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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">== The Byzantine Renaissance == The Byzantine Renaissance, also known as the [[Macedonian Renaissance]], marked a philosophic, artistic and literary resurgence of Hellenistic classical culture occurring between the years 867 to 1056. This central cultural aspect of Hellenisation in Byzantium spanned from artistic and architectural styles and mediums appropriated by the Byzantines from Hellenic antiquity, to the poetic, theatrical and historiographical modes of writing and expression associated with ancient Greek literature, idolism and philosophy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Hellenism in Byzantium: The Transformations of Greek Identity and the Reception of the Classical Tradition|last=Kaledellis|first=Anthony|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2009|location=0hio|pages=114}}</ref> This includes the [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] revivals of [[Michael Psellos|Psellos]] and his predilection for [[Plato]] and other pagan (often [[Neoplatonism|Neoplatonic]]) philosophers. === Cultural resurgence and growing neoclassical tradition === [[File:Frescoe located in Nerezi near Skopje (1164).jpg|thumb|Frescoe located in Nerezi near Skopje (1164), with a unique blend of high humanity, Greek Tragedy, humanity, Christianity and Realism.|345x345px]]Before the reforms in the 7th century, [[Latin]] was the imperial language of government, administration and law whilst Ancient Greek served as the language of its literature and culture.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/the-oxford-handbook-of-byzantine-studies-oxford-handbooks-jeffreys-elizabeth-hal|editor1=Elizabeth Jeffreys|editor2=John Haldon|editor3=Robin Cormack|title=The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies|date=2008|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-925246-6 |page=4}}</ref> Shortly following the anti-Hellenic and conservative Christian Iconoclasm of the previous dynasty, the ascent of Basil I marked the start of the Macedonian Dynasty in 867 and a rise of Neoclassical Byzantine Greek revival. Due to the rise of Imperial Byzantine power and successful military campaigns against Arab forces, a bolstering of the Empire's treasuries and an economic boom led to greater cultural and artistic preoccupation and neoclassical sentiment. === In Historiography and Literature === The resurgence of cultural Greek-identifying in the Byzantine Empire during the Byzantine Renaissance and its unprecedented enamour with classical Greece (until the later Italian and Northern Renaissance’s) is made clear by the 15th century Byzantine scholar Apostolis: :". . . Did you understand therefore how great a difference there is between the Greek and the European [\'Vestern] fathers in theology and in the other branches of philosophy? Who can be compared with Orpheus, Homer, and Stesichorus in poetry; who with Plotinus, Proclus, and Porphyry; with Arius, Origen, and Eusebius, men [i.e., heretics] who have split the seam of Christ's garment? Who can be compared with Cyril, Gregory, and Basil; who, in the field of grammar, can equal or approach Herodian, Apollonius, and Trypho…do you not understand that Athens alone of all Greece was able to give birth to more philosophers than all Italy had or has? Now, however, I admit, we are the remnants of the Greeks, a view with which you of course agree willingly."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geanakoplos|first=Deno|title=A Byzantine Looks at the Renaissance: The Attitude of Michael Apostolis Toward the Rise of Italy to Cultural Eminence|journal=University of Illinois|pages=161}}</ref> ==== The Alexiad: Anna Komnene ==== This Hellenising veneration of Classical Greek culture is clearly seen in Byzantine literature. This particularly includes the historical works of princess, physician and historian [[Anna Komnene]] of the [[Komnenos|Komnenos Dynasty]] of the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Romilly J. H.|date=1963|title=The Hellenistic Origins of Byzantine Literature|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=17|pages=37–52|doi=10.2307/1291189|issn=0070-7546|jstor=1291189}}</ref> In her esteemed historical work recounting the Crusades of the 12th century which threatened Byzantium's lands in the East, [[Alexiad|The Alexiad]] utilises clear classical Greek styles of epic poetry and rhetoric, associated with Homer and a historiographical "empirical spirit" of historians such as Thucydides, striving to derive historical accounts from first hand experience.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Roots of Realism.|last=Frankel, Benjamin.|date=2013|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=9781135210144|pages=13|oclc=870591387}}</ref> Modern scholarship has drawn causal links to Greek mythology's influences in her work. As historian Lenora Neville notes: :"...in its title, Alexiad, and frequent Homeric vocabulary and imagery, it brings the archaic epics to mind. The characterization of Alexios as a wily sea captain steering the empire through constant storms with guile and courage strongly recalls Odysseus. Both in its epic cast and in other factors discussed below...the Alexiad is hence an unusual work that defies the expectations of readers who anticipate another volume in the tradition of classicizing Greek prose historiography."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Neville|first=Leanora|date=2013|title=Lamentation, History, and Female Authorship in Anna Komnene's Alexiad|url=https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/14689/3827|journal=Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies|pages=192}}</ref> Originally written in Greek in the 12th century (1148) and initially edited in 1651, the Alexiad depicts the events of the Crusades against the grain of common forms of historiography during the period. Written from a first hand, personable perspective and voice, the Alexiad dramatically acknowledges feelings and opinions of the events in a style emblematic of Homer's Iliad and other classical Greek styles of expression.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/AnnaComnena-Alexiad.html |publisher=Fordham University |title=Alexiad |author-first=Anna |author-last=Comnena |date=1928 |translator=Elizabeth S. Dawes}}</ref> {{verify source |date=September 2019 |reason=This ref was deleted Special:Diff/897900149 by a bug in VisualEditor and later restored by a bot in plain-text form. The original cite can be found at Special:Permalink/887612922 (or in a rev close it it) as cite #8 - find and verify the cite and replace this template with it (4). 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