and family, early campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage and family, early campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While in Whittier, Pat Ryan met <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, a young lawyer who had recently graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Law" title="Duke University School of Law">Duke University School of Law</a>. The two became acquainted at a Little Theater group when they were cast together in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(play)" title="The Dark Tower (play)">The Dark Tower</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-obit_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as Dick, he asked Pat to marry him the first night they went out. "I thought he was nuts or something!" she recalled.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He courted the redhead he called his "wild Irish Gypsy" for two years,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarton2001173_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarton2001173-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even driving her to and from her dates with other men.<sup id="cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They eventually married on June 21, 1940, at the <a href="/wiki/The_Mission_Inn_Hotel_%26_Spa" title="The Mission Inn Hotel & Spa">Mission Inn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California" title="Riverside, California">Riverside, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sferrazza-ch-353_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sferrazza-ch-353-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She said that she had been attracted to the young Nixon because he "was going places, he was vital and ambitious ... he was always doing things".<sup id="cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, referring to Richard Nixon, she said, "Oh but you just don't realize how much fun he is! He's just so much fun!" Following a brief honeymoon in Mexico, the two lived in a small apartment in Whittier.<sup id="cite_ref-sferrazza-ch-353_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sferrazza-ch-353-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As U.S. involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> began, the couple moved to Washington, D.C., with Richard taking a position as a lawyer for the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Price_Administration" title="Office of Price Administration">Office of Price Administration</a> (OPA); Pat worked as a secretary for the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a>, but also qualified as a price analyst for the OPA.<sup id="cite_ref-sferrazza-ch-353_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sferrazza-ch-353-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, and while he was stationed in San Francisco, she resumed work for the OPA as an economic analyst.<sup id="cite_ref-sferrazza-ch-353_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sferrazza-ch-353-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veteran <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">UPI</a> reporter <a href="/wiki/Helen_Thomas" title="Helen Thomas">Helen Thomas</a> suggested that in public, the Nixons "moved through life ritualistically", but privately, however, they were "very close".<sup id="cite_ref-csa172_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa172-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In private, Richard Nixon was described as being "unabashedly sentimental", often praising Pat for her work, remembering anniversaries and surprising her with frequent gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-csa172_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa172-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During state dinners, he ordered the protocol changed so that Pat could be served first.<sup id="cite_ref-csa173_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa173-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pat, in turn, felt that her husband was vulnerable and sought to protect him, although she did have a nickname for him which he despised, so she rarely used it: "Little Dicky".<sup id="cite_ref-csa173_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa173-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of his critics, she said that "Lincoln had worse critics. He was big enough not to let it bother him. That's the way my husband is."<sup id="cite_ref-csa173_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa173-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pat campaigned at her husband's side in 1946 when he entered politics and successfully ran for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. That same year, she gave birth to a daughter and namesake, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Nixon_Cox" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia Nixon Cox">Patricia</a>, known as Tricia. In 1948, Pat had the couple's second and last child, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie</a>. When asked about her husband's career, Pat once stated, "The only thing I could do was help him, but [politics] was not a life I would have chosen."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pat participated in the campaign by doing research on his opponent, incumbent <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Voorhis" title="Jerry Voorhis">Jerry Voorhis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also wrote and distributed campaign literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon was elected in his first campaign to represent <a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">California's 12th congressional district</a>. During the next six years, Pat saw her husband move from the U.S. House of Representatives to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, and then be nominated as <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice presidential</a> candidate. </p><p>Although Pat Nixon was a <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>, she and her husband attended whichever <a href="/wiki/Protestant_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant church">Protestant church</a> was nearest to their home, especially after moving to Washington. They attended the Metropolitan Memorial Methodist Church because it sponsored her daughters' Brownie troop, occasional <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> services with <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Vincent_Peale" title="Norman Vincent Peale">Norman Vincent Peale</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Marble_Collegiate_Church" title="Marble Collegiate Church">Marble Collegiate Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Lady_of_the_United_States,_1953–1961"><span id="Second_Lady_of_the_United_States.2C_1953.E2.80.931961"></span>Second Lady of the United States, 1953–1961</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Lady of the United States, 1953–1961"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixons_in_Ghana_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nixons_in_Ghana_1957.jpg/220px-Nixons_in_Ghana_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Nixons_in_Ghana_1957.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Vice President and Pat Nixon during a visit to <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, 1957</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of her husband coming under consideration for the vice presidential nomination, Pat Nixon was against her husband accepting the selection, as she despised campaigns and had been relieved that as a newly elected senator he would not have another one for six years.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambrose13_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose13-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She thought she had prevailed in convincing him, until she heard the announcement of the pick from a news bulletin while at the <a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 Republican National Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambrose13_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambrose13-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">presidential campaign of 1952</a>, Pat Nixon's attitude toward politics changed when her husband was accused of accepting illegal campaign contributions. Pat encouraged him to fight the charges, and he did so by delivering the famed "<a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a>", so-called for the family's dog, a <a href="/wiki/Cocker_spaniel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocker spaniel">cocker spaniel</a> given to them by a political supporter. This was Pat's first national television appearance, and she, her daughters, and the dog were featured prominently. Defending himself as a man of the people, Nixon stressed his wife's abilities as a stenographer,<sup id="cite_ref-steinem_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steinem-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then said, "I should say this, that Pat doesn't have a mink coat. But she does have a respectable Republican cloth coat, and I always tell her she would look good in anything."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pat Nixon accompanied her husband abroad during his vice presidential years. She traveled to 53 nations, often bypassing luncheons and teas and instead visiting hospitals, orphanages, and even a <a href="/wiki/Leper_colony" title="Leper colony">leper colony</a> in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a trip to <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, crowds <a href="/wiki/Nixon_motorcade_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon motorcade attack">pelted the Nixons' limousine with rocks</a> and spit on the couple for being representatives of the U.S. government.<sup id="cite_ref-silentpartner_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silentpartner-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A November 1, 1958, article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i> was typical of the media's favorable coverage of the future first lady, stating that "Mrs. Nixon is always reported to be gracious and friendly. And she sure is friendly. She greets a stranger as a friend. She doesn't just shake hands but clasps a visitor's hand in both her hands. Her manner is direct ... Mrs. Nixon also upheld her reputation of always looking neat, no matter how long her day has been." A year and a half later, during her husband's campaign for the presidency, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> called her "a paragon of wifely virtues" whose "efficiency makes other women feel slothful and untalented".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pat Nixon was named Outstanding Homemaker of the Year (1953), Mother of the Year (1955), and the Nation's Ideal Housewife (1957). She once said that, on a rare evening to herself, she pressed all of her husband's suits, adding, "Of course, I didn't have to. But when I don't have work to do, I just think up some new project."<sup id="cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Her_husband's_campaigns—1960,_1962_and_1968"><span id="Her_husband.27s_campaigns.E2.80.941960.2C_1962_and_1968"></span>Her husband's campaigns—1960, 1962 and 1968</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Her husband's campaigns—1960, 1962 and 1968"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">the 1960 election</a>, Vice President Nixon ran for president of the United States against Democratic opponent Senator <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. Pat was featured prominently in the effort; an entire advertising campaign was built around the slogan "Pat for First Lady".<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon conceded the election to Kennedy, although the race was very close and there were allegations of voter fraud. Pat had urged her husband to demand a recount of votes, though Nixon declined.<sup id="cite_ref-os234_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-os234-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pat was most upset about the television cameras, which recorded her reaction when her husband lost—"millions of television viewers witnessed her desperate fight to hold a smile upon her lips as her face came apart and the bitter tears flowed from her eyes", as one reporter put it.<sup id="cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This permanently dimmed Pat Nixon's view of politics.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, the Nixons <a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">embarked on another campaign</a>, this time for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a>. Prior to Richard Nixon's announcement of his candidacy, Pat's brother Tom Ryan said, "Pat told me that if Dick ran for governor she was going to take her shoe to him."<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenhower,_Julie_Nixon_(1986),_p._205-206_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenhower,_Julie_Nixon_(1986),_p._205-206-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She eventually agreed to another run, citing that it meant a great deal to her husband,<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenhower,_Julie_Nixon_(1986),_p._205-206_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenhower,_Julie_Nixon_(1986),_p._205-206-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Richard Nixon lost the gubernatorial election to <a href="/wiki/Pat_Brown" title="Pat Brown">Pat Brown</a>. </p><p>Six years later, Richard Nixon ran again for the presidency. Pat was reluctant to face another campaign, her eighth since 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-jne235237_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jne235237-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her husband was a deeply controversial figure in American politics,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Pat had witnessed and shared the praise and vilification he had received without having established an independent public identity for herself.<sup id="cite_ref-steinem_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steinem-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although she supported him in his career, she feared another "1960", when Nixon lost to Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-jne235237_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jne235237-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She consented, however, and participated in the campaign by traveling on campaign trips with her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986236_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986236-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Nixon made a political comeback with his narrow <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">presidential victory of 1968</a> over Vice-President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>—and the country had a new First Lady. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Lady_of_the_United_States,_1969–1974"><span id="First_Lady_of_the_United_States.2C_1969.E2.80.931974"></span>First Lady of the United States, 1969–1974</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First Lady of the United States, 1969–1974"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_initiatives">Major initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Major initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pat Nixon felt that the First Lady should always set a public example of high virtue as a symbol of dignity, but she refused to revel in the trappings of the position.<sup id="cite_ref-csa165_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa165-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When considering ideas for a project as First Lady, Pat refused to do (or be) something simply to emulate her predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991168_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991168-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She decided to continue what she called "personal diplomacy", which meant traveling and visiting people in other states or other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986254_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986254-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Nixon_greets_White_House_visitors_1969.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pat_Nixon_greets_White_House_visitors_1969.jpg/220px-Pat_Nixon_greets_White_House_visitors_1969.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pat_Nixon_greets_White_House_visitors_1969.jpg/330px-Pat_Nixon_greets_White_House_visitors_1969.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pat_Nixon_greets_White_House_visitors_1969.jpg/440px-Pat_Nixon_greets_White_House_visitors_1969.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="1988" /></a><figcaption>Pat Nixon greets young White House visitors, 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>One of her major initiatives as First Lady was the promotion of volunteerism, in which she encouraged Americans to address social problems at the local level through volunteering at hospitals, civic organizations, and rehabilitation centers.<sup id="cite_ref-PN_Biography:_Richard_Nixon_Library_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_Biography:_Richard_Nixon_Library-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She stated, "Our success as a nation depends on our willingness to give generously of ourselves for the welfare and enrichment of the lives of others."<sup id="cite_ref-csa177_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa177-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She undertook a "Vest Pockets for Volunteerism" trip, where she visited ten different volunteer programs.<sup id="cite_ref-csa177_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa177-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Susan Porter, in charge of the First Lady's scheduling, noted that Pat "saw volunteers as unsung heroes who hadn't been encouraged or given credit for their sacrifices and who needed to be".<sup id="cite_ref-csa177_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa177-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her second volunteerism tour—she traveled 4,130 miles (6,647 km) within the United States—helped to boost the notion that not all students were protesting the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991181_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991181-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She herself belonged to several volunteer groups, including Women in Community Services and Urban Services League,<sup id="cite_ref-csa177_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa177-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was an advocate of the Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a bill that encouraged volunteerism by providing benefits to a number of volunteer organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some reporters viewed her choice of volunteerism as safe and dull compared to the initiatives undertaken by Lady Bird Johnson and <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-burns-125_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burns-125-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pat Nixon became involved in the development of recreation areas and parkland, was a member of the President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped, and lent her support to organizations dedicated to improving the lives of handicapped children.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For her first <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving" title="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving</a> in the White House, Pat organized a meal for 225 senior citizens who did not have families.<sup id="cite_ref-csa178_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa178-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, she invited wounded servicemen to a second annual Thanksgiving meal in the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-csa178_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa178-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though presidents since <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> had been issuing Thanksgiving proclamations, Pat became the only First Lady to issue one.<sup id="cite_ref-csa178_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa178-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_in_the_White_House">Life in the White House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Life in the White House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_and_Mrs._Nixon_meet_with_Her_Majesty_the_Queen_and_Prime_Minister_Heath_in_England_-_NARA_-_194333.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/President_and_Mrs._Nixon_meet_with_Her_Majesty_the_Queen_and_Prime_Minister_Heath_in_England_-_NARA_-_194333.tif/lossy-page1-220px-President_and_Mrs._Nixon_meet_with_Her_Majesty_the_Queen_and_Prime_Minister_Heath_in_England_-_NARA_-_194333.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/President_and_Mrs._Nixon_meet_with_Her_Majesty_the_Queen_and_Prime_Minister_Heath_in_England_-_NARA_-_194333.tif/lossy-page1-330px-President_and_Mrs._Nixon_meet_with_Her_Majesty_the_Queen_and_Prime_Minister_Heath_in_England_-_NARA_-_194333.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/President_and_Mrs._Nixon_meet_with_Her_Majesty_the_Queen_and_Prime_Minister_Heath_in_England_-_NARA_-_194333.tif/lossy-page1-440px-President_and_Mrs._Nixon_meet_with_Her_Majesty_the_Queen_and_Prime_Minister_Heath_in_England_-_NARA_-_194333.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2042" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The First Lady with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, 1970</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Sinclair,_Pat_Nixon,_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14.jpg/220px-Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14.jpg/330px-Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14.jpg/440px-Margaret_Sinclair%2C_Pat_Nixon%2C_Justin_Trudeau_1972-04-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption>Nixon with Canadian First Lady <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trudeau" title="Margaret Trudeau">Margaret Trudeau</a> holding a baby <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a>, April 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>After her husband was elected president in 1968, Pat Nixon met with the outgoing First Lady, Lady Bird Johnson. Together, they toured the private quarters of the White House on December 12.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986260,_264_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986260,_264-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She eventually asked Sarah Jackson Doyle, an interior decorator who had worked for the Nixons since 1965 and who decorated the family's 10-room apartment on <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue" title="Fifth Avenue">Fifth Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> with French and English antiques, to serve as a design consultant.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She hired <a href="/wiki/Clement_Conger" title="Clement Conger">Clement Conger</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> to be the Executive Mansion's new curator, replacing James Ketchum, who had been hired by Jacqueline Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986261,_263_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986261,_263-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs._Nixon_greeting_well-wishers_in_Hawaii_-_NARA_-_194446.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mrs._Nixon_greeting_well-wishers_in_Hawaii_-_NARA_-_194446.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Mrs._Nixon_greeting_well-wishers_in_Hawaii_-_NARA_-_194446.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mrs._Nixon_greeting_well-wishers_in_Hawaii_-_NARA_-_194446.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Mrs._Nixon_greeting_well-wishers_in_Hawaii_-_NARA_-_194446.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mrs._Nixon_greeting_well-wishers_in_Hawaii_-_NARA_-_194446.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Mrs._Nixon_greeting_well-wishers_in_Hawaii_-_NARA_-_194446.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Pat Nixon greets well-wishers on a trip to Hawaii, 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>Pat Nixon developed and led a coordinated effort to improve the authenticity of the White House as an historic residence and museum. She added more than 600 paintings, antiques and furnishings to the Executive Mansion and its collections, the largest number of acquisitions by any administration;<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this greatly, and dramatically, expanded upon <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline Kennedy</a>'s more publicized efforts. She created the <a href="/wiki/Map_Room_(White_House)" title="Map Room (White House)">Map Room</a> and renovated the China room, and refurbished nine other rooms, including the <a href="/wiki/Red_Room_(White_House)" title="Red Room (White House)">Red Room</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Room_(White_House)" title="Blue Room (White House)">Blue Room</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_Room_(White_House)" title="Green Room (White House)">Green Room</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-csa188_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa188-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She worked with engineers to develop an exterior lighting system for the entire White House, making it glow a soft white.<sup id="cite_ref-csa188_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa188-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She ordered the American flag atop the White House flown day and night, even when the president was not in residence.<sup id="cite_ref-csa188_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa188-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She ordered pamphlets describing the rooms of the house for tourists so they could understand everything, and had them translated into Spanish, French, Italian and Russian for foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-csa188_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa188-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had ramps installed for the handicapped and physically disabled. She instructed the police who served as tour guides to attend sessions at the <a href="/wiki/Winterthur_Museum,_Garden_and_Library" title="Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library">Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library</a> (to learn how tours were guided "in a real museum"),<sup id="cite_ref-csa188_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa188-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and arranged for them to wear less menacing uniforms, with their guns hidden underneath.<sup id="cite_ref-csa188_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa188-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tour guides were to speak slowly to deaf groups, to help those who lip-read, and Pat ordered that the blind be able to touch the antiques.<sup id="cite_ref-csa188_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa188-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Nixon_speaking_at_Republican_National_Convention.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pat_Nixon_speaking_at_Republican_National_Convention.jpg/220px-Pat_Nixon_speaking_at_Republican_National_Convention.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pat_Nixon_speaking_at_Republican_National_Convention.jpg/330px-Pat_Nixon_speaking_at_Republican_National_Convention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pat_Nixon_speaking_at_Republican_National_Convention.jpg/440px-Pat_Nixon_speaking_at_Republican_National_Convention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Pat addresses the <a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 Republican National Convention</a>. She was the first First Lady since Eleanor Roosevelt to address a party convention, and the first Republican First Lady to do so.</figcaption></figure> <p>The First Lady had long been irritated by the perception that the White House and access to the President and First Lady were exclusively for the wealthy and famous;<sup id="cite_ref-csa188_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa188-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she routinely came down from the family quarters to greet tourists, shake hands, sign autographs, and pose for photos.<sup id="cite_ref-csa187_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa187-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her daughter Julie Eisenhower reflected, "she invited so many groups to the White House to give them recognition, not famous ones, but little-known organizations..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid1978128_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid1978128-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She invited former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and her children <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy, Jr.">John Jr.</a> to dine with her family and view the White House's official portraits of her and her husband, the late President Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Nixon502_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nixon502-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first time that the three Kennedys had returned to the White House since the president's assassination eight years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pat had ordered the visit to be kept secret from the media until after the trip's conclusion in an attempt to maintain privacy for the Kennedys. She also invited President Kennedy's mother <a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Kennedy</a> to see her son's official portrait.<sup id="cite_ref-Nixon502_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nixon502-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Nixon_Red_Room_C5596-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pat_Nixon_Red_Room_C5596-16.jpg/220px-Pat_Nixon_Red_Room_C5596-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pat_Nixon_Red_Room_C5596-16.jpg/330px-Pat_Nixon_Red_Room_C5596-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pat_Nixon_Red_Room_C5596-16.jpg/440px-Pat_Nixon_Red_Room_C5596-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5704" data-file-height="3824" /></a><figcaption>Pat Nixon with White House curator <a href="/wiki/Clement_Conger" title="Clement Conger">Clement Conger</a>, whom she hired, in the Red Room after her redecorations, 1971</figcaption></figure> <p>She opened the White House for evening tours so that the public could see the interior design work that had been implemented. The tours that were conducted in December displayed the White House's Christmas decor. In addition, she instituted a series of performances by artists at the White House in varied American traditions, from opera to <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>; among the guests were <a href="/wiki/The_Carpenters" title="The Carpenters">The Carpenters</a> in 1972. These events were described as ranging from "creative to indifferent, to downright embarrassing".<sup id="cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When they entered the White House in 1969, the Nixons began inviting families to non-denominational Sunday church services in the <a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a> of the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-csa188_47-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa188-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also oversaw the White House wedding of her daughter, Tricia, to <a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Cox" title="Edward F. Cox">Edward Ridley Finch Cox</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1969, she announced her appointment of Constance Stuart as her staff director and press secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the White House residence staff, the Nixons were perceived as more stiff and formal than other first families, but nonetheless kind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrower2015155–156_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrower2015155–156-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She spoke out in favor of women running for political office and encouraged her husband to nominate a woman to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a>, saying "woman power is unbeatable; I've seen it all across this country".<sup id="cite_ref-cc-nyt_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-nyt-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the first of the American First Ladies to publicly support the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991194_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991194-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though her views on abortion were mixed. Following the Court's 1973 <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> decision, Pat stated she was <a href="/wiki/Pro-choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-choice">pro-choice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1972, she said, "I'm really not for abortion. I think it's a personal thing. I mean abortion on demand—wholesale."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, she became the first Republican First Lady to address a <a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">national convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her efforts in the 1972 reelection campaign—traveling across the country and speaking on behalf of her husband—were copied by future candidates' spouses.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels">Travels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Travels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Nixon_in_combat_zone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pat_Nixon_in_combat_zone.jpg/220px-Pat_Nixon_in_combat_zone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pat_Nixon_in_combat_zone.jpg/330px-Pat_Nixon_in_combat_zone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pat_Nixon_in_combat_zone.jpg/440px-Pat_Nixon_in_combat_zone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Escorted by armed guards, Pat Nixon (far right) arrives via helicopter on the ground in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, July 31, 1969. It was the first time a first lady had entered a combat zone.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pat Nixon held the record as the most-traveled First Lady until her mark was surpassed by <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Rodham_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillary Rodham Clinton">Hillary Rodham Clinton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In President Nixon's first term, Pat traveled to 39 of 50 states, and in the first year alone, shook hands with a quarter of a million people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'BrienSuteski2005239_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'BrienSuteski2005239-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She undertook many missions of goodwill to foreign nations as well. Her first foreign trip took in Guam, India, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Pakistan, Romania, and England.<sup id="cite_ref-csa171_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa171-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On such trips, Pat refused to be serviced by an entourage, feeling that they were an unnecessary barrier and a burden for taxpayers.<sup id="cite_ref-csa171_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa171-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, during a trip to <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, Pat became the first First Lady to enter a combat zone.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had tea with the wife of President <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u" title="Nguyễn Văn Thiệu">Nguyễn Văn Thiệu</a> in a palace, visited an orphanage, and lifted off in an open-door helicopter—armed by military guards with machine guns—to witness U.S. troops fighting in a jungle below.<sup id="cite_ref-csa171_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa171-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later admitted to experiencing a "moment of fear going into a battle zone", because, as author and historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony noted, "Pat Nixon was literally in a line of fire."<sup id="cite_ref-csa171_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa171-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later visited an army hospital, where, for two hours, she walked through the wards and spoke with each wounded patient.<sup id="cite_ref-csa172_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa172-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Lady of South Vietnam, Madame Thieu, said Pat Nixon's trip "intensified our morale".<sup id="cite_ref-csa172_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa172-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Nixon_in_Peru_Consuelo_Velasco_1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pat_Nixon_in_Peru_Consuelo_Velasco_1970.jpg/230px-Pat_Nixon_in_Peru_Consuelo_Velasco_1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pat_Nixon_in_Peru_Consuelo_Velasco_1970.jpg/345px-Pat_Nixon_in_Peru_Consuelo_Velasco_1970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Pat_Nixon_in_Peru_Consuelo_Velasco_1970.jpg/460px-Pat_Nixon_in_Peru_Consuelo_Velasco_1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="664" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Nixon_hospital_Peru_C3796-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pat_Nixon_hospital_Peru_C3796-18.jpg/230px-Pat_Nixon_hospital_Peru_C3796-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pat_Nixon_hospital_Peru_C3796-18.jpg/345px-Pat_Nixon_hospital_Peru_C3796-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pat_Nixon_hospital_Peru_C3796-18.jpg/460px-Pat_Nixon_hospital_Peru_C3796-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5816" data-file-height="3880" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pat Nixon famously visited Peru in June 1970 where she aided in taking relief supplies to earthquake victims (above) and visited children in hospitals (below). The trip was noted for its lasting diplomatic impact.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>After hearing about the <a href="/wiki/1970_Ancash_earthquake" title="1970 Ancash earthquake">Great Peruvian earthquake of 1970</a>, which caused an avalanche and additional destruction, Pat initiated a "volunteer American relief drive" and flew to the country, where she aided in taking relief supplies to earthquake victims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991185_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991185-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She toured damaged regions and embraced homeless townspeople; they trailed her as she climbed up hills of rubble and under fallen beams.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991186_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991186-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her trip was heralded in newspapers around the world for her acts of compassion and disregard for her personal safety or comfort,<sup id="cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and her presence was a direct boost to political relations. One Peruvian official commented: "Her coming here meant more than anything else President Nixon could have done,"<sup id="cite_ref-csa187_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa187-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an editorial in Peru's <i>Lima Prensa</i> said that Peruvians could never forget Pat Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-csa187_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa187-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fran_Lewine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fran Lewine">Fran Lewine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> wrote that no First Lady had ever undertaken a "mercy mission" resulting in such "diplomatic side effects".<sup id="cite_ref-csa187_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa187-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the trip, the Peruvian government presented her with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sun_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Sun (Peru)">Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun</a>, the highest Peruvian distinction and the oldest such honor in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She became the first First Lady to visit Africa in 1972, on a 10,000-mile (16,093 km), eight-day journey to <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-csa196_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa196-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon arrival in Liberia, Pat was honored with a 19-gun salute, a tribute reserved only for heads of government, and she reviewed troops.<sup id="cite_ref-csa196_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa196-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later donned a traditional native costume and danced with locals. She was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Most Venerable Order of Knighthood, Liberia's highest honor.<sup id="cite_ref-csa196_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa196-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ghana, she again danced with local residents, and addressed the nation's <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ghana" title="Parliament of Ghana">Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-csa196_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa196-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Ivory Coast, she was met by a quarter of a million people shouting "<i>Vive Madame Nixon!</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-csa196_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa196-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She conferred with leaders of all three African nations.<sup id="cite_ref-csa196_63-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa196-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon her return home, White House staffer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a> sent a memo to the President reading in part, "Mrs. Nixon has now broken through where we have failed ... People—men and women—identify with her, and in return with you."<sup id="cite_ref-csa197_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa197-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Richard_and_Pat_Nixon_on_Great_Wall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/President_Richard_and_Pat_Nixon_on_Great_Wall.png/220px-President_Richard_and_Pat_Nixon_on_Great_Wall.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/President_Richard_and_Pat_Nixon_on_Great_Wall.png/330px-President_Richard_and_Pat_Nixon_on_Great_Wall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/President_Richard_and_Pat_Nixon_on_Great_Wall.png/440px-President_Richard_and_Pat_Nixon_on_Great_Wall.png 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="2936" /></a><figcaption>The Nixons walked on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> during their historic trip in February 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>Another notable journey was the <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">Nixons' historic visit</a> to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1972. While President Nixon was in meetings, Pat toured through <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in her red coat. According to Carl Sferrazza Anthony, China was Pat Nixon's "moment", her turning point as an acclaimed First Lady in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-csa199200_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa199200-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She accompanied her husband to the Nixon–<a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a> summit meetings in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> later in the year. Though security constraints left her unable to walk freely through the streets as she did in China, Pat was still able to visit with children and walk arm-in-arm with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_First_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet First Lady">Soviet First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Viktoria_Brezhneva" title="Viktoria Brezhneva">Viktoria Brezhneva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-csa199200_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa199200-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, she visited <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> in 1974 with the unique diplomatic standing of personal representative of the president. The Nixons' last major trip was in June 1974, to Austria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Israel, and Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-csa215_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa215-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion_and_style">Fashion and style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fashion and style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Nixon_poses_1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pat_Nixon_poses_1970.jpg/220px-Pat_Nixon_poses_1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pat_Nixon_poses_1970.jpg/330px-Pat_Nixon_poses_1970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pat_Nixon_poses_1970.jpg/440px-Pat_Nixon_poses_1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2422" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption>Pat Nixon posing in the White House, 1970</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional role of a First Lady as the nation's hostess puts her personal appearance and style under scrutiny, and the attention to Pat was lively. <i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Wear_Daily" title="Women's Wear Daily">Women's Wear Daily</a></i> stated that Pat had a "good figure and good posture", as well as "the best-looking legs of any woman in public life today".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fashion writers tended to have a lackluster opinion of her well tailored, but nondescript, American-made clothes. "I consider it my duty to use American designers", she said,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and favored them because, "they are now using so many materials which are great for traveling because they're non crushable".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991192_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991192-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She preferred to buy readymade garments rather than made-to-order outfits. "I'm a size 10," she told <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. "I can just walk in and buy. I've bought things in various stores in various cities. Only some of my clothes are by designers."<sup id="cite_ref-cc-nyt_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-nyt-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She did, however, wear the custom work of some well-known talents, notably <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Beene" title="Geoffrey Beene">Geoffrey Beene</a>, at the suggestion of Clara Treyz, her personal shopper.<sup id="cite_ref-cc-nyt_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-nyt-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many fashion observers concluded that Pat Nixon did not greatly advance the cause of American fashion. Nixon's yellow-satin inaugural gown by Harvey Berin was criticized as "a schoolteacher on her night out", but Treyz defended her wardrobe selections by saying, "Mrs. Nixon must be ladylike."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon did not sport the outrageous fashions of the 1970s, because she was concerned about appearing conservatively dressed, especially as her husband's political star rose. "Always before, it was sort of fun to get some ... thing that was completely different, high-style", she told a reporter. "But this is not appropriate now. I avoid the spectacular."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986187_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986187-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watergate">Watergate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Watergate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a></div> <p>At the time the Watergate scandal broke to the media, Nixon "barely noticed" the reports of a break-in at the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-csa201_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa201-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, when asked by the press about Watergate, she replied curtly, "I know only what I read in the newspapers."<sup id="cite_ref-csa203_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa203-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, when a reporter asked "Is the press the cause of the president's problems?", she shot back, "What problems?"<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Privately, she felt that the power of her husband's staff was increasing, and President Nixon was becoming more removed from what was occurring in the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-csa203_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa203-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i></i> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIXONSandFORDS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NIXONSandFORDS.jpg/220px-NIXONSandFORDS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NIXONSandFORDS.jpg/330px-NIXONSandFORDS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NIXONSandFORDS.jpg/440px-NIXONSandFORDS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>The Fords escort the Nixons as they depart the White House on Nixon's final day as president, August 9, 1974.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pat Nixon did not know of the secret tape recordings her husband had made. <a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie Nixon Eisenhower</a> stated that the First Lady would have ordered the tapes destroyed immediately, had she known of their existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986409–410_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986409–410-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once she did learn of the tapes, she vigorously opposed making them public, and compared them to "private love letters—for one person alone".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991214_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991214-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Believing in her husband's innocence, she also encouraged him not to resign and instead fight all the impeachment charges that were eventually leveled against him. She said to her friend Helene Drown, "Dick has done so much for the country. Why is this happening?"<sup id="cite_ref-csa215_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa215-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After President Nixon told his family he would resign the office of the presidency, she replied "But why?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991216_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991216-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She contacted White House curator Clement Conger to cancel any further development of a new <a href="/wiki/White_House_china" title="White House china">official china pattern</a> from the Lenox China Company, and began supervising the packing of the family's personal belongings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986417–419_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986417–419-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 7, 1974, the family met in the <a href="/wiki/Sunroom" title="Sunroom">solarium</a> of the White House for their last dinner. Pat sat on the edge of a couch and held her chin high, a sign of tension to her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-csa217_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa217-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the president walked in, she threw her arms around him, kissed him, and said, "We're all very proud of you, Daddy."<sup id="cite_ref-csa217_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa217-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Pat Nixon said of the photographs taken that evening, "Our hearts were breaking and there we are smiling."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986424_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986424-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the morning of August 9 in the East Room, Nixon gave a televised 20-minute farewell speech to the White House staff, during which time he read from <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s biography and praised his own parents.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Lady could hardly contain her tears; she was most upset about the cameras, because they recorded her anguish, as they had during the 1960 election defeat. The Nixons walked onto the Executive Mansion's South Lawn with Vice President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and Betty Ford. The outgoing president departed from the White House on <a href="/wiki/Marine_One" title="Marine One">Marine One</a>. As the family walked towards the helicopter, Pat, with one arm around her husband's waist and one around Betty's, said to Betty "You'll see many of these red carpets, and you'll get so you hate 'em."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991218_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991218-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The helicopter transported them to <a href="/wiki/Andrews_Air_Force_Base" title="Andrews Air Force Base">Andrews Air Force Base</a>; from there they flew to California.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pat Nixon later told her daughter Julie, "Watergate is the only crisis that ever got me down ... And I know I will never live to see the vindication."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986453_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986453-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_perception">Public perception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Public perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PN_views_panda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PN_views_panda.jpg/180px-PN_views_panda.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PN_views_panda.jpg/270px-PN_views_panda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/PN_views_panda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Pat Nixon viewing pandas in a Chinese zoo in 1972.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historian Carl Sferrazza Anthony noted that ordinary citizens responded to, and identified with, Pat Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-csa187_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa187-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a group of people from a rural community visited the White House to present a quilt to the First Lady, many were overcome with nervousness; upon hearing their weeping, Pat hugged each individual tightly, and the tension dissipated.<sup id="cite_ref-csa187_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa187-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a young boy doubted that the Executive Mansion was her house because he could not see her washing machine, Pat led him through the halls and up an elevator, into the family quarters and the laundry room.<sup id="cite_ref-csa187_48-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa187-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She mixed well with people of different races, and made no distinctions on that basis.<sup id="cite_ref-csa197_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa197-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Nixons' trip to <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">China in 1972</a>, Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> was sufficiently smitten with her so as to give two rare <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant pandas</a> to the United States as a gift from China.<sup id="cite_ref-csa199200_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa199200-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pat Nixon was listed on the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Organization">Gallup Organization</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gallup%27s_most_admired_man_and_woman_poll" title="Gallup's most admired man and woman poll">top-ten list of the most admired women</a> fourteen times, from 1959 to 1962 and 1968 to 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-gallup_10_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup_10-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was ranked third in 1969, second in 1970 and 1971, and first in 1972. She remained on the top-ten list until 1979, five years after her husband left office.<sup id="cite_ref-gallup_10_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gallup_10-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To many, she was seen as an example of the "<a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a>", having risen from a poor background, with her greatest popularity among the "great silent majority" of voters.<sup id="cite_ref-csa201_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa201-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Brooks" title="Mary Brooks">Mary Brooks</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a> and a long-time friend of Pat's, illustrated some of the cultural divides present at the time when she described the First Lady as "a good example to the women of this country–if they're not part of those Women's Liberation groups".<sup id="cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, it was the view of veteran UPI correspondent <a href="/wiki/Helen_Thomas" title="Helen Thomas">Helen Thomas</a> that Pat "was the warmest First Lady I covered and the one who loved people the most. I think newspeople who covered her saw a woman who was sharp, responsive, sensitive."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991167_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991167-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Nixon_award_C6712-07A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pat_Nixon_award_C6712-07A.jpg/220px-Pat_Nixon_award_C6712-07A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pat_Nixon_award_C6712-07A.jpg/330px-Pat_Nixon_award_C6712-07A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pat_Nixon_award_C6712-07A.jpg/440px-Pat_Nixon_award_C6712-07A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="5704" /></a><figcaption>Pat Nixon was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun in 1971 by the government of Peru, becoming the first Western woman to earn the distinction.</figcaption></figure> <p>Press accounts <a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">framed</a> Pat Nixon as an embodiment of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> domesticity, in stark contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a> of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2008107–108_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2008107–108-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalists often portrayed her as dutiful and selfless<sup id="cite_ref-burns-110_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burns-110-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seeing herself as a wife first and individual second.<sup id="cite_ref-burns-125_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burns-125-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine described her as "the perfect wife and mother–pressing [her husband's] pants, making dresses for daughters Tricia and Julie, doing her own housework even as the Vice President's wife".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early years of her tenure as First Lady she was tagged "Plastic Pat", a derogatory nickname applied because, according to critics, she was always smiling while her face rarely expressed emotion<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and her body language made her seem reserved, and at times, artificial.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some observers described Pat Nixon as "a paper doll, a <a href="/wiki/Barbie_doll" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbie doll">Barbie doll</a>–plastic, antiseptic, unalive" and that she "put every bit of the energy and drive of her youth into playing a role, and she may no longer recognize it as such".<sup id="cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As for the criticisms, she said, "I am who I am and I will continue to be."<sup id="cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She unguardedly revealed some of her opinions of her own life in a 1968 interview aboard a campaign plane with <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a>: "Now, I have friends in all the countries of the world. I haven't just sat back and thought of myself or my ideas or what I wanted to do. Oh no, I've stayed interested in people. I've kept working. Right here in the plane I keep this case with me, and the minute I sit down, I write my thank you notes. Nobody gets by without a personal note. I don't have time to worry about who I admire or who I identify with. I've never had it easy. I'm not like all you ... all those people who had it easy."<sup id="cite_ref-steinem_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steinem-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite her largely demure public persona as a traditional wife and homemaker, she was not as self-effacing and timid as her critics often claimed. When a news photographer wanted her to strike yet another pose while wearing an apron, she firmly responded, "I think we've had enough of this kitchen thing, don't you?"<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some journalists, such as columnist and White House Correspondent <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Thompson_(journalist)" title="Robert E. Thompson (journalist)">Robert E. Thompson</a>, felt that Pat was an ideal balance for the 1970s; Thompson wrote that she proved that "women can play a vital role in world affairs" while still retaining a "feminine manner".<sup id="cite_ref-csa201_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csa201-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other journalists felt that Pat represented the failings of the <a href="/wiki/Feminine_mystique" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine mystique">feminine mystique</a>, and portrayed her as being out of step with her times.<sup id="cite_ref-burns-110_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burns-110-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who opposed the Vietnam War identified her with the Nixon administration's policies, and, as a result, occasionally picketed her speaking events. After she had spoken to some of them in one instance in 1970, however, one of the students told the press that "she wanted to listen. I felt like this is a woman who really cares about what we are doing. I was surprised."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991182_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991182-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veteran CBS correspondent <a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace" title="Mike Wallace">Mike Wallace</a> expressed regret that the one major interview he was never able to conduct was that of Pat Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_nixon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pat_nixon.jpg/220px-Pat_nixon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pat_nixon.jpg/330px-Pat_nixon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pat_nixon.jpg/440px-Pat_nixon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Pat Nixon's official White House portrait, painted in 1978 by <a href="/wiki/Henriette_Wyeth" title="Henriette Wyeth">Henriette Wyeth Hurd</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After returning to <a href="/wiki/San_Clemente,_California" title="San Clemente, California">San Clemente, California</a>, in 1974 and settling into the Nixons' home, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Casa_Pacifica" title="La Casa Pacifica">La Casa Pacifica</a></i>, Pat Nixon rarely appeared in public and only granted occasional interviews to the press. In late May 1975, Pat went to her girlhood hometown of Artesia to dedicate the <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Nixon_Elementary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Patricia Nixon Elementary School">Patricia Nixon Elementary School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenhower,_Julie_Nixon_(1986),_p._441_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenhower,_Julie_Nixon_(1986),_p._441-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her remarks, she said, "I'm proud to have the school carry my name. I always thought that only those who have gone had schools named after them. I am happy to tell you that I'm not gone—I mean, not really gone."<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenhower,_Julie_Nixon_(1986),_p._441_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenhower,_Julie_Nixon_(1986),_p._441-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was Pat's only solo public appearance in five and a half years in California.<sup id="cite_ref-Eisenhower,_Julie_Nixon_(1986),_p._441_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eisenhower,_Julie_Nixon_(1986),_p._441-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 7, 1976, at <i>La Casa Pacifica</i>, Nixon suffered a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, which resulted in the paralysis of her entire left side. <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> enabled her to eventually regain all movement.<sup id="cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She said that her recovery was "the hardest thing I have ever done physically".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, she and her husband moved to a townhouse on East 65th Street in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan, New York">Manhattan, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-houses_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-houses-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They lived there only briefly and in 1981 moved to a 6,000 square feet (557 m<sup>2</sup>) house in <a href="/wiki/Saddle_River,_New_Jersey" title="Saddle River, New Jersey">Saddle River, New Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-houses_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-houses-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gave the couple additional space, and enabled them to be near their children and grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-houses_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-houses-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pat, however, sustained another stroke in 1983<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986458_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986458-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two lung infections the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Ladies_at_Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/First_Ladies_at_Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library.jpg/220px-First_Ladies_at_Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/First_Ladies_at_Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library.jpg/330px-First_Ladies_at_Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/First_Ladies_at_Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library.jpg/440px-First_Ladies_at_Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="2033" /></a><figcaption>Nixon (seated second from left) attends the opening of the Ronald Reagan Library, November 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>Appearing "frail and slightly bent",<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she appeared in public for the opening of the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace (now <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California" title="Yorba Linda, California">Yorba Linda</a>, California, on July 19, 1990. The dedication ceremony included 50,000 friends and well-wishers, as well as former Presidents Ford, Reagan, and Bush and their wives.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library includes a Pat Nixon room, a Pat Nixon amphitheater, and rose gardens planted with the red-black <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosa_%27Pat_Nixon%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosa 'Pat Nixon' (page does not exist)">Pat Nixon Rose</a> developed by a French company in 1972, when she was first lady.<sup id="cite_ref-lat-obit_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-obit-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pat also attended the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library" title="Ronald Reagan Presidential Library">Ronald Reagan Presidential Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Simi_Valley,_California" title="Simi Valley, California">Simi Valley</a>, California, in November 1991. Former First Lady <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> reflected, "I loved Pat Nixon, who was a sensational, gracious, and thoughtful First Lady",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBush199497_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush199497-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the dedication of the Reagan Library, Bush remembered, "There was one sad thing. Pat Nixon did not look well at all. Through her smile you could see that she was in great pain and having a terrible time getting air into her lungs."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBush1994441_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush1994441-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nixons moved to a gated complex in <a href="/wiki/Park_Ridge,_New_Jersey" title="Park Ridge, New Jersey">Park Ridge, New Jersey</a>, in 1991. Pat's health was failing, and the house was smaller and contained an elevator.<sup id="cite_ref-houses_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-houses-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A heavy smoker most of her adult life who nevertheless never allowed herself to be seen with a cigarette in public,<sup id="cite_ref-lat-obit_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lat-obit-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she eventually endured bouts of <a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">oral cancer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a>, and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>, with which she was diagnosed in December 1992 while hospitalized with respiratory problems.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-obit_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-obit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Death and funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pat Nixon died at her Park Ridge, New Jersey, home at 5:45 a.m. on June 22, 1993, the day after her fifty-third wedding anniversary.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was 81 years old. Her daughters and husband were by her side. </p><p>The funeral service for Pat Nixon took place on the grounds of the Richard Nixon Library in Yorba Linda on June 26, 1993. Speakers at the ceremony, including <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">California Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Pete Wilson</a>, Kansas senator <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a>, and the Reverend Dr. <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>, eulogized the former First Lady. In addition to her husband and immediate family, former presidents <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> and their wives, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty</a>, were also in attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-PN_funeral_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_funeral-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> did not attend the funeral and former presidents <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and their wives <a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara</a> also did not attend. <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a> was unable to attend because she was in the hospital recovering from a stroke, and <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis</a> did not attend either.<sup id="cite_ref-PN_funeral_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_funeral-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Nixon sobbed openly, profusely, and at times uncontrollably during the ceremony. It was a rare display of emotion from the former president, and Helen McCain Smith and Ed Nixon both said they had never seen him more distraught.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1999258_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1999258-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nixon's tombstone gives her name as "Patricia Ryan Nixon", the name by which she was popularly known. Her husband survived her by ten months, <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">dying</a> on April 22, 1994. He was also 81.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her <a href="/wiki/Epitaph" title="Epitaph">epitaph</a> reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Even when people can't speak your language, they can tell if you have love in your heart.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture_impact">Popular culture impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Popular culture impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Nixon_reaches_out_to_young_girl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pat_Nixon_reaches_out_to_young_girl.jpg/220px-Pat_Nixon_reaches_out_to_young_girl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pat_Nixon_reaches_out_to_young_girl.jpg/330px-Pat_Nixon_reaches_out_to_young_girl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pat_Nixon_reaches_out_to_young_girl.jpg/440px-Pat_Nixon_reaches_out_to_young_girl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="1993" /></a><figcaption>Pat Nixon reaches out from her limousine to a young girl during an October 1972 campaign stop in Atlanta.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon_Park" title="Pat Nixon Park">Pat Nixon Park</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Cerritos,_California" title="Cerritos, California">Cerritos, California</a>. The site where her girlhood home stood is on the property.<sup id="cite_ref-PN_Biography:_Richard_Nixon_Library_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PN_Biography:_Richard_Nixon_Library-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cerritos City Council voted in April 1996 to erect a statue of the former first lady, one of the few statues created in the image of a first lady.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pat has been portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Allen" title="Joan Allen">Joan Allen</a> in the 1995 film <i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_(film)" title="Nixon (film)">Nixon</a></i> (for which Allen earned a nomination for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress">Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress</a>), <a href="/wiki/Patty_McCormack" title="Patty McCormack">Patty McCormack</a> in the 2008 film <i><a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)" title="Frost/Nixon (film)">Frost/Nixon</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Sullivan" title="Nicole Sullivan">Nicole Sullivan</a> in the 2009 film <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Dynamite" title="Black Dynamite">Black Dynamite</a></i>. She was sung by soprano <a href="/wiki/Carolann_Page" title="Carolann Page">Carolann Page</a> in <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(composer)" title="John Adams (composer)">John Adams</a>' opera <i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China">Nixon in China</a></i> 1987 world premiere in Houston, Texas; a <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> critic noted that the performance captured "the First Lady's shy mannerisms" while one from the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> described the subject as the "chronically demure First Lady".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The part was later sung by Scottish soprano <a href="/wiki/Janis_Kelly_(soprano)" title="Janis Kelly (soprano)">Janis Kelly</a> in the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera</a> premiere in New York. This <i>New York Times</i> critic wrote that Kelly "was wonderful as Pat Nixon. During the affecting Act II scene in which she is guided by Chinese escorts and journalists to a glass factory, a people's commune and a health clinic, she is finally taken to a school. She speaks of coming from a poor family and tells the obliging children that for a while she was a schoolteacher. In Mr. Adams's tender music, as sung by Ms. Kelly, you sense Mrs. Nixon wistfully pondering the much different life she might have had."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_assessments">Historical assessments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historical assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1982 <a href="/wiki/Siena_College_Research_Institute" title="Siena College Research Institute">Siena College Research Institute</a> has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president.<sup id="cite_ref-Siena2014_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siena2014-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of cumulative assessment, Nixon has been ranked: </p> <ul><li>37th-best of 42 in 1982<sup id="cite_ref-2008Siena_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008Siena-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>18th-best of 37 in 1993<sup id="cite_ref-2008Siena_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008Siena-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>33rd-best of 38 in 2003<sup id="cite_ref-2008Siena_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008Siena-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>35th-best of 38 in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-2008Siena_118-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008Siena-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>33rd-best of 39 in 2014<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the 2014 survey, Nixon and her husband were ranked the 29th-highest out of 39 first couples in terms of being a "power couple".<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_Lady_Pat_Nixon_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509084238/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=38">"First Lady Biography: Pat Nixon"</a>. The National First Ladies Library. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=38">the original</a> on May 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Lady+Biography%3A+Pat+Nixon&rft.pub=The+National+First+Ladies+Library&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstladies.org%2Fbiographies%2Ffirstladies.aspx%3Fbiography%3D38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalloran,_Richard1972" class="citation news cs1">Halloran, Richard (March 16, 1972). "First Lady of the Land at 60: Thelma Catherine Ryan Nixon, Woman in the News". <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=First+Lady+of+the+Land+at+60%3A+Thelma+Catherine+Ryan+Nixon%2C+Woman+in+the+News&rft.date=1972-03-16&rft.au=Halloran%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinnard,_Judith_M.1971" class="citation news cs1">Kinnard, Judith M. (August 20, 1971). "Thelma Ryan's Rise: From White Frame to White House". <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Thelma+Ryan%27s+Rise%3A+From+White+Frame+to+White+House&rft.date=1971-08-20&rft.au=Kinnard%2C+Judith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"First Lady Hailed on Return 'Home'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The New York Times</i>. September 6, 1969. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=First+Lady+Hailed+on+Return+%27Home%27&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1969-09-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Illustration in a <i>New York Times</i> article by Judith M. Kinnard, entitled "Thelma Ryan's Rise: From White Frame to White House" (August 20, 1971).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-obit-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-obit_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-obit_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-obit_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-obit_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-obit_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5D7113AF930A15755C0A965958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2">"Pat Nixon, Former First Lady, Dies at 81"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. July 23, 1993. p. D22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921120101/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/23/obituaries/pat-nixon-former-first-lady-dies-at-81.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pat+Nixon%2C+Former+First+Lady%2C+Dies+at+81&rft.pages=D22&rft.date=1993-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F0CE5D7113AF930A15755C0A965958260%26sec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nixonfoundation.org/resources/pat-nixon-biography/">"Pat Nixon Biography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230706030402/https://www.nixonfoundation.org/resources/pat-nixon-biography/">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pat+Nixon+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixonfoundation.org%2Fresources%2Fpat-nixon-biography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PN_is_the_Ultimate_Good_Sport_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViorst,_Judith1970" class="citation news cs1">Viorst, Judith (September 13, 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/13/archives/pat-nixon-is-the-ultimate-good-sport-there-are-indications-that-she.html?_r=0">"Pat Nixon Is the Ultimate Good Sport"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. SM13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301230159/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/09/13/archives/pat-nixon-is-the-ultimate-good-sport-there-are-indications-that-she.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pat+Nixon+Is+the+Ultimate+Good+Sport&rft.pages=SM13&rft.date=1970-09-13&rft.au=Viorst%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1970%2F09%2F13%2Farchives%2Fpat-nixon-is-the-ultimate-good-sport-there-are-indications-that-she.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silentpartner-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-silentpartner_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silentpartner_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612222539/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,873226-1,00.html">"The Silent Partner"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 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The White House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123203237/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/patricia-ryan-nixon/">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bowling Green, Kentucky. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629122933/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1697&dat=19591006&id=uPoeAAAAIBAJ&pg=3202%2C2447750">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Park+City+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Hollywood+Today&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1959-10-06&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Erskine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1697%26dat%3D19591006%26id%3DuPoeAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3202%2C2447750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steinem-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steinem_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steinem_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steinem_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steinem_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinem,_Gloria1968" class="citation news cs1">Steinem, Gloria (October 28, 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nymag.com/news/politics/45934/index11.html">"In Your Heart You Know He's Nixon"</a>. <i>New York</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018111555/http://nymag.com/news/politics/45934/index11.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=In+Your+Heart+You+Know+He%27s+Nixon&rft.date=1968-10-28&rft.au=Steinem%2C+Gloria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F45934%2Findex11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower198648-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower198648_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1986">Eisenhower (1986)</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Diplomat in High Heels: Thelma Ryan Nixon". <i>The New York Times</i>. July 28, 1959. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Diplomat+in+High+Heels%3A+Thelma+Ryan+Nixon&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1959-07-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarton2001173-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarton2001173_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarton2001">Marton (2001)</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sferrazza-ch-353-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sferrazza-ch-353_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sferrazza-ch-353_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sferrazza-ch-353_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sferrazza-ch-353_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sferrazza, "Thelma Catherine (Patricia) Ryan Nixon", p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csa172-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csa172_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csa172_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csa172_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csa172_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony1991">Anthony (1991)</a>, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csa173-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csa173_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csa173_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csa173_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony1991">Anthony (1991)</a>, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222064449/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,942982,00.html">"Pat Nixon: Steel and Sorrow"</a>. <i>Time</i>. August 19, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,942982,00.html">the original</a> on December 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Pat+Nixon%3A+Steel+and+Sorrow&rft.date=2008-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C942982%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"The American Presidency". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+American+Presidency&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114112748/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844670-2,00.html">"A Worshiper in the White House"</a>. <i>Time</i>. December 6, 1968. pp. 1–2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844670-2,00.html">the original</a> on November 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=A+Worshiper+in+the+White+House&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=1968-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C844670-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ambrose13-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ambrose13_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ambrose13_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1988" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Stephen E. (1988). <i>Nixon Volume I: The Education of a Politician 1913–1962</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0671657222" title="Special:BookSources/978-0671657222"><bdi>978-0671657222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon+Volume+I%3A+The+Education+of+a+Politician+1913%E2%80%931962&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0671657222&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109115002/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/34_eisenhower/psources/ps_checkers.html">"Richard Nixon's Checkers Speech"</a>. PBS. 2002–2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/34_eisenhower/psources/ps_checkers.html">the original</a> on November 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Nixon%27s+Checkers+Speech&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2002%2F2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fpresidents%2F34_eisenhower%2Fpsources%2Fps_checkers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1968, however, a fashion writer of <i>The New York Times</i> noted that Pat Nixon had purchased a coat made of blonde mink and one of brown-and-black <a href="/wiki/Persian_lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian lamb">Persian lamb</a> by the furrier Sidney Fink of Blum & Fink. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis,_Charlotte1968" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Curtis" title="Charlotte Curtis">Curtis, Charlotte</a> (December 21, 1968). "Fashion Spotlight Turns to New First Family". <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fashion+Spotlight+Turns+to+New+First+Family&rft.date=1968-12-21&rft.au=Curtis%2C+Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBender,_Marylin1960" class="citation news cs1">Bender, Marylin (July 28, 1960). "Pat Nixon: A Diplomat in High Heels". <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pat+Nixon%3A+A+Diplomat+in+High+Heels&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1960-07-28&rft.au=Bender%2C+Marylin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-os234-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-os234_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'BrienSuteski2005">O'Brien & Suteski (2005)</a>, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisenhower,_Julie_Nixon_(1986),_p._205-206-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenhower,_Julie_Nixon_(1986),_p._205-206_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenhower,_Julie_Nixon_(1986),_p._205-206_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1986">Eisenhower (1986)</a>, pp. 205–206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jne235237-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jne235237_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jne235237_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1986">Eisenhower (1986)</a>, pp. 235, 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason2004" class="citation book cs1">Mason, Robert (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richardnixonques00maso"><i>Richard Nixon and the Quest for a New Majority</i></a></span>. UNC Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richardnixonques00maso/page/n37">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2905-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2905-6"><bdi>0-8078-2905-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Nixon+and+the+Quest+for+a+New+Majority&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8078-2905-6&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichardnixonques00maso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986236-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986236_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1986">Eisenhower (1986)</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csa165-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-csa165_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony1991">Anthony (1991)</a>, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991168-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991168_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony1991">Anthony (1991)</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986254-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986254_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1986">Eisenhower (1986)</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PN_Biography:_Richard_Nixon_Library-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PN_Biography:_Richard_Nixon_Library_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PN_Biography:_Richard_Nixon_Library_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nixonfoundation.org/index.php?src=gendocs&link=PNbio">"Biography of First Lady Pat Nixon"</a>. Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace Foundation. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608135258/http://www.nixonfoundation.org/index.php?src=gendocs&link=PNbio">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+First+Lady+Pat+Nixon&rft.pub=Richard+Nixon+Library+%26+Birthplace+Foundation&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixonfoundation.org%2Findex.php%3Fsrc%3Dgendocs%26link%3DPNbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csa177-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csa177_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csa177_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csa177_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csa177_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony1991">Anthony (1991)</a>, p. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991181-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony1991181_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony1991">Anthony (1991)</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3984">"Richard Nixon: Statement on Signing the Domestic Volunteer Service Act of 1973"</a>. The American Presidency Project. October 1, 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624094538/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3984">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Nixon%3A+Statement+on+Signing+the+Domestic+Volunteer+Service+Act+of+1973&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.date=1973-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D3984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burns-125-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burns-125_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burns-125_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2008">Burns (2008)</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csa178-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csa178_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csa178_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csa178_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnthony1991">Anthony (1991)</a>, p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986260,_264-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenhower1986260,_264_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenhower1986">Eisenhower (1986)</a>, pp. 260, 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReif,_Rita1968" class="citation news cs1">Reif, Rita (November 30, 1968). 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October 24, 1969. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828062046/http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1969/10/24/page/1/article/pat-nixon-hires-new-press-aid/">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pat+Nixon+Hires+New+Press+Aid&rft.date=1969-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.chicagotribune.com%2F1969%2F10%2F24%2Fpage%2F1%2Farticle%2Fpat-nixon-hires-new-press-aid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrower2015155–156-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrower2015155–156_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrower2015">Brower (2015)</a>, pp. 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cc-nyt-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cc-nyt_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc-nyt_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc-nyt_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis,_Charlotte1968" class="citation news cs1">Curtis, Charlotte (July 3, 1968). 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January 12, 1970. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,942153-2,00.html">the original</a> on November 14, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Pat%27s+Wardrobe+Mistress&rft.date=1970-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C942153-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nixon also frequently wore wigs that replicated her short blonde hairstyle, especially on political trips when access to a hairdresser was difficult. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis,_Charlotte1968" class="citation news cs1">Curtis, Charlotte (July 3, 1968). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Another+Nixon+Summit%2C+At+His+Library&rft.date=1990-07-20&rft.au=Apple%2C+R.+W.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C0CE0D61631F933A15754C0A966958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080720114321/http://www.nixonlibraryfoundation.org/index.php?submenu=museum&src=gendocs&link=MuseumTour">"Museum Tour: The Museum"</a>. Richard Nixon Library Foundation. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+Tour%3A+The+Museum&rft.pub=Richard+Nixon+Library+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixonlibraryfoundation.org%2Findex.php%3Flink%3DMuseumTour%26src%3Dgendocs%26submenu%3Dmuseum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lat-obit-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lat-obit_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lat-obit_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-23-mn-6290-story.html">"Pat Nixon Dies; Model Political Wife Was 81"</a></span>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. June 23, 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111162657/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-06-23/news/mn-6290_1_pat-nixon">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Pat+Nixon+Dies%3B+Model+Political+Wife+Was+81&rft.date=1993-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1993-06-23-mn-6290-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush199497-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBush199497_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBush1994">Bush (1994)</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBush1994441-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBush1994441_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBush1994">Bush (1994)</a>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE2DC103FF930A25751C0A961948260">"Pat Nixon Released From Hospital"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 13, 1987. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921120104/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/13/nyregion/metro-datelines-pat-nixon-released-from-hospital.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pat+Nixon+Released+From+Hospital&rft.date=1987-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9B0DE2DC103FF930A25751C0A961948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=axYYAAAAYAAJ"><i>Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents</i></a>. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. 1993. p. 1157. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705071255/https://books.google.com/books?id=axYYAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weekly+Compilation+of+Presidential+Documents&rft.pages=1157&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Federal+Register%2C+National+Archives+and+Records+Service%2C+General+Services+Administration&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaxYYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PN_funeral-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PN_funeral_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PN_funeral_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nixonfoundation.org/index.php?src=gendocs&link=PNfuneral">"Funeral Services of Mrs. Nixon"</a>. Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace Foundation. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150609075721/http://www.nixonfoundation.org/index.php?src=gendocs&link=PNfuneral">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Funeral+Services+of+Mrs.+Nixon&rft.pub=Richard+Nixon+Library+%26+Birthplace+Foundation&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nixonfoundation.org%2Findex.php%3Fsrc%3Dgendocs%26link%3DPNfuneral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1999258-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1999258_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas1999">Thomas (1999)</a>, p. 258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrower2016" class="citation book cs1">Brower, Kate Andersen (2016). <i>First Women: The Grace and Power of America's Modern First Ladies</i>. 195 Broadway New York, NY 10007: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062439666" title="Special:BookSources/9780062439666"><bdi>9780062439666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Women%3A+The+Grace+and+Power+of+America%27s+Modern+First+Ladies&rft.place=195+Broadway+New+York%2C+NY+10007&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780062439666&rft.aulast=Brower&rft.aufirst=Kate+Andersen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil,_MartinRandolph,_Eleanor1994" class="citation news cs1">Weil, Martin; Randolph, Eleanor (April 23, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/watergate/stories/nixobit.htm">"Richard M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Richard+M.+Nixon%2C+37th+President%2C+Dies&rft.date=1994-04-23&rft.au=Weil%2C+Martin&rft.au=Randolph%2C+Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Flongterm%2Fwatergate%2Fstories%2Fnixobit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.cerritos.ca.us/gallery/nixonfact.html">"Pat Nixon Statue at the Cerritos Senior Center"</a>. City of Cerritos. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090804193032/http://www.ci.cerritos.ca.us/gallery/nixonfact.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pat+Nixon+Statue+at+the+Cerritos+Senior+Center&rft.pub=City+of+Cerritos&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ci.cerritos.ca.us%2Fgallery%2Fnixonfact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenahan1987" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donal_Henahan" title="Donal Henahan">Henahan, Donal</a> (October 24, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/arts/opera-nixon-in-china.html">"Opera: <i>Nixon in China</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827014611/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/arts/opera-nixon-in-china.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opera%3A+Nixon+in+China&rft.date=1987-10-24&rft.aulast=Henahan&rft.aufirst=Donal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F10%2F24%2Farts%2Fopera-nixon-in-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernheimer1987" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bernheimer" title="Martin Bernheimer">Bernheimer, Martin</a> (October 24, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-10-24-ca-3984-story.html">"Gala Opera Premiere: John Adams' <i>Nixon in China</i> in Houston"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531041826/http://articles.latimes.com/1987-10-24/entertainment/ca-3984_1_opera-premiere/2">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Gala+Opera+Premiere%3A+John+Adams%27+Nixon+in+China+in+Houston&rft.date=1987-10-24&rft.aulast=Bernheimer&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1987-10-24-ca-3984-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTommasini2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini" title="Anthony Tommasini">Tommasini, Anthony</a> (February 4, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/04/arts/music/04nixon.html">"President and Opera, on Unexpected Stages"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. C1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827200737/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/04/arts/music/04nixon.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=President+and+Opera%2C+on+Unexpected+Stages&rft.pages=C1&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft.aulast=Tommasini&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F02%2F04%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F04nixon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siena2014-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siena2014_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf">"Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>scri.siena.edu</i>. Siena Research Institute. February 15, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222164549/https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scri.siena.edu&rft.atitle=Eleanor+Roosevelt+Retains+Top+Spot+as+America%27s+Best+First+Lady+Michelle+Obama+Enters+Study+as+5th%2C+Hillary+Clinton+Drops+to+6th+Clinton+Seen+First+Lady+Most+as+Presidential+Material%3B+Laura+Bush%2C+Pat+Nixon%2C+Mamie+Eisenhower%2C+Bess+Truman+Could+Have+Done+More+in+Office+Eleanor+%26+FDR+Top+Power+Couple%3B+Mary+Drags+Lincolns+Down+in+the+Ratings&rft.date=2014-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscri.siena.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FFirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2008Siena-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2008Siena_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2008Siena_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2008Siena_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2008Siena_118-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf">"Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5th to 4th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Siena Research Institute. December 18, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222164606/https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 22, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranking+America%27s+First+Ladies+Eleanor+Roosevelt+Still+%231+Abigail+Adams+Regains+2nd+Place+Hillary+moves+from+5th+to+4th%3B+Jackie+Kennedy+from+4th+to+3rd+Mary+Todd+Lincoln+Remains+in+36th&rft.pub=Siena+Research+Institute&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscri.siena.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FFL_2008Release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_A_Overall_Survey_Results.pdf">"Siena College Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>scri.siena.edu</i>. Siena College Research Institute. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010195939/https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_A_Overall_Survey_Results.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scri.siena.edu&rft.atitle=Siena+College+Research+Institute%2FC-SPAN+Study+of+the+First+Ladies+of+the+United+States+2014&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscri.siena.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FAppendix_A_Overall_Survey_Results.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf">"2014 Power Couple Score"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>scri.siena.edu/</i>. Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221009201711/https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scri.siena.edu%2F&rft.atitle=2014+Power+Couple+Score&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscri.siena.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FAppendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1991" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstladiessaga200anth"><i>First Ladies: The Saga of the Presidents' Wives and Their Power; 1961–1990 (Volume II)</i></a></span>. New York: William Morrow and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ladies%3A+The+Saga+of+the+Presidents%27+Wives+and+Their+Power%3B+1961%E2%80%931990+%28Volume+II%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Co&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Carl+Sferrazza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstladiessaga200anth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrower2015" class="citation book cs1">Brower, Kate Andersen (2015). <i>The Residence: Inside the Private World of The White House</i>. New York: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-230519-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-230519-0"><bdi>978-0-06-230519-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Residence%3A+Inside+the+Private+World+of+The+White+House&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-06-230519-0&rft.aulast=Brower&rft.aufirst=Kate+Andersen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2008" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Lisa M. (2008). <i>First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives</i>. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87580-391-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87580-391-3"><bdi>978-0-87580-391-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ladies+and+the+Fourth+Estate%3A+Press+Framing+of+Presidential+Wives&rft.place=DeKalb%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-87580-391-3&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Lisa+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Bush, Barbara</a> (1994). <i>A Memoir</i>. New York: Scribner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Memoir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1978" class="citation book cs1">David, Lester (1978). <i>The Lonely Lady of San Clemente: The Story of Pat Nixon</i>. Crowell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-690-01688-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-690-01688-3"><bdi>0-690-01688-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lonely+Lady+of+San+Clemente%3A+The+Story+of+Pat+Nixon&rft.pub=Crowell&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-690-01688-3&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Lester&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenhower1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Eisenhower, Julie Nixon</a> (1986). <i>Pat Nixon: The Untold Story</i>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-24424-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-24424-8"><bdi>0-671-24424-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pat+Nixon%3A+The+Untold+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-671-24424-8&rft.aulast=Eisenhower&rft.aufirst=Julie+Nixon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kati_Marton" title="Kati Marton">Marton, Kati</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiddenpowerpresi00mart_0"><i>Hidden Power: Presidential Marriages That Shaped Our History</i></a>. New York: Pantheon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40106-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40106-7"><bdi>0-375-40106-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Power%3A+Presidential+Marriages+That+Shaped+Our+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-375-40106-7&rft.aulast=Marton&rft.aufirst=Kati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiddenpowerpresi00mart_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienSuteski2005" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Cormac; Suteski, Monika (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781594740145"><i>Secret Lives of the First Ladies: What Your Teachers Never Told You About the Women of the White House</i></a>. Quirk Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59474-014-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59474-014-3"><bdi>1-59474-014-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Lives+of+the+First+Ladies%3A+What+Your+Teachers+Never+Told+You+About+the+Women+of+the+White+House&rft.pub=Quirk+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-59474-014-3&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Cormac&rft.au=Suteski%2C+Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781594740145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwift2014" class="citation book cs1">Swift, Will (2014). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/patdicknixonsint0000swif"><i>Pat and Dick: The Nixons, An Intimate Portrait of a Marriage</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-7694-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-7694-5"><bdi>978-1-4516-7694-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pat+and+Dick%3A+The+Nixons%2C+An+Intimate+Portrait+of+a+Marriage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-7694-5&rft.aulast=Swift&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpatdicknixonsint0000swif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Thomas" title="Helen Thomas">Thomas, Helen</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frontrowatwhiteh00hele"><i>Front Row at the White House: My Life and Times</i></a>. New York: Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86809-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-86809-1"><bdi>0-684-86809-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Front+Row+at+the+White+House%3A+My+Life+and+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-684-86809-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontrowatwhiteh00hele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (2001). "Thelma Catherine (Patricia) Ryan Nixon". In Gould, Lewis L. (ed.). <i>American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thelma+Catherine+%28Patricia%29+Ryan+Nixon&rft.btitle=American+First+Ladies%3A+Their+Lives+and+Their+Legacy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Carl+Sferrazza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Truman" title="Margaret Truman">Truman, Margaret</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstladies00trum"><i>First Ladies</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-43439-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-43439-9"><bdi>0-679-43439-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ladies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-679-43439-9&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstladies00trum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APat+Nixon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pat_Nixon&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pat_Nixon" class="extiw" title="commons:Pat Nixon"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Pat Nixon</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstlady.nixonfoundation.org/">Richard Nixon Foundation biography of Pat Nixon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies/pn37.html">White House biography on Pat Nixon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?30856">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/id/136873">Video of funeral services for Pat Nixon, 1993</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403010511/http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/id/136873">Archived</a> April 3, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/39/Pat-Nixon.aspx">Pat Nixon</a> at <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/First_Ladies:_Influence_%26_Image" title="First Ladies: Influence & Image">First Ladies: Influence & Image</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Hadley_Barkley" title="Jane Hadley Barkley">Jane Barkley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Second_Lady_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lady of the United States">Second Lady of the United States</a> </b><br />1953–1961 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> </b><br />1969–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div 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href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha Jefferson Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Monroe" title="Elizabeth Monroe">Elizabeth Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams">Louisa Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson" title="Sarah Yorke Jackson">Sarah Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_Singleton_Van_Buren" title="Angelica Singleton Van Buren">Angelica Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Harrison" title="Anna Harrison">Anna Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Irwin_Harrison" title="Jane Irwin Harrison">Jane Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Christian_Tyler" title="Letitia Christian Tyler">Letitia Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cooper_Tyler" title="Priscilla Cooper Tyler">Priscilla Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Julia Gardiner Tyler">Julia Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Childress_Polk" title="Sarah Childress Polk">Sarah Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Taylor" title="Margaret Taylor">Margaret Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Fillmore" title="Abigail Fillmore">Abigail Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Pierce" title="Jane Pierce">Jane Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Lane" title="Harriet Lane">Harriet Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_McCardle_Johnson" title="Eliza McCardle Johnson">Eliza Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Grant" title="Julia Grant">Julia Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Webb_Hayes" title="Lucy Webb Hayes">Lucy Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Garfield" title="Lucretia Garfield">Lucretia Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Arthur_McElroy" title="Mary Arthur McElroy">Mary McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Cleveland" title="Rose Cleveland">Rose Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cleveland" title="Frances Cleveland">Frances Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Harrison" title="Caroline Harrison">Caroline Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harrison_McKee" title="Mary Harrison McKee">Mary Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cleveland" title="Frances Cleveland">Frances Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Saxton_McKinley" title="Ida Saxton McKinley">Ida McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Axson_Wilson" title="Ellen Axson Wilson">Ellen Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Margaret Woodrow Wilson">Margaret Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith Wilson">Edith Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Harding" title="Florence Harding">Florence Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Coolidge" title="Grace Coolidge">Grace Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamie_Eisenhower" title="Mamie Eisenhower">Mamie Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pat Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as First Lady of the United States">tenure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_United_States_presidential_spouses_and_first_ladies" title="Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies">bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_family_of_the_United_States" title="First family of the United States">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Lady_of_the_United_States_firsts" title="List of First Lady of the United States firsts">firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memoirs_by_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of memoirs by first ladies of the United States">memoirs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Ladies_National_Historic_Site" title="First Ladies National Historic Site">National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="Category:First ladies of the United States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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Dallas">Sophia Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Fillmore" title="Abigail Fillmore">Abigail Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cyrene_Breckinridge" title="Mary Cyrene Breckinridge">Mary Cyrene Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Hamlin" title="Ellen Hamlin">Ellen Vesta Emery Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_McCardle_Johnson" title="Eliza McCardle Johnson">Eliza Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Maria_Colfax" title="Ellen Maria Colfax">Ellen Maria Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Hendricks" title="Eliza Hendricks">Eliza Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Morton" title="Anna Morton">Anna Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Stevenson" title="Letitia Stevenson">Letitia Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Tuttle_Hobart" title="Jennie Tuttle Hobart">Jennie Tuttle Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Cole_Fairbanks" title="Cornelia Cole Fairbanks">Cornelia Cole Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Babcock_Sherman" title="Carrie Babcock Sherman">Carrie Babcock Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Irene_Marshall" title="Lois Irene Marshall">Lois Irene Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Coolidge" title="Grace Coolidge">Grace Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro_Dawes" title="Caro Dawes">Caro Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariette_Rheiner_Garner" title="Mariette Rheiner Garner">Mariette Rheiner Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilo_Wallace" title="Ilo Wallace">Ilo Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Truman" title="Bess Truman">Bess Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Hadley_Barkley" title="Jane Hadley Barkley">Jane Hadley Barkley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pat Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Humphrey" title="Muriel Humphrey">Muriel Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Agnew" title="Judy Agnew">Judy Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Rockefeller" title="Happy Rockefeller">Happy Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mondale" title="Joan Mondale">Joan Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Quayle" title="Marilyn Quayle">Marilyn Quayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipper_Gore" title="Tipper Gore">Tipper Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Cheney" title="Lynne Cheney">Lynne Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Pence" title="Karen Pence">Karen Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Emhoff" title="Doug Emhoff">Douglas Emhoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Richard_Nixon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Nixon" title="Template:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Nixon" title="Template talk:Richard Nixon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">from California</a> (1950–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/California%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="California's 12th congressional district">CA–12</a> (1947–1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidential transition of Richard Nixon">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="First inauguration of Richard Nixon">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Second inauguration of Richard Nixon">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bring_Us_Together" title="Bring Us Together">Bring Us Together</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixonomics" title="Nixonomics">Economic policies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_shock" title="Nixon shock">Nixon shock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_Baby_Option" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar Baby Option">Tar Baby Option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reorganization_Plan_No._3" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganization Plan No. 3">creation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Cancer">1971 National Cancer Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Cambodian bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Peace_with_Honor" title="Peace with Honor">Peace with Honor</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization" title="Vietnamization">Vietnamization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_majority" title="Silent majority">Silent majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_(1962%E2%80%931979)" title="Cold War (1962–1979)">Cold War period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">Linkage policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Drug_Abuse_Prevention_and_Control_Act_of_1970" title="Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970">Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_visit_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial">1970 Lincoln Memorial visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit to China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Shanghai Communiqué">Shanghai Communiqué</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Summit_(1972)" title="Moscow Summit (1972)">1972 Moscow Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty">Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">SALT I Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War">Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Threshold Test Ban Treaty">Threshold Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973" title="Endangered Species Act of 1973">Endangered Species Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafer_Commission" title="Shafer Commission">National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration#History_and_mandate" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Richard_Nixon_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Richard Nixon administration">Cannabis policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Enemies List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">list of opponents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_CHAOS" title="Operation CHAOS">Operation CHAOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">White House tapes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">Senate Watergate Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">impeachment process</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_am_not_a_crook" class="mw-redirect" title="I am not a crook">I am not a crook</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal#Resignation" title="Watergate scandal">Resignation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1970 State of the Union Address">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1971 State of the Union Address">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1972 State of the Union Address">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1973 State of the Union Address">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1974 State of the Union Address">1974</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_desk" title="Wilson desk">Wilson desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Richard_Nixon" title="List of federal judges appointed by Richard Nixon">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Richard Nixon judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Milhous_Nixon/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Richard Milhous Nixon/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Foundation" title="Richard Nixon Foundation">Richard Nixon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthplace_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Birthplace of Richard Nixon">Birthplace and boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checkers_speech" title="Checkers speech">Checkers speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Richard_Nixon%27s_motorcade" title="Attack on Richard Nixon's motorcade">1958 motorcade attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_40" title="Operation 40">Operation 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_November_1962_press_conference" title="Richard Nixon's November 1962 press conference">"Last press conference"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_White_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida White House">Florida White House</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/La_Casa_Pacifica" title="La Casa Pacifica">La Casa Pacifica</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Nixon Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._General_Services_Administration" title="Nixon v. General Services Administration">Nixon v. General Services Administration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Death and state funeral of Richard Nixon">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Six_Crises" title="Six Crises"><i>Six Crises</i> (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Bibliography of Richard Nixon">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Electoral history of Richard Nixon">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives: <a href="/wiki/1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election" title="1946 California's 12th congressional district election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate: <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950</a></li> <li>California gubernatorial election: <a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li>GOP presidential primaries: <a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">1972</a></li> <li>GOP national conventions: <a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1968 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1972_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1972 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li>Presidential elections: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Cultural depictions of Richard Nixon">Popular<br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Nixon_goes_to_China" title="Nixon goes to China">Nixon goes to China</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millhouse_(film)" title="Millhouse (film)"><i>Millhouse</i> (1971 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Evening_with_Richard_Nixon" title="An Evening with Richard Nixon">An Evening with Richard Nixon</a></i> (1972 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_(film)" title="Richard (film)">Richard</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Nice_Mess" title="Another Nice Mess">Another Nice Mess</a></i> (1972 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_More_Years" title="Four More Years"><i>Four More Years</i> (1972 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeach_the_President" title="Impeach the President"><i>Impeach the President</i> (1973 song)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Werewolf_of_Washington" title="The Werewolf of Washington">The Werewolf of Washington</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Madness" title="White House Madness"><i>White House Madness</i> (1975 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)"><i>All the President's Men</i> (1976 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Burning" title="The Public Burning">The Public Burning</a></i> (1977 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington:_Behind_Closed_Doors" title="Washington: Behind Closed Doors">Washington: Behind Closed Doors</a></i> (1977 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Honor" title="Secret Honor"><i>Secret Honor</i> (1984 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_in_China" title="Nixon in China"><i>Nixon in China</i> (1987 opera)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(1989_film)" title="The Final Days (1989 film)">The Final Days</a></i> (1989 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_(film)" title="Nixon (film)"><i>Nixon</i> (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Meets_Nixon" title="Elvis Meets Nixon"><i>Elvis Meets Nixon</i> (1997 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Futurama_characters#Richard_Nixon" title="List of Futurama characters">Futurama</a></i> (1999 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_(film)" title="Dick (film)"><i>Dick</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_China_Game" title="Nixon's China Game">Nixon's China Game</a></i> (2000 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Side_of_the_Moon_(2002_film)" title="Dark Side of the Moon (2002 film)">Dark Side of the Moon</a></i> (2002 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Richard_Nixon" title="The Assassination of Richard Nixon">The Assassination of Richard Nixon</a></i> (2004 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_interviews" title="Nixon interviews">Frost–Nixon interviews</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(play)" title="Frost/Nixon (play)">2006 play</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frost/Nixon_(film)" title="Frost/Nixon (film)">2008 film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Dynamite" title="Black Dynamite">Black Dynamite</a></i> (2009 film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Impossible_Astronaut" title="The Impossible Astronaut">The Impossible Astronaut</a>" (2011 TV episode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Nixon" title="Our Nixon"><i>Our Nixon</i> (2013 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/X-Men:_Days_of_Future_Past" title="X-Men: Days of Future Past">X-Men: Days of Future Past</a></i> (2014 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crooked_(novel)" title="Crooked (novel)">Crooked</a></i> (2015 novel)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_%26_Nixon" title="Elvis & Nixon"><i>Elvis & Nixon</i> (2016 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_(film)" title="The Post (film)">The Post</a></i> (2017 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watergate_(board_game)" title="Watergate (board game)">Watergate</a></i> (2019 board game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Richard_M._Nixon" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Recordings_and_Materials_Preservation_Act" title="Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act">Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Townhouse" title="Presidential Townhouse">Presidential Townhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_mask" title="Richard Nixon mask">Richard Nixon mask</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brennan" title="Jack Brennan">Jack Brennan</a> (aide de camp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Chotiner" title="Murray Chotiner">Murray Chotiner</a> (early campaign manager)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manolo_Sanchez_(Nixon_staff_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manolo Sanchez (Nixon staff member)">Manolo Sanchez</a> (valet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a> (secretary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thelma "Pat" Ryan Nixon</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricia_Nixon_Cox" title="Tricia Nixon Cox">Tricia Nixon Cox</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Nixon_Eisenhower" title="Julie Nixon Eisenhower">Julie Nixon Eisenhower</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Nixon_Cox" title="Christopher Nixon Cox">Christopher Nixon Cox</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Eisenhower" title="Jennie Eisenhower">Jennie Eisenhower</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_A._Nixon" title="Francis A. Nixon">Francis A. Nixon</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Milhous_Nixon" title="Hannah Milhous Nixon">Hannah Milhous Nixon</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nixon" title="Donald Nixon">Donald Nixon</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nixon" title="Edward Nixon">Edward Nixon</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">← Lyndon B. Johnson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Nixon" title="Category:Richard Nixon">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158707#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158707#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158707#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000021319644">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45391119">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1526/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmdydyBqTtcxX4mfvKKh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129772577">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50006028">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p130350273">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810551172005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007447115105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/069944946">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10679512">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60h4852">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6737dpm">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐rhwrx Cached time: 20241124160948 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.890 seconds Real time usage: 2.162 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 17417/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 221204/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 11476/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 20/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 340166/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.035/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 13963933/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 480 ms 40.7% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 180 ms 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