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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_of_Imperial_Administrative_Language_from_Latin_to_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_of_Imperial_Administrative_Language_from_Latin_to_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Change of Imperial Administrative Language from Latin to Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_of_Imperial_Administrative_Language_from_Latin_to_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenism_and_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenism_and_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hellenism and Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenism_and_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Byzantine_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Byzantine_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Byzantine Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Byzantine_Renaissance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Byzantine Renaissance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Byzantine_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_resurgence_and_growing_neoclassical_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_resurgence_and_growing_neoclassical_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cultural resurgence and growing neoclassical tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_resurgence_and_growing_neoclassical_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Historiography_and_Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Historiography_and_Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In Historiography and Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Historiography_and_Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Alexiad:_Anna_Komnene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Alexiad:_Anna_Komnene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>The Alexiad: Anna Komnene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Alexiad:_Anna_Komnene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spread of ancient Greek culture, religion, and language in the Eastern Roman Empire</div> <p><b>Hellenisation in the Byzantine Empire</b> describes the spread and intensification of ancient Greek culture, religion and language in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and which forms the basis of modern historians calling this later period the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. The theory of <a href="/wiki/Hellenisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenisation">Hellenisation</a> generally applies to the influence of foreign cultures subject to Greek influence or occupation, which includes the ethnic and cultural homogenisation which took place throughout the life of the Byzantine Empire (330-1453).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whilst the noun '<a href="/wiki/Hellene" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellene">Hellene</a>' refers simply to what is ‘Greek’, Hellenisation comes from the word Hellazein. This refers to the adoption of Greek identity, culture and language — “to speak Greek or identify with the Greeks”.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg/375px-Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="375" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg/563px-Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg/750px-Alexander_the_Great_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Macedonian King Alexander the Great's various conquests of the Eastern Mediterranean and Southwest Asia were among the first instances of Hellenisation in the ancient world</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> following the campaigns of Alexander the Great in the fourth century is widely associated with the term. However, the wider academic consensus acknowledges its central role in the formulation and transformation of the Byzantine Empire throughout the over one thousand years of its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the division of the Empire by the Emperor Diocletian in 286, the <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Emperor Constantine the Great</a> (324 to 337) conquered rivals to become Emperor of both Eastern and Western halves of the empire. This led to the moving of the Roman capital to the founded city of Constantinople in 330.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making significant changes to the Roman Empire, Constantine legalised Christianity and later converted himself — subsequently leading to a distinct <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a>. This characterised the Byzantine Empire following the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire in 476</a>. </p><p>Byzantines continued to identify as Roman, and the pronoun ‘Byzantine’ was not used from the beginning. The term is an anachronism which developed in later times derived from the term ‘Byzantium’. This is also the Greek word for Constantinople, the empire’s capital. Despite these Roman Imperial roots, the geographically and largely Hellenic Byzantine Empire<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> witnessed multiple periods of Hellenisation and a departure from its <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> associations from its founding in 330 to its fall in 1453.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following periods of instability and division between East and West the Roman Senate sent the regalia of the Western Empire to Eastern Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a> in 476, acknowledging Constantinople as the sole seat of the Roman Empire and Roman Emperor. What followed was a gradually intensifying process of political, cultural and eventually linguistic Hellenisation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Change_of_Imperial_Administrative_Language_from_Latin_to_Greek">Change of Imperial Administrative Language from Latin to Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Change of Imperial Administrative Language from Latin to Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the start of the Roman Empire, there was never an official language but Latin and Greek were the main languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochette2023285_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochette2023285-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">principate</a>, knowledge of Greek had been useful to pass the requirements to be an educated noble, and knowledge of Latin was useful for a career in the military, government, or law.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latin had experienced a period of spreading from the second century BCE, and especially in the western provinces, but not as much in the eastern provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the east, Greek was the dominant language, a legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek was also the language of the Christian Church and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the emperors were bilingual but had a preference for Latin in the public sphere for political reasons, a practice that first started during the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochette2023263,_268Rochette2018114–115,_118Wallace-Hadrill199880–83_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochette2023263,_268Rochette2018114–115,_118Wallace-Hadrill199880–83-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Diocletian's reforms in the 3rd century CE, there was a decline in the knowledge of Greek in the West, with Latin reasserted as the language of power in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochette2011560Rochette2018109_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERochette2011560Rochette2018109-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek's influence grew, when <a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a> in 397 allowed judges to issue decisions in Greek, <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> in 439 expanded its use in legal procedures, 448 the first law, and the 460s when <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a> legislated in it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023191Rochette2023283Rochette2011562_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023191Rochette2023283Rochette2011562-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i>, a compilation of mostly Roman jurists, was written almost entirely in Latin. However, the laws issued after 534, with Justinian's <a href="/wiki/Novellae_Constitutiones" title="Novellae Constitutiones">Novellae Constitutiones</a>, were in Greek and Latin which marks when the government switched officially.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023289Rochette2011562Rochette2023283_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023289Rochette2011562Rochette2023283-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek for a time became <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic</a> with the spoken language, known as <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a> (later, <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a>), used alongside an older written form (<a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>) until <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a> won out as the spoken and written standard.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Latin had begun to evolve in the 4th century. It later fragmented into the incipient romance languages in the 8th century CE, following the collapse of the West with the Muslim invasions that broke the connection between speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hellenism_and_Christianity">Hellenism and Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hellenism and Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The impact of Christianity following its legitimisation as the official state religion of Rome under Constantine in the 4th century contributed key impacts for the empire and its Hellenistic character. For example, the theological debates in the Christian Church increased the importance of the Greek language, in turn making it highly dependent on <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenic thought</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023111Jones1986991_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023111Jones1986991-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It enabled philosophy like <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> to loom large on Christian theology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023180_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023180-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kaldellis" title="Anthony Kaldellis">Anthony Kaldellis</a> views Christianity as "bringing no economic, social, or political changes to the state other than being more deeply integrated into it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023141,_186,_342_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023141,_186,_342-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were varying clashes between the two ideals — Hellenism and Christianity — which were often deemed ‘incompatible’. As Byzantine historian Dvornik notes, the Hellenistic theory of Divine Kingship was reconciled with the Byzantine concept of a single Universal Ruler who “imitated” and personified the Divine Ruler in Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fusion of Hellenistic doctrines, occurred as to justify this incorporation of Hellenistic and often pagan-associated themes into the heavily Christian society. Such elements included the classical philosophers <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> and Greek Stoics. <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactanitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> also served as key contributors to the theory, that was solidified and instituted by Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> in a finalistic and concluding doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was consistently characterised through the assimilation of neoclassical and Christian themes into Byzantine artwork. </p><p>The widespread attempts to reconcile Hellenistic cultural outlets with Christianity were however often questioned and repelled in an outwardly devoutly Christian-dominated culture. The case of Byzantine monk and Hellenistic revivalist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Psellos" title="Michael Psellos">Michael Psellos</a> raised serious questions concerning his religious beliefs and the suggestion of their incompatibility with his reverence for Hellenistic cultural egresses. For example, according to Byzantinist Anthony Kaldellis: "In 1054 he [Psellos] was accused by the future Patriarch John Xiphilinos, of forsaking Christ to follow Plato."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Byzantine_Renaissance">The Byzantine Renaissance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Byzantine Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Byzantine Renaissance, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance" title="Macedonian Renaissance">Macedonian Renaissance</a>, marked a philosophic, artistic and literary resurgence of Hellenistic classical culture occurring between the years 867 to 1056. This central cultural aspect of Hellenisation in Byzantium spanned from artistic and architectural styles and mediums appropriated by the Byzantines from Hellenic antiquity, to the poetic, theatrical and historiographical modes of writing and expression associated with ancient Greek literature, idolism and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> revivals of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Psellos" title="Michael Psellos">Psellos</a> and his predilection for <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and other pagan (often <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a>) philosophers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_resurgence_and_growing_neoclassical_tradition">Cultural resurgence and growing neoclassical tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultural resurgence and growing neoclassical tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frescoe_located_in_Nerezi_near_Skopje_(1164).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Frescoe_located_in_Nerezi_near_Skopje_%281164%29.jpg/345px-Frescoe_located_in_Nerezi_near_Skopje_%281164%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="345" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Frescoe_located_in_Nerezi_near_Skopje_%281164%29.jpg/518px-Frescoe_located_in_Nerezi_near_Skopje_%281164%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Frescoe_located_in_Nerezi_near_Skopje_%281164%29.jpg/690px-Frescoe_located_in_Nerezi_near_Skopje_%281164%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>Frescoe located in Nerezi near Skopje (1164), with a unique blend of high humanity, Greek Tragedy, humanity, Christianity and Realism.</figcaption></figure><p>Before the reforms in the 7th century, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> was the imperial language of government, administration and law whilst Ancient Greek served as the language of its literature and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly following the anti-Hellenic and conservative Christian Iconoclasm of the previous dynasty, the ascent of Basil I marked the start of the Macedonian Dynasty in 867 and a rise of Neoclassical Byzantine Greek revival. Due to the rise of Imperial Byzantine power and successful military campaigns against Arab forces, a bolstering of the Empire's treasuries and an economic boom led to greater cultural and artistic preoccupation and neoclassical sentiment. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Historiography_and_Literature">In Historiography and Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Historiography and Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The resurgence of cultural Greek-identifying in the Byzantine Empire during the Byzantine Renaissance and its unprecedented enamour with classical Greece (until the later Italian and Northern Renaissance’s) is made clear by the 15th century Byzantine scholar Apostolis: </p> <dl><dd>". . . Did you understand therefore how great a difference there is between the Greek and the European [\'Vestern] fathers in theology and in the other branches of philosophy? Who can be compared with Orpheus, Homer, and Stesichorus in poetry; who with Plotinus, Proclus, and Porphyry; with Arius, Origen, and Eusebius, men [i.e., heretics] who have split the seam of Christ's garment? Who can be compared with Cyril, Gregory, and Basil; who, in the field of grammar, can equal or approach Herodian, Apollonius, and Trypho…do you not understand that Athens alone of all Greece was able to give birth to more philosophers than all Italy had or has? Now, however, I admit, we are the remnants of the Greeks, a view with which you of course agree willingly."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Alexiad:_Anna_Komnene">The Alexiad: Anna Komnene</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Alexiad: Anna Komnene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This Hellenising veneration of Classical Greek culture is clearly seen in Byzantine literature. This particularly includes the historical works of princess, physician and historian <a href="/wiki/Anna_Komnene" title="Anna Komnene">Anna Komnene</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Komnenos" title="Komnenos">Komnenos Dynasty</a> of the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her esteemed historical work recounting the Crusades of the 12th century which threatened Byzantium's lands in the East, <a href="/wiki/Alexiad" title="Alexiad">The Alexiad</a> utilises clear classical Greek styles of epic poetry and rhetoric, associated with Homer and a historiographical "empirical spirit" of historians such as Thucydides, striving to derive historical accounts from first hand experience.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholarship has drawn causal links to Greek mythology's influences in her work. As historian Lenora Neville notes: </p> <dl><dd>"...in its title, Alexiad, and frequent Homeric vocabulary and imagery, it brings the archaic epics to mind. The characterization of Alexios as a wily sea captain steering the empire through constant storms with guile and courage strongly recalls Odysseus. Both in its epic cast and in other factors discussed below...the Alexiad is hence an unusual work that defies the expectations of readers who anticipate another volume in the tradition of classicizing Greek prose historiography."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Originally written in Greek in the 12th century (1148) and initially edited in 1651, the Alexiad depicts the events of the Crusades against the grain of common forms of historiography during the period. Written from a first hand, personable perspective and voice, the Alexiad dramatically acknowledges feelings and opinions of the events in a style emblematic of Homer's Iliad and other classical Greek styles of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This ref was deleted Special:Diff/897900149 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot in plain-text form. The original cite can be found at Special:Permalink/887612922 (or in a rev close it it) as cite #8 - find and verify the cite and replace this template with it (4). User:GreenC bot/Job 18 (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZacharia2008" class="citation book cs1">Zacharia, Katerina (2008). Zacharia, Katerina (ed.). <i>Hellenisms: Culture, Identity and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity</i>. p. 232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315253442">10.4324/9781315253442</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315253442" title="Special:BookSources/9781315253442"><bdi>9781315253442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenisms%3A+Culture%2C+Identity+and+Ethnicity+from+Antiquity+to+Modernity&rft.pages=232&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315253442&rft.isbn=9781315253442&rft.aulast=Zacharia&rft.aufirst=Katerina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks2005" class="citation book cs1">Sacks, David (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaanci00sack"><i>Encyclopedia of the ancient Greek world</i></a></span>. New York: Facts On File. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaanci00sack/page/n168">148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110202" title="Special:BookSources/9781438110202"><bdi>9781438110202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+ancient+Greek+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781438110202&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaanci00sack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCyril2002" class="citation book cs1">Cyril, Mango (2002). <i>The Oxford history of Byzantium</i>. Oxford: Oxford University. pp. 148–293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+history+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=148-293&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Cyril&rft.aufirst=Mango&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060525203525/http://www.orthodoxnews.netfirms.com/137/How.htm">"How"</a>. 2006-05-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxnews.netfirms.com/137/How.htm">the original</a> on 2006-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxnews.netfirms.com%2F137%2FHow.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes1946" class="citation book cs1">Baynes, Norman Hepburn (1946). <i>The Byzantine empire (Home university library of modern knowledge)</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108888387">10.1017/9781108888387</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-88838-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-88838-7"><bdi>978-1-108-88838-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258920619">258920619</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240209190604/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/latin-loanwords-in-ancient-greek/F5D4E8C56689A2584BD68753B99CCDE9">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Loanwords+in+Ancient+Greek%3A+A+Lexicon+and+Analysis&rft.pages=4&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258920619%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108888387&rft.isbn=978-1-108-88838-7&rft.aulast=Dickey&rft.aufirst=Eleanor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9781108888387%2Ftype%2Fbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRochette2011">Rochette (2011)</a>, pp. 562–563</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRochette2018">Rochette 2018</a>, pp. 108; <a href="#CITEREFMillar2006">Millar 2006</a>, pp. 97–98; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1997">Treadgold (1997)</a>, pp. 5–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryce1901">Bryce 1901</a>, p. 59; <a href="#CITEREFMcDonnell2006">McDonnell 2006</a>, p. 77; <a href="#CITEREFMillar2006">Millar 2006</a>, pp. 97–98; <a href="#CITEREFOikonomides1999">Oikonomides 1999</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochette2023263,_268Rochette2018114–115,_118Wallace-Hadrill199880–83-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochette2023263,_268Rochette2018114–115,_118Wallace-Hadrill199880–83_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRochette2023">Rochette 2023</a>, pp. 263, 268; <a href="#CITEREFRochette2018">Rochette 2018</a>, pp. 114–115, 118; <a href="#CITEREFWallace-Hadrill1998">Wallace-Hadrill 1998</a>, pp. 80–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERochette2011560Rochette2018109-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERochette2011560Rochette2018109_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRochette2011">Rochette 2011</a>, p. 560; <a href="#CITEREFRochette2018">Rochette 2018</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023191Rochette2023283Rochette2011562-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023191Rochette2023283Rochette2011562_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2023">Kaldellis 2023</a>, p. 191; <a href="#CITEREFRochette2023">Rochette 2023</a>, p. 283; <a href="#CITEREFRochette2011">Rochette 2011</a>, p. 562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWickham2009" class="citation book cs1">Wickham, Chris (2009). <i>The inheritance of Rome: a history of Europe from 400 to 1000</i>. New York: Viking Penguin. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02098-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02098-0"><bdi>978-0-670-02098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+inheritance+of+Rome%3A+a+history+of+Europe+from+400+to+1000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02098-0&rft.aulast=Wickham&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023289Rochette2011562Rochette2023283-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023289Rochette2011562Rochette2023283_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2023">Kaldellis 2023</a>, p. 289; <a href="#CITEREFRochette2011">Rochette 2011</a>, p. 562; <a href="#CITEREFRochette2023">Rochette 2023</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOikonomides1999">Oikonomides 1999</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiGaeng1976" class="citation book cs1">Pei, Mario; Gaeng, Paul A. (1976). <i>The story of Latin and the Romance languages</i>. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 76–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-013312-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-013312-2"><bdi>978-0-06-013312-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+Latin+and+the+Romance+languages&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=76-81&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-06-013312-2&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Gaeng%2C+Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSedlar1994">Sedlar 1994</a>, pp. 403–440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023111Jones1986991-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023111Jones1986991_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2023">Kaldellis 2023</a>, p. 111; <a href="#CITEREFJones1986">Jones 1986</a>, p. 991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023180-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023180_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2023">Kaldellis 2023</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023141,_186,_342-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaldellis2023141,_186,_342_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaldellis2023">Kaldellis 2023</a>, pp. 141, 186, 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter1968" class="citation journal cs1">Walter, Christopher (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_0766-5598_1968_num_26_1_1414_t1_0373_0000_1">"Dvornik (Francis), Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy"</a>. <i>Revue des études byzantines</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 373–376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%A9tudes+byzantines&rft.atitle=Dvornik+%28Francis%29%2C+Early+Christian+and+Byzantine+Political+Philosophy&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=373-376&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Frebyz_0766-5598_1968_num_26_1_1414_t1_0373_0000_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaldellis2008" class="citation book cs1">Kaldellis, Anthony (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellenismbyzanti00kald_779"><i>Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition (Greek culture in the Roman world)</i></a></span>. London: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hellenismbyzanti00kald_779/page/n26">13</a>–350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521876889" title="Special:BookSources/9780521876889"><bdi>9780521876889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenism+in+Byzantium%3A+The+Transformations+of+Greek+Identity+and+the+Reception+of+the+Classical+Tradition+%28Greek+culture+in+the+Roman+world%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13-350&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521876889&rft.aulast=Kaldellis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhellenismbyzanti00kald_779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaldellis2009" class="citation book cs1">Kaldellis, Anthony (2009). <i>Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition (Greek culture in the Roman world</i>. Ohio: Cambridge University Press. p. 229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenism+in+Byzantium%3A+The+Transformations+of+Greek+Identity+and+the+Reception+of+the+Classical+Tradition+%28Greek+culture+in+the+Roman+world&rft.place=Ohio&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kaldellis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaledellis2009" class="citation book cs1">Kaledellis, Anthony (2009). <i>Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition</i>. 0hio: Cambridge University Press. p. 114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenism+in+Byzantium%3A+The+Transformations+of+Greek+Identity+and+the+Reception+of+the+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=0hio&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kaledellis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_JeffreysJohn_HaldonRobin_Cormack2008" class="citation book cs1">Elizabeth Jeffreys; John Haldon; Robin Cormack, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-oxford-handbook-of-byzantine-studies-oxford-handbooks-jeffreys-elizabeth-hal"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies</i></a>. Oxford. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925246-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925246-6"><bdi>978-0-19-925246-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Byzantine+Studies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925246-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-oxford-handbook-of-byzantine-studies-oxford-handbooks-jeffreys-elizabeth-hal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeanakoplos" class="citation journal cs1">Geanakoplos, Deno. "A Byzantine Looks at the Renaissance: The Attitude of Michael Apostolis Toward the Rise of Italy to Cultural Eminence". <i>University of Illinois</i>: 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Illinois&rft.atitle=A+Byzantine+Looks+at+the+Renaissance%3A+The+Attitude+of+Michael+Apostolis+Toward+the+Rise+of+Italy+to+Cultural+Eminence&rft.pages=161&rft.aulast=Geanakoplos&rft.aufirst=Deno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1963" class="citation journal cs1">Jenkins, Romilly J. H. (1963). "The Hellenistic Origins of Byzantine Literature". <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers</i>. <b>17</b>: 37–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291189">10.2307/1291189</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0070-7546">0070-7546</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291189">1291189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Hellenistic+Origins+of+Byzantine+Literature&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=37-52&rft.date=1963&rft.issn=0070-7546&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291189%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291189&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Romilly+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel,_Benjamin.2013" class="citation book cs1">Frankel, Benjamin. (2013). <i>Roots of Realism</i>. Taylor and Francis. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135210144" title="Special:BookSources/9781135210144"><bdi>9781135210144</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/870591387">870591387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Realism.&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F870591387&rft.isbn=9781135210144&rft.au=Frankel%2C+Benjamin.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeville2013" class="citation journal cs1">Neville, Leanora (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/14689/3827">"Lamentation, History, and Female Authorship in Anna Komnene's Alexiad"</a>. <i>Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies</i>: 192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=Lamentation%2C+History%2C+and+Female+Authorship+in+Anna+Komnene%27s+Alexiad&rft.pages=192&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Neville&rft.aufirst=Leanora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrbs.library.duke.edu%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F14689%2F3827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComnena1928" class="citation book cs1">Comnena, Anna (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/AnnaComnena-Alexiad.html"><i>Alexiad</i></a>. Translated by Elizabeth S. Dawes. Fordham University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexiad&rft.pub=Fordham+University&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Comnena&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fbasis%2FAnnaComnena-Alexiad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce1901" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">Bryce, James</a> (1901). <i>Studies in History and Jurisprudence, Vol. 1</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-9046-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-9046-9"><bdi>978-1-4021-9046-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+History+and+Jurisprudence%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1901&rft.isbn=978-1-4021-9046-9&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._H._M._Jones" title="A. H. M. Jones">Jones, A. H. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197549322.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780197549322.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197549322" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197549322"><bdi>978-0197549322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Roman+Empire%3A+A+History+of+Byzantium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197549322.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0197549322&rft.aulast=Kaldellis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonnell2006" class="citation book cs1">McDonnell, Myles Anthony (2006). <i>Roman Manliness: Virtus and the Roman Republic</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Companion+to+the+Latin+Language&rft.atitle=Language+Policies+in+the+Roman+Republic+and+Empire&rft.pages=549-563&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2268%2F35932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781444343397.ch30&rft.isbn=9781405186056&rft.aulast=Rochette&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2F9781444343397.ch30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochette2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rochette, Bruno (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1418/90426">"Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?"</a>. <i>Lingue e Linguaggio</i> (1/2018): 107–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1418%2F90426">10.1418/90426</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1720-9331">1720-9331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004101938/https://www.rivisteweb.it/doi/10.1418/90426">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingue+e+Linguaggio&rft.atitle=Was+there+a+Roman+linguistic+imperialism+during+the+Republic+and+the+early+Principate%3F&rft.issue=1%2F2018&rft.pages=107-128&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1418%2F90426&rft.issn=1720-9331&rft.aulast=Rochette&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rivisteweb.it%2Fdoi%2F10.1418%2F90426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochette2023" class="citation journal cs1">Rochette, Bruno (2023). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Factors+in+the+Latinization+of+the+Roman+West&rft.atitle=The+Attitude+of+the+Roman+Emperors+towards+Language+Practices&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198887294.003.001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-888729-4&rft.aulast=Rochette&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F55330%2Fchapter%2F428805545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedlar1994" class="citation book cs1">Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). <i>East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500</i>. Vol. III. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97290-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97290-9"><bdi>978-0-295-97290-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+1000%E2%80%931500&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97290-9&rft.aulast=Sedlar&rft.aufirst=Jean+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC"><i>A History of the Byzantine State and Society</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2630-2"><bdi>0-8047-2630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Byzantine+State+and+Society&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8047-2630-2&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYbnr5XVbzUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace-Hadrill1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace-Hadrill, A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43767621">"To Be Roman, Go Greek Thoughts on Hellenization at Rome"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement</i> (71): 79–91. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2398-3264">2398-3264</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43767621">43767621</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231228235559/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43767621">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+Classical+Studies.+Supplement&rft.atitle=To+Be+Roman%2C+Go+Greek+Thoughts+on+Hellenization+at+Rome&rft.issue=71&rft.pages=79-91&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43767621%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2398-3264&rft.aulast=Wallace-Hadrill&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43767621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHellenization+in+the+Byzantine+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&oldid=1254911102">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenization_in_the_Byzantine_Empire&oldid=1254911102</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Culture of ancient Greece">Culture of ancient Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Culture of the Byzantine Empire">Culture of the Byzantine Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_assimilation" title="Category:Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_September_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2019">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 08:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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