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OpenAI - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>2020–2023: ChatGPT, DALL-E, partnership with Microsoft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020–2023:_ChatGPT,_DALL-E,_partnership_with_Microsoft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024:_Public/non-profit_efforts,_Sora,_partnership_with_Apple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024:_Public/non-profit_efforts,_Sora,_partnership_with_Apple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>2024: Public/non-profit efforts, Sora, partnership with Apple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024:_Public/non-profit_efforts,_Sora,_partnership_with_Apple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2025" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2025"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>2025</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2025-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_employees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_employees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Key employees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_employees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_of_directors_of_the_OpenAI_nonprofit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_directors_of_the_OpenAI_nonprofit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Board of directors of the OpenAI nonprofit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_directors_of_the_OpenAI_nonprofit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_individual_investors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_individual_investors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Principal individual investors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_individual_investors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Initial motivations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Strategy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Strategy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stance_on_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stance_on_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Stance on China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stance_on_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Products_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Products_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Products and applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Products_and_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Products and applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Products_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reinforcement_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reinforcement_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reinforcement learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reinforcement_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gym" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gym"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Gym</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gym-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gym_Retro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gym_Retro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.1</span> <span>Gym Retro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gym_Retro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RoboSumo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RoboSumo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>RoboSumo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RoboSumo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OpenAI_Five" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OpenAI_Five"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>OpenAI Five</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OpenAI_Five-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dactyl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dactyl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Dactyl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dactyl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-API" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#API"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>API</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-API-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Text generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OpenAI's_original_GPT_model_("GPT-1")" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OpenAI's_original_GPT_model_("GPT-1")"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1")</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OpenAI's_original_GPT_model_("GPT-1")-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT-2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT-2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>GPT-2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT-2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT-3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT-3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>GPT-3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT-3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Codex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT-4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT-4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>GPT-4</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT-4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT-4o" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT-4o"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.6</span> <span>GPT-4o</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT-4o-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPT-4.5" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPT-4.5"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.7</span> <span>GPT-4.5</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPT-4.5-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-o1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#o1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.8</span> <span>o1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-o1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-o3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#o3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.9</span> <span>o3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-o3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deep_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deep_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.10</span> <span>Deep research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deep_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Image classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CLIP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CLIP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>CLIP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CLIP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text-to-image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text-to-image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Text-to-image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-to-image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DALL-E" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DALL-E"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>DALL-E</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DALL-E-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DALL-E_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DALL-E_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1.1</span> <span>DALL-E 2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DALL-E_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DALL-E_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DALL-E_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1.2</span> <span>DALL-E 3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DALL-E_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text-to-video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text-to-video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Text-to-video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text-to-video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Sora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speech-to-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speech-to-text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Speech-to-text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speech-to-text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whisper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whisper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7.1</span> <span>Whisper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whisper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Music generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-MuseNet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MuseNet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8.1</span> <span>MuseNet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MuseNet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jukebox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jukebox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8.2</span> <span>Jukebox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jukebox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-User_interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>User interfaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debate_Game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_Game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1</span> <span>Debate Game</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_Game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microscope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microscope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.2</span> <span>Microscope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microscope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ChatGPT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ChatGPT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.3</span> <span>ChatGPT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ChatGPT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SearchGPT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SearchGPT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.4</span> <span>SearchGPT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SearchGPT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stargate_and_other_supercomputers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stargate_and_other_supercomputers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Stargate and other supercomputers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stargate_and_other_supercomputers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Firing_of_Altman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firing_of_Altman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Firing of Altman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firing_of_Altman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_moderation_contract_with_Sama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_moderation_contract_with_Sama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Content moderation contract with Sama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_moderation_contract_with_Sama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lack_of_technological_transparency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_technological_transparency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Lack of technological transparency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_technological_transparency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-disparagement_agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-disparagement_agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Non-disparagement agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-disparagement_agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_infringement_in_training_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_infringement_in_training_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Copyright infringement in training data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_infringement_in_training_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GDPR_compliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GDPR_compliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>GDPR compliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GDPR_compliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Use by military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_scraping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_scraping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Data scraping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_scraping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suicide_of_Suchir_Balaji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide_of_Suchir_Balaji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Suicide of Suchir Balaji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide_of_Suchir_Balaji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">OpenAI</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%8A" title="أوبن أيه آي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوبن أيه آي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87" title="ওপেনএআই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওপেনএআই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88" title="ओपनएआई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ओपनएआई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D9%BE%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%8A" title="ؤپن إي أي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤپن إي أي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C" title="اوپنایآی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوپنایآی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%94%88AI" title="오픈AI – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오픈AI" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%90" title="ഓപ്പൺഎഐ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓപ്പൺഎഐ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF" title="ओपनएआय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओपनएआय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%89" title="اوبن ايه اى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوبن ايه اى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88" title="ओपनएआई – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ओपनएआई" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88" title="ਓਪਨਏਆਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਓਪਨਏਆਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%DB%8C" title="اوپن ای آی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوپن ای آی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%BE%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ئۆپن ئەی ئای – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆپن ئەی ئای" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_AI" title="Open AI – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Open AI" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%90" title="ஓபின்ஏஐ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓபின்ஏஐ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%92%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%8F%E0%B0%90" title="ఒపెన్ఏఐ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఒపెన్ఏఐ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD" title="โอเพนเอไอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอเพนเอไอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92_%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="اوپن اے آئی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوپن اے آئی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI_(%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%90%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%8A_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%8A)" title="OpenAI (ئوپېن ئېي ئاي) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="OpenAI (ئوپېن ئېي ئاي)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="OpenAI" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21708200#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Artificial intelligence research organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">OpenAI</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenAI_logo_2025_(wordmark).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg/250px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg/375px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg/500px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="138" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">December 11, 2015<span class="noprint">; 9 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2015-12-11</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent">John Schulman<br /><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21708200?uselang=en#P112" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chairman</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a> (<a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">President</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Friar" title="Sarah Friar">Sarah Friar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_financial_officer" title="Chief financial officer">CFO</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-NYT5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">GPT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4.5" title="GPT-4.5">4.5</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/DALL%C2%B7E" class="mw-redirect" title="DALL·E">DALL·E</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SearchGPT" class="mw-redirect" title="SearchGPT">SearchGPT</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li></ul> </div></li><li>Operator</li><li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_Deep_Research" title="ChatGPT Deep Research">Deep Research</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>3.7</span> billion<sup id="cite_ref-2024-fin-est_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024-fin-est-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"> (2024 <abbr title="estimate">est.</abbr>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/20px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/40px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> US$<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:red">−5</span> billion<sup id="cite_ref-2024-fin-est_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024-fin-est-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap"> (2024 <abbr title="estimate">est.</abbr>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">19,976,363 United States dollar (2021, 2021) <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21708200?uselang=en#P2403" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2,000</span> (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openai.com/">openai<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence (AI)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dall-e_3_(jan_%2724)_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/120px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png/250px-Dall-e_3_%28jan_%2724%29_artificial_intelligence_icon.png 1.5x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence#Goals" title="Artificial intelligence">Major goals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">Artificial general intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_self-improvement" title="Recursive self-improvement">Recursive self-improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_game_playing" title="General game playing">General game playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Approaches</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence" title="Symbolic artificial intelligence">Symbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_network" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_algorithm" title="Evolutionary algorithm">Evolutionary algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_intelligent_system" title="Hybrid intelligent system">Hybrid intelligent systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_systems_integration" title="Artificial intelligence systems integration">Systems integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Applications of artificial intelligence">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_bioinformatics" title="Machine learning in bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_earth_sciences" title="Machine learning in earth sciences">Earth sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence#Finance" title="Applications of artificial intelligence"> Finance </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_audio" title="Generative audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_government" title="Artificial intelligence in government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_mental_health" title="Artificial intelligence in mental health">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_industry" title="Artificial intelligence in industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race" title="Artificial intelligence arms race"> Military </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning_in_physics" title="Machine learning in physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_projects" title="List of artificial intelligence projects">Projects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" title="Artificial consciousness">Artificial consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_control_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="AI control problem">Control problem</a>/<a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">Takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny_valley" title="Uncanny valley">Uncanny valley</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="History of artificial intelligence">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_artificial_intelligence" title="Progress in artificial intelligence">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_winter" title="AI winter">AI winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_intelligence" title="Template talk:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>OpenAI, Inc.</b> is an American <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) research organization founded in December 2015 and headquartered in San Francisco, California. It aims to develop "safe and beneficial" <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a> (AGI), which it defines as "highly autonomous systems that outperform humans at most economically valuable work".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a leading organization in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI is known for the GPT family of <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language models</a>, the <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a> series of <a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">text-to-image models</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">text-to-video model</a> named <a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its release of <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> in November 2022 has been credited with catalyzing widespread interest in <a href="/wiki/Generative_AI" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative AI">generative AI</a>. </p><p>The organization consists of the <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit</a> OpenAI, Inc<b>.</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">registered in Delaware</a>, and its for-profit subsidiary introduced in 2019, OpenAI Global, LLC.<sup id="cite_ref-St_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its stated mission is to ensure that AGI "benefits all of humanity".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> owns roughly 49% of OpenAI's <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a>, having invested US$13 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also provides computing resources to OpenAI through its <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud platform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023 and 2024, OpenAI faced multiple lawsuits for alleged <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> against authors and media companies whose work was used to train some of OpenAI's products. In November 2023, OpenAI's board <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" title="Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI">removed Sam Altman</a> as CEO, citing a lack of confidence in him, but reinstated him five days later following a reconstruction of the board. Throughout 2024, roughly half of then-employed <a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a> researchers left OpenAI, citing the company's prominent role in an industry-wide problem.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2015–2018:_Non-profit_beginnings"><span id="2015.E2.80.932018:_Non-profit_beginnings"></span>2015–2018: Non-profit beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 2015–2018: Non-profit beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pioneer_Building,_San_Francisco_(2019)_-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/220px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/330px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg/440px-Pioneer_Building%2C_San_Francisco_%282019%29_-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5408" data-file-height="2717" /></a><figcaption>Former headquarters at the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Building_(San_Francisco)" title="Pioneer Building (San Francisco)">Pioneer Building</a> in San Francisco</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 2015, OpenAI was founded by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Blackwell" title="Trevor Blackwell">Trevor Blackwell</a>, Vicki Cheung, <a href="/wiki/Andrej_Karpathy" title="Andrej Karpathy">Andrej Karpathy</a>, Durk Kingma, John Schulman, Pamela Vagata, and <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Zaremba" title="Wojciech Zaremba">Wojciech Zaremba</a>, with Sam Altman and Elon Musk as the co-chairs. A total of $1 billion in capital was pledged by Sam Altman, Greg Brockman, Elon Musk, <a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Livingston" title="Jessica Livingston">Jessica Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a> (AWS), <a href="/wiki/Infosys" title="Infosys">Infosys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/YC_research" class="mw-redirect" title="YC research">YC Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual collected total amount of contributions was only $130 million until 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-St_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an investigation led by <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>, while YC Research never contributed any funds, <a href="/wiki/Open_Philanthropy" title="Open Philanthropy">Open Philanthropy</a> contributed $30 million and another $15 million in verifiable donations were traced back to Musk.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI later stated that Musk's contributions totaled less than $45 million.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization stated it would "freely collaborate" with other institutions and researchers by making its patents and research open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc-giants_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-giants-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI was initially run from Brockman's living room.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later headquartered at the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Building_(San_Francisco)" title="Pioneer Building (San Francisco)">Pioneer Building</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mission_District,_San_Francisco" title="Mission District, San Francisco">Mission District, San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-technologyreview_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-technologyreview-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>, Brockman met with <a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>, one of the "founding fathers" of <a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">deep learning</a>, and drew up a list of the "best researchers in the field".<sup id="cite_ref-wired_inside2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brockman was able to hire nine of them as the first employees in December 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_inside2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, OpenAI paid corporate-level (rather than nonprofit-level) salaries, but did not pay AI researchers salaries comparable to those of <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> or <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_inside2_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lee_(computer_scientist)" title="Peter Lee (computer scientist)">Peter Lee</a> stated that the cost of a top AI researcher exceeds the cost of a top <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> quarterback prospect.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_inside2_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI's potential and mission drew these researchers to the firm; a Google employee said he was willing to leave Google for OpenAI "partly because of the very strong group of people and, to a very large extent, because of its mission."<sup id="cite_ref-wired_inside2_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brockman stated that "the best thing that I could imagine doing was moving humanity closer to building real AI in a safe way."<sup id="cite_ref-wired_inside2_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI co-founder <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Zaremba" title="Wojciech Zaremba">Wojciech Zaremba</a> stated that he turned down "borderline crazy" offers of two to three times his market value to join OpenAI instead.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_inside2_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_inside2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2016, OpenAI released a public beta of "OpenAI Gym", its platform for <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a> research.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> gifted its first <a href="/wiki/Nvidia_DGX" title="Nvidia DGX">DGX-1 supercomputer</a> to OpenAI in August 2016 to help it train larger and more complex AI models with the capability of reducing processing time from six days to two hours.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2016, OpenAI released "Universe", a software platform for measuring and training an AI's general intelligence across the world's supply of games, websites, and other applications.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, OpenAI spent $7.9 million, or a quarter of its functional expenses, on cloud computing alone.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, <a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a>'s total expenses in 2017 were $442 million. In the summer of 2018, simply training OpenAI's <i>Dota 2</i> bots required renting 128,000 <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPUs</a> and 256 <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPUs</a> from Google for multiple weeks. </p><p>In 2018, Musk resigned from his Board of Directors seat, citing "a potential future <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict [of interest]</a>" with his role as CEO of <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a> due to Tesla's <a href="/wiki/Tesla_Autopilot" title="Tesla Autopilot">AI development for self-driving cars.</a><sup id="cite_ref-musk_resigns_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musk_resigns-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sam Altman claims that Musk believed that OpenAI had fallen behind other players like Google and Musk proposed instead to take over OpenAI himself, which the board rejected. Musk subsequently left OpenAI. </p><p>In February 2019, <a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a> was announced, which gained attention for its ability to generate human-like text.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019:_Transition_from_non-profit">2019: Transition from non-profit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2019: Transition from non-profit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, OpenAI transitioned from non-profit to "capped" for-profit, with the profit being capped at 100 times any investment.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to OpenAI, the capped-profit model allows OpenAI Global, LLC to legally attract investment from venture funds and, in addition, to grant employees stakes in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_investors_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_investors-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many top researchers work for <a href="/wiki/Google_Brain" title="Google Brain">Google Brain</a>, <a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, which offer stock options that a nonprofit would be unable to.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_arm_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg_arm-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the transition, public disclosure of the compensation of top employees at OpenAI was legally required.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company then distributed <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a> to its employees and partnered with Microsoft,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> announcing an investment package of $1 billion into the company. Since then, OpenAI systems have run on an <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Azure</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputing</a> platform from Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-Langston_2023_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langston_2023-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Foley_2020_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley_2020-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Engadget_2020_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engadget_2020-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OpenAI Global, LLC then announced its intention to commercially license its technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It planned to spend the $1 billion "within five years, and possibly much faster".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altman has stated that even a billion dollars may turn out to be insufficient, and that the lab may ultimately need "more capital than any non-profit has ever raised" to achieve artificial general intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transition from a nonprofit to a capped-profit company was viewed with skepticism by <a href="/wiki/Oren_Etzioni" title="Oren Etzioni">Oren Etzioni</a> of the nonprofit <a href="/wiki/Allen_Institute_for_AI" title="Allen Institute for AI">Allen Institute for AI</a>, who agreed that wooing top researchers to a nonprofit is difficult, but stated "I disagree with the notion that a nonprofit can't compete" and pointed to successful low-budget projects by OpenAI and others. "If bigger and better funded was always better, then <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> would still be number one." </p><p>The nonprofit, OpenAI, Inc., is the sole <a href="/wiki/Controlling_interest" title="Controlling interest">controlling shareholder</a> of OpenAI Global, LLC, which, despite being a for-profit company, retains a formal <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiduciary duty">fiduciary responsibility</a> to OpenAI, Inc.'s nonprofit charter. A majority of OpenAI, Inc.'s board is barred from having financial stakes in OpenAI Global, LLC.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_investors_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_investors-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, minority members with a stake in OpenAI Global, LLC are barred from certain votes due to conflict of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_arm_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg_arm-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers have argued that OpenAI Global, LLC's switch to for-profit status is inconsistent with OpenAI's claims to be "democratizing" AI.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020–2023:_ChatGPT,_DALL-E,_partnership_with_Microsoft"><span id="2020.E2.80.932023:_ChatGPT.2C_DALL-E.2C_partnership_with_Microsoft"></span>2020–2023: ChatGPT, DALL-E, partnership with Microsoft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2020–2023: ChatGPT, DALL-E, partnership with Microsoft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, OpenAI announced <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a>, a language model trained on large internet datasets. GPT-3 is aimed at natural language answering questions, but it can also translate between languages and coherently generate improvised text. It also announced that an associated API, named simply "the API", would form the heart of its first commercial product.<sup id="cite_ref-2020-06-11_Bloomberg_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020-06-11_Bloomberg-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eleven employees left OpenAI, mostly between December 2020 and January 2021, in order to establish <a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, OpenAI introduced <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a>, a specialized deep learning model adept at generating complex digital images from textual descriptions, utilizing a variant of the GPT-3 architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg/250px-UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg/330px-UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg/500px-UK_national_football_team_considering_compete_in_UEFA_Euro_and_FIFA_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_ChatGPT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>The release of <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> was a major event in the <a href="/wiki/AI_boom" title="AI boom">AI boom</a>. By January 2023, ChatGPT had become what was then the fastest-growing consumer software application in history, gaining over 100 million users in two months.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In December 2022, OpenAI received widespread media coverage after launching a free preview of <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>, its new AI <a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">chatbot</a> based on GPT-3.5. According to OpenAI, the preview received over a million signups within the first five days.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to anonymous sources cited by <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> in December 2022, OpenAI Global, LLC was projecting $200 million of revenue in 2023 and $1 billion in revenue in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2023, OpenAI Global, LLC was in talks for funding that would value the company at $29 billion, double its 2021 value.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 23, 2023, Microsoft announced a new US$10 billion investment in OpenAI Global, LLC over multiple years, partially needed to use Microsoft's cloud-computing service <i>Azure</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumors of this deal suggested that Microsoft may receive 75% of OpenAI's profits until it secures its investment return and a 49% stake in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investment is believed to be a part of Microsoft's efforts to integrate OpenAI's ChatGPT into the Bing search engine. Google announced a similar AI application (<a href="/wiki/Bard_(chatbot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bard (chatbot)">Bard</a>), after ChatGPT was launched, fearing that ChatGPT could threaten Google's place as a go-to source for information.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 7, 2023, Microsoft announced that it was building AI technology based on the same foundation as ChatGPT into <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Microsoft Bing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Edge" title="Microsoft Edge">Edge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_365" title="Microsoft 365">Microsoft 365</a> and other products.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 3, 2023, <a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a> resigned from his board seat, citing a desire to avoid conflicts of interest with his investments in AI companies via <a href="/wiki/Greylock_Partners" title="Greylock Partners">Greylock Partners</a>, and his co-founding of the AI startup <a href="/wiki/Inflection_AI" title="Inflection AI">Inflection AI</a>. Hoffman remained on the board of Microsoft, a major investor in OpenAI.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI released <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a>, both as an API (with a waitlist) and as a feature of ChatGPT Plus.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 22, 2023, Sam Altman, Greg Brockman and Ilya Sutskever posted recommendations for the governance of <a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">superintelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They consider that superintelligence could happen within the next 10 years, allowing a "dramatically more prosperous future" and that "given the possibility of existential risk, we can't just be reactive". They propose creating an international watchdog organization similar to <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a> to oversee AI systems above a certain capability threshold, suggesting that relatively weak AI systems on the other side should not be overly regulated. They also call for more technical safety research for superintelligences, and ask for more coordination, for example through governments launching a joint project which "many current efforts become part of".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2023, OpenAI launched the superalignment project, aiming to find within 4 years how to <a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">align</a> future superintelligences by automating alignment research using AI.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2023, it was announced that OpenAI had acquired the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>-based start-up Global Illumination, a company that deploys AI to develop digital infrastructure and creative tools.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 21, 2023, Microsoft had begun rebranding all variants of its Copilot to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a>, including the former <i>Bing Chat</i> and the <i>Microsoft 365 Copilot</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-unify_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unify-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strategy was followed in December 2023 by adding the MS-Copilot to many installations of <a href="/wiki/Windows_11" title="Windows 11">Windows 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> as well as a standalone <i>Microsoft Copilot app</i> released for <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a><sup id="cite_ref-androidlaunch_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-androidlaunch-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one released for <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-ioslaunch_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioslaunch-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2023, Sam Altman and Peng Xiao, CEO of the Emirati AI firm <a href="/wiki/G42_(company)" title="G42 (company)">G42</a>, announced Open AI would let G42 deploy Open AI technology.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 6, 2023, OpenAI launched GPTs, allowing individuals to create customized versions of ChatGPT for specific purposes, further expanding the possibilities of AI applications across various industries.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 14, 2023, OpenAI announced they temporarily suspended new sign-ups for ChatGPT Plus due to high demand.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Access for newer subscribers re-opened a month later on December 13.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024:_Public/non-profit_efforts,_Sora,_partnership_with_Apple"><span id="2024:_Public.2Fnon-profit_efforts.2C_Sora.2C_partnership_with_Apple"></span>2024: Public/non-profit efforts, Sora, partnership with Apple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2024: Public/non-profit efforts, Sora, partnership with Apple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/20px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a>. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> it into new pages, adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In January 2024, OpenAI announced a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> that would give it complete access to ChatGPT Enterprise. It was OpenAI's first partnership with an educational institution.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> was reportedly investigating OpenAI over whether company communications made by Altman were used to mislead investors; and an investigation of Altman's statements, opened by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York">Southern New York U.S. Attorney's Office</a> was ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 15, 2024, OpenAI announced a <a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">text-to-video model</a> named <a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a>, which it plans to release to the public at an unspecified date.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is available for <a href="/wiki/Red_team" title="Red team">red teams</a> for managing critical harms and risks.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 29, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Musk_v._Altman" class="mw-redirect" title="Musk v. Altman">OpenAI and CEO Sam Altman were sued</a> by <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, who accused them of prioritizing profits over public good, contrary to OpenAI's original mission<sup id="cite_ref-St_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of developing AI for humanity's benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lawsuit cited OpenAI's policy shift after partnering with Microsoft, questioning its open-source commitment and stirring the AI ethics-vs.-profit debate.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI stated that "Elon understood the mission did not imply open-sourcing AGI."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It denied being a de facto Microsoft subsidiary.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 11, in a court filing, OpenAI said it was "doing just fine without Elon Musk" after he left in 2018. They responded to Musk's lawsuit, calling his claims "incoherent", "frivolous", "extraordinary" and "a fiction".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June, Musk unexpectedly withdrew the lawsuit,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in August reopened it against Altman and others, alleging Altman claimed OpenAI was going to be founded as a non-profit.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 15, 2024, Ilya Sutskever resigned and was replaced with <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Pachocki" title="Jakub Pachocki">Jakub Pachocki</a> to be the Chief Scientist.<sup id="cite_ref-may14_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may14-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Leike" title="Jan Leike">Jan Leike</a>, the other co-leader of the superalignment team, announced his departure, citing an erosion of safety and trust in OpenAI's leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The departures, along with researchers leaving, led OpenAI to absorb the team's work into other research areas, and shut down the superalignment group.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to sources interviewed by <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i>, OpenAI's promise of allocating 20% of its computing capabilities to the superalignment project had not been fulfilled.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 19, 2024, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> and OpenAI announced a partnership to integrate Reddit's content into OpenAI products, including <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a>. This allows OpenAI to access Reddit's Data <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a>, providing real-time, structured content to enhance AI tools and user engagement with Reddit communities. Reddit plans to develop new AI-powered features for users and <a href="/wiki/Moderator_(communications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderator (communications)">moderators</a> using OpenAI's platform. The partnership aligns with Reddit's commitment to privacy, adhering to its Public Content Policy and existing Data API Terms, which restrict commercial use without approval. OpenAI will serve as a Reddit advertising partner.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 22, 2024, OpenAI entered into an agreement with <a href="/wiki/News_Corp" title="News Corp">News Corp</a> to integrate news content from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> into its AI platform. Meanwhile, other publications like <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> chose to sue OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright infringement over use of their content to train AI models.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 29, 2024, <i><a href="/wiki/Axios_(website)" title="Axios (website)">Axios</a></i> reported that OpenAI had signed deals with <a href="/wiki/Vox_Media" title="Vox Media">Vox Media</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> to share content to enhance the accuracy of AI models like ChatGPT by incorporating reliable news sources, addressing concerns about AI misinformation.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerns were expressed by journalists and unions. The Vox Union stated, "As both journalists and workers, we have serious concerns about this partnership, which we believe could adversely impact members of our union, not to mention the well-documented ethical and environmental concerns surrounding the use of generative AI."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group of nine current and former OpenAI employees has accused the company of prioritizing profits over safety, using restrictive agreements to silence concerns, and moving too quickly with inadequate risk management. They call for greater transparency, whistleblower protections, and legislative regulation of AI development.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 10, 2024, it was announced that OpenAI had partnered with <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> to bring ChatGPT features to <a href="/wiki/Apple_Intelligence" title="Apple Intelligence">Apple Intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 13, 2024, OpenAI announced that <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a>, the former head of the <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> was joining its board. Nakasone also joined the security subcommittee.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 24, 2024, OpenAI acquired Multi, a startup running a collaboration platform based on <a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2024, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> reported that OpenAI is working on a project to enhance AI reasoning capabilities, and to enable AI to plan ahead, navigate the internet autonomously, and conduct "deep research".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was released on September 12 and named <a href="/wiki/O1_(generative_pre-trained_transformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="O1 (generative pre-trained transformer)">o1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 5, <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a> reported that OpenAI's cofounder John Schulman had left to join rival startup <a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a>. Schulman cited a desire to focus more on AI alignment research. OpenAI's president and co-founder, Greg Brockman, took extended leave till November.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2024, OpenAI's global affairs chief, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Makanju" title="Anna Makanju">Anna Makanju</a>, expressed support for the UK's approach to AI regulation during her testimony to a <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> committee, stating the company favors "smart regulation" and sees the UK's AI white paper as a positive step towards responsible AI development.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">Chief Technology Officer</a> (CTO) <a href="/wiki/Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a> announced her departure from the company to "create the time and space to do my own exploration".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had been reported Murati was among those who expressed concerns to the Board about Altman.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2024, OpenAI raised $6.6 billion from investors, potentially valuing the company at $157 billion. The funding attracted returning venture capital firms like <a href="/wiki/Thrive_Capital" title="Thrive Capital">Thrive Capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khosla_Ventures" title="Khosla Ventures">Khosla Ventures</a>, along with major backer Microsoft and new investors <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">SoftBank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI's <a href="/wiki/CFO" class="mw-redirect" title="CFO">CFO</a>, Sarah Friar, informed employees that a <a href="/wiki/Tender_offer" title="Tender offer">tender offer</a> for <a href="/wiki/Share_buybacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Share buybacks">share buybacks</a> would follow the funding, although specifics were yet to be determined. Thrive Capital invested around $1.2 billion, with the option for an additional $1 billion if revenue goals were met. Apple, despite initial interest, did not participate in this funding round.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in October 2024, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a></i> revealed that OpenAI's tools were considered "essential" for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">AFRICOM</a>'s mission and included in an "Exception to Fair Opportunity" contractual agreement between the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> and Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-intercept-africom_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intercept-africom-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2024, OpenAI acquired the long-standing domain Chat.com and redirected it to ChatGPT's main site.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Greg Brockman rejoined OpenAI after a three-month leave from his role as president. An OpenAI spokesperson confirmed his return, highlighting that Brockman would collaborate with Altman on tackling key technical challenges. His return followed a wave of high-profile departures, including Mira Murati and Ilya Sutskever, who had since launched their own AI ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2024, OpenAI launched several significant features as part of its "12 Days of OpenAI" event, which started on December 5. It announced <a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">text-to-video model</a> intended to create realistic videos from text prompts, and available to ChatGPT Plus and Pro users.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, OpenAI launched the <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a> model, which is designed to be capable of advanced reasoning through its <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_thought_prompting" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of thought prompting">chain-of-thought</a> processing, enabling it to engage in explicit reasoning before generating responses.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model is intended to tackle complex tasks with improved accuracy and transparency. Another major release was ChatGPT Pro, a subscription service priced at $200 per month that provides users with unlimited access to the o1 model and enhanced voice features.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI shared preliminary benchmark results for the upcoming <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event also saw the expansion of the Canvas feature, allowing all users to utilize side-by-side digital editing capabilities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2025">2025</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2025"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 20, 2025, <a href="/wiki/DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a> released the "DeepSeek-R1" model, which rivaled the performance of OpenAI's o1 and was open-weight.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DeepSeek claimed that this model only took $5.6 million to train. This news lead to panic from investors and caused <a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> to record the biggest single day market cap loss in history losing $589 billion on January 27.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 21, 2025, it was announced that OpenAI, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>, <a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">SoftBank</a> and <a href="/wiki/MGX_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="MGX (company)">MGX</a> would launch <a href="/wiki/Stargate_LLC" title="Stargate LLC">The Stargate Project</a>, a joint venture to build an AI infrastructure system in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a>. The project takes its name from OpenAI's existing "Stargate" supercomputer project and is estimated to cost $500 billion. The project will be funded over the next four years.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 24, OpenAI made <i>Operator</i>, an <a href="/wiki/AI_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="AI agent">AI agent</a> and web automation tool for accessing websites to execute goals defined by users. The feature was only available to Pro users in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 2, OpenAI made a <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_Deep_Research" title="ChatGPT Deep Research">deep research agent</a>, that achieved an accuracy of 26.6 percent on <a href="/wiki/Humanity%27s_Last_Exam" title="Humanity's Last Exam">Humanity's Last Exam</a> (HLE) benchmark, available to $200-monthly-fee paying users with up to 100 queries per month, while more “limited access” was promised for Plus, Team and later Enterprise users.<sup id="cite_ref-Verge_20250203_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verge_20250203-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 10, a consortium of investors led by Elon Musk submitted a $97.4 billion unsolicited bid to buy the nonprofit that controls OpenAI and was willing to match or exceed any better offers.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The offer was rejected on 14 February 2025, with OpenAI stating that it was not for sale.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February, OpenAI underwent a rebranding with a new typeface, word mark, symbol and palette.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI began collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a> in 2024 to design a custom AI chip capable of both training and inference targeted for mass production in 2026 and to be manufactured by <a href="/wiki/TSMC" title="TSMC">TSMC</a> in 3 nm node. This initiative is intended to reduce OpenAI's dependence on Nvidia GPUs, which are costly and face high demand in the market. <sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 13, Sam Altman announced that GPT-4.5, internally known as "Orion", will be the last model without full chain-of-thought reasoning. Altman also indicated that GPT-5, expected to be released within months, could unify the O-Series and GPT-Series models, eliminating the need to choose between them and phasing out O-series models.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2025, OpenAI signed an $11.9 billion agreement with <a href="/wiki/CoreWeave" title="CoreWeave">CoreWeave</a>, an Nvidia-backed, AI-focused cloud service provider. As part of the deal, OpenAI will receive $350 million worth of CoreWeave shares and gain access to its AI infrastructure, which includes over a quarter million NVIDIA GPUs.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_employees">Key employees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Key employees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>CEO and co-founder: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a>, former president of the startup accelerator <a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Combinator (company)">Y Combinator</a></li> <li>President and co-founder: <a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a>, former CTO, 3rd employee of <a href="/wiki/Stripe_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stripe (company)">Stripe</a><sup id="cite_ref-seattle-investors_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seattle-investors-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chief Scientist Officer: <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Pachocki" title="Jakub Pachocki">Jakub Pachocki</a>, former Director of Research at OpenAI<sup id="cite_ref-may14_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-may14-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chief Operating Officer: Brad Lightcap, previously at <a href="/wiki/Y_Combinator_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Combinator (company)">Y Combinator</a> and <a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chief Financial Officer: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Friar" title="Sarah Friar">Sarah Friar</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Nextdoor" title="Nextdoor">Nextdoor</a> CEO and former CFO at <a href="/wiki/Block,_Inc." title="Block, Inc.">Block, Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-cxo_2024_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cxo_2024-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chief Product Officer: Kevin Weil, previously at <a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc." title="Twitter, Inc.">Twitter, Inc.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a><sup id="cite_ref-cxo_2024_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cxo_2024-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chief Compliance Officer: <a href="/wiki/Scott_Schools" title="Scott Schools">Scott Schools</a>, former Chief Compliance Officer of <a href="/wiki/Uber_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uber (company)">Uber</a></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Board"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Board_of_directors_of_the_OpenAI_nonprofit">Board of directors of the OpenAI nonprofit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Board of directors of the OpenAI nonprofit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (chairman), former chairman of <a href="/wiki/Twitter,_Inc." title="Twitter, Inc.">Twitter</a>'s board of directors and co-CEO of <a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a>, former <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of the Treasury">U.S. Secretary of the Treasury</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Harvard_University" title="President of Harvard University">President of Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_D%27Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a>, co-founder and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Quora" title="Quora">Quora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Desmond-Hellmann" title="Sue Desmond-Hellmann">Sue Desmond-Hellmann</a>, former CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Seligman" title="Nicole Seligman">Nicole Seligman</a>, attorney and former executive vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidji_Simo" title="Fidji Simo">Fidji Simo</a>, CEO and chair of <a href="/wiki/Instacart" title="Instacart">Instacart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a>, former Director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> (2018–2024)<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zico_Kolter" title="Zico Kolter">Zico Kolter</a>, computer scientist<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adebayo_Ogunlesi" title="Adebayo Ogunlesi">Adebayo Ogunlesi</a>, managing partner at <a href="/wiki/Global_Infrastructure_Partners" title="Global Infrastructure Partners">Global Infrastructure Partners</a><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Sources:<sup id="cite_ref-St_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principal_individual_investors">Principal individual investors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Principal individual investors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-seattle-investors_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seattle-investors-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> co-founder<sup id="cite_ref-mercury-back_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercury-back-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> co-founder<sup id="cite_ref-mercury-back_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercury-back-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Livingston" title="Jessica Livingston">Jessica Livingston</a>, a founding partner of Y Combinator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, co-founder</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_motivations">Initial motivations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Initial motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scientists, such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart Russell</a>, have articulated concerns that if advanced AI gains the ability to redesign itself at an ever-increasing rate, an unstoppable "<a href="/wiki/Intelligence_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence explosion">intelligence explosion</a>" could lead to <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">human extinction</a>. Co-founder <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> characterizes AI as humanity's "biggest existential threat".<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Musk and Altman have stated they are partly motivated by concerns about <a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">existential risk from artificial general intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-csmonitor_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csmonitor-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wired_inside_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_inside-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI states that "it's hard to fathom how much human-level AI could benefit society," and that it is equally difficult to comprehend "how much it could damage society if built or used incorrectly".<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-giants_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-giants-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research on safety cannot safely be postponed: "because of AI's surprising history, it's hard to predict when human-level AI might come within reach."<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI states that AI "should be an extension of individual human wills and, in the spirit of liberty, as broadly and evenly distributed as possible."<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-giants_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-giants-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-chair Sam Altman expects the decades-long project to surpass human intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_far_more_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_far_more-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vishal_Sikka" title="Vishal Sikka">Vishal Sikka</a>, former CEO of Infosys, stated that an "openness", where the endeavor would "produce results generally in the greater interest of humanity", was a fundamental requirement for his support; and that OpenAI "aligns very nicely with our long-held values" and their "endeavor to do purposeful work".<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cade Metz of <i>Wired</i> suggested that corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon</a> might be motivated by a desire to use open-source software and data to level the playing field against corporations such as Google and Facebook, which own enormous supplies of proprietary data. Altman stated that Y Combinator companies would share their data with OpenAI.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_far_more_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_far_more-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategy">Strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early years before his 2018 departure, Musk posed the question: "What is the best thing we can do to ensure the future is good? We could sit on the sidelines or we can encourage regulatory oversight, or we could participate with the right structure with people who care deeply about developing AI in a way that is safe and is beneficial to humanity." He acknowledged that "there is always some risk that in actually trying to advance (friendly) AI we may create the thing we are concerned about"; but nonetheless, that the best defense was "to empower as many people as possible to have AI. If everyone has AI powers, then there's not any one person or a small set of individuals who can have AI superpower."<sup id="cite_ref-seattle-investors_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seattle-investors-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Musk and Altman's counterintuitive strategy—that of trying to reduce the potential harm of AI by giving everyone access to it—is controversial among those concerned with existential risk from AI. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> said, "If you have a button that could do bad things to the world, you don't want to give it to everyone."<sup id="cite_ref-wired_inside_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired_inside-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a 2016 conversation about <a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a>, Altman said, "We don't plan to release all of our source code" and mentioned a plan to "allow wide swaths of the world to elect representatives to a new governance board". Greg Brockman stated, "Our goal right now<span class="nowrap"> </span>... is to do the best thing there is to do. It's a little vague."<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, OpenAI's initial decision to withhold GPT-2 around 2019, due to a wish to "err on the side of caution" in the presence of potential misuse, was criticized by advocates of openness. Delip Rao, an expert in text generation, stated, "I don't think [OpenAI] spent enough time proving [GPT-2] was actually dangerous." Other critics argued that open publication was necessary to replicate the research and to create countermeasures.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, in 2022, OpenAI published its approach to the <a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">alignment problem</a>, anticipating that aligning <a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">AGI</a> to human values would likely be harder than aligning current AI systems: "Unaligned AGI could pose substantial risks to humanity[,] and solving the AGI alignment problem could be so difficult that it will require all of humanity to work together". They stated that they intended to explore how to better use human feedback to train AI systems, and how to safely use AI to incrementally automate alignment research.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, following the temporary removal of Sam Altman and his return, many employees gradually left OpenAI, including most of the original leadership team and a significant number of AI safety researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI also planned a restructuring to operate as a for-profit company. This restructuring could grant Altman a stake in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stance_on_China">Stance on China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Stance on China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2025, OpenAI CEO <a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> stated that the company is interested in collaborating with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, despite <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_China" title="United States sanctions against China">regulatory restrictions imposed by the U.S. government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift comes in response to the growing influence of the Chinese artificial intelligence company <a href="/wiki/DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a>, which has disrupted the AI market with advanced models, including DeepSeek V3 and DeepSeek R1, known for their efficiency and cost-effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of DeepSeek has led major Chinese tech firms such as <a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> and others to embrace an <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> strategy, intensifying competition with OpenAI. Altman acknowledged the uncertainty regarding U.S. government approval for AI cooperation with China but emphasized the importance of fostering dialogue between technological leaders in both nations.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Products_and_applications">Products and applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Products and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reinforcement_learning">Reinforcement learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reinforcement learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At its beginning, OpenAI's research included many projects focused on <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a> (RL).<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI has been viewed as an important competitor to <a href="/wiki/DeepMind" class="mw-redirect" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gym">Gym</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gym"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Announced in 2016, Gym is an open-source <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> library designed to facilitate the development of reinforcement learning algorithms. It aimed to standardize how environments are defined in AI research, making published research more easily reproducible<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while providing users with a simple interface for interacting with these environments. In 2022, new developments of Gym have been moved to the library Gymnasium.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Gym_Retro">Gym Retro</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gym Retro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Released in 2018, Gym Retro is a platform for reinforcement learning (RL) research on video games<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using RL algorithms and study generalization. Prior RL research focused mainly on optimizing agents to solve single tasks. Gym Retro gives the ability to generalize between games with similar concepts but different appearances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="RoboSumo">RoboSumo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: RoboSumo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Released in 2017, RoboSumo is a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a> where humanoid <a href="/wiki/Meta-learning_(computer_science)" title="Meta-learning (computer science)">metalearning</a> robot agents initially lack knowledge of how to even walk, but are given the goals of learning to move and to push the opposing agent out of the ring.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this adversarial learning process, the agents learn how to adapt to changing conditions. When an agent is then removed from this virtual environment and placed in a new virtual environment with high winds, the agent braces to remain upright, suggesting it had learned how to balance in a generalized way.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI's Igor Mordatch argued that competition between agents could create an intelligence "arms race" that could increase an agent's ability to function even outside the context of the competition.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_162-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OpenAI_Five">OpenAI Five</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: OpenAI Five"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></div> <p>OpenAI Five is a team of five OpenAI-curated <a href="/wiki/Video_game_bot" title="Video game bot">bots</a> used in the competitive five-on-five video game <i><a href="/wiki/Dota_2" title="Dota 2">Dota 2</a></i>, that learn to play against human players at a high skill level entirely through trial-and-error algorithms. Before becoming a team of five, the first public demonstration occurred at <a href="/wiki/The_International_2017" title="The International 2017">The International 2017</a>, the annual premiere championship tournament for the game, where <a href="/wiki/Dendi_(Dota_player)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendi (Dota player)">Dendi</a>, a professional Ukrainian player, lost against a bot in a live one-on-one matchup.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the match, CTO Greg Brockman explained that the bot had learned by playing against itself for two weeks of <a href="/wiki/Elapsed_real_time" title="Elapsed real time">real time</a>, and that the learning software was a step in the direction of creating software that can handle complex tasks like a surgeon.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system uses a form of <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">reinforcement learning</a>, as the bots learn over time by playing against themselves hundreds of times a day for months, and are rewarded for actions such as killing an enemy and taking map objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By June 2018, the ability of the bots expanded to play together as a full team of five, and they were able to defeat teams of amateur and semi-professional players.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/The_International_2018" title="The International 2018">The International 2018</a>, OpenAI Five played in two exhibition matches against professional players, but ended up losing both games.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2019, OpenAI Five defeated <a href="/wiki/OG_(esports)" title="OG (esports)">OG</a>, the reigning world champions of the game at the time, 2:0 in a live exhibition match in San Francisco.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bots' final public appearance came later that month, where they played in 42,729 total games in a four-day open online competition, winning 99.4% of those games.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OpenAI Five's mechanisms in Dota 2's bot player shows the challenges of AI systems in multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) games and how OpenAI Five has demonstrated the use of deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents to achieve superhuman competence in Dota 2 matches.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dactyl">Dactyl</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dactyl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Developed in 2018, Dactyl uses machine learning to train a <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Hand" title="Shadow Hand">Shadow Hand</a>, a human-like robot hand, to manipulate physical objects.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It learns entirely in simulation using the same RL algorithms and training code as <a href="#OpenAI_Five">OpenAI Five</a>. OpenAI tackled the object orientation problem by using <a href="/wiki/Domain_randomization" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain randomization">domain randomization</a>, a simulation approach which exposes the learner to a variety of experiences rather than trying to fit to reality. The set-up for Dactyl, aside from having motion tracking cameras, also has <a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB</a> cameras to allow the robot to manipulate an arbitrary object by seeing it. In 2018, OpenAI showed that the system was able to manipulate a cube and an octagonal prism.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, OpenAI demonstrated that Dactyl could solve a <a href="/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube" title="Rubik's Cube">Rubik's Cube</a>. The robot was able to solve the puzzle 60% of the time. Objects like the Rubik's Cube introduce complex physics that is harder to model. OpenAI did this by improving the robustness of Dactyl to perturbations by using Automatic Domain Randomization (ADR), a simulation approach of generating progressively more difficult environments. ADR differs from manual domain randomization by not needing a human to specify randomization ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="API">API</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: API"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2020, OpenAI announced a multi-purpose <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> which it said was "for accessing new AI models developed by OpenAI" to let developers call on it for "any English language AI task".<sup id="cite_ref-gpt3-whynotfullmodel_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt3-whynotfullmodel-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tech_Tech_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tech_Tech-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_generation">Text generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Text generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The company has popularized <a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">generative pretrained transformers</a> (GPT).<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OpenAI's_original_GPT_model_("GPT-1")"><span id="OpenAI.27s_original_GPT_model_.28.22GPT-1.22.29"></span>OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1")</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1")"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer#History" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Full_GPT_architecture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Full_GPT_architecture.svg/220px-Full_GPT_architecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Full_GPT_architecture.svg/330px-Full_GPT_architecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Full_GPT_architecture.svg/440px-Full_GPT_architecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The original GPT model</figcaption></figure> <p>The original paper on generative pre-training of a <a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">transformer</a>-based language model was written by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alec_Radford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alec Radford (page does not exist)">Alec Radford</a> and his colleagues, and published in preprint on OpenAI's website on June 11, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It showed how a <a href="/wiki/Generative_model" title="Generative model">generative model</a> of language could acquire world knowledge and process long-range dependencies by pre-training on a diverse corpus with long stretches of contiguous text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GPT-2">GPT-2</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: GPT-2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/220px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/330px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png/440px-GPT2-talks-about-GPT2.png 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>An instance of GPT-2 writing a paragraph based on a prompt from its own Wikipedia article in February 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 ("GPT-2") is an <a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">unsupervised</a> <a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">transformer</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">language model</a> and the successor to OpenAI's original GPT model ("GPT-1"). GPT-2 was announced in February 2019, with only limited demonstrative versions initially released to the public. The full version of GPT-2 was not immediately released due to concern about potential misuse, including applications for writing <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gpt2-not-immediate-release_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt2-not-immediate-release-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some experts expressed skepticism that GPT-2 posed a significant threat. </p><p>In response to GPT-2, the Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence responded with a tool to detect "neural fake news".<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers, such as Jeremy Howard, warned of "the technology to totally fill Twitter, email, and the web up with reasonable-sounding, context-appropriate prose, which would drown out all other speech and be impossible to filter".<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2019, OpenAI released the complete version of the GPT-2 language model.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several websites host interactive demonstrations of different instances of GPT-2 and other transformer models.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GPT-2's authors argue unsupervised language models to be general-purpose learners, illustrated by GPT-2 achieving state-of-the-art accuracy and <a href="/wiki/Perplexity" title="Perplexity">perplexity</a> on 7 of 8 <a href="/wiki/Zero-shot_learning" title="Zero-shot learning">zero-shot</a> tasks (i.e. the model was not further trained on any task-specific input-output examples). </p><p>The corpus it was trained on, called WebText, contains slightly 40 gigabytes of text from <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URLs</a> shared in <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> submissions with at least 3 <a href="/wiki/Upvotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Upvotes">upvotes</a>. It avoids certain issues encoding vocabulary with word tokens by using <a href="/wiki/Byte_pair_encoding" title="Byte pair encoding">byte pair encoding</a>. This permits representing any string of characters by encoding both individual characters and multiple-character tokens.<sup id="cite_ref-gpt2_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt2-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GPT-3">GPT-3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: GPT-3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a></div> <p>First described in May 2020, Generative Pre-trained<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transformer 3 (GPT-3) is an unsupervised transformer language model and the successor to <a href="#GPT-2">GPT-2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gpt3_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt3-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI stated that the full version of GPT-3 contained 175 billion <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(machine_learning)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameter (machine learning)">parameters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gpt3_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt3-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of magnitude">orders of magnitude</a> larger than the 1.5 billion<sup id="cite_ref-gpt2-with-quote_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt2-with-quote-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the full version of GPT-2 (although GPT-3 models with as few as 125 million parameters were also trained).<sup id="cite_ref-gpt3-with-compare-quote_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt3-with-compare-quote-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OpenAI stated that GPT-3 succeeded at certain "<a href="/wiki/Meta-learning" title="Meta-learning">meta-learning</a>" tasks and could generalize the purpose of a single input-output pair. The GPT-3 release paper gave examples of translation and cross-linguistic <a href="/wiki/Transfer_learning" title="Transfer learning">transfer learning</a> between English and Romanian, and between English and German.<sup id="cite_ref-gpt3_199-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt3-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GPT-3 dramatically improved benchmark results over GPT-2. OpenAI cautioned that such scaling-up of language models could be approaching or encountering the fundamental capability limitations of predictive language models.<sup id="cite_ref-zdnet-openai-statement_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zdnet-openai-statement-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-training GPT-3 required several thousand petaflop/s-days<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of compute, compared to tens of petaflop/s-days for the full GPT-2 model.<sup id="cite_ref-gpt3_199-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt3-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like its predecessor,<sup id="cite_ref-gpt2-not-immediate-release_188-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt2-not-immediate-release-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the GPT-3 trained model was not immediately released to the public for concerns of possible abuse, although OpenAI planned to allow access through a paid cloud <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> after a two-month free private beta that began in June 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-gpt3-whynotfullmodel_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gpt3-whynotfullmodel-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 23, 2020, GPT-3 was licensed exclusively to Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Codex">Codex</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Codex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></div> <p>Announced in mid-2021, Codex is a descendant of GPT-3 that has additionally been trained on code from 54 million GitHub repositories,<sup id="cite_ref-OAI-Codex_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OAI-Codex-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VB-Codex_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-Codex-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the AI powering the code <a href="/wiki/Autocompletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocompletion">autocompletion</a> tool <a href="/wiki/GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VB-Codex_209-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VB-Codex-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2021, an API was released in private beta.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to OpenAI, the model can create working code in over a dozen programming languages, most effectively in Python.<sup id="cite_ref-OAI-Codex_208-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OAI-Codex-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several issues with glitches, design flaws and security vulnerabilities were cited.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GitHub Copilot has been accused of emitting copyrighted code, with no author attribution or license.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OpenAI announced that they would discontinue support for Codex API on March 23, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GPT-4">GPT-4</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: GPT-4"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a></div> <p>On March 14, 2023, OpenAI announced the release of Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), capable of accepting text or image inputs.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They announced that the updated technology passed a simulated law school bar exam with a score around the top 10% of test takers. (By contrast, GPT-3.5 scored around the bottom 10%.) They said that GPT-4 could also read, analyze or generate up to 25,000 words of text, and write code in all major programming languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Observers reported that the iteration of ChatGPT using GPT-4 was an improvement on the previous GPT-3.5-based iteration, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained some of the problems with earlier revisions.<sup id="cite_ref-vox_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vox-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPT-4 is also capable of taking images as input on ChatGPT.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI has declined to reveal various technical details and statistics about GPT-4, such as the precise size of the model.<sup id="cite_ref-verge_wrong_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge_wrong-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: GPT-4o"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 13, 2024, OpenAI announced and released <a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a>, which can process and generate text, images and audio.<sup id="cite_ref-TechCrunch_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GPT-4o achieved state-of-the-art results in voice, multilingual, and vision benchmarks, setting new records in audio speech recognition and translation.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It scored 88.7% on the Massive Multitask Language Understanding (<a href="/wiki/MMLU" title="MMLU">MMLU</a>) benchmark compared to 86.5% by GPT-4.<sup id="cite_ref-Hello_GPT-4o_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hello_GPT-4o-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 18, 2024, OpenAI released GPT-4o mini, a smaller version of GPT-4o replacing GPT-3.5 Turbo on the ChatGPT interface. Its <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> costs $0.15 per million input tokens and $0.60 per million output tokens, compared to $5 and $15 respectively for GPT-4o. OpenAI expects it to be particularly useful for enterprises, startups and developers seeking to automate services with AI agents.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2025, OpenAI released GPT-4o's native image generation feature, as an alternative to DALL-E 3. <sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="GPT-4.5">GPT-4.5</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: GPT-4.5"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 February 2025, OpenAI released GPT-4.5, codenamed Orion. Sam Altman claimed that GPT-4.5 would present inaccurate information less frequently than previous models, while describing it as a "giant, expensive model".<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="o1">o1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: o1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">OpenAI o1</a></div> <p>On September 12, 2024, OpenAI released the o1-preview and o1-mini models, which have been designed to take more time to think about their responses, leading to higher accuracy. These models are particularly effective in science, coding, and reasoning tasks, and were made available to ChatGPT Plus and Team members.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2024, o1-preview was replaced by o1.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2025, the o1-Pro model was made available through OpenAI's developer API, which was previously available to ChatGPT Pro users since December 2024. The pricing is $150 per million input tokens and $600 per million output tokens.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="o3">o3</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: o3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">OpenAI o3</a></div> <p>On December 20, 2024, OpenAI unveiled o3, the successor of the o1 reasoning model. OpenAI also unveiled o3-mini, a lighter and faster version of OpenAI o3. As of December 21, 2024, this model is not available for public use. According to OpenAI, they are testing o3 and o3-mini.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until January 10, 2025, safety and security researchers had the opportunity to apply for early access to these models.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The model is called o3 rather than o2 to avoid confusion with telecommunications services provider <a href="/wiki/O2_(UK)" title="O2 (UK)">O2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deep_research">Deep research</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Deep research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_Deep_Research" title="ChatGPT Deep Research">ChatGPT Deep Research</a></div> <p>Deep research is an <a href="/wiki/Large_language_model#Agency" title="Large language model">agent</a> developed by OpenAI, unveiled on February 2, 2025. It leverages the capabilities of OpenAI's o3 model to perform extensive web browsing, data analysis, and synthesis, delivering comprehensive reports within a timeframe of 5 to 30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_20250203_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_20250203-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With browsing and <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> tools enabled, it reached an accuracy of 26.6 percent on <a href="/wiki/HLE_(Humanity%27s_Last_Exam)" class="mw-redirect" title="HLE (Humanity's Last Exam)">HLE (Humanity's Last Exam)</a> benchmark.<sup id="cite_ref-Verge_20250203_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verge_20250203-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_classification">Image classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Image classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CLIP">CLIP</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: CLIP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Revealed in 2021, CLIP (Contrastive Language–Image Pre-training) is a model that is trained to analyze the semantic similarity between text and images. It can notably be used for image classification.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text-to-image">Text-to-image</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Text-to-image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="DALL-E">DALL-E</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: DALL-E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DALL-E_sample.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DALL-E_sample.png/300px-DALL-E_sample.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DALL-E_sample.png/450px-DALL-E_sample.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DALL-E_sample.png/600px-DALL-E_sample.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Images produced in 2021 by DALL-E when given the text prompt "a professional high-quality illustration of a giraffe dragon chimera. a giraffe imitating a dragon. a giraffe made of dragon."</figcaption></figure> <p>Revealed in 2021, DALL-E is a Transformer model that creates images from textual descriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DALL-E uses a 12-billion-parameter version of GPT-3 to interpret natural language inputs (such as "a green leather purse shaped like a pentagon" or "an isometric view of a sad capybara") and generate corresponding images. It can create images of realistic objects ("a stained-glass window with an image of a blue strawberry") as well as objects that do not exist in reality ("a cube with the texture of a porcupine"). As of March 2021, no API or code is available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="DALL-E_2">DALL-E 2</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: DALL-E 2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2022, OpenAI announced DALL-E 2, an updated version of the model with more realistic results.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2022, OpenAI published on GitHub software for Point-E, a new rudimentary system for converting a text description into a 3-dimensional model.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="DALL-E_3">DALL-E 3</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: DALL-E 3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2023, OpenAI announced DALL-E 3, a more powerful model better able to generate images from complex descriptions without manual prompt engineering and render complex details like hands and text.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was released to the public as a ChatGPT Plus feature in October.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text-to-video">Text-to-video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Text-to-video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sora">Sora</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora (text-to-video model)</a></div> <p>Sora is a <a href="/wiki/Text-to-video" class="mw-redirect" title="Text-to-video">text-to-video</a> model that can generate videos based on short descriptive prompts<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_CM_2024_02_15_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_CM_2024_02_15-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as extend existing videos forwards or backwards in time.<sup id="cite_ref-world_sim_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world_sim-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can generate videos with resolution up to 1920x1080 or 1080x1920. The maximal length of generated videos is unknown. </p><p>Sora's development team named it after the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> word for "sky", to signify its "limitless creative potential".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_CM_2024_02_15_242-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_CM_2024_02_15-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sora's technology is an adaptation of the technology behind the <a href="/wiki/DALL%C2%B7E_3" class="mw-redirect" title="DALL·E 3">DALL·E 3</a> <a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">text-to-image model</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WDH_MIT_2024_02_15_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDH_MIT_2024_02_15-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI trained the system using publicly-available videos as well as copyrighted videos licensed for that purpose, but did not reveal the number or the exact sources of the videos.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_CM_2024_02_15_242-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_CM_2024_02_15-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OpenAI demonstrated some Sora-created <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition videos</a> to the public on February 15, 2024, stating that it could generate videos up to one minute long. It also shared a technical report highlighting the methods used to train the model, and the model's capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-WDH_MIT_2024_02_15_244-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDH_MIT_2024_02_15-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It acknowledged some of its shortcomings, including struggles simulating complex physics.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Will Douglas Heaven of the <i><a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a></i> called the demonstration videos "impressive", but noted that they must have been cherry-picked and might not represent Sora's typical output.<sup id="cite_ref-WDH_MIT_2024_02_15_244-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDH_MIT_2024_02_15-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite skepticism from some academic leaders following Sora's public demo, notable entertainment-industry figures have shown significant interest in the technology's potential. In an interview, actor/filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry</a> expressed his astonishment at the technology's ability to generate realistic video from text descriptions, citing its potential to revolutionize storytelling and content creation. He said that his excitement about Sora's possibilities was so strong that he had decided to pause plans for expanding his <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry_Studios" title="Tyler Perry Studios">Atlanta-based movie studio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speech-to-text">Speech-to-text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Speech-to-text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Whisper">Whisper</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Whisper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="OpenAI_Whisper"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper (speech recognition system)</a></div> <p>Released in 2022, Whisper is a general-purpose speech recognition model.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is trained on a large dataset of diverse audio and is also a multi-task model that can perform multilingual speech recognition as well as speech translation and language identification.<sup id="cite_ref-Radford_Kim_Xu_Brockman_p._248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radford_Kim_Xu_Brockman_p.-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_generation">Music generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Music generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MuseNet">MuseNet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: MuseNet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Released in 2019, MuseNet is a deep neural net trained to predict subsequent musical notes in <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> music files. It can generate songs with 10 instruments in 15 styles. According to <i>The Verge</i>, a song generated by MuseNet tends to start reasonably but then fall into chaos the longer it plays.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In pop culture, initial applications of this tool were used as early as 2020 for the internet psychological thriller <a href="/wiki/Ben_Drowned" title="Ben Drowned">Ben Drowned</a> to create music for the titular character.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jukebox">Jukebox</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Jukebox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Released in 2020, Jukebox is an open-sourced algorithm to <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">generate music</a> with vocals. After training on 1.2 million samples, the system accepts a genre, artist, and a snippet of lyrics and outputs song samples. OpenAI stated the songs "show local musical coherence [and] follow traditional chord patterns" but acknowledged that the songs lack "familiar larger musical structures such as choruses that repeat" and that "there is a significant gap" between Jukebox and human-generated music. <i>The Verge</i> stated "It's technologically impressive, even if the results sound like mushy versions of songs that might feel familiar", while <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i> stated "surprisingly, some of the resulting songs are catchy and sound legitimate".<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_interfaces">User interfaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: User interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debate_Game">Debate Game</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Debate Game"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, OpenAI launched the Debate Game, which teaches machines to debate <a href="/wiki/Toy_problem" title="Toy problem">toy problems</a> in front of a human judge. The purpose is to research whether such an approach may assist in auditing AI decisions and in developing <a href="/wiki/Explainable_artificial_intelligence" title="Explainable artificial intelligence">explainable AI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microscope">Microscope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Microscope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Released in 2020, Microscope<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a collection of visualizations of every significant layer and neuron of eight neural network models which are often studied in interpretability.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microscope was created to analyze the features that form inside these neural networks easily. The models included are <a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a>, <a href="/wiki/VGG-19" class="mw-redirect" title="VGG-19">VGG-19</a>, different versions of <a href="/wiki/Inceptionv3" class="mw-redirect" title="Inceptionv3">Inception</a>, and different versions of <a href="/wiki/Contrastive_Language-Image_Pre-training" title="Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training">CLIP</a> <a href="/wiki/Residual_neural_network" title="Residual neural network">Resnet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: ChatGPT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenAI_logo_2025_(symbol).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28symbol%29.svg/150px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28symbol%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28symbol%29.svg/225px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28symbol%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28symbol%29.svg/300px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28symbol%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>OpenAI's "Blossom" is used as a symbol for ChatGPT and the company.</figcaption></figure><p>Launched in November 2022, ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence tool built on top of GPT-3 that provides a conversational interface that allows users to ask questions in <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural language</a>. The system then responds with an answer within seconds. ChatGPT reached 1 million users 5 days after its launch.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, ChatGPT Plus is a GPT-4 backed version of ChatGPT<sup id="cite_ref-ars-technica2_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-technica2-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> available for a US$20 per month subscription fee<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the original version is backed by GPT-3.5).<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI also makes GPT-4 available to a select group of applicants through their GPT-4 API waitlist;<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after being accepted, an additional fee of US$0.03 per 1000 <a href="/wiki/Tokenization_(lexical_analysis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokenization (lexical analysis)">tokens</a> in the initial text provided to the model ("prompt"), and US$0.06 per 1000 tokens that the model generates ("completion"), is charged for access to the version of the model with an 8192-token <a href="/wiki/Context_window" class="mw-redirect" title="Context window">context window</a>; for the 32768-token context window, the prices are doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2023, OpenAI launched a user interface for ChatGPT for the <a href="/wiki/App_Store_(Apple)" title="App Store (Apple)">App Store</a> on iOS and later in July 2023 for the <a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Play Store</a> on Android.<sup id="cite_ref-verge-android_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-android-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The app supports chat history syncing and voice input (using <a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a>, OpenAI's <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> model).<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-verge-android_268-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-android-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2023, OpenAI announced that ChatGPT "can now see, hear, and speak". ChatGPT Plus users can upload images, while mobile app users can talk to the chatbot.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2023, OpenAI's latest image generation model, <a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E 3</a>, was integrated into ChatGPT Plus and ChatGPT Enterprise. The integration uses ChatGPT to write prompts for DALL-E guided by conversation with users.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OpenAI's GPT Store, initially slated for a 2023 launch, is now deferred to an undisclosed date in early 2024, attributed likely to the leadership changes in November following the initial announcement.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerns about the energy consumption of generative AI, including ChatGPT, are rising. In September 2024, Microsoft entered a deal with <a href="/wiki/Constellation_Energy" title="Constellation Energy">Constellation Energy</a> to reopen the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station">Three Mile Island</a> nuclear plant to supply power to its AI-driven data centers.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2024, OpenAI launched a new feature allowing users to call ChatGPT for up to 15 minutes per month for free.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SearchGPT">SearchGPT</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: SearchGPT"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SearchGPT" class="mw-redirect" title="SearchGPT">SearchGPT</a></div> <p>SearchGPT, a prototype <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a> developed by OpenAI, was unveiled on July 25, 2024, with an initial limited release to 10,000 test users. It combines traditional search engine features with generative AI capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stargate_and_other_supercomputers">Stargate and other supercomputers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Stargate and other supercomputers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stargate_LLC" title="Stargate LLC">Stargate</a> is a potential <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputer</a> in development by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> and OpenAI, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle</a>, <a href="/wiki/SoftBank_Group" title="SoftBank Group">SoftBank</a>, and MGX.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stargate is designed as part of a greater data center project, which could represent an investment of as much as $100 billion by Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stargate is reported to be part of a series of AI-related construction projects planned in the next few years by the companies Microsoft and OpenAI.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_283-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supercomputers will be constructed in five phases.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_281-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth phase should consist in a smaller OpenAI supercomputer, planned to launch around 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_281-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stargate is the fifth and final phase of the program, and will take five and six years to complete and is slated to launch around 2028.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_283-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The artificial intelligence of Stargate is slated to be contained on millions of special server chips.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_283-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supercomputer's data center will be built in the US across 700 acres of land.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_283-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a planned power consumption of 5 gigawatts, for which it could rely on <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States">nuclear energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_283-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "Stargate" is a <a href="/wiki/Homage_(arts)" title="Homage (arts)">homage</a> to the 1994 sci-fi film <a href="/wiki/Stargate_(film)" title="Stargate (film)"><i>Stargate</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_283-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firing_of_Altman">Firing of Altman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Firing of Altman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" title="Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI">Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI</a></div> <p>On November 17, 2023, Sam Altman was removed as CEO when its board of directors (composed of <a href="/wiki/Helen_Toner" title="Helen Toner">Helen Toner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_D%27Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a> and Tasha McCauley) cited a lack of confidence in him. Chief Technology Officer <a href="/wiki/Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a> took over as interim CEO. <a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a>, the president of OpenAI, was also removed as chairman of the board<sup id="cite_ref-:23_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guard-17nov2023_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-17nov2023-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and resigned from the company's presidency shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-:24_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three senior OpenAI researchers subsequently resigned: director of research and GPT-4 lead Jakub Pachocki, head of AI risk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_M%C4%85dry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksander Mądry (page does not exist)">Aleksander Mądry</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_M%C4%85dry" class="extiw" title="pl:Aleksander Mądry">pl</a>]</span>, and researcher Szymon Sidor.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 18, 2023, there were reportedly talks of Altman returning as CEO amid pressure placed upon the board by investors such as Microsoft and <a href="/wiki/Thrive_Capital" title="Thrive Capital">Thrive Capital</a>, who objected to Altman's departure.<sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Altman himself spoke in favor of returning to OpenAI, he has since stated that he considered starting a new company and bringing former OpenAI employees with him if talks to reinstate him didn't work out.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board members agreed "in principle" to resign if Altman returned.<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 19, 2023, negotiations with Altman to return failed and Murati was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Shear" title="Emmett Shear">Emmett Shear</a> as interim CEO.<sup id="cite_ref-:25_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:25-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board initially contacted <a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a> CEO Dario Amodei (a former OpenAI executive) about replacing Altman, and proposed a <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">merger</a> of the two companies, but both offers were declined.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 20, 2023, Microsoft CEO <a href="/wiki/Satya_Nadella" title="Satya Nadella">Satya Nadella</a> announced Altman and Brockman would be joining Microsoft to lead a new advanced AI research team, but added that they were still committed to OpenAI despite recent events.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the partnership with Microsoft was finalized, Altman gave the board another opportunity to negotiate with him.<sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 738 of OpenAI's 770 employees, including Murati and Sutskever, signed an open letter stating they would quit their jobs and join Microsoft if the board did not rehire Altman and then resign.<sup id="cite_ref-296" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prompted OpenAI investors to consider legal action against the board as well.<sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, OpenAI management sent an internal memo to employees stating that negotiations with Altman and the board had resumed and would take some time.<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Q*"></span> On November 21, 2023, after continued negotiations, Altman and Brockman returned to the company in their prior roles along with a reconstructed board made up of new members <a href="/wiki/Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (as chairman) and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a>, with D'Angelo remaining.<sup id="cite_ref-:30_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:30-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 22, 2023, emerging reports suggested that Sam Altman's dismissal from OpenAI may have been linked to his alleged mishandling of a significant breakthrough in the organization's secretive project codenamed Q*. According to sources within OpenAI, Q* is aimed at developing AI capabilities in logical and mathematical reasoning, and reportedly involves performing math on the level of grade-school students.<sup id="cite_ref-gradeschool_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gradeschool-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerns about Altman's response to this development, specifically regarding the discovery's potential safety implications, were reportedly raised with the company's board shortly before Altman's firing.<sup id="cite_ref-Anna_Tong_2023_u135_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anna_Tong_2023_u135-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 29, 2023, OpenAI announced that an anonymous Microsoft employee had joined the board as a non-voting member to observe the company's operations;<sup id="cite_ref-:31_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:31-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft resigned from the board in July 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_moderation_contract_with_Sama">Content moderation contract with Sama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Content moderation contract with Sama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Content_moderation_and_working_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Content moderation and working conditions">Content moderation and working conditions</a>.</div> <p>In January 2023, OpenAI has been criticized for outsourcing the <a href="/wiki/Labeled_data" title="Labeled data">annotation of data sets</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sama_(company)" title="Sama (company)">Sama</a>, a company based in San Francisco that employed workers in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. These annotations were used to train an AI model to detect toxicity, which could then be used to <a href="/wiki/Content_moderation" title="Content moderation">moderate toxic content</a>, notably from ChatGPT's training data and outputs. However, these pieces of text usually contained detailed descriptions of various types of violence, including sexual violence. The investigation uncovered that OpenAI began sending snippets of data to Sama as early as November 2021. The four Sama employees interviewed by <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> described themselves as mentally scarred. OpenAI paid Sama $12.50 per hour of work, and Sama was redistributing the equivalent of between $1.32 and $2.00 per hour post-tax to its annotators. Sama's spokesperson said that the $12.50 was also covering other implicit costs, among which were infrastructure expenses, quality assurance and management.<sup id="cite_ref-Time1_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time1-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_technological_transparency">Lack of technological transparency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Lack of technological transparency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2023, the company was also criticized for disclosing particularly few technical details about products like GPT-4, contradicting its initial commitment to openness and making it harder for independent researchers to replicate its work and develop safeguards. OpenAI cited competitiveness and safety concerns to justify this strategic turn. OpenAI's former chief scientist Ilya Sutskever argued in 2023 that open-sourcing increasingly capable models was increasingly risky, and that the safety reasons for not open-sourcing the most potent AI models would become "obvious" in a few years.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-disparagement_agreement">Non-disparagement agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Non-disparagement agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 17, 2024, a <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a> article reported that OpenAI was asking departing employees to sign a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disparagement agreement</a> forbidding them from criticizing OpenAI or acknowledging the existence of the agreement. Daniel Kokotajlo, a former employee, publicly stated that he forfeited his vested equity in OpenAI in order to leave without signing the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-309" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sam Altman stated that he was unaware of the equity cancellation provision, and that OpenAI never enforced it to cancel any employee's vested equity.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vox published leaked documents and emails challenging this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 23, 2024, OpenAI sent a memo releasing former employees from the agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-313" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_infringement_in_training_data">Copyright infringement in training data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Copyright infringement in training data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OpenAI was sued for <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> by authors <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Silverman" title="Sarah Silverman">Sarah Silverman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Butterick" title="Matthew Butterick">Matthew Butterick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Tremblay" title="Paul G. Tremblay">Paul Tremblay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mona_Awad" title="Mona Awad">Mona Awad</a> in July 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-314" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2023, 17 authors, including <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Grisham" title="John Grisham">John Grisham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Picoult" title="Jodi Picoult">Jodi Picoult</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen" title="Jonathan Franzen">Jonathan Franzen</a>, joined the <a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild" title="Authors Guild">Authors Guild</a> in filing a class action lawsuit against OpenAI, alleging that the company's technology was illegally using their copyrighted work.<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> also sued the company in late December 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_315-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2024 it was revealed that OpenAI had destroyed its Books1 and Books2 training datasets, which were used in the <a href="/wiki/GPT-3#Training_and_capabilities" title="GPT-3">training of GPT-3</a>, and which the Authors Guild believed to have contained over 100,000 copyrighted books.<sup id="cite_ref-320" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, OpenAI developed a <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> tool called Whisper. OpenAI used it to transcribe more than one million hours of YouTube videos into text for training GPT-4. The automated transcription of YouTube videos raised concerns within OpenAI employees regarding potential violations of YouTube's terms of service, which prohibit the use of videos for applications independent of the platform, as well as any type of automated access to its videos. Despite these concerns, the project proceeded with notable involvement from OpenAI's president, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a>. The resulting dataset proved instrumental in training GPT-4.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2024, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a></i> as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Raw_Story" title="Raw Story">Raw Story</a></i> and Alternate Media Inc. filed lawsuit against OpenAI on copyright litigation ground.<sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-323" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lawsuit is said to have charted a new legal strategy for digital-only publishers to sue OpenAI.<sup id="cite_ref-324" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 30, 2024, eight newspapers filed a lawsuit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York">Southern District of New York</a> against OpenAI and Microsoft, claiming illegal harvesting of their copyrighted articles. The suing publications included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_News" title="The Mercury News">The Mercury News</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Denver_Post" title="The Denver Post">The Denver Post</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Orange_County_Register" title="The Orange County Register">The Orange County Register</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/St._Paul_Pioneer_Press" title="St. Paul Pioneer Press">St. Paul Pioneer Press</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel" title="Orlando Sentinel">Orlando Sentinel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sun_Sentinel" title="Sun Sentinel">Sun Sentinel</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ebt-30apr2024_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebt-30apr2024-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GDPR_compliance">GDPR compliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: GDPR compliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2023, the EU's <a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Board" title="European Data Protection Board">European Data Protection Board</a> (EDPB) formed a dedicated task force on ChatGPT "to foster cooperation and to exchange information on possible enforcement actions conducted by data protection authorities" based on the "enforcement action undertaken by the Italian data protection authority against Open AI about the Chat GPT service".<sup id="cite_ref-326" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late April 2024 <a href="/wiki/NOYB" title="NOYB">NOYB</a> filed a complaint with the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> Datenschutzbehörde against OpenAI for violating the European <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a>. A text created with ChatGPT gave a false <a href="/wiki/Date_of_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Date of birth">date of birth</a> for a living person without giving the individual the option to see the personal data used in the process. A request to correct the mistake was denied. Additionally, neither the recipients of ChatGPT's work nor the sources used, could be made available, OpenAI claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-327" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_military">Use by military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Use by military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OpenAI was criticized for lifting its ban on using ChatGPT for "military and warfare". Up until January 10, 2024, its "usage policies" included a ban on "activity that has high risk of physical harm, including," specifically, "weapons development" and "military and warfare." Its new policies prohibit "[using] our service to harm yourself or others" and to "develop or use weapons".<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As one of the industry collaborators, OpenAI provides LLM to the Artificial Intelligence Cyber Challenge (AIxCC) sponsored by <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (DARPA) and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_for_Health" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health">Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health</a> to protect software critical to Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2024, The Intercept revealed that OpenAI's tools are considered "essential" for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">AFRICOM</a>'s mission and included in an "Exception to Fair Opportunity" contractural agreement between the United States Department of Defense and Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-intercept-africom_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intercept-africom-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2024, OpenAI said it would partner with defense-tech company <a href="/wiki/Anduril_Industries" title="Anduril Industries">Anduril</a> to build drone defense technologies for the United States and its allies.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_scraping">Data scraping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Data scraping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2023, a lawsuit claimed that OpenAI scraped 300 billion words online without consent and without registering as a data broker. It was filed in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, by sixteen anonymous plaintiffs.<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also claimed that OpenAI and its partner as well as customer <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> continued to unlawfully collect and use personal data from millions of consumers worldwide to train artificial intelligence models.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 22, 2024, OpenAI entered into an agreement with <a href="/wiki/News_Corp" title="News Corp">News Corp</a> to integrate news content from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i> into its AI platform. Meanwhile, other publications like <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> chose to sue OpenAI and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> for copyright infringement over the use of their content to train AI models.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2024, a coalition of Canadian news outlets, including the <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metroland_Media_Group" title="Metroland Media Group">Metroland Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmedia_Network" title="Postmedia Network">Postmedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Press" title="The Canadian Press">The Canadian Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC</a>, sued OpenAI for using their news articles to train its software without permission.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suicide_of_Suchir_Balaji">Suicide of Suchir Balaji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Suicide of Suchir Balaji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Suchir_Balaji" title="Suchir Balaji">Suchir Balaji</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Suchir_Balaji" title="Suchir Balaji">Suchir Balaji</a>, a former researcher at OpenAI, was found dead in his San Francisco apartment on November 26, 2024. Independent investigations carried out by the San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) and the San Francisco Office of the Chief Medical Examiner (OCME) concluded that Balaji shot himself.<sup id="cite_ref-sf-standard_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sf-standard-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suicide occurred 34 days after a <i>New York Times</i> interview in which he accused OpenAI of violating copyright law in developing its commercial LLMs, one of which (GPT-4) he had helped engineer. He was also a likely witness in a major copyright trial against the AI company, and was one of several of its current or former employees named in <i>The New York Times</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s court filings as potentially having documents relevant to the case. The death led to speculation and conspiracy theories suggesting he had been deliberately silenced.<sup id="cite_ref-sf-standard_335-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sf-standard-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mercury-jan-31_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury-jan-31-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea was promoted by Balaji's parents in interviews with several news services. They cited a private investigation and an independent autopsy they commissioned. As of January 16, 2025, a report from the autopsy has not been shared with any news agency.<sup id="cite_ref-Mercury-jan-16_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury-jan-16-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a public records lawsuit the parents filed on January 31, the independent autopsy shows Balaji died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound with an unusual bullet trajectory for a suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-Mercury-jan-31_336-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mercury-jan-31-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Tucker Carlson</a>, California Congressman <a href="/wiki/Ro_Khanna" title="Ro Khanna">Ro Khanna</a>, and San Francisco Supervisor <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Fielder" title="Jackie Fielder">Jackie Fielder</a> have publicly echoed Balaji's parents' skepticism and calls for an investigation, as of January, 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-rokhanna_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rokhanna-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sfexaminer-jan-23_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfexaminer-jan-23-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2025, the OCME autopsy and SFPD police reports were released. A joint letter from both agencies to the parents' legal team noted that he had purchased the firearm used two years prior to his death, and had recently searched for brain anatomy information on his computer. The letter also highlighted that his apartment's only entrance was dead-bolted from inside with no signs of forced entry.<sup id="cite_ref-sf-standard_335-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sf-standard-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a> – American artificial intelligence research company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_AI_Safety" title="Center for AI Safety">Center for AI Safety</a> – US-based AI safety research center</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a> – Defunct Oxford interdisciplinary research centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a> – International nonprofit research institute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a> – Artificial intelligence research laboratory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a> – Nonprofit organization researching AI safety</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "pre-training" refers to general language training as distinct from fine-tuning for specific tasks.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One petaflop/s-day is approximately equal to 10<sup>20</sup> neural net operations.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Standard&rft.atitle=Autopsy%3A+No+foul+play+in+OpenAI+whistleblower%E2%80%99s+suicide&rft.date=2025-02-15&rft.aulast=Chien&rft.aufirst=Tomoki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfstandard.com%2F2025%2F02%2F14%2Fautopsy-no-foul-play-in-openai-whistleblowers-suicide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mercury-jan-31-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mercury-jan-31_336-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mercury-jan-31_336-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2025" class="citation web cs1">Rodgers, Jakob (January 31, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2025/01/31/family-of-openai-whistleblower-suchir-balaji-files-lawsuit-seeking-san-francisco-police-records/">"Family of OpenAI whistleblower Suchir Balaji files lawsuit seeking San Francisco police records"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_News" title="The Mercury News">The Mercury News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Family+of+OpenAI+whistleblower+Suchir+Balaji+files+lawsuit+seeking+San+Francisco+police+records&rft.date=2025-01-31&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2025%2F01%2F31%2Ffamily-of-openai-whistleblower-suchir-balaji-files-lawsuit-seeking-san-francisco-police-records%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mercury-jan-16-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mercury-jan-16_337-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2025" class="citation web cs1">Rodgers, Jakob (January 16, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2025/01/15/congressman-ro-khanna-calls-for-full-and-transparent-investigation-into-death-of-openai-whistleblower-suchir-balaji/">"Congressman Ro Khanna calls for 'full and transparent' investigation into death of OpenAI whistleblower Suchir Balaji"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_News" title="The Mercury News">The Mercury News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_News_Group" title="Bay Area News Group">Bay Area News Group</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Congressman+Ro+Khanna+calls+for+%27full+and+transparent%27+investigation+into+death+of+OpenAI+whistleblower+Suchir+Balaji&rft.date=2025-01-16&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2025%2F01%2F15%2Fcongressman-ro-khanna-calls-for-full-and-transparent-investigation-into-death-of-openai-whistleblower-suchir-balaji%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rokhanna-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rokhanna_338-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodgers2025" class="citation news cs1">Rodgers, Jakob (January 15, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/01/15/openai-whistleblower-death/">"California Congressman Ro Khanna calls for 'full and transparent' investigation into death of OpenAI whistleblower Suchir Balaji"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_News_Group" title="Bay Area News Group">Bay Area News Group</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20250130154936/https://www.chicagotribune.com/2025/01/15/openai-whistleblower-death/">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=California+Congressman+Ro+Khanna+calls+for+%27full+and+transparent%27+investigation+into+death+of+OpenAI+whistleblower+Suchir+Balaji&rft.date=2025-01-15&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2025%2F01%2F15%2Fopenai-whistleblower-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfexaminer-jan-23-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sfexaminer-jan-23_339-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolverton2025" class="citation web cs1">Wolverton, Troy (January 23, 2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfexaminer.com/news/technology/bay-area-officials-say-suchir-balaji-death-must-prompt-probe/article_8f1d1596-d923-11ef-8109-7f47649f523f.html">"Family, officials urge inquiry into OpenAI whistleblower's death"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner" title="San Francisco Examiner">San Francisco Examiner</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Examiner&rft.atitle=Family%2C+officials+urge+inquiry+into+OpenAI+whistleblower%27s+death&rft.date=2025-01-23&rft.aulast=Wolverton&rft.aufirst=Troy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfexaminer.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Fbay-area-officials-say-suchir-balaji-death-must-prompt-probe%2Farticle_8f1d1596-d923-11ef-8109-7f47649f523f.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy2023" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levy" title="Steven Levy">Levy, Steven</a> (September 5, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/what-openai-really-wants">"What OpenAI Really Wants"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1078-3148">1078-3148</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230906191725/https://www.wired.com/story/what-openai-really-wants/">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=What+OpenAI+Really+Wants&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft.issn=1078-3148&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fwhat-openai-really-wants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuhigg2023" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duhigg" title="Charles Duhigg">Duhigg, Charles</a> (December 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/12/11/the-inside-story-of-microsofts-partnership-with-openai">"The Inside Story of Microsoft's Partnership with OpenAI"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231222230940/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/12/11/the-inside-story-of-microsofts-partnership-with-openai">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Inside+Story+of+Microsoft%27s+Partnership+with+OpenAI&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Duhigg&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2023%2F12%2F11%2Fthe-inside-story-of-microsofts-partnership-with-openai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpenAI" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenAI&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="/wiki/ChatGPT_in_education" title="ChatGPT in education">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT_Store" title="GPT Store">GPT Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_Search" title="ChatGPT Search">ChatGPT Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(speech_recognition_system)" title="Whisper (speech recognition system)">Whisper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GitHub_Copilot" title="GitHub Copilot">GitHub Copilot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_model" title="Foundation model">Foundation models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Codex" title="OpenAI Codex">OpenAI Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">GPT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">GPT-4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4.5" title="GPT-4.5">GPT-4.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_agent" title="Intelligent agent">Intelligent agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT_Deep_Research" title="ChatGPT Deep Research">ChatGPT Deep Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Operator" title="OpenAI Operator">Operator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenAI_logo_2025_(wordmark).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg/150px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg/225px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg/300px-OpenAI_logo_2025_%28wordmark%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="138" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">Senior management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Sam_Altman_from_OpenAI" title="Removal of Sam Altman from OpenAI">removal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Friar" title="Sarah Friar">Sarah Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Schools" title="Scott Schools">Scott Schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mira_Murati" title="Mira Murati">Mira Murati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Shear" title="Emmett Shear">Emmett Shear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_D%27Angelo" title="Adam D'Angelo">Adam D'Angelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Desmond-Hellmann" title="Sue Desmond-Hellmann">Sue Desmond-Hellmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nakasone" title="Paul Nakasone">Paul Nakasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adebayo_Ogunlesi" title="Adebayo Ogunlesi">Adebayo Ogunlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Seligman" title="Nicole Seligman">Nicole Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidji_Simo" title="Fidji Simo">Fidji Simo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Lawrence Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Taylor" title="Bret Taylor">Bret Taylor</a> (chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakub_Pachocki" title="Jakub Pachocki">Jakub Pachocki</a> (chief scientist)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Brockman" title="Greg Brockman">Greg Brockman</a> (2017–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Hoffman" title="Reid Hoffman">Reid Hoffman</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Hurd" title="Will Hurd">Will Hurd</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden_Karnofsky" title="Holden Karnofsky">Holden Karnofsky</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2015–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Sutskever" title="Ilya Sutskever">Ilya Sutskever</a> (2017–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Toner" title="Helen Toner">Helen Toner</a> (2021–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivon_Zilis" title="Shivon Zilis">Shivon Zilis</a> (2019–2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">Joint ventures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_LLC" title="Stargate LLC">Stargate LLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Intelligence" title="Apple Intelligence">Apple Intelligence</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AI_Dungeon" title="AI Dungeon">AI Dungeon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoGPT" title="AutoGPT">AutoGPT</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Deep_Learning_(South_Park)" title="Deep Learning (South Park)">Deep Learning</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LangChain" title="LangChain">LangChain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Copilot" title="Microsoft Copilot">Microsoft Copilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:OpenAI" title="Category:OpenAI">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Generative_AI409" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Generative_AI" title="Template:Generative AI"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Generative_AI" title="Template talk:Generative AI"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Generative_AI" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Generative AI"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Generative_AI409" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Generative artificial intelligence">Generative AI</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">Large language model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">Neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_engineering" title="Prompt engineering">Prompt engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrieval-augmented_generation" title="Retrieval-augmented generation">Retrieval-augmented generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning_from_human_feedback" title="Reinforcement learning from human feedback">Reinforcement learning from human feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-supervised_learning" title="Self-supervised learning">Self-supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_transformer" title="Vision transformer">Vision transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Text</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_(language_model)" title="Claude (language model)">Claude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBRX" title="DBRX">DBRX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSeek_(chatbot)" title="DeepSeek (chatbot)">DeepSeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernie_Bot" title="Ernie Bot">ERNIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">GPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-J" title="GPT-J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4o" title="GPT-4o">4o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o1" title="OpenAI o1">o1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_o3" title="OpenAI o3">o3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-4.5" title="GPT-4.5">4.5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(chatbot)" title="Grok (chatbot)">Grok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Granite" title="IBM Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama_(language_model)" title="Llama (language model)">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI#Mistral_Large" title="Mistral AI">Mistral Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_PanGu" title="Huawei PanGu">PanGu-Σ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwen" title="Qwen">Qwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text-to-image_model" title="Text-to-image model">Image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(text-to-image_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (text-to-image model)">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Firefly" title="Adobe Firefly">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flux_(text-to-image_model)" title="Flux (text-to-image model)">Flux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(text-to-image_model)" title="Ideogram (text-to-image model)">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagen_(text-to-image_model)" title="Imagen (text-to-image model)">Imagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15.ai" title="15.ai">15.ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text-to-video_model" title="Text-to-video model">Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_Machine_(text-to-video_model)" title="Dream Machine (text-to-video model)">Dream Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)#Gen-3_Alpha" title="Runway (company)">Gen-3 Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMax_(company)#Hailuo_AI" title="MiniMax (company)">Hailuo AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kling_(text-to-video_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kling (text-to-video model)">Kling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_(text-to-video_model)" title="Sora (text-to-video model)">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind#Video_model" title="Google DeepMind">Veo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoPoet" title="VideoPoet">VideoPoet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endel_(app)" title="Endel (app)">Endel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udio" title="Udio">Udio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suno_AI" title="Suno AI">Suno AI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_intelligence_companies" title="List of artificial intelligence companies">Companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/01.AI" title="01.AI">01.AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alibaba_Group" title="Alibaba Group">Alibaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropic" title="Anthropic">Anthropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baichuan" title="Baichuan">Baichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSeek" title="DeepSeek">DeepSeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElevenLabs" title="ElevenLabs">ElevenLabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugging_Face" title="Hugging Face">Hugging Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_AI" title="Meta AI">Meta AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniMax_(company)" title="MiniMax (company)">MiniMax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistral_AI" title="Mistral AI">Mistral AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshot_AI" title="Moonshot AI">Moonshot AI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OpenAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway_(company)" title="Runway (company)">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stability_AI" title="Stability AI">Stability AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesia_(company)" title="Synthesia (company)">Synthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAI_(company)" title="XAI (company)">xAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhipu_AI" title="Zhipu AI">Zhipu AI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Generative_artificial_intelligence" title="Category:Generative artificial intelligence">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Generative_artificial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Generative artificial intelligence">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence285" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Template talk:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Existential risk from artificial intelligence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Existential risk from artificial intelligence">Existential risk</a> from <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" title="Artificial general intelligence">AGI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_capability_control" title="AI capability control">AI capability control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_safety" title="AI safety">AI safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_accelerationism" title="Effective accelerationism">Effective accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Ethics of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_intelligence" title="Existential risk from artificial intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_artificial_intelligence" title="Friendly artificial intelligence">Friendly artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_convergence" title="Instrumental convergence">Instrumental convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence explosion">Intelligence explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longtermism" title="Longtermism">Longtermism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_of_astronomical_suffering" title="Risk of astronomical suffering">Suffering risks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence" title="Superintelligence">Superintelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alignment_Research_Center" title="Alignment Research Center">Alignment Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_AI_Safety" title="Center for AI Safety">Center for AI Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Applied_Rationality" title="Center for Applied Rationality">Center for Applied Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Human-Compatible_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence">Center for Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EleutherAI" title="EleutherAI">EleutherAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">Google DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity%2B" title="Humanity+">Humanity+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Ethics_and_Emerging_Technologies" title="Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies">Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverhulme_Centre_for_the_Future_of_Intelligence" title="Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence">Leverhulme Centre for the Future of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OpenAI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slate_Star_Codex" title="Slate Star Codex">Scott Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Altman" title="Sam Altman">Sam Altman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Christiano_(researcher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Christiano (researcher)">Paul Christiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Eric_Drexler" title="K. Eric Drexler">Eric Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Hendrycks" title="Dan Hendrycks">Dan Hendrycks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shane_Legg" title="Shane Legg">Shane Legg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Omohundro" title="Steve Omohundro">Steve Omohundro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huw_Price" title="Huw Price">Huw Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart J. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaan_Tallinn" title="Jaan Tallinn">Jaan Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Yampolskiy" title="Roman Yampolskiy">Roman Yampolskiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky" title="Eliezer Yudkowsky">Eliezer Yudkowsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_AI_risk_of_extinction" title="Statement on AI risk of extinction">Statement on AI risk of extinction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Compatible" title="Human Compatible">Human Compatible</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_letter_on_artificial_intelligence_(2015)" title="Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)">Open letter on artificial intelligence (2015)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Final_Invention" title="Our Final Invention">Our Final Invention</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Precipice:_Existential_Risk_and_the_Future_of_Humanity" title="The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity">The Precipice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superintelligence:_Paths,_Dangers,_Strategies" title="Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies">Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Do_You_Trust_This_Computer%3F" title="Do You Trust This Computer?">Do You Trust This Computer?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_Act" title="Artificial Intelligence Act">Artificial Intelligence Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" title="Category:Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21708200#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1990" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21708200#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1990" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21708200#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1165529815">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2023052542">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/033611207">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="OpenAI (organizace)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko20231201916&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="OpenAI"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9813168228105606">Poland</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="OpenAI (Laboratori de recerca)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981061049264006706">Catalonia</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="OpenAI Jukebox"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/bf47bbea-ad9c-49de-956b-8fd210d3cb75">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/224627856">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/40px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/60px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Portal:San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/21px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, 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