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href="#2024:_Public/non-profit_efforts,_Sora,_partnership_with_Apple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 2024: Public/non-profit efforts, Sora, partnership with Apple </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024:_Public/non-profit_efforts,_Sora,_partnership_with_Apple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2025" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2025"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 2025 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2025-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_employees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_employees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Key employees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_employees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_of_directors_of_the_OpenAI_nonprofit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_directors_of_the_OpenAI_nonprofit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Board of directors of the OpenAI nonprofit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_directors_of_the_OpenAI_nonprofit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_individual_investors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_individual_investors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Principal individual investors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_individual_investors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Initial motivations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Strategy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Strategy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stance_on_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stance_on_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Stance on China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stance_on_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Products and applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Products_and_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Products and applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Products_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reinforcement_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinforcement_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Reinforcement learning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reinforcement_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gym" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gym"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Gym </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gym-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gym_Retro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gym_Retro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1.1 Gym Retro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gym_Retro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RoboSumo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RoboSumo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 RoboSumo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RoboSumo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OpenAI_Five" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OpenAI_Five"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 OpenAI Five </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OpenAI_Five-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dactyl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dactyl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Dactyl </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dactyl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-API" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#API"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 API </div> </a> <ul id="toc-API-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Text generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OpenAI's_original_GPT_model_("GPT-1")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OpenAI's_original_GPT_model_("GPT-1")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1") </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OpenAI's_original_GPT_model_("GPT-1")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT-2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT-2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 GPT-2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT-2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT-3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT-3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 GPT-3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT-3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Codex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT-4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT-4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 GPT-4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT-4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT-4o" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT-4o"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.6 GPT-4o </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT-4o-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT-4.5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT-4.5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.7 GPT-4.5 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT-4.5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-o1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#o1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.8 o1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-o1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-o3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#o3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.9 o3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-o3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.10 Deep research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Image classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CLIP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CLIP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 CLIP </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CLIP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text-to-image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text-to-image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Text-to-image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-to-image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DALL-E" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DALL-E"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 DALL-E </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DALL-E-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DALL-E_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DALL-E_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1.1 DALL-E 2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DALL-E_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DALL-E_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DALL-E_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1.2 DALL-E 3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DALL-E_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text-to-video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text-to-video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Text-to-video </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-to-video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Sora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech-to-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech-to-text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Speech-to-text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech-to-text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whisper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whisper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.1 Whisper </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whisper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Music generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MuseNet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MuseNet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8.1 MuseNet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MuseNet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jukebox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jukebox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8.2 Jukebox </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jukebox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-User_interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 User interfaces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debate_Game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_Game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9.1 Debate Game </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_Game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microscope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microscope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9.2 Microscope </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microscope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ChatGPT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ChatGPT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9.3 ChatGPT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ChatGPT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SearchGPT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SearchGPT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9.4 SearchGPT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SearchGPT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stargate_and_other_supercomputers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stargate_and_other_supercomputers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Stargate and other supercomputers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stargate_and_other_supercomputers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Firing_of_Altman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firing_of_Altman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Firing of Altman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firing_of_Altman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_moderation_contract_with_Sama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_moderation_contract_with_Sama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Content moderation contract with Sama </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_moderation_contract_with_Sama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_technological_transparency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_technological_transparency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Lack of technological transparency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_technological_transparency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-disparagement_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-disparagement_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Non-disparagement agreement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-disparagement_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_infringement_in_training_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_infringement_in_training_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Copyright infringement in training data </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_infringement_in_training_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GDPR_compliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GDPR_compliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 GDPR compliance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GDPR_compliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Use by military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_scraping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_scraping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Data scraping </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_scraping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suicide_of_Suchir_Balaji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide_of_Suchir_Balaji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Suicide of Suchir Balaji </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide_of_Suchir_Balaji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">OpenAI</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" > 86 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%8A" title="أوبن أيه آي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوبن أيه آي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87" title="ওপেনএআই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওপেনএআই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88" title="ओपनएआई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ओपनएआई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D9%BE%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%8A" title="ؤپن إي أي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤپن إي أي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C" title="اوپن‌ای‌آی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوپن‌ای‌آی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%94%88AI" title="오픈AI – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오픈AI" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%90" title="ഓപ്പൺഎഐ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓപ്പൺഎഐ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF" title="ओपनएआय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओपनएआय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%89" title="اوبن ايه اى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوبن ايه اى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88" title="ओपनएआई – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ओपनएआई" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88" title="ਓਪਨਏਆਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਪਨਏਆਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C" title="اوپن ای آی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوپن ای آی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%BE%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ئۆپن ئەی ئای – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆپن ئەی ئای" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_AI" title="Open AI – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Open AI" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%90" title="ஓபின்ஏஐ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓபின்ஏஐ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Tatar" lang="tt" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/OpenAL" title="OpenAL">OpenAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenAPI_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="OpenAPI (disambiguation)">OpenAPI</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Open-source_artificial_intelligence" title="Open-source artificial intelligence">Open-source artificial intelligence</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">OpenAI</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenAI_logo_2025_(wordmark).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg/250px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg/375px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg/500px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="138" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">December 11, 2015; 9 years ago (2015-12-11)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent">John Schulman <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21708200?uselang=en#P112" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, U.S.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Friar" title="Sarah Friar">Sarah Friar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">CFO</a>)<a href="#cite_note-NYT5-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">GPT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4.5" title="GPT-4.5">4.5</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/DALL%C2%B7E" class="mw-redirect" title="DALL·E">DALL·E</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SearchGPT" class="mw-redirect" title="SearchGPT">SearchGPT</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li></ul> </div></li><li>Operator</li><li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_Deep_Research" title="ChatGPT Deep Research">Deep Research</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>3.7 billion<a href="#cite_note-2024-fin-est-3">[3]</a> (2024 <abbr title="estimate">est.</abbr>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>−5 billion<a href="#cite_note-2024-fin-est-3">[3]</a> (2024 <abbr title="estimate">est.</abbr>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19,976,363 United States dollar (2021, 2021) <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21708200?uselang=en#P2403" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2,000 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openai.com/">openai.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dall-e_3_(jan_%2724)_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/120px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/250px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Goals" title="Artificial intelligence">Major goals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_game_playing" title="General game playing">General game playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Approaches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence" title="Symbolic artificial intelligence">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm" title="Evolutionary algorithm">Evolutionary algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_intelligent_system" title="Hybrid intelligent system">Hybrid intelligent systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_systems_integration" title="Artificial intelligence systems integration">Systems integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics" title="Machine learning in bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_earth_sciences" title="Machine learning in earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence#Finance" title="Applications of artificial intelligence"> Finance </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_audio" title="Generative audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_government" title="Artificial intelligence in government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_mental_health" title="Artificial intelligence in mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_industry" title="Artificial intelligence in industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race"> Military </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_physics" title="Machine learning in physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">Projects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_control_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="AI control problem">Control problem</a>/<a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">Takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_winter" title="AI winter">AI winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> OpenAI, Inc. is an American <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) research organization founded in December 2015 and headquartered in San Francisco, California. It aims to develop "safe and beneficial" <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a> (AGI), which it defines as "highly autonomous systems that outperform humans at most economically valuable work".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As a leading organization in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> OpenAI is known for the GPT family of <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language models</a>, the <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a> series of <a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">text-to-image models</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">text-to-video model</a> named <a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Its release of <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> in November 2022 has been credited with catalyzing widespread interest in <a href="/wiki/Generative_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative AI">generative AI</a>. The organization consists of the <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit</a> OpenAI, Inc.,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">registered in Delaware</a>, and its for-profit subsidiary introduced in 2019, OpenAI Global, LLC.<a href="#cite_note-St-10">[10]</a> Its stated mission is to ensure that AGI "benefits all of humanity".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> owns roughly 49% of OpenAI's <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a>, having invested US$13 billion.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> It also provides computing resources to OpenAI through its <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud platform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 2023 and 2024, OpenAI faced multiple lawsuits for alleged <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> against authors and media companies whose work was used to train some of OpenAI's products. In November 2023, OpenAI's board <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" title="Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI">removed Sam Altman</a> as CEO, citing a lack of confidence in him, but reinstated him five days later following a reconstruction of the board. Throughout 2024, roughly half of then-employed <a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a> researchers left OpenAI, citing the company's prominent role in an industry-wide problem.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015–2018:_Non-profit_beginnings">2015–2018: Non-profit beginnings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 2015–2018: Non-profit beginnings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer_Building,_San_Francisco_(2019)_-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/220px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/330px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/440px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5408" data-file-height="2717" /></a><figcaption>Former headquarters at the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Building_(San_Francisco)" title="Pioneer Building (San Francisco)">Pioneer Building</a> in San Francisco</figcaption></figure> In December 2015, OpenAI was founded by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Blackwell" title="Trevor Blackwell">Trevor Blackwell</a>, Vicki Cheung, <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Karpathy" title="Andrej Karpathy">Andrej Karpathy</a>, Durk Kingma, John Schulman, Pamela Vagata, and <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Zaremba" title="Wojciech Zaremba">Wojciech Zaremba</a>, with Sam Altman and Elon Musk as the co-chairs. A total of $1 billion in capital was pledged by Sam Altman, Greg Brockman, Elon Musk, <a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Livingston" title="Jessica Livingston">Jessica Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a> (AWS), <a href="/wiki/Infosys" title="Infosys">Infosys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/YC_research" class="mw-redirect" title="YC research">YC Research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The actual collected total amount of contributions was only $130 million until 2019.<a href="#cite_note-St-10">[10]</a> According to an investigation led by <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>, while YC Research never contributed any funds, <a href="/wiki/Open_Philanthropy" title="Open Philanthropy">Open Philanthropy</a> contributed $30 million and another $15 million in verifiable donations were traced back to Musk.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> OpenAI later stated that Musk's contributions totaled less than $45 million.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The organization stated it would "freely collaborate" with other institutions and researchers by making its patents and research open to the public.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc-giants-21">[21]</a> OpenAI was initially run from Brockman's living room.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> It was later headquartered at the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Building_(San_Francisco)" title="Pioneer Building (San Francisco)">Pioneer Building</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mission_District,_San_Francisco" title="Mission District, San Francisco">Mission District, San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-technologyreview-24">[24]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>, Brockman met with <a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>, one of the "founding fathers" of <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a>, and drew up a list of the "best researchers in the field".<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25">[25]</a> Brockman was able to hire nine of them as the first employees in December 2015.<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25">[25]</a> In 2016, OpenAI paid corporate-level (rather than nonprofit-level) salaries, but did not pay AI researchers salaries comparable to those of <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> or <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25">[25]</a> Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lee_(computer_scientist)" title="Peter Lee (computer scientist)">Peter Lee</a> stated that the cost of a top AI researcher exceeds the cost of a top <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> quarterback prospect.<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25">[25]</a> OpenAI's potential and mission drew these researchers to the firm; a Google employee said he was willing to leave Google for OpenAI "partly because of the very strong group of people and, to a very large extent, because of its mission."<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25">[25]</a> Brockman stated that "the best thing that I could imagine doing was moving humanity closer to building real AI in a safe way."<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25">[25]</a> OpenAI co-founder <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Zaremba" title="Wojciech Zaremba">Wojciech Zaremba</a> stated that he turned down "borderline crazy" offers of two to three times his market value to join OpenAI instead.<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25">[25]</a> In April 2016, OpenAI released a public beta of "OpenAI Gym", its platform for <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a> research.<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> gifted its first <a href="/wiki/Nvidia_DGX" title="Nvidia DGX">DGX-1 supercomputer</a> to OpenAI in August 2016 to help it train larger and more complex AI models with the capability of reducing processing time from six days to two hours.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In December 2016, OpenAI released "Universe", a software platform for measuring and training an AI's general intelligence across the world's supply of games, websites, and other applications.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In 2017, OpenAI spent $7.9 million, or a quarter of its functional expenses, on cloud computing alone.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In comparison, <a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a>'s total expenses in 2017 were $442 million. In the summer of 2018, simply training OpenAI's Dota 2 bots required renting 128,000 <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPUs</a> and 256 <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPUs</a> from Google for multiple weeks. In 2018, Musk resigned from his Board of Directors seat, citing "a potential future <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict [of interest]</a>" with his role as CEO of <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a> due to Tesla's <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot" title="Tesla Autopilot">AI development for self-driving cars.</a><a href="#cite_note-musk_resigns-34">[34]</a> Sam Altman claims that Musk believed that OpenAI had fallen behind other players like Google and Musk proposed instead to take over OpenAI himself, which the board rejected. Musk subsequently left OpenAI. In February 2019, <a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a> was announced, which gained attention for its ability to generate human-like text.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019:_Transition_from_non-profit">2019: Transition from non-profit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2019: Transition from non-profit">edit</a>]</div> In 2019, OpenAI transitioned from non-profit to "capped" for-profit, with the profit being capped at 100 times any investment.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> According to OpenAI, the capped-profit model allows OpenAI Global, LLC to legally attract investment from venture funds and, in addition, to grant employees stakes in the company.<a href="#cite_note-wired_investors-37">[37]</a> Many top researchers work for <a href="/wiki/Google_Brain" title="Google Brain">Google Brain</a>, <a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, which offer stock options that a nonprofit would be unable to.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg_arm-38">[38]</a> Before the transition, public disclosure of the compensation of top employees at OpenAI was legally required.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The company then distributed <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a> to its employees and partnered with Microsoft,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> announcing an investment package of $1 billion into the company. Since then, OpenAI systems have run on an <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Azure</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputing</a> platform from Microsoft.<a href="#cite_note-Langston_2023-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foley_2020-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Engadget_2020-43">[43]</a> OpenAI Global, LLC then announced its intention to commercially license its technologies.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[44]</a> It planned to spend the $1 billion "within five years, and possibly much faster".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Altman has stated that even a billion dollars may turn out to be insufficient, and that the lab may ultimately need "more capital than any non-profit has ever raised" to achieve artificial general intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The transition from a nonprofit to a capped-profit company was viewed with skepticism by <a href="/wiki/Oren_Etzioni" title="Oren Etzioni">Oren Etzioni</a> of the nonprofit <a href="/wiki/Allen_Institute_for_AI" title="Allen Institute for AI">Allen Institute for AI</a>, who agreed that wooing top researchers to a nonprofit is difficult, but stated "I disagree with the notion that a nonprofit can't compete" and pointed to successful low-budget projects by OpenAI and others. "If bigger and better funded was always better, then <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> would still be number one." The nonprofit, OpenAI, Inc., is the sole <a href="/wiki/Controlling_interest" title="Controlling interest">controlling shareholder</a> of OpenAI Global, LLC, which, despite being a for-profit company, retains a formal <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiduciary duty">fiduciary responsibility</a> to OpenAI, Inc.'s nonprofit charter. A majority of OpenAI, Inc.'s board is barred from having financial stakes in OpenAI Global, LLC.<a href="#cite_note-wired_investors-37">[37]</a> In addition, minority members with a stake in OpenAI Global, LLC are barred from certain votes due to conflict of interest.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg_arm-38">[38]</a> Some researchers have argued that OpenAI Global, LLC's switch to for-profit status is inconsistent with OpenAI's claims to be "democratizing" AI.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020–2023:_ChatGPT,_DALL-E,_partnership_with_Microsoft">2020–2023: ChatGPT, DALL-E, partnership with Microsoft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2020–2023: ChatGPT, DALL-E, partnership with Microsoft">edit</a>]</div> In 2020, OpenAI announced <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a>, a language model trained on large internet datasets. GPT-3 is aimed at natural language answering questions, but it can also translate between languages and coherently generate improvised text. It also announced that an associated API, named simply "the API", would form the heart of its first commercial product.<a href="#cite_note-2020-06-11_Bloomberg-48">[48]</a> Eleven employees left OpenAI, mostly between December 2020 and January 2021, in order to establish <a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 2021, OpenAI introduced <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a>, a specialized deep learning model adept at generating complex digital images from textual descriptions, utilizing a variant of the GPT-3 architecture.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg/250px-UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg/330px-UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg/500px-UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>The release of <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> was a major event in the <a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a>. By January 2023, ChatGPT had become what was then the fastest-growing consumer software application in history, gaining over 100 million users in two months.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> In December 2022, OpenAI received widespread media coverage after launching a free preview of <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>, its new AI <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbot</a> based on GPT-3.5. According to OpenAI, the preview received over a million signups within the first five days.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> According to anonymous sources cited by <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> in December 2022, OpenAI Global, LLC was projecting $200 million of revenue in 2023 and $1 billion in revenue in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In January 2023, OpenAI Global, LLC was in talks for funding that would value the company at $29 billion, double its 2021 value.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> On January 23, 2023, Microsoft announced a new US$10 billion investment in OpenAI Global, LLC over multiple years, partially needed to use Microsoft's cloud-computing service Azure.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Rumors of this deal suggested that Microsoft may receive 75% of OpenAI's profits until it secures its investment return and a 49% stake in the company.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The investment is believed to be a part of Microsoft's efforts to integrate OpenAI's ChatGPT into the Bing search engine. Google announced a similar AI application (<a href="/wiki/Bard_(chatbot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bard (chatbot)">Bard</a>), after ChatGPT was launched, fearing that ChatGPT could threaten Google's place as a go-to source for information.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On February 7, 2023, Microsoft announced that it was building AI technology based on the same foundation as ChatGPT into <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Microsoft Bing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Edge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a> and other products.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> On March 3, 2023, <a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a> resigned from his board seat, citing a desire to avoid conflicts of interest with his investments in AI companies via <a href="/wiki/Greylock_Partners" title="Greylock Partners">Greylock Partners</a>, and his co-founding of the AI startup <a href="/wiki/Inflection_AI" title="Inflection AI">Inflection AI</a>. Hoffman remained on the board of Microsoft, a major investor in OpenAI.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> On March 14, 2023, OpenAI released <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a>, both as an API (with a waitlist) and as a feature of ChatGPT Plus.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> On May 22, 2023, Sam Altman, Greg Brockman and Ilya Sutskever posted recommendations for the governance of <a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">superintelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-63">[63]</a> They consider that superintelligence could happen within the next 10 years, allowing a "dramatically more prosperous future" and that "given the possibility of existential risk, we can't just be reactive". They propose creating an international watchdog organization similar to <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a> to oversee AI systems above a certain capability threshold, suggesting that relatively weak AI systems on the other side should not be overly regulated. They also call for more technical safety research for superintelligences, and ask for more coordination, for example through governments launching a joint project which "many current efforts become part of".<a href="#cite_note-:5-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In July 2023, OpenAI launched the superalignment project, aiming to find within 4 years how to <a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">align</a> future superintelligences by automating alignment research using AI.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In August 2023, it was announced that OpenAI had acquired the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>-based start-up Global Illumination, a company that deploys AI to develop digital infrastructure and creative tools.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On September 21, 2023, Microsoft had begun rebranding all variants of its Copilot to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a>, including the former Bing Chat and the Microsoft 365 Copilot.<a href="#cite_note-unify-67">[67]</a> This strategy was followed in December 2023 by adding the MS-Copilot to many installations of <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> as well as a standalone Microsoft Copilot app released for <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a><a href="#cite_note-androidlaunch-68">[68]</a> and one released for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-ioslaunch-69">[69]</a> In October 2023, Sam Altman and Peng Xiao, CEO of the Emirati AI firm <a href="/wiki/G42_(company)" title="G42 (company)">G42</a>, announced Open AI would let G42 deploy Open AI technology.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> On November 6, 2023, OpenAI launched GPTs, allowing individuals to create customized versions of ChatGPT for specific purposes, further expanding the possibilities of AI applications across various industries.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> On November 14, 2023, OpenAI announced they temporarily suspended new sign-ups for ChatGPT Plus due to high demand.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Access for newer subscribers re-opened a month later on December 13.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024:_Public/non-profit_efforts,_Sora,_partnership_with_Apple">2024: Public/non-profit efforts, Sora, partnership with Apple</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2024: Public/non-profit efforts, Sora, partnership with Apple">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/20px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a>. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> it into new pages, adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it. (November 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In January 2024, OpenAI announced a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> that would give it complete access to ChatGPT Enterprise. It was OpenAI's first partnership with an educational institution.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In February, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> was reportedly investigating OpenAI over whether company communications made by Altman were used to mislead investors; and an investigation of Altman's statements, opened by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York">Southern New York U.S. Attorney's Office</a> was ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> On February 15, 2024, OpenAI announced a <a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">text-to-video model</a> named <a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a>, which it plans to release to the public at an unspecified date.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> It is available for <a href="/wiki/Red_team" title="Red team">red teams</a> for managing critical harms and risks.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> On February 29, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Musk_v._Altman" class="mw-redirect" title="Musk v. Altman">OpenAI and CEO Sam Altman were sued</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, who accused them of prioritizing profits over public good, contrary to OpenAI's original mission<a href="#cite_note-St-10">[10]</a> of developing AI for humanity's benefit.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The lawsuit cited OpenAI's policy shift after partnering with Microsoft, questioning its open-source commitment and stirring the AI ethics-vs.-profit debate.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> OpenAI stated that "Elon understood the mission did not imply open-sourcing AGI."<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> It denied being a de facto Microsoft subsidiary.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> On March 11, in a court filing, OpenAI said it was "doing just fine without Elon Musk" after he left in 2018. They responded to Musk's lawsuit, calling his claims "incoherent", "frivolous", "extraordinary" and "a fiction".<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In June, Musk unexpectedly withdrew the lawsuit,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> but in August reopened it against Altman and others, alleging Altman claimed OpenAI was going to be founded as a non-profit.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> On May 15, 2024, Ilya Sutskever resigned and was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Pachocki" title="Jakub Pachocki">Jakub Pachocki</a> to be the Chief Scientist.<a href="#cite_note-may14-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Leike" title="Jan Leike">Jan Leike</a>, the other co-leader of the superalignment team, announced his departure, citing an erosion of safety and trust in OpenAI's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The departures, along with researchers leaving, led OpenAI to absorb the team's work into other research areas, and shut down the superalignment group.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> According to sources interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>, OpenAI's promise of allocating 20% of its computing capabilities to the superalignment project had not been fulfilled.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> On May 19, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> and OpenAI announced a partnership to integrate Reddit's content into OpenAI products, including <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>. This allows OpenAI to access Reddit's Data <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a>, providing real-time, structured content to enhance AI tools and user engagement with Reddit communities. Reddit plans to develop new AI-powered features for users and <a href="/wiki/Moderator_(communications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderator (communications)">moderators</a> using OpenAI's platform. The partnership aligns with Reddit's commitment to privacy, adhering to its Public Content Policy and existing Data API Terms, which restrict commercial use without approval. OpenAI will serve as a Reddit advertising partner.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> On May 22, 2024, OpenAI entered into an agreement with <a href="/wiki/News_Corp" title="News Corp">News Corp</a> to integrate news content from <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> into its AI platform. Meanwhile, other publications like <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> chose to sue OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright infringement over use of their content to train AI models.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-92">[92]</a> On May 29, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a> reported that OpenAI had signed deals with <a href="/wiki/Vox_Media" title="Vox Media">Vox Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> to share content to enhance the accuracy of AI models like ChatGPT by incorporating reliable news sources, addressing concerns about AI misinformation.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Concerns were expressed by journalists and unions. The Vox Union stated, "As both journalists and workers, we have serious concerns about this partnership, which we believe could adversely impact members of our union, not to mention the well-documented ethical and environmental concerns surrounding the use of generative AI."<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> A group of nine current and former OpenAI employees has accused the company of prioritizing profits over safety, using restrictive agreements to silence concerns, and moving too quickly with inadequate risk management. They call for greater transparency, whistleblower protections, and legislative regulation of AI development.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> On June 10, 2024, it was announced that OpenAI had partnered with <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> to bring ChatGPT features to <a href="/wiki/Apple_Intelligence" title="Apple Intelligence">Apple Intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> On June 13, 2024, OpenAI announced that <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a>, the former head of the <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> was joining its board. Nakasone also joined the security subcommittee.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> On June 24, 2024, OpenAI acquired Multi, a startup running a collaboration platform based on <a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In July 2024, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that OpenAI is working on a project to enhance AI reasoning capabilities, and to enable AI to plan ahead, navigate the internet autonomously, and conduct "deep research".<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The project was released on September 12 and named <a href="/wiki/O1_(generative_pre-trained_transformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="O1 (generative pre-trained transformer)">o1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On August 5, <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a> reported that OpenAI's cofounder John Schulman had left to join rival startup <a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a>. Schulman cited a desire to focus more on AI alignment research. OpenAI's president and co-founder, Greg Brockman, took extended leave till November.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In September 2024, OpenAI's global affairs chief, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Makanju" title="Anna Makanju">Anna Makanju</a>, expressed support for the UK's approach to AI regulation during her testimony to a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> committee, stating the company favors "smart regulation" and sees the UK's AI white paper as a positive step towards responsible AI development.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">Chief Technology Officer</a> (CTO) <a href="/wiki/Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a> announced her departure from the company to "create the time and space to do my own exploration".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> It had been reported Murati was among those who expressed concerns to the Board about Altman.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In October 2024, OpenAI raised $6.6 billion from investors, potentially valuing the company at $157 billion. The funding attracted returning venture capital firms like <a href="/wiki/Thrive_Capital" title="Thrive Capital">Thrive Capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khosla_Ventures" title="Khosla Ventures">Khosla Ventures</a>, along with major backer Microsoft and new investors <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">SoftBank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-107">[107]</a> OpenAI's <a href="/wiki/CFO" class="mw-redirect" title="CFO">CFO</a>, Sarah Friar, informed employees that a <a href="/wiki/Tender_offer" title="Tender offer">tender offer</a> for <a href="/wiki/Share_buybacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Share buybacks">share buybacks</a> would follow the funding, although specifics were yet to be determined. Thrive Capital invested around $1.2 billion, with the option for an additional $1 billion if revenue goals were met. Apple, despite initial interest, did not participate in this funding round.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Also in October 2024, <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a> revealed that OpenAI's tools were considered "essential" for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">AFRICOM</a>'s mission and included in an "Exception to Fair Opportunity" contractual agreement between the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> and Microsoft.<a href="#cite_note-intercept-africom-109">[109]</a> In November 2024, OpenAI acquired the long-standing domain Chat.com and redirected it to ChatGPT's main site.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Moreover, Greg Brockman rejoined OpenAI after a three-month leave from his role as president. An OpenAI spokesperson confirmed his return, highlighting that Brockman would collaborate with Altman on tackling key technical challenges. His return followed a wave of high-profile departures, including Mira Murati and Ilya Sutskever, who had since launched their own AI ventures.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In December 2024, OpenAI launched several significant features as part of its "12 Days of OpenAI" event, which started on December 5. It announced <a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">text-to-video model</a> intended to create realistic videos from text prompts, and available to ChatGPT Plus and Pro users.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Additionally, OpenAI launched the <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a> model, which is designed to be capable of advanced reasoning through its <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_thought_prompting" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of thought prompting">chain-of-thought</a> processing, enabling it to engage in explicit reasoning before generating responses.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> This model is intended to tackle complex tasks with improved accuracy and transparency. Another major release was ChatGPT Pro, a subscription service priced at $200 per month that provides users with unlimited access to the o1 model and enhanced voice features.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> OpenAI shared preliminary benchmark results for the upcoming <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The event also saw the expansion of the Canvas feature, allowing all users to utilize side-by-side digital editing capabilities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2025">2025</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2025">edit</a>]</div> On January 20, 2025, <a href="/wiki/DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a> released the "DeepSeek-R1" model, which rivaled the performance of OpenAI's o1 and was open-weight.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> DeepSeek claimed that this model only took $5.6 million to train. This news lead to panic from investors and caused <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> to record the biggest single day market cap loss in history losing $589 billion on January 27.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> On January 21, 2025, it was announced that OpenAI, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>, <a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">SoftBank</a> and <a href="/wiki/MGX_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="MGX (company)">MGX</a> would launch <a href="/wiki/Stargate_LLC" title="Stargate LLC">The Stargate Project</a>, a joint venture to build an AI infrastructure system in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a>. The project takes its name from OpenAI's existing "Stargate" supercomputer project and is estimated to cost $500 billion. The project will be funded over the next four years.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> On January 24, OpenAI made Operator, an <a href="/wiki/AI_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="AI agent">AI agent</a> and web automation tool for accessing websites to execute goals defined by users. The feature was only available to Pro users in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> On February 2, OpenAI made a <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_Deep_Research" title="ChatGPT Deep Research">deep research agent</a>, that achieved an accuracy of 26.6 percent on <a href="/wiki/Humanity%27s_Last_Exam" title="Humanity's Last Exam">Humanity's Last Exam</a> (HLE) benchmark, available to $200-monthly-fee paying users with up to 100 queries per month, while more “limited access” was promised for Plus, Team and later Enterprise users.<a href="#cite_note-Verge_20250203-124">[124]</a> On February 10, a consortium of investors led by Elon Musk submitted a $97.4 billion unsolicited bid to buy the nonprofit that controls OpenAI and was willing to match or exceed any better offers.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The offer was rejected on 14 February 2025, with OpenAI stating that it was not for sale.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In February, OpenAI underwent a rebranding with a new typeface, word mark, symbol and palette.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> OpenAI began collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a> in 2024 to design a custom AI chip capable of both training and inference targeted for mass production in 2026 and to be manufactured by <a href="/wiki/TSMC" title="TSMC">TSMC</a> in 3 nm node. This initiative is intended to reduce OpenAI's dependence on Nvidia GPUs, which are costly and face high demand in the market. <a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> On February 13, Sam Altman announced that GPT-4.5, internally known as "Orion", will be the last model without full chain-of-thought reasoning. Altman also indicated that GPT-5, expected to be released within months, could unify the O-Series and GPT-Series models, eliminating the need to choose between them and phasing out O-series models.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In March 2025, OpenAI signed an $11.9 billion agreement with <a href="/wiki/CoreWeave" title="CoreWeave">CoreWeave</a>, an Nvidia-backed, AI-focused cloud service provider. As part of the deal, OpenAI will receive $350 million worth of CoreWeave shares and gain access to its AI infrastructure, which includes over a quarter million NVIDIA GPUs.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_employees">Key employees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Key employees">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>CEO and co-founder: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a>, former president of the startup accelerator <a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Combinator (company)">Y Combinator</a></li> <li>President and co-founder: <a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a>, former CTO, 3rd employee of <a href="/wiki/Stripe_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stripe (company)">Stripe</a><a href="#cite_note-seattle-investors-133">[133]</a></li> <li>Chief Scientist Officer: <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Pachocki" title="Jakub Pachocki">Jakub Pachocki</a>, former Director of Research at OpenAI<a href="#cite_note-may14-87">[87]</a></li> <li>Chief Operating Officer: Brad Lightcap, previously at <a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Combinator (company)">Y Combinator</a> and <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-134">[134]</a></li> <li>Chief Financial Officer: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Friar" title="Sarah Friar">Sarah Friar</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Nextdoor" title="Nextdoor">Nextdoor</a> CEO and former CFO at <a href="/wiki/Block,_Inc." title="Block, Inc.">Block, Inc.</a><a href="#cite_note-cxo_2024-135">[135]</a></li> <li>Chief Product Officer: Kevin Weil, previously at <a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc." title="Twitter, Inc.">Twitter, Inc.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a><a href="#cite_note-cxo_2024-135">[135]</a></li> <li>Chief Compliance Officer: <a href="/wiki/Scott_Schools" title="Scott Schools">Scott Schools</a>, former Chief Compliance Officer of <a href="/wiki/Uber_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uber (company)">Uber</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_of_directors_of_the_OpenAI_nonprofit">Board of directors of the OpenAI nonprofit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Board of directors of the OpenAI nonprofit">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (chairman), former chairman of <a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc." title="Twitter, Inc.">Twitter</a>'s board of directors and co-CEO of <a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a>, former <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of the Treasury">U.S. Secretary of the Treasury</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University">President of Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_D%27Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a>, co-founder and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Quora" title="Quora">Quora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Desmond-Hellmann" title="Sue Desmond-Hellmann">Sue Desmond-Hellmann</a>, former CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Seligman" title="Nicole Seligman">Nicole Seligman</a>, attorney and former executive vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidji_Simo" title="Fidji Simo">Fidji Simo</a>, CEO and chair of <a href="/wiki/Instacart" title="Instacart">Instacart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a>, former Director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (2018–2024)<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zico_Kolter" title="Zico Kolter">Zico Kolter</a>, computer scientist<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adebayo_Ogunlesi" title="Adebayo Ogunlesi">Adebayo Ogunlesi</a>, managing partner at <a href="/wiki/Global_Infrastructure_Partners" title="Global Infrastructure Partners">Global Infrastructure Partners</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li></ul> Sources:<a href="#cite_note-St-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principal_individual_investors">Principal individual investors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Principal individual investors">edit</a>]</div> Source:<a href="#cite_note-seattle-investors-133">[133]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> co-founder<a href="#cite_note-mercury-back-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> co-founder<a href="#cite_note-mercury-back-140">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Livingston" title="Jessica Livingston">Jessica Livingston</a>, a founding partner of Y Combinator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, co-founder</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_motivations">Initial motivations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Initial motivations">edit</a>]</div> Some scientists, such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart Russell</a>, have articulated concerns that if advanced AI gains the ability to redesign itself at an ever-increasing rate, an unstoppable "<a href="/wiki/Intelligence_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence explosion">intelligence explosion</a>" could lead to <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">human extinction</a>. Co-founder <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> characterizes AI as humanity's "biggest existential threat".<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Musk and Altman have stated they are partly motivated by concerns about <a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">existential risk from artificial general intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-csmonitor-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-wired_inside-143">[143]</a> OpenAI states that "it's hard to fathom how much human-level AI could benefit society," and that it is equally difficult to comprehend "how much it could damage society if built or used incorrectly".<a href="#cite_note-bbc-giants-21">[21]</a> Research on safety cannot safely be postponed: "because of AI's surprising history, it's hard to predict when human-level AI might come within reach."<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> OpenAI states that AI "should be an extension of individual human wills and, in the spirit of liberty, as broadly and evenly distributed as possible."<a href="#cite_note-bbc-giants-21">[21]</a> Co-chair Sam Altman expects the decades-long project to surpass human intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-wired_far_more-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vishal_Sikka" title="Vishal Sikka">Vishal Sikka</a>, former CEO of Infosys, stated that an "openness", where the endeavor would "produce results generally in the greater interest of humanity", was a fundamental requirement for his support; and that OpenAI "aligns very nicely with our long-held values" and their "endeavor to do purposeful work".<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Cade Metz of Wired suggested that corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> might be motivated by a desire to use open-source software and data to level the playing field against corporations such as Google and Facebook, which own enormous supplies of proprietary data. Altman stated that Y Combinator companies would share their data with OpenAI.<a href="#cite_note-wired_far_more-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategy">Strategy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Strategy">edit</a>]</div> In the early years before his 2018 departure, Musk posed the question: "What is the best thing we can do to ensure the future is good? We could sit on the sidelines or we can encourage regulatory oversight, or we could participate with the right structure with people who care deeply about developing AI in a way that is safe and is beneficial to humanity." He acknowledged that "there is always some risk that in actually trying to advance (friendly) AI we may create the thing we are concerned about"; but nonetheless, that the best defense was "to empower as many people as possible to have AI. If everyone has AI powers, then there's not any one person or a small set of individuals who can have AI superpower."<a href="#cite_note-seattle-investors-133">[133]</a> Musk and Altman's counterintuitive strategy—that of trying to reduce the potential harm of AI by giving everyone access to it—is controversial among those concerned with existential risk from AI. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> said, "If you have a button that could do bad things to the world, you don't want to give it to everyone."<a href="#cite_note-wired_inside-143">[143]</a> During a 2016 conversation about <a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a>, Altman said, "We don't plan to release all of our source code" and mentioned a plan to "allow wide swaths of the world to elect representatives to a new governance board". Greg Brockman stated, "Our goal right now ... is to do the best thing there is to do. It's a little vague."<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Conversely, OpenAI's initial decision to withhold GPT-2 around 2019, due to a wish to "err on the side of caution" in the presence of potential misuse, was criticized by advocates of openness. Delip Rao, an expert in text generation, stated, "I don't think [OpenAI] spent enough time proving [GPT-2] was actually dangerous." Other critics argued that open publication was necessary to replicate the research and to create countermeasures.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> More recently, in 2022, OpenAI published its approach to the <a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">alignment problem</a>, anticipating that aligning <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">AGI</a> to human values would likely be harder than aligning current AI systems: "Unaligned AGI could pose substantial risks to humanity[,] and solving the AGI alignment problem could be so difficult that it will require all of humanity to work together". They stated that they intended to explore how to better use human feedback to train AI systems, and how to safely use AI to incrementally automate alignment research.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In 2024, following the temporary removal of Sam Altman and his return, many employees gradually left OpenAI, including most of the original leadership team and a significant number of AI safety researchers.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> OpenAI also planned a restructuring to operate as a for-profit company. This restructuring could grant Altman a stake in the company.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stance_on_China">Stance on China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Stance on China">edit</a>]</div> In February 2025, OpenAI CEO <a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> stated that the company is interested in collaborating with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, despite <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_China" title="United States sanctions against China">regulatory restrictions imposed by the U.S. government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> This shift comes in response to the growing influence of the Chinese artificial intelligence company <a href="/wiki/DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a>, which has disrupted the AI market with advanced models, including DeepSeek V3 and DeepSeek R1, known for their efficiency and cost-effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The emergence of DeepSeek has led major Chinese tech firms such as <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> and others to embrace an <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> strategy, intensifying competition with OpenAI. Altman acknowledged the uncertainty regarding U.S. government approval for AI cooperation with China but emphasized the importance of fostering dialogue between technological leaders in both nations.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products_and_applications">Products and applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Products and applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reinforcement_learning">Reinforcement learning</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reinforcement learning">edit</a>]</div> At its beginning, OpenAI's research included many projects focused on <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a> (RL).<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> OpenAI has been viewed as an important competitor to <a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gym">Gym</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gym">edit</a>]</div> Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> library designed to facilitate the development of reinforcement learning algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are defined in AI research, making published research more easily reproducible<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> while providing users with a simple interface for interacting with these environments. In 2022, new developments of Gym have been moved to the library Gymnasium.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Gym_Retro">Gym Retro</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gym Retro">edit</a>]</div> Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement learning (RL) research on video games<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> using RL algorithms and study generalization. Prior RL research focused mainly on optimizing agents to solve single tasks. Gym Retro gives the ability to generalize between games with similar concepts but different appearances. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RoboSumo">RoboSumo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: RoboSumo">edit</a>]</div> Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a> where humanoid <a href="/wiki/Meta-learning_(computer_science)" title="Meta-learning (computer science)">metalearning</a> robot agents initially lack knowledge of how to even walk, but are given the goals of learning to move and to push the opposing agent out of the ring.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a> Through this adversarial learning process, the agents learn how to adapt to changing conditions. When an agent is then removed from this virtual environment and placed in a new virtual environment with high winds, the agent braces to remain upright, suggesting it had learned how to balance in a generalized way.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competition between agents could create an intelligence "arms race" that could increase an agent's ability to function even outside the context of the competition.<a href="#cite_note-:2-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OpenAI_Five">OpenAI Five</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: OpenAI Five">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></div> OpenAI Five is a team of five OpenAI-curated <a href="/wiki/Video_game_bot" title="Video game bot">bots</a> used in the competitive five-on-five video game <a href="/wiki/Dota_2" title="Dota 2">Dota 2</a>, that learn to play against human players at a high skill level entirely through trial-and-error algorithms. Before becoming a team of five, the first public demonstration occurred at <a href="/wiki/The_International_2017" title="The International 2017">The International 2017</a>, the annual premiere championship tournament for the game, where <a href="/wiki/Dendi_(Dota_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendi (Dota player)">Dendi</a>, a professional Ukrainian player, lost against a bot in a live one-on-one matchup.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had learned by playing against itself for two weeks of <a href="/wiki/Elapsed_real_time" title="Elapsed real time">real time</a>, and that the learning software was a step in the direction of creating software that can handle complex tasks like a surgeon.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The system uses a form of <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a>, as the bots learn over time by playing against themselves hundreds of times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as killing an enemy and taking map objectives.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> By June 2018, the ability of the bots expanded to play together as a full team of five, and they were able to defeat teams of amateur and semi-professional players.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> At <a href="/wiki/The_International_2018" title="The International 2018">The International 2018</a>, OpenAI Five played in two exhibition matches against professional players, but ended up losing both games.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated <a href="/wiki/OG_(esports)" title="OG (esports)">OG</a>, the reigning world champions of the game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibition match in San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The bots' final public appearance came later that month, where they played in 42,729 total games in a four-day open online competition, winning 99.4% of those games.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> OpenAI Five's mechanisms in Dota 2's bot player shows the challenges of AI systems in multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) games and how OpenAI Five has demonstrated the use of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents to achieve superhuman competence in Dota 2 matches.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dactyl">Dactyl</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dactyl">edit</a>]</div> Developed in 2018, Dactyl uses machine learning to train a <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Hand" title="Shadow Hand">Shadow Hand</a>, a human-like robot hand, to manipulate physical objects.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> It learns entirely in simulation using the same RL algorithms and training code as <a href="#OpenAI_Five">OpenAI Five</a>. OpenAI tackled the object orientation problem by using <a href="/wiki/Domain_randomization" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain randomization">domain randomization</a>, a simulation approach which exposes the learner to a variety of experiences rather than trying to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having motion tracking cameras, also has <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a> cameras to allow the robot to manipulate an arbitrary object by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system was able to manipulate a cube and an octagonal prism.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In 2019, OpenAI demonstrated that Dactyl could solve a <a href="/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube" title="Rubik's Cube">Rubik's Cube</a>. The robot was able to solve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube introduce complex physics that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by improving the robustness of Dactyl to perturbations by using Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation approach of generating progressively more difficult environments. ADR differs from manual domain randomization by not needing a human to specify randomization ranges.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="API">API</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: API">edit</a>]</div> In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> which it said was "for accessing new AI models developed by OpenAI" to let developers call on it for "any English language AI task".<a href="#cite_note-gpt3-whynotfullmodel-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-tech_Tech-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_generation">Text generation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Text generation">edit</a>]</div> The company has popularized <a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">generative pretrained transformers</a> (GPT).<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OpenAI's_original_GPT_model_("GPT-1")">OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1")</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1")">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer#History" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_GPT_architecture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Full_GPT_architecture.svg/220px-Full_GPT_architecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Full_GPT_architecture.svg/330px-Full_GPT_architecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Full_GPT_architecture.svg/440px-Full_GPT_architecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The original GPT model</figcaption></figure> The original paper on generative pre-training of a <a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">transformer</a>-based language model was written by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alec_Radford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alec Radford (page does not exist)">Alec Radford</a> and his colleagues, and published in preprint on OpenAI's website on June 11, 2018.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> It showed how a <a href="/wiki/Generative_model" title="Generative model">generative model</a> of language could acquire world knowledge and process long-range dependencies by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of contiguous text. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GPT-2">GPT-2</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: GPT-2">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/220px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/330px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/440px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>An instance of GPT-2 writing a paragraph based on a prompt from its own Wikipedia article in February 2021</figcaption></figure> Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is an <a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">unsupervised</a> <a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">transformer</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">language model</a> and the successor to OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was announced in February 2019, with only limited demonstrative versions initially released to the public. The full version of GPT-2 was not immediately released due to concern about potential misuse, including applications for writing <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gpt2-not-immediate-release-188">[188]</a> Some experts expressed skepticism that GPT-2 posed a significant threat. In response to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to detect "neural fake news".<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, warned of "the technology to totally fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would drown out all other speech and be impossible to filter".<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In November 2019, OpenAI released the complete version of the GPT-2 language model.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Several websites host interactive demonstrations of different instances of GPT-2 and other transformer models.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> GPT-2's authors argue unsupervised language models to be general-purpose learners, illustrated by GPT-2 achieving state-of-the-art accuracy and <a href="/wiki/Perplexity" title="Perplexity">perplexity</a> on 7 of 8 <a href="/wiki/Zero-shot_learning" title="Zero-shot learning">zero-shot</a> tasks (i.e. the model was not further trained on any task-specific input-output examples). The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains slightly 40 gigabytes of text from <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a> shared in <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> submissions with at least 3 <a href="/wiki/Upvotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Upvotes">upvotes</a>. It avoids certain issues encoding vocabulary with word tokens by using <a href="/wiki/Byte_pair_encoding" title="Byte pair encoding">byte pair encoding</a>. This permits representing any string of characters by encoding both individual characters and multiple-character tokens.<a href="#cite_note-gpt2-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GPT-3">GPT-3</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: GPT-3">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a></div> First described in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained<a href="#cite_note-196">[a]</a> Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is an unsupervised transformer language model and the successor to <a href="#GPT-2">GPT-2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-gpt3-199">[198]</a> OpenAI stated that the full version of GPT-3 contained 175 billion <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(machine_learning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameter (machine learning)">parameters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gpt3-199">[198]</a> two <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of magnitude">orders of magnitude</a> larger than the 1.5 billion<a href="#cite_note-gpt2-with-quote-200">[199]</a> in the full version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as few as 125 million parameters were also trained).<a href="#cite_note-gpt3-with-compare-quote-201">[200]</a> OpenAI stated that GPT-3 succeeded at certain "<a href="/wiki/Meta-learning" title="Meta-learning">meta-learning</a>" tasks and could generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper gave examples of translation and cross-linguistic <a href="/wiki/Transfer_learning" title="Transfer learning">transfer learning</a> between English and Romanian, and between English and German.<a href="#cite_note-gpt3-199">[198]</a> GPT-3 dramatically improved benchmark results over GPT-2. OpenAI cautioned that such scaling-up of language models could be approaching or encountering the fundamental capability limitations of predictive language models.<a href="#cite_note-zdnet-openai-statement-202">[201]</a> Pre-training GPT-3 required several thousand petaflop/s-days<a href="#cite_note-204">[b]</a> of compute, compared to tens of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model.<a href="#cite_note-gpt3-199">[198]</a> Like its predecessor,<a href="#cite_note-gpt2-not-immediate-release-188">[188]</a> the GPT-3 trained model was not immediately released to the public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI planned to allow access through a paid cloud <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> after a two-month free private beta that began in June 2020.<a href="#cite_note-gpt3-whynotfullmodel-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed exclusively to Microsoft.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Codex">Codex</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Codex">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></div> Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has additionally been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories,<a href="#cite_note-OAI-Codex-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-VB-Codex-209">[207]</a> and is the AI powering the code <a href="/wiki/Autocompletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocompletion">autocompletion</a> tool <a href="/wiki/GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VB-Codex-209">[207]</a> In August 2021, an API was released in private beta.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> According to OpenAI, the model can create working code in over a dozen programming languages, most effectively in Python.<a href="#cite_note-OAI-Codex-208">[206]</a> Several issues with glitches, design flaws and security vulnerabilities were cited.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> GitHub Copilot has been accused of emitting copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> OpenAI announced that they would discontinue support for Codex API on March 23, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GPT-4">GPT-4</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: GPT-4">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a></div> On March 14, 2023, OpenAI announced the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), capable of accepting text or image inputs.<a href="#cite_note-:3-215">[213]</a> They announced that the updated technology passed a simulated law school bar exam with a score around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 could also read, analyze or generate up to 25,000 words of text, and write code in all major programming languages.<a href="#cite_note-:4-216">[214]</a> Observers reported that the iteration of ChatGPT using GPT-4 was an improvement on the previous GPT-3.5-based iteration, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained some of the problems with earlier revisions.<a href="#cite_note-vox-217">[215]</a> GPT-4 is also capable of taking images as input on ChatGPT.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> OpenAI has declined to reveal various technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the precise size of the model.<a href="#cite_note-verge_wrong-219">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: GPT-4o">edit</a>]</div> On May 13, 2024, OpenAI announced and released <a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a>, which can process and generate text, images and audio.<a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-220">[218]</a> GPT-4o achieved state-of-the-art results in voice, multilingual, and vision benchmarks, setting new records in audio speech recognition and translation.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (<a href="/wiki/MMLU" title="MMLU">MMLU</a>) benchmark compared to 86.5% by GPT-4.<a href="#cite_note-Hello_GPT-4o-223">[221]</a> On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI expects it to be particularly useful for enterprises, startups and developers seeking to automate services with AI agents.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> In March 2025, OpenAI released GPT-4o's native image generation feature, as an alternative to DALL-E 3. <a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GPT-4.5">GPT-4.5</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: GPT-4.5">edit</a>]</div> On 27 February 2025, OpenAI released GPT-4.5, codenamed Orion. Sam Altman claimed that GPT-4.5 would present inaccurate information less frequently than previous models, while describing it as a "giant, expensive model".<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="o1">o1</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: o1">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">OpenAI o1</a></div> On September 12, 2024, OpenAI released the o1-preview and o1-mini models, which have been designed to take more time to think about their responses, leading to higher accuracy. These models are particularly effective in science, coding, and reasoning tasks, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Team members.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> In March 2025, the o1-Pro model was made available through OpenAI's developer API, which was previously available to ChatGPT Pro users since December 2024. The pricing is $150 per million input tokens and $600 per million output tokens.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="o3">o3</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: o3">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">OpenAI o3</a></div> On December 20, 2024, OpenAI unveiled o3, the successor of the o1 reasoning model. OpenAI also unveiled o3-mini, a lighter and faster version of OpenAI o3. As of December 21, 2024, this model is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are testing o3 and o3-mini.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Until January 10, 2025, safety and security researchers had the opportunity to apply for early access to these models.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> The model is called o3 rather than o2 to avoid confusion with telecommunications services provider <a href="/wiki/O2_(UK)" title="O2 (UK)">O2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deep_research">Deep research</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Deep research">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_Deep_Research" title="ChatGPT Deep Research">ChatGPT Deep Research</a></div> Deep research is an <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model#Agency" title="Large language model">agent</a> developed by OpenAI, unveiled on February 2, 2025. It leverages the capabilities of OpenAI's o3 model to perform extensive web browsing, data analysis, and synthesis, delivering comprehensive reports within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20250203-235">[233]</a> With browsing and <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> tools enabled, it reached an accuracy of 26.6 percent on <a href="/wiki/HLE_(Humanity%27s_Last_Exam)" class="mw-redirect" title="HLE (Humanity's Last Exam)">HLE (Humanity's Last Exam)</a> benchmark.<a href="#cite_note-Verge_20250203-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_classification">Image classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Image classification">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CLIP">CLIP</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: CLIP">edit</a>]</div> Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language–Image Pre-training) is a model that is trained to analyze the semantic similarity between text and images. It can notably be used for image classification.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text-to-image">Text-to-image</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Text-to-image">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="DALL-E">DALL-E</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: DALL-E">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DALL-E_sample.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DALL-E_sample.png/300px-DALL-E_sample.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DALL-E_sample.png/450px-DALL-E_sample.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DALL-E_sample.png/600px-DALL-E_sample.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Images produced in 2021 by DALL-E when given the text prompt "a professional high-quality illustration of a giraffe dragon chimera. a giraffe imitating a dragon. a giraffe made of dragon."</figcaption></figure> Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer model that creates images from textual descriptions.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> DALL-E uses a 12-billion-parameter version of GPT-3 to interpret natural language inputs (such as "a green leather purse shaped like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and generate corresponding images. It can create images of realistic objects ("a stained-glass window with an image of a blue strawberry") as well as objects that do not exist in reality ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). As of March 2021, no API or code is available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="DALL-E_2">DALL-E 2</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: DALL-E 2">edit</a>]</div> In April 2022, OpenAI announced DALL-E 2, an updated version of the model with more realistic results.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> In December 2022, OpenAI published on GitHub software for Point-E, a new rudimentary system for converting a text description into a 3-dimensional model.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="DALL-E_3">DALL-E 3</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: DALL-E 3">edit</a>]</div> In September 2023, OpenAI announced DALL-E 3, a more powerful model better able to generate images from complex descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render complex details like hands and text.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> It was released to the public as a ChatGPT Plus feature in October.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text-to-video">Text-to-video</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Text-to-video">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sora">Sora</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora (text-to-video model)</a></div> Sora is a <a href="/wiki/Text-to-video" class="mw-redirect" title="Text-to-video">text-to-video</a> model that can generate videos based on short descriptive prompts<a href="#cite_note-NYT_CM_2024_02_15-242">[240]</a> as well as extend existing videos forwards or backwards in time.<a href="#cite_note-world_sim-243">[241]</a> It can generate videos with resolution up to 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of generated videos is unknown. Sora's development team named it after the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> word for "sky", to signify its "limitless creative potential".<a href="#cite_note-NYT_CM_2024_02_15-242">[240]</a> Sora's technology is an adaptation of the technology behind the <a href="/wiki/DALL%C2%B7E_3" class="mw-redirect" title="DALL·E 3">DALL·E 3</a> <a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">text-to-image model</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WDH_MIT_2024_02_15-244">[242]</a> OpenAI trained the system using publicly-available videos as well as copyrighted videos licensed for that purpose, but did not reveal the number or the exact sources of the videos.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_CM_2024_02_15-242">[240]</a> OpenAI demonstrated some Sora-created <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition videos</a> to the public on February 15, 2024, stating that it could generate videos up to one minute long. It also shared a technical report highlighting the methods used to train the model, and the model's capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-WDH_MIT_2024_02_15-244">[242]</a> It acknowledged some of its shortcomings, including struggles simulating complex physics.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> Will Douglas Heaven of the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a> called the demonstration videos "impressive", but noted that they must have been cherry-picked and might not represent Sora's typical output.<a href="#cite_note-WDH_MIT_2024_02_15-244">[242]</a> Despite skepticism from some academic leaders following Sora's public demo, notable entertainment-industry figures have shown significant interest in the technology's potential. In an interview, actor/filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry</a> expressed his astonishment at the technology's ability to generate realistic video from text descriptions, citing its potential to revolutionize storytelling and content creation. He said that his excitement about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had decided to pause plans for expanding his <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry_Studios" title="Tyler Perry Studios">Atlanta-based movie studio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech-to-text">Speech-to-text</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Speech-to-text">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Whisper">Whisper</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Whisper">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper (speech recognition system)</a></div> Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech recognition model.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> It is trained on a large dataset of diverse audio and is also a multi-task model that can perform multilingual speech recognition as well as speech translation and language identification.<a href="#cite_note-Radford_Kim_Xu_Brockman_p.-248">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_generation">Music generation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Music generation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MuseNet">MuseNet</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: MuseNet">edit</a>]</div> Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to predict subsequent musical notes in <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> music files. It can generate songs with 10 instruments in 15 styles. According to The Verge, a song generated by MuseNet tends to start reasonably but then fall into chaos the longer it plays.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> In pop culture, initial applications of this tool were used as early as 2020 for the internet psychological thriller <a href="/wiki/Ben_Drowned" title="Ben Drowned">Ben Drowned</a> to create music for the titular character.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jukebox">Jukebox</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Jukebox">edit</a>]</div> Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">generate music</a> with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a snippet of lyrics and outputs song samples. OpenAI stated the songs "show local musical coherence [and] follow traditional chord patterns" but acknowledged that the songs lack "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" and that "there is a significant gap" between Jukebox and human-generated music. The Verge stated "It's technologically impressive, even if the results sound like mushy versions of songs that might feel familiar", while <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a> stated "surprisingly, some of the resulting songs are catchy and sound legitimate".<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_interfaces">User interfaces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: User interfaces">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debate_Game">Debate Game</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Debate Game">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, OpenAI launched the Debate Game, which teaches machines to debate <a href="/wiki/Toy_problem" title="Toy problem">toy problems</a> in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research whether such an approach may assist in auditing AI decisions and in developing <a href="/wiki/Explainable_artificial_intelligence" title="Explainable artificial intelligence">explainable AI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microscope">Microscope</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Microscope">edit</a>]</div> Released in 2020, Microscope<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> is a collection of visualizations of every significant layer and neuron of eight neural network models which are often studied in interpretability.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> Microscope was created to analyze the features that form inside these neural networks easily. The models included are <a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a>, <a href="/wiki/VGG-19" class="mw-redirect" title="VGG-19">VGG-19</a>, different versions of <a href="/wiki/Inceptionv3" class="mw-redirect" title="Inceptionv3">Inception</a>, and different versions of <a href="/wiki/Contrastive_Language-Image_Pre-training" title="Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training">CLIP</a> <a href="/wiki/Residual_neural_network" title="Residual neural network">Resnet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: ChatGPT">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenAI_logo_2025_(symbol).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28symbol%29.svg/150px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28symbol%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28symbol%29.svg/225px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28symbol%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28symbol%29.svg/300px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28symbol%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>OpenAI's "Blossom" is used as a symbol for ChatGPT and the company.</figcaption></figure>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence tool built on top of GPT-3 that provides a conversational interface that allows users to ask questions in <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a>. The system then responds with an answer within seconds. ChatGPT reached 1 million users 5 days after its launch.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> As of 2023, ChatGPT Plus is a GPT-4 backed version of ChatGPT<a href="#cite_note-ars-technica2-263">[261]</a> available for a US$20 per month subscription fee<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> (the original version is backed by GPT-3.5).<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> OpenAI also makes GPT-4 available to a select group of applicants through their GPT-4 API waitlist;<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> after being accepted, an additional fee of US$0.03 per 1000 <a href="/wiki/Tokenization_(lexical_analysis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokenization (lexical analysis)">tokens</a> in the initial text provided to the model ("prompt"), and US$0.06 per 1000 tokens that the model generates ("completion"), is charged for access to the version of the model with an 8192-token <a href="/wiki/Context_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Context window">context window</a>; for the 32768-token context window, the prices are doubled.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> In May 2023, OpenAI launched a user interface for ChatGPT for the <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(Apple)" title="App Store (Apple)">App Store</a> on iOS and later in July 2023 for the <a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Play Store</a> on Android.<a href="#cite_note-verge-android-268">[266]</a> The app supports chat history syncing and voice input (using <a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a>, OpenAI's <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> model).<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-verge-android-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> In September 2023, OpenAI announced that ChatGPT "can now see, hear, and speak". ChatGPT Plus users can upload images, while mobile app users can talk to the chatbot.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> In October 2023, OpenAI's latest image generation model, <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E 3</a>, was integrated into ChatGPT Plus and ChatGPT Enterprise. The integration uses ChatGPT to write prompts for DALL-E guided by conversation with users.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> OpenAI's GPT Store, initially slated for a 2023 launch, is now deferred to an undisclosed date in early 2024, attributed likely to the leadership changes in November following the initial announcement.<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> Concerns about the energy consumption of generative AI, including ChatGPT, are rising. In September 2024, Microsoft entered a deal with <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Energy" title="Constellation Energy">Constellation Energy</a> to reopen the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station">Three Mile Island</a> nuclear plant to supply power to its AI-driven data centers.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> In December 2024, OpenAI launched a new feature allowing users to call ChatGPT for up to 15 minutes per month for free.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SearchGPT">SearchGPT</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: SearchGPT">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SearchGPT" class="mw-redirect" title="SearchGPT">SearchGPT</a></div> SearchGPT, a prototype <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a> developed by OpenAI, was unveiled on July 25, 2024, with an initial limited release to 10,000 test users. It combines traditional search engine features with generative AI capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stargate_and_other_supercomputers">Stargate and other supercomputers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Stargate and other supercomputers">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Stargate_LLC" title="Stargate LLC">Stargate</a> is a potential <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> in development by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and OpenAI, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>, <a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">SoftBank</a>, and MGX.<a href="#cite_note-:03-281">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> Stargate is designed as part of a greater data center project, which could represent an investment of as much as $100 billion by Microsoft.<a href="#cite_note-:12-283">[281]</a> Stargate is reported to be part of a series of AI-related construction projects planned in the next few years by the companies Microsoft and OpenAI.<a href="#cite_note-:12-283">[281]</a> The supercomputers will be constructed in five phases.<a href="#cite_note-:03-281">[279]</a> The fourth phase should consist in a smaller OpenAI supercomputer, planned to launch around 2026.<a href="#cite_note-:03-281">[279]</a> Stargate is the fifth and final phase of the program, and will take five and six years to complete and is slated to launch around 2028.<a href="#cite_note-:12-283">[281]</a> The artificial intelligence of Stargate is slated to be contained on millions of special server chips.<a href="#cite_note-:12-283">[281]</a> The supercomputer's data center will be built in the US across 700 acres of land.<a href="#cite_note-:12-283">[281]</a> It has a planned power consumption of 5 gigawatts, for which it could rely on <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States">nuclear energy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-283">[281]</a> The name "Stargate" is a <a href="/wiki/Homage_(arts)" title="Homage (arts)">homage</a> to the 1994 sci-fi film <a href="/wiki/Stargate_(film)" title="Stargate (film)">Stargate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-283">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firing_of_Altman">Firing of Altman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Firing of Altman">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" title="Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI">Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI</a></div> On November 17, 2023, Sam Altman was removed as CEO when its board of directors (composed of <a href="/wiki/Helen_Toner" title="Helen Toner">Helen Toner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_D%27Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a> and Tasha McCauley) cited a lack of confidence in him. Chief Technology Officer <a href="/wiki/Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a> took over as interim CEO. <a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a>, the president of OpenAI, was also removed as chairman of the board<a href="#cite_note-:23-284">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-guard-17nov2023-285">[283]</a> and resigned from the company's presidency shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-:24-286">[284]</a> Three senior OpenAI researchers subsequently resigned: director of research and GPT-4 lead Jakub Pachocki, head of AI risk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_M%C4%85dry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksander Mądry (page does not exist)">Aleksander Mądry</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_M%C4%85dry" class="extiw" title="pl:Aleksander Mądry">pl</a>], and researcher Szymon Sidor.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> On November 18, 2023, there were reportedly talks of Altman returning as CEO amid pressure placed upon the board by investors such as Microsoft and <a href="/wiki/Thrive_Capital" title="Thrive Capital">Thrive Capital</a>, who objected to Altman's departure.<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> Although Altman himself spoke in favor of returning to OpenAI, he has since stated that he considered starting a new company and bringing former OpenAI employees with him if talks to reinstate him didn't work out.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> The board members agreed "in principle" to resign if Altman returned.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> On November 19, 2023, negotiations with Altman to return failed and Murati was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Shear" title="Emmett Shear">Emmett Shear</a> as interim CEO.<a href="#cite_note-:25-292">[290]</a> The board initially contacted <a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a> CEO Dario Amodei (a former OpenAI executive) about replacing Altman, and proposed a <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">merger</a> of the two companies, but both offers were declined.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> On November 20, 2023, Microsoft CEO <a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> announced Altman and Brockman would be joining Microsoft to lead a new advanced AI research team, but added that they were still committed to OpenAI despite recent events.<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> Before the partnership with Microsoft was finalized, Altman gave the board another opportunity to negotiate with him.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> About 738 of OpenAI's 770 employees, including Murati and Sutskever, signed an open letter stating they would quit their jobs and join Microsoft if the board did not rehire Altman and then resign.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> This prompted OpenAI investors to consider legal action against the board as well.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> In response, OpenAI management sent an internal memo to employees stating that negotiations with Altman and the board had resumed and would take some time.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> On November 21, 2023, after continued negotiations, Altman and Brockman returned to the company in their prior roles along with a reconstructed board made up of new members <a href="/wiki/Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (as chairman) and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a>, with D'Angelo remaining.<a href="#cite_note-:30-300">[298]</a> On November 22, 2023, emerging reports suggested that Sam Altman's dismissal from OpenAI may have been linked to his alleged mishandling of a significant breakthrough in the organization's secretive project codenamed Q*. According to sources within OpenAI, Q* is aimed at developing AI capabilities in logical and mathematical reasoning, and reportedly involves performing math on the level of grade-school students.<a href="#cite_note-gradeschool-301">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> Concerns about Altman's response to this development, specifically regarding the discovery's potential safety implications, were reportedly raised with the company's board shortly before Altman's firing.<a href="#cite_note-Anna_Tong_2023_u135-304">[302]</a> On November 29, 2023, OpenAI announced that an anonymous Microsoft employee had joined the board as a non-voting member to observe the company's operations;<a href="#cite_note-:31-305">[303]</a> Microsoft resigned from the board in July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_moderation_contract_with_Sama">Content moderation contract with Sama</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Content moderation contract with Sama">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Content_moderation_and_working_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Content moderation and working conditions">Content moderation and working conditions</a>.</div> In January 2023, OpenAI has been criticized for outsourcing the <a href="/wiki/Labeled_data" title="Labeled data">annotation of data sets</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sama_(company)" title="Sama (company)">Sama</a>, a company based in San Francisco that employed workers in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. These annotations were used to train an AI model to detect toxicity, which could then be used to <a href="/wiki/Content_moderation" title="Content moderation">moderate toxic content</a>, notably from ChatGPT's training data and outputs. However, these pieces of text usually contained detailed descriptions of various types of violence, including sexual violence. The investigation uncovered that OpenAI began sending snippets of data to Sama as early as November 2021. The four Sama employees interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> described themselves as mentally scarred. OpenAI paid Sama $12.50 per hour of work, and Sama was redistributing the equivalent of between $1.32 and $2.00 per hour post-tax to its annotators. Sama's spokesperson said that the $12.50 was also covering other implicit costs, among which were infrastructure expenses, quality assurance and management.<a href="#cite_note-Time1-307">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_technological_transparency">Lack of technological transparency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Lack of technological transparency">edit</a>]</div> In March 2023, the company was also criticized for disclosing particularly few technical details about products like GPT-4, contradicting its initial commitment to openness and making it harder for independent researchers to replicate its work and develop safeguards. OpenAI cited competitiveness and safety concerns to justify this strategic turn. OpenAI's former chief scientist Ilya Sutskever argued in 2023 that open-sourcing increasingly capable models was increasingly risky, and that the safety reasons for not open-sourcing the most potent AI models would become "obvious" in a few years.<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-disparagement_agreement">Non-disparagement agreement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Non-disparagement agreement">edit</a>]</div> On May 17, 2024, a <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a> article reported that OpenAI was asking departing employees to sign a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disparagement agreement</a> forbidding them from criticizing OpenAI or acknowledging the existence of the agreement. Daniel Kokotajlo, a former employee, publicly stated that he forfeited his vested equity in OpenAI in order to leave without signing the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a> Sam Altman stated that he was unaware of the equity cancellation provision, and that OpenAI never enforced it to cancel any employee's vested equity.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a> Vox published leaked documents and emails challenging this claim.<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> On May 23, 2024, OpenAI sent a memo releasing former employees from the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_infringement_in_training_data">Copyright infringement in training data</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Copyright infringement in training data">edit</a>]</div> OpenAI was sued for <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> by authors <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Silverman" title="Sarah Silverman">Sarah Silverman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Butterick" title="Matthew Butterick">Matthew Butterick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Tremblay" title="Paul G. Tremblay">Paul Tremblay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mona_Awad" title="Mona Awad">Mona Awad</a> in July 2023.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-315">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> In September 2023, 17 authors, including <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Grisham" title="John Grisham">John Grisham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Picoult" title="Jodi Picoult">Jodi Picoult</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen" title="Jonathan Franzen">Jonathan Franzen</a>, joined the <a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild" title="Authors Guild">Authors Guild</a> in filing a class action lawsuit against OpenAI, alleging that the company's technology was illegally using their copyrighted work.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> also sued the company in late December 2023.<a href="#cite_note-:6-315">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> In May 2024 it was revealed that OpenAI had destroyed its Books1 and Books2 training datasets, which were used in the <a href="/wiki/GPT-3#Training_and_capabilities" title="GPT-3">training of GPT-3</a>, and which the Authors Guild believed to have contained over 100,000 copyrighted books.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> In 2021, OpenAI developed a <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> tool called Whisper. OpenAI used it to transcribe more than one million hours of YouTube videos into text for training GPT-4. The automated transcription of YouTube videos raised concerns within OpenAI employees regarding potential violations of YouTube's terms of service, which prohibit the use of videos for applications independent of the platform, as well as any type of automated access to its videos. Despite these concerns, the project proceeded with notable involvement from OpenAI's president, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a>. The resulting dataset proved instrumental in training GPT-4.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> In February 2024, <a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Raw_Story" title="Raw Story">Raw Story</a> and Alternate Media Inc. filed lawsuit against OpenAI on copyright litigation ground.<a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> The lawsuit is said to have charted a new legal strategy for digital-only publishers to sue OpenAI.<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> On April 30, 2024, eight newspapers filed a lawsuit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York">Southern District of New York</a> against OpenAI and Microsoft, claiming illegal harvesting of their copyrighted articles. The suing publications included <a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_News" title="The Mercury News">The Mercury News</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Orange_County_Register" title="The Orange County Register">The Orange County Register</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Paul_Pioneer_Press" title="St. Paul Pioneer Press">St. Paul Pioneer Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Sentinel" title="Sun Sentinel">Sun Sentinel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ebt-30apr2024-325">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GDPR_compliance">GDPR compliance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: GDPR compliance">edit</a>]</div> In April 2023, the EU's <a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Board" title="European Data Protection Board">European Data Protection Board</a> (EDPB) formed a dedicated task force on ChatGPT "to foster cooperation and to exchange information on possible enforcement actions conducted by data protection authorities" based on the "enforcement action undertaken by the Italian data protection authority against Open AI about the Chat GPT service".<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> In late April 2024 <a href="/wiki/NOYB" title="NOYB">NOYB</a> filed a complaint with the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> Datenschutzbehörde against OpenAI for violating the European <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a>. A text created with ChatGPT gave a false <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth">date of birth</a> for a living person without giving the individual the option to see the personal data used in the process. A request to correct the mistake was denied. Additionally, neither the recipients of ChatGPT's work nor the sources used, could be made available, OpenAI claimed.<a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_military">Use by military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Use by military">edit</a>]</div> OpenAI was criticized for lifting its ban on using ChatGPT for "military and warfare". Up until January 10, 2024, its "usage policies" included a ban on "activity that has high risk of physical harm, including," specifically, "weapons development" and "military and warfare." Its new policies prohibit "[using] our service to harm yourself or others" and to "develop or use weapons".<a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a> As one of the industry collaborators, OpenAI provides LLM to the Artificial Intelligence Cyber Challenge (AIxCC) sponsored by <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA) and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_for_Health" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health">Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health</a> to protect software critical to Americans.<a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a> In October 2024, The Intercept revealed that OpenAI's tools are considered "essential" for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">AFRICOM</a>'s mission and included in an "Exception to Fair Opportunity" contractural agreement between the United States Department of Defense and Microsoft.<a href="#cite_note-intercept-africom-109">[109]</a> In December 2024, OpenAI said it would partner with defense-tech company <a href="/wiki/Anduril_Industries" title="Anduril Industries">Anduril</a> to build drone defense technologies for the United States and its allies.<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_scraping">Data scraping</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Data scraping">edit</a>]</div> In June 2023, a lawsuit claimed that OpenAI scraped 300 billion words online without consent and without registering as a data broker. It was filed in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, by sixteen anonymous plaintiffs.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> They also claimed that OpenAI and its partner as well as customer <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> continued to unlawfully collect and use personal data from millions of consumers worldwide to train artificial intelligence models.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> On May 22, 2024, OpenAI entered into an agreement with <a href="/wiki/News_Corp" title="News Corp">News Corp</a> to integrate news content from <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a> into its AI platform. Meanwhile, other publications like <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> chose to sue OpenAI and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> for copyright infringement over the use of their content to train AI models.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-92">[92]</a> In November 2024, a coalition of Canadian news outlets, including the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metroland_Media_Group" title="Metroland Media Group">Metroland Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmedia_Network" title="Postmedia Network">Postmedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC</a>, sued OpenAI for using their news articles to train its software without permission.<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suicide_of_Suchir_Balaji">Suicide of Suchir Balaji</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Suicide of Suchir Balaji">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Suchir_Balaji" title="Suchir Balaji">Suchir Balaji</a></div><a href="/wiki/Suchir_Balaji" title="Suchir Balaji">Suchir Balaji</a>, a former researcher at OpenAI, was found dead in his San Francisco apartment on November 26, 2024. Independent investigations carried out by the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) and the San Francisco Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) concluded that Balaji shot himself.<a href="#cite_note-sf-standard-335">[333]</a> The suicide occurred 34 days after a New York Times interview in which he accused OpenAI of violating copyright law in developing its commercial LLMs, one of which (GPT-4) he had helped engineer. He was also a likely witness in a major copyright trial against the AI company, and was one of several of its current or former employees named in The New York Times's court filings as potentially having documents relevant to the case. The death led to speculation and conspiracy theories suggesting he had been deliberately silenced.<a href="#cite_note-sf-standard-335">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mercury-jan-31-336">[334]</a> The idea was promoted by Balaji's parents in interviews with several news services. They cited a private investigation and an independent autopsy they commissioned. As of January 16, 2025, a report from the autopsy has not been shared with any news agency.<a href="#cite_note-Mercury-jan-16-337">[335]</a> According to a public records lawsuit the parents filed on January 31, the independent autopsy shows Balaji died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound with an unusual bullet trajectory for a suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Mercury-jan-31-336">[334]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a>, California Congressman <a href="/wiki/Ro_Khanna" title="Ro Khanna">Ro Khanna</a>, and San Francisco Supervisor <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Fielder" title="Jackie Fielder">Jackie Fielder</a> have publicly echoed Balaji's parents' skepticism and calls for an investigation, as of January, 2025.<a href="#cite_note-rokhanna-338">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-sfexaminer-jan-23-339">[337]</a> In February 2025, the OCME autopsy and SFPD police reports were released. A joint letter from both agencies to the parents' legal team noted that he had purchased the firearm used two years prior to his death, and had recently searched for brain anatomy information on his computer. The letter also highlighted that his apartment's only entrance was dead-bolted from inside with no signs of forced entry.<a href="#cite_note-sf-standard-335">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a> – American artificial intelligence research company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_AI_Safety" title="Center for AI Safety">Center for AI Safety</a> – US-based AI safety research center</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a> – Defunct Oxford interdisciplinary research centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a> – International nonprofit research institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a> – Artificial intelligence research laboratory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a> – Nonprofit organization researching AI safety</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> The term "pre-training" refers to general language training as distinct from fine-tuning for specific tasks. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> One petaflop/s-day is approximately equal to 1020 neural net operations.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: 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Retrieved November 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=The+deal+to+bring+Sam+Altman+back+to+OpenAI+has+fallen+apart&rft.date=2023-11-19&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2023%2F11%2F20%2F23967515%2Fsam-altman-openai-board-fired-new-ceo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDastin2023" class="citation web cs1">Dastin, Jeffrey (November 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/openais-board-approached-anthropic-ceo-about-top-job-merger-sources-2023-11-21/">"OpenAI's board approached Anthropic CEO about top job and merger"</a>. 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Retrieved February 22, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Family+of+OpenAI+whistleblower+Suchir+Balaji+files+lawsuit+seeking+San+Francisco+police+records&rft.date=2025-01-31&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2025%2F01%2F31%2Ffamily-of-openai-whistleblower-suchir-balaji-files-lawsuit-seeking-san-francisco-police-records%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mercury-jan-16-337"><a href="#cite_ref-Mercury-jan-16_337-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2025" class="citation web cs1">Rodgers, Jakob (January 16, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2025/01/15/congressman-ro-khanna-calls-for-full-and-transparent-investigation-into-death-of-openai-whistleblower-suchir-balaji/">"Congressman Ro Khanna calls for 'full and transparent' investigation into death of OpenAI whistleblower Suchir Balaji"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_News" title="The Mercury News">The Mercury News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_News_Group" title="Bay Area News Group">Bay Area News Group</a>. Retrieved January 30, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Congressman+Ro+Khanna+calls+for+%27full+and+transparent%27+investigation+into+death+of+OpenAI+whistleblower+Suchir+Balaji&rft.date=2025-01-16&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2025%2F01%2F15%2Fcongressman-ro-khanna-calls-for-full-and-transparent-investigation-into-death-of-openai-whistleblower-suchir-balaji%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rokhanna-338"><a href="#cite_ref-rokhanna_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2025" class="citation news cs1">Rodgers, Jakob (January 15, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/01/15/openai-whistleblower-death/">"California Congressman Ro Khanna calls for 'full and transparent' investigation into death of OpenAI whistleblower Suchir Balaji"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_News_Group" title="Bay Area News Group">Bay Area News Group</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20250130154936/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/01/15/openai-whistleblower-death/">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2025. Retrieved January 30, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=California+Congressman+Ro+Khanna+calls+for+%27full+and+transparent%27+investigation+into+death+of+OpenAI+whistleblower+Suchir+Balaji&rft.date=2025-01-15&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2025%2F01%2F15%2Fopenai-whistleblower-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfexaminer-jan-23-339"><a href="#cite_ref-sfexaminer-jan-23_339-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolverton2025" class="citation web cs1">Wolverton, Troy (January 23, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/technology/bay-area-officials-say-suchir-balaji-death-must-prompt-probe/article_8f1d1596-d923-11ef-8109-7f47649f523f.html">"Family, officials urge inquiry into OpenAI whistleblower's death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner" title="San Francisco Examiner">San Francisco Examiner</a>. Retrieved January 24, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Examiner&rft.atitle=Family%2C+officials+urge+inquiry+into+OpenAI+whistleblower%27s+death&rft.date=2025-01-23&rft.aulast=Wolverton&rft.aufirst=Troy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfexaminer.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Fbay-area-officials-say-suchir-balaji-death-must-prompt-probe%2Farticle_8f1d1596-d923-11ef-8109-7f47649f523f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy2023" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levy" title="Steven Levy">Levy, Steven</a> (September 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/what-openai-really-wants">"What OpenAI Really Wants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1078-3148">1078-3148</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906191725/https://www.wired.com/story/what-openai-really-wants/">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2023. Retrieved September 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=What+OpenAI+Really+Wants&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.issn=1078-3148&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fwhat-openai-really-wants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuhigg2023" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duhigg" title="Charles Duhigg">Duhigg, Charles</a> (December 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/12/11/the-inside-story-of-microsofts-partnership-with-openai">"The Inside Story of Microsoft's Partnership with OpenAI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231222230940/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/12/11/the-inside-story-of-microsofts-partnership-with-openai">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2023. Retrieved January 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Inside+Story+of+Microsoft%27s+Partnership+with+OpenAI&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Duhigg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2023%2F12%2F11%2Fthe-inside-story-of-microsofts-partnership-with-openai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OpenAI" title="Template:OpenAI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OpenAI" title="Template talk:OpenAI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OpenAI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OpenAI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="OpenAI158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OpenAI</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_in_education" title="ChatGPT in education">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT_Store" title="GPT Store">GPT Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_Search" title="ChatGPT Search">ChatGPT Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_model" title="Foundation model">Foundation models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">GPT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4.5" title="GPT-4.5">GPT-4.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_Deep_Research" title="ChatGPT Deep Research">ChatGPT Deep Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Operator" title="OpenAI Operator">Operator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:OpenAI_logo_2025_(wordmark).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" title="Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI">removal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Friar" title="Sarah Friar">Sarah Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Schools" title="Scott Schools">Scott Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Shear" title="Emmett Shear">Emmett Shear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_D%27Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Desmond-Hellmann" title="Sue Desmond-Hellmann">Sue Desmond-Hellmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adebayo_Ogunlesi" title="Adebayo Ogunlesi">Adebayo Ogunlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Seligman" title="Nicole Seligman">Nicole Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidji_Simo" title="Fidji Simo">Fidji Simo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakub_Pachocki" title="Jakub Pachocki">Jakub Pachocki</a> (chief scientist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a> (2017–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Hurd" title="Will Hurd">Will Hurd</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden_Karnofsky" title="Holden Karnofsky">Holden Karnofsky</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2015–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a> (2017–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Toner" title="Helen Toner">Helen Toner</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivon_Zilis" title="Shivon Zilis">Shivon Zilis</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">Joint ventures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_LLC" title="Stargate LLC">Stargate LLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Intelligence" title="Apple Intelligence">Apple Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_Dungeon" title="AI Dungeon">AI Dungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Deep_Learning_(South_Park)" title="Deep Learning (South Park)">Deep Learning</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LangChain" title="LangChain">LangChain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:OpenAI" title="Category:OpenAI">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Generative_AI409" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Generative_AI" title="Template:Generative AI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Generative_AI" title="Template talk:Generative AI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Generative_AI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Generative AI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Generative_AI409" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval-augmented_generation" title="Retrieval-augmented generation">Retrieval-augmented generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">Reinforcement learning from human feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBRX" title="DBRX">DBRX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSeek_(chatbot)" title="DeepSeek (chatbot)">DeepSeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernie_Bot" title="Ernie Bot">ERNIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-J" title="GPT-J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4.5" title="GPT-4.5">4.5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI#Mistral_Large" title="Mistral AI">Mistral Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_PanGu" title="Huawei PanGu">PanGu-Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwen" title="Qwen">Qwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(text-to-image_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (text-to-image model)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Firefly" title="Adobe Firefly">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(text-to-image_model)" title="Flux (text-to-image model)">Flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagen_(text-to-image_model)" title="Imagen (text-to-image model)">Imagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15.ai" title="15.ai">15.ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Machine_(text-to-video_model)" title="Dream Machine (text-to-video model)">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)#Gen-3_Alpha" title="Runway (company)">Gen-3 Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMax_(company)#Hailuo_AI" title="MiniMax (company)">Hailuo AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kling_(text-to-video_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kling (text-to-video model)">Kling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind#Video_model" title="Google DeepMind">Veo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoPoet" title="VideoPoet">VideoPoet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endel_(app)" title="Endel (app)">Endel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udio" title="Udio">Udio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suno_AI" title="Suno AI">Suno AI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies" title="List of artificial intelligence companies">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/01.AI" title="01.AI">01.AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baichuan" title="Baichuan">Baichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_AI" title="Meta AI">Meta AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMax_(company)" title="MiniMax (company)">MiniMax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Mistral AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshot_AI" title="Moonshot AI">Moonshot AI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OpenAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)" title="Runway (company)">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stability_AI" title="Stability AI">Stability AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesia_(company)" title="Synthesia (company)">Synthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAI_(company)" title="XAI (company)">xAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhipu_AI" title="Zhipu AI">Zhipu AI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Category:Generative artificial intelligence">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Generative_artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Generative artificial intelligence">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence285" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Template talk:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Existential risk from artificial intelligence">Existential risk</a> from <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">AGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_capability_control" title="AI capability control">AI capability control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_accelerationism" title="Effective accelerationism">Effective accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Existential risk from artificial intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_convergence" title="Instrumental convergence">Instrumental convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence explosion">Intelligence explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longtermism" title="Longtermism">Longtermism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_of_astronomical_suffering" title="Risk of astronomical suffering">Suffering risks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">Superintelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alignment_Research_Center" title="Alignment Research Center">Alignment Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_AI_Safety" title="Center for AI Safety">Center for AI Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Applied_Rationality" title="Center for Applied Rationality">Center for Applied Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Human-Compatible_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence">Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EleutherAI" title="EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity%2B" title="Humanity+">Humanity+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies" title="Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies">Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverhulme_Centre_for_the_Future_of_Intelligence" title="Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence">Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OpenAI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slate_Star_Codex" title="Slate Star Codex">Scott Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Christiano_(researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Christiano (researcher)">Paul Christiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Eric_Drexler" title="K. Eric Drexler">Eric Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Hendrycks" title="Dan Hendrycks">Dan Hendrycks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Legg" title="Shane Legg">Shane Legg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Omohundro" title="Steve Omohundro">Steve Omohundro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huw_Price" title="Huw Price">Huw Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart J. 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