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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forelimbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forelimbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Forelimbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forelimbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dicynodont_gigantism_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dicynodont_gigantism_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dicynodont gigantism and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dicynodont_gigantism_and_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaeobiology" 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Predation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Latrines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaeoecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeoecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Palaeoecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaeoecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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title="Lisowicia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lisowicia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%99%D7%94" title="ליזוביצ'יה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליזוביצ'יה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisowicia" title="Lisowicia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lisowicia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BD%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2" title="リソウィキア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リソウィキア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisowicia" title="Lisowicia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lisowicia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisowicia" title="Lisowicia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lisowicia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisowicia" title="Lisowicia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lisowicia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisowicia" title="Lisowicia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lisowicia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%B4%A2%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%85%BD%E5%B1%9E" title="利索维斯兽属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利索维斯兽属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genus of giant dicynodont therapsid</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Lisowicia</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a><br /> <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Late <a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian">Rhaetian</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:79.538461538462px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisowicia_limb_bones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lisowicia_limb_bones.jpg/220px-Lisowicia_limb_bones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lisowicia_limb_bones.jpg/330px-Lisowicia_limb_bones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lisowicia_limb_bones.jpg/440px-Lisowicia_limb_bones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="551" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Left <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Lisowicia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">Dicynodontia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae">Stahleckeriidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Placeriinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Placeriinae">Placeriinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Lisowicia</i></a><br /><small>Sulej & Niedźwiedzki, <a href="/wiki/2019_in_paleontology" title="2019 in paleontology">2019</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>L. bojani</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Lisowicia bojani</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Sulej & Niedźwiedzki, 2019</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Lisowicia</b></i> is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of giant <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodont</a> <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsid</a> that lived in what is now <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a> or earliest <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian">Rhaetian age</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">Period</a>, about 210–205 million years ago. <i>Lisowicia</i> is the largest known dicynodont, as well as the largest non-<a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> synapsid, reaching about 4.5 metres (15 ft) long, standing up to 2.6 metres (8.5 ft) tall at the hips and weighing around 5–7 metric tons (5.5–7.7 short tons), comparable in size to modern <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>. It was also one of the last dicynodonts, living shortly before their extinction at the end of the Triassic period. <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">Fossils</a> of a giant dicynodont were known from Poland since 2008, but <i>Lisowicia</i> was not named and officially described as a new <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> until late 2018. </p><p><i>Lisowicia</i> is unique amongst dicynodonts for its erect posture, with all four limbs held upright directly under its body. This is similar to the limbs of living mammals and <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>, but unlike the sprawling and semi-erect postures typical of all other dicynodonts (and indeed all other non-mammalian synapsids), and shares many independently evolved features of its limbs with large mammals. <i>Lisowicia</i> was the largest animal in its environment, and was comparable in size and ecology to the <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> "prosauropod" <a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropodomorphs">sauropodomorphs</a>, which otherwise occupied the role of large high-browsing herbivores in most Late Triassic ecosystems. Prior to the discovery of <i>Lisowicia</i>, dicynodonts were suggested to have been outcompeted by sauropodomorphs and were incapable of achieving similarly large body sizes. <i>Lisowicia</i> may have evolved its large size in response to the absence of sauropodomorphs in its ecosystem in southern Poland, or alternatively may have acted as a direct competitor to them. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisowicia_bojani_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lisowicia_bojani_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg/220px-Lisowicia_bojani_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lisowicia_bojani_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg/330px-Lisowicia_bojani_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Lisowicia_bojani_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg/440px-Lisowicia_bojani_Wikipedia_Juandertal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Life_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Life restoration">Life restoration</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although very large for a dicynodont, <i>Lisowicia</i> still closely resembles other Triassic <a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae">stahleckeriids</a>, such as its close relative <i><a href="/wiki/Placerias" title="Placerias">Placerias</a></i> from North America. It was a heavily built quadruped with a rotund, barrel-shaped body, a large head with beaked jaws and a short neck, stocky limbs, and a very short tail.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisowicia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> is incomplete and known only from various isolated individual pieces, but they are enough to determine that it had a similar skull to other stahleckeriids. The <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fenestra" title="Temporal fenestra">temporal fenestra</a> were large, and the back of the skull was drawn into a high crest between them, providing extensive jaw muscle attachment at the back of the skull. The snout was relatively elongate like in other stahleckeriids, and had a toothless <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoise</a>-like beak at the front. Like some other Triassic dicynodonts, <i>Lisowicia</i> was completely toothless and lacked even the <a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">tusks</a> typical of most dicynodonts. Instead, it had a pair of short and thick triangular projections from the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxillary</a> jaw bone behind the beak called caniniform processes, similar to those of the related <i><a href="/wiki/Ischigualastia" title="Ischigualastia">Ischigualastia</a></i> and other stahleckeriids. Likewise, comparing the proportions of the <a href="/wiki/Quadrate_bone" title="Quadrate bone">quadrate bone</a> at the back of the skull to those of <i>Ischigualastia</i> suggests that <i>Lisowicia</i> had a broad skull that was roughly 43 centimetres (17 in) wide between each quadrate at the jaw joints.<sup id="cite_ref-DTA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its backbone and <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a> are typical for dicynodonts, however, the <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical vertebra">cervical vertebrae</a> of the neck are notable for having unusual hollows excavated into their sides. This is similar to the holes in some dinosaur vertebrae that are associated with a system of <a href="/wiki/Air_sac" title="Air sac">air sacs</a> and a bird-like <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Birds" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>. However, unlike dinosaurs <i>Lisowicia</i> lacks openings in its vertebrae (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#pleurocoel" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">pleurocoels</a>) for air sacs and the interior of the vertebra is solid. This trait is unique to <i>Lisowicia</i> amongst dicynodonts, and its function is unclear. The bones of the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> and hind limb are very robust compared to other dicynodonts due to the massive size of the animal (e.g. the largest known <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> is 80 centimetres (31 in) long), but are otherwise similar to those of other stahleckeriids. Like other stahleckeriids, the hind legs were also held upright beneath the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisowicia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forelimbs">Forelimbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forelimbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The forelimbs of <i>Lisowicia</i> are very distinctive amongst dicynodonts. Indeed, their construction is unique to not only the group, but to non-<a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian</a> <a href="/wiki/Synapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapsid">synapsids</a> as a whole and shares features with the limbs of mammals and dinosaurs. The forelimbs of <i>Lisowicia</i> are held completely erect under the body, with an elbow joint that is directed backwards and so only allows the forearm to swing forwards and backwards in a parasagittal gait. This arrangement is found in the hindlimbs of various other large Triassic <a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Kannemeyeriiformes">kannemeyeriiforms</a>, but they all retain sprawling forelimbs with elbows bowed outwards and joints that allow the <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> to rotate during each step in a sprawled posture. </p><p>To achieve this posture, the forelimbs of <i>Lisowicia</i> had to undergo several prominent anatomical changes compared to the normal condition in dicynodonts. On the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>, the shoulder joint and the elbow are parallel to each other, unlike the rotated <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> of sprawling dicynodonts, and so the humerus is held upright beneath the shoulder and directly above the <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a>. The forearm itself is also unusually short compared to other dicynodonts since the elbow is now positioned further down directly below the body and closer to the ground. The musculature of the forelimb has also been rearranged to facilitate its upright posture and gait, now functioning to draw the limb forwards and backwards and losing the ability to rotate the upper arm as it would in a sprawling stride.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisowicia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisowicia_Size_Comparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lisowicia_Size_Comparison.svg/220px-Lisowicia_Size_Comparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lisowicia_Size_Comparison.svg/330px-Lisowicia_Size_Comparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Lisowicia_Size_Comparison.svg/440px-Lisowicia_Size_Comparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of <i>Lisowicia</i> with a human</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the skeleton is incomplete, the massive size of various elements of its skeleton indicates that <i>Lisowicia</i> was a very large animal, larger than any other dicynodont. From comparing its bones to other dicynodonts, its body length was estimated to be around 4.5 metres (15 ft) long and with a hip height of 2.6 metres (8.5 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-GM-20181122_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-20181122-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisowicia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its body weight was initially calculated to be approximately 9.3 metric tons (10.3 short tons) from the circumference of its femur and humerus—a proxy for estimating how much weight the limbs needed to support. However, the shafts of these bones are disproportionately robust and thick in <i>Lisowicia</i>, even for its size, and so its body weight was likely overestimated.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisowicia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Resize_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resize-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its body weight was later more reliably estimated by modelling its mass from the estimated total volume of its body. These estimates varied depending on the girth of its <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a> and the amount of <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">soft tissue</a> modelled around the skeleton, with an overall average weight of 5.9 metric tons (6.5 short tons), and a lowermost estimate with minimal body fat and other tissues at 4.9 metric tons (5.4 short tons) and a maximum of 7 metric tons (7.7 short tons) at its bulkiest. This range is comparable to those of modern <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">African elephants</a>, comfortably making <i>Lisowicia</i> the largest known non-mammalian synapsid and the biggest synapsid prior to the appearance of large mammals in the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Brontothere" class="mw-redirect" title="Brontothere">brontotheres</a>). By comparison, the large <a href="/wiki/Dinocephalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinocephalian">dinocephalian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tapinocaninus" title="Tapinocaninus">Tapinocaninus</a></i> was similarly estimated to weigh only 892 kilograms (1,967 lb) on average.<sup id="cite_ref-Resize_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Resize-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tapino_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tapino-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discovery">History of discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisowice_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Lisowice_site.jpg/220px-Lisowice_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Lisowice_site.jpg/330px-Lisowice_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Lisowice_site.jpg/440px-Lisowice_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Lisowice site</figcaption></figure> <p>Remains of <i>Lisowicia</i> have been discovered in the Lipie Śląskie clay pit in <a href="/wiki/Lisowice,_Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Lisowice, Silesian Voivodeship">Lisowice</a>, a village in southern Poland near the town of <a href="/wiki/Lubliniec" title="Lubliniec">Lubliniec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesia</a>. The fossil bearing beds of Lipie Śląskie consist mostly of green <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstones</a>. The age of the Lipie Śląskie clay pit has been difficult to determine, with different <a href="/wiki/Biostratigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biostratigraphic">biostratigraphic</a> methods of dating providing varying results. The site has typically been dated to the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian">Rhaetian</a>, which would make <i>Lisowicia</i> one of the youngest dicynodonts in the world. However, palaeontologists Grzegorz Racki and Spencer Lucas have claimed the site to be older and dated to the middle <a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stage</a> based on biostratigraphy of large vertebrates, including <i>Lisowicia</i>. They instead suggested <i>Lisowicia</i> was not significantly younger than other dicynodonts and was similar in age to the last known genera elsewhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Biostrat_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biostrat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sample of <a href="/wiki/Detrital_zircon_geochronology" title="Detrital zircon geochronology">detrital zircons</a> from the Lipie Śląskie clay pit was <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometrically dated</a> to determine the maximum age of deposition for the fossil beds. The youngest zircon grain recorded an age of approximately 211 ± 3 million years old in the late Norian, however due to the discrepancy between the formation of the zircon crystals and deposition as sediment it is likely that Lipie Śląskie is younger than this, corroborating the late Norian to early Rhaetian estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-Zr_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szkic_wst%C4%99pnej_rekonstrukcji_(2008)_Lisowicia_bojani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Szkic_wst%C4%99pnej_rekonstrukcji_%282008%29_Lisowicia_bojani.jpg/220px-Szkic_wst%C4%99pnej_rekonstrukcji_%282008%29_Lisowicia_bojani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Szkic_wst%C4%99pnej_rekonstrukcji_%282008%29_Lisowicia_bojani.jpg/330px-Szkic_wst%C4%99pnej_rekonstrukcji_%282008%29_Lisowicia_bojani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Szkic_wst%C4%99pnej_rekonstrukcji_%282008%29_Lisowicia_bojani.jpg/440px-Szkic_wst%C4%99pnej_rekonstrukcji_%282008%29_Lisowicia_bojani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1666" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>Outdated skeletal reconstruction based on the original 2008 interpretation of the skeleton</figcaption></figure> <p>Remains of <i>Lisowicia</i> were first discovered in 2006 by <a href="/wiki/Palaeontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontologist">palaeontologists</a> Jerzy Dzik, Tomasz Sulej and Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki, who initially mistook them for the bones of a sauropodomorph dinosaur due to their massive size. They later recognised the fossils as those of a giant dicynodont in 2008, by then known from a partially articulated skeleton and various isolated bones from at least two individuals. Between 2007—2014, over 1,000 bones of <i>Lisowicia</i> were collected from the clay pit.<sup id="cite_ref-cousin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cousin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DTA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20190104_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190104-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Lisowicia</i> would not be officially named and published as a new <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> until January of 2019, although the name and the description were released online in November 2018 prior to the official publication date. The <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> is named after the village Lisowice where the original specimens were found, while the <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a> <i>bojani</i> honours <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Heinrich_Bojanus" title="Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus">Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus</a> (1776–1827), a <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> who did pioneering work in <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">comparative anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">paleontology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cousin_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cousin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The known fossils of <i>Lisowicia</i> are held in the collections of the Institute of Paleobiology at the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a> and the Department of Paleobiology and Evolution at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a>, Poland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Lisowicia</i> is a kannemeyeriiform, the group to which most Triassic dicynodonts belong to, and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae">Stahleckeriidae</a>, the last remaining lineage of dicynodonts in the Late Triassic. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_analyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic analyses">phylogenetic analyses</a> by Sulej & Niedźwiedzki (2019) using two separate datasets both found <i>Lisowicia</i> to be closely related to the well-known North American genus <i><a href="/wiki/Placerias" title="Placerias">Placerias</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> Placeriinae, together with the <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Moghreberia" title="Moghreberia">Moghreberia</a></i>. A simplified cladogram from one of the analysis focused on the relationships of Stahleckeriidae is reproduced below: </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%; line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae">Stahleckeriidae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stahleckeriinae">Stahleckeriinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Zambiasaurus" title="Zambiasaurus">Zambiasaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <i><a href="/wiki/Ischigualastia" title="Ischigualastia">Ischigualastia</a></i> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ischigualastia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ischigualastia.jpg/80px-Ischigualastia.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ischigualastia.jpg/120px-Ischigualastia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ischigualastia.jpg/160px-Ischigualastia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="943" /></a></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Jachaleria" title="Jachaleria">Jachaleria</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Eubrachiosaurus" title="Eubrachiosaurus">Eubrachiosaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Sangusaurus" title="Sangusaurus">Sangusaurus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeria" title="Stahleckeria">Stahleckeria</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stahleckeria1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Stahleckeria1DB.jpg/80px-Stahleckeria1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Stahleckeria1DB.jpg/120px-Stahleckeria1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Stahleckeria1DB.jpg/160px-Stahleckeria1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="503" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Placeriinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Placeriinae">Placeriinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Lisowicia</b></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dicynodont_from_PolandDB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Dicynodont_from_PolandDB.jpg/80px-Dicynodont_from_PolandDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Dicynodont_from_PolandDB.jpg/120px-Dicynodont_from_PolandDB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Dicynodont_from_PolandDB.jpg/160px-Dicynodont_from_PolandDB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2581" data-file-height="1447" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Placerias" title="Placerias">Placerias</a></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Placerias1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Placerias1DB.jpg/80px-Placerias1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Placerias1DB.jpg/120px-Placerias1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Placerias1DB.jpg/160px-Placerias1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Moghreberia" title="Moghreberia">Moghreberia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dicynodont_gigantism_and_evolution">Dicynodont gigantism and evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dicynodont gigantism and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fosiln%C3%AD_kost_dicynodonta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fosiln%C3%AD_kost_dicynodonta.jpg/170px-Fosiln%C3%AD_kost_dicynodonta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fosiln%C3%AD_kost_dicynodonta.jpg/255px-Fosiln%C3%AD_kost_dicynodonta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Fosiln%C3%AD_kost_dicynodonta.jpg/340px-Fosiln%C3%AD_kost_dicynodonta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Mounted fossil <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> of <i>Lisowicia</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the discovery of <i>Lisowicia</i>, the evolution of giant body sizes in Triassic sauropodomorphs was thought to be an exclusive trait of dinosaurs, as other large herbivores—including the dicynodonts—were not thought to have achieved similar sizes. The elephantine size of <i>Lisowicia</i> demonstrates that gigantism also evolved in dicynodonts, and analysis of their body size as they evolved over the course of the Late Triassic demonstrates that, like sauropodomorphs, Triassic dicynodonts were also increasing in body size, culminating in <i>Lisowicia</i>. In fact, dicynodonts were consistently larger than sauropodomorphs during the <a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian">Carnian</a> stage, and both achieved similar gigantic sizes in the <a href="/wiki/Norian" title="Norian">Norian</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian" title="Rhaetian">Rhaetian</a> with <i>Lisowicia</i>. The evolution of gigantism in both sauropodomorphs and <i>Lisowicia</i> at similar time periods suggests that ecological factors may have allowed and encouraged both lineages to grow to giant sizes, as opposed to specific traits inherent to sauropodomorph dinosaurs as had previously been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisowicia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evolution of gigantism in dicynodonts was a gradual process, occurring over approximately 20 million years, and acquired major restructuring the musculo-skeletal system to achieve the size and posture of <i>Lisowicia</i>. It's possible that gigantism in <i>Lisowicia</i> was driven by increasing body size in predators, or as a metabolic adaptation for getting more nutrition out of their food by increasing the size of their gut.<sup id="cite_ref-coprolites_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coprolites-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smok_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smok-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also highlights that dicynodont evolution in the Late Triassic is still poorly understood. Previously considered to be geographically restricted and in decline, <i>Lisowicia</i> demonstrates that dicynodonts were both still geographically widespread and continuing to diversify in the Late Triassic, particularly evolving traits to support massive body sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisowicia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeobiology">Palaeobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Palaeobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding_and_diet">Feeding and diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feeding and diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Lisowicia</i> was a herbivore, like most other dicynodonts, using its relatively long beak to crop and chew, although its large size implies it was feeding on higher levels of vegetation than was typical for the group. <a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">Coprolites</a> attributed to <i>Lisowicia</i> indicate that it mostly ate soft vegetation and <a href="/wiki/Conifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifers">conifers</a>. However, some coprolites contain large portions of woody material, a trait observed in some other dicynodont coprolites. This has been suggested to represent seasonal variation in its diet, possibly when their preferred diet of soft vegetation was out of season.<sup id="cite_ref-coprolites_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coprolites-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predation">Predation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Predation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smok_with_prey_animals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Smok_with_prey_animals.jpg/220px-Smok_with_prey_animals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Smok_with_prey_animals.jpg/330px-Smok_with_prey_animals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Smok_with_prey_animals.jpg/440px-Smok_with_prey_animals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Smok_(archosaur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smok (archosaur)">Smok</a></i> (far left) with prey animals, including the dicynodont (far right), as inferred from <a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">coprolite</a> contents and bones with bite marks</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous bite marks have been found on the bones of juvenile dicynodonts from the same locality where the dicynodont <i>Lisowicia</i> and the predatory <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">archosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Smok_(archosaur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smok (archosaur)">Smok</a></i> were found, indicating that juvenile dicynodonts were preferentially and actively hunted by <i>Smok</i>. Dicynodont bone fragments have also been identified in the proposed coprolites of <i>Smok</i>, implying that dicynodonts like <i>Lisowicia</i> were a major component in the predator's diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Smok_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smok-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qvarnstrom2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qvarnstrom2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The snout of <i>Lisowicia</i> may have been structurally weak, so predators like <i>Smok</i> might have attacked the snout of a living individual or disarticulate the snout first from the carcass.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth">Growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Histological" class="mw-redirect" title="Histological">Histological</a> studies from the limb bones of <i>Lisowicia</i> showed features characteristic of a rapid growth rate as juveniles, similar to other large dicynodonts. However, while the growth rate of other dicynodonts slowed down as they grew, the studied bones of <i>Lisowicia</i> showed no such signs of slowing their growth. The possibility that the bones belonged to juveniles with an even larger adult body size than estimated was ruled out partly on the basis of their already massive size, but also because the bones were well ossified and developmentally mature. Instead, it's more likely that <i>Lisowicia</i> grew very rapidly without any interruptions until reaching their adult body size, as there were no clear lines of arrested growth (LAGs) that otherwise indicate periods of slower, reduced growth. LAGs may have been truly absent, or were possibly erased by extensive remodelling of the bone into adulthood, both of which would support permanently rapid growth in <i>Lisowicia</i>, similar to mammals and some dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lisowicia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cousin_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cousin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latrines">Latrines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Latrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coprolites attributed to <i>Lisowicia</i> have been discovered in abundant accumulations in areas believed to have been around standing water. These assemblages are similar to discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> believed to represent <a href="/wiki/Animal_latrine" title="Animal latrine">communal latrines</a> made by the dicynodont <i><a href="/wiki/Dinodontosaurus" title="Dinodontosaurus">Dinodontosaurus</a></i>, and it's possible that <i>Lisowicia</i> may have performed a similar behaviour. Communal latrines are documented in modern gregarious mammals, and support the idea that dicynodonts like <i>Lisowicia</i> lived in herds and even suggest that they had complex social behaviours like modern large mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-coprolites_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coprolites-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeoecology">Palaeoecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Palaeoecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisowice_site_fauna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lisowice_site_fauna.jpg/220px-Lisowice_site_fauna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lisowice_site_fauna.jpg/330px-Lisowice_site_fauna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lisowice_site_fauna.jpg/440px-Lisowice_site_fauna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of the vertebrate faunal assemblage of the Lisowice site</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Lisowicia</i> coexisted with a broad variety of Late Triassic animals in Lipie Śląskie. The majority of these animals were archosaurs, including the large predatory archosaur <i><a href="/wiki/Smok_(archosaur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smok (archosaur)">Smok</a></i>, small <a href="/wiki/Dinosauromorphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosauromorphs">dinosauromorphs</a> including a <a href="/wiki/Silesaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesaurid">silesaurid</a> and a <i><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">Coelophysis</a></i>-like <a href="/wiki/Neotheropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotheropod">neotheropod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>, and a small <a href="/wiki/Crocodylomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylomorph">crocodylomorph</a> (previously believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Poposauroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Poposauroid">poposauroid</a>). Other small reptiles include a <a href="/wiki/Sphenodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenodont">sphenodont</a>, an indeterminate <a href="/wiki/Archosauromorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosauromorph">archosauromorph</a> and a possible <a href="/wiki/Choristodere" class="mw-redirect" title="Choristodere">choristodere</a>. The only other synapsid known to coexist with <i>Lisowicia</i> was <i><a href="/wiki/Hallautherium" title="Hallautherium">Hallautherium</a></i>, a small <a href="/wiki/Morganucodonta" title="Morganucodonta">morganucodont</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammaliaform" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammaliaform">mammaliaform</a> closely related to modern mammals and many orders of magnitude smaller than <i>Lisowicia</i>. The wet, freshwater environment supported <a href="/wiki/Temnospondyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Temnospondyl">temnospondyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Capitosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitosaur">capitosaur</a> and smaller <a href="/wiki/Plagiosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagiosaurid">plagiosaurid</a>) as well as an abundance of fish including <a href="/wiki/Lungfish" title="Lungfish">lungfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">coelacanths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybodontid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybodontid">hybodontid</a> sharks.<sup id="cite_ref-Biostrat_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biostrat-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qvarnstrom2019_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qvarnstrom2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The environment at Lipie Śląskie was wet and swampy, comparable to the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">everglades</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-coprolites_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coprolites-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with slow-moving <a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">meandering</a> rivers and <a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxbow lakes">oxbow lakes</a>, surrounded by abundant vegetation that included <a href="/wiki/Cheirolepidiaceae" title="Cheirolepidiaceae">Cheirolepidiaceae</a> <a href="/wiki/Conifers" class="mw-redirect" title="Conifers">conifers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ginkgoales" title="Ginkgoales">ginkgoales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seed_ferns" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed ferns">seed ferns</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lepidopteris" title="Lepidopteris">Lepidopteris</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Cycads" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycads">cycads</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androstrobus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Androstrobus (page does not exist)">Androstrobus</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beania_(plant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beania (plant) (page does not exist)">Beania</a></i>. By contrast, neighbouring environments may have been dry and arid, suggested by remains of the possibly <a href="/wiki/Xerophytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerophytic">xerophytic</a> conifer <i><a href="/wiki/Hirmeriella" title="Hirmeriella">Hirmeriella</a></i> and charcoal fragments from fires being transported by rivers to the locality.<sup id="cite_ref-DTA_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The absence of any large sauropodomorph herbivores is curious, as they are present in many other Late Triassic ecosystems, including in nearby localities in Europe, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Plateosaurus" title="Plateosaurus">Plateosaurus</a></i> in Germany. It's possible that giant dicynodonts like <i>Lisowicia</i> competed directly with sauropodomorphs, however, it was also possible that their absence was unrelated, and instead <i>Lisowicia</i> grew to its massive size to fill the ecological role of large browsing herbivores otherwise occupied by sauropodomorphs in other ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-GM-20181122_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-20181122-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lisowicia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lisowicia_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSulejNiedźwiedzki2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sulej, Tomasz; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (4 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aal4853">"An elephant-sized Late Triassic synapsid with erect limbs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>363</b> (6422): 78–80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...363...78S">2019Sci...363...78S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aal4853">10.1126/science.aal4853</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30467179">30467179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=An+elephant-sized+Late+Triassic+synapsid+with+erect+limbs&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=6422&rft.pages=78-80&rft.date=2019-01-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aal4853&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30467179&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...363...78S&rft.aulast=Sulej&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft.au=Nied%C5%BAwiedzki%2C+Grzegorz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aal4853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALisowicia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DTA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DTA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DTA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DTA_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDzikSulejNiedźwiedzki2008" class="citation journal cs1">Dzik, Jerzy; 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anomodontia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anomodontia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anomodontia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Synapsida_*_Clade:_Therapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synapsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Synapsida" title="Template:Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Anomodontia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Anomodontia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Anomodontia" title="Anomodontia">Anomodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biseridens" title="Biseridens">Biseridens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novocynodon" title="Novocynodon">Novocynodon</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anomocephaloidea" title="Anomocephaloidea">Anomocephaloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anomocephalus" title="Anomocephalus">Anomocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiarajudens" title="Tiarajudens">Tiarajudens</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Venyukovioidea" title="Venyukovioidea">Venyukovioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Otsheria" title="Otsheria">Otsheria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parasuminia" title="Parasuminia">Parasuminia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suminia" title="Suminia">Suminia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulemica" title="Ulemica">Ulemica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venyukovia" title="Venyukovia">Venyukovia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chainosauria" title="Chainosauria">Chainosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galechirus" title="Galechirus">Galechirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galeops" title="Galeops">Galeops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galepus" title="Galepus">Galepus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patranomodon" title="Patranomodon">Patranomodon</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anomocephaloidea" title="Anomocephaloidea">Anomocephaloidea</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">Dicynodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galepus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galepus jouberti"><img alt="Galepus jouberti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Galepus.jpg/100px-Galepus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Galepus.jpg/150px-Galepus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Galepus.jpg/200px-Galepus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="852" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Dicynodontia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">Dicynodontia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dicynodontia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontia" title="Dicynodontia">Dicynodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachyprosopus" title="Brachyprosopus">Brachyprosopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colobodectes" title="Colobodectes">Colobodectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eodicynodon" title="Eodicynodon">Eodicynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lanthanostegus" title="Lanthanostegus">Lanthanostegus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyaphulia" title="Nyaphulia">Nyaphulia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pristerodon" title="Pristerodon">Pristerodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pylaecephalidae" title="Pylaecephalidae">Pylaecephalidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diictodon" title="Diictodon">Diictodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eosimops" title="Eosimops">Eosimops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosictodon" title="Prosictodon">Prosictodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robertia" title="Robertia">Robertia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endothiodontia" title="Endothiodontia">Endothiodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abajudon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abajudon (page does not exist)">Abajudon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Endothiodon" title="Endothiodon">Endothiodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niassodon" title="Niassodon">Niassodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Therochelonia" title="Therochelonia">Therochelonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emydopoidea" title="Emydopoidea">Emydopoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digalodon" title="Digalodon">Digalodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emydorhinus" title="Emydorhinus">Emydorhinus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palemydops" title="Palemydops">Palemydops</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emydopidae" title="Emydopidae">Emydopidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compsodon" title="Compsodon">Compsodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emydops" title="Emydops">Emydops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myosauridae" title="Myosauridae">Myosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Myosauroides" title="Myosauroides">Myosauroides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myosaurus" title="Myosaurus">Myosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingoriidae" title="Kingoriidae">Kingoriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontoides" title="Dicynodontoides">Dicynodontoides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kombuisia" title="Kombuisia">Kombuisia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thliptosaurus" title="Thliptosaurus">Thliptosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cistecephalidae" title="Cistecephalidae">Cistecephalidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cistecephaloides" title="Cistecephaloides">Cistecephaloides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cistecephalus" title="Cistecephalus">Cistecephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kawingasaurus" title="Kawingasaurus">Kawingasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kembawacela" title="Kembawacela">Kembawacela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroscaptor" title="Sauroscaptor">Sauroscaptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bidentalia" title="Bidentalia">Bidentalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diictodon_EF.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diictodon feliceps"><img alt="Diictodon feliceps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diictodon_EF.jpg/140px-Diictodon_EF.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diictodon_EF.jpg/210px-Diictodon_EF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Diictodon_EF.jpg/280px-Diictodon_EF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KingoriaDB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dicynodontoides recurvidens"><img alt="Dicynodontoides recurvidens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KingoriaDB.jpg/140px-KingoriaDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KingoriaDB.jpg/210px-KingoriaDB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/KingoriaDB.jpg/280px-KingoriaDB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Bidentalia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bidentalia" title="Bidentalia">Bidentalia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bidentalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bidentalia" title="Bidentalia">Bidentalia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daqingshanodon" title="Daqingshanodon">Daqingshanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idelesaurus" title="Idelesaurus">Idelesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyseria" title="Keyseria">Keyseria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontocyclops" title="Odontocyclops">Odontocyclops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rastodon" title="Rastodon">Rastodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syops" title="Syops">Syops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elphidae" title="Elphidae">Elphidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elph_(therapsid)" title="Elph (therapsid)">Elph</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpresosaurus" title="Interpresosaurus">Interpresosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katumbia" title="Katumbia">Katumbia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geikiidae" title="Geikiidae">Geikiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aulacephalodon" title="Aulacephalodon">Aulacephalodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulbasaurus" title="Bulbasaurus">Bulbasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geikia" title="Geikia">Geikia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelanomodon" title="Pelanomodon">Pelanomodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oudenodontidae" title="Oudenodontidae">Oudenodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Australobarbarus" title="Australobarbarus">Australobarbarus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oudenodon" title="Oudenodon">Oudenodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tropidostoma" title="Tropidostoma">Tropidostoma</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhachiocephalidae" title="Rhachiocephalidae">Rhachiocephalidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitchinganomodon" title="Kitchinganomodon">Kitchinganomodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhachiocephalus" title="Rhachiocephalus">Rhachiocephalus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dicynodontoidea" title="Dicynodontoidea">Dicynodontoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Counillonia" title="Counillonia">Counillonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daptocephalus" title="Daptocephalus">Daptocephalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delectosaurus" title="Delectosaurus">Delectosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dicynodon" title="Dicynodon">Dicynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinanomodon" title="Dinanomodon">Dinanomodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordonia_(synapsid)" title="Gordonia (synapsid)">Gordonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunpania" title="Kunpania">Kunpania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peramodon" title="Peramodon">Peramodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Repelinosaurus" title="Repelinosaurus">Repelinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taoheodon" title="Taoheodon">Taoheodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turfanodon" title="Turfanodon">Turfanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vivaxosaurus" title="Vivaxosaurus">Vivaxosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lystrosauridae" title="Lystrosauridae">Lystrosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Basilodon" title="Basilodon">Basilodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euptychognathus" title="Euptychognathus">Euptychognathus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jimusaria" title="Jimusaria">Jimusaria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwazulusaurus" title="Kwazulusaurus">Kwazulusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lystrosaurus" title="Lystrosaurus">Lystrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sintocephalus" title="Sintocephalus">Sintocephalus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Kannemeyeriiformes">Kannemeyeriiformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GeikiaDB17.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geikia elginensis"><img alt="Geikia elginensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/GeikiaDB17.jpg/140px-GeikiaDB17.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/GeikiaDB17.jpg/210px-GeikiaDB17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/GeikiaDB17.jpg/280px-GeikiaDB17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1092" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lystrosaurus murrayi"><img alt="Lystrosaurus murrayi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Lystrosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Kannemeyeriiformes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Kannemeyeriiformes">Kannemeyeriiformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kannemeyeriiformes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Kannemeyeriiformes">Kannemeyeriiformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angonisaurus" title="Angonisaurus">Angonisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinodontosaurus" title="Dinodontosaurus">Dinodontosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephantosaurus" title="Elephantosaurus">Elephantosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woznikella" title="Woznikella">Woznikella</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shansiodontidae" title="Shansiodontidae">Shansiodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shansiodon" title="Shansiodon">Shansiodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetragonias" title="Tetragonias">Tetragonias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinceria" title="Vinceria">Vinceria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinodicynodon" title="Rhinodicynodon">Rhinodicynodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannemeyeriidae">Kannemeyeriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acratophorus_argentinensis" title="Acratophorus argentinensis">Acratophorus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichuranus" title="Dolichuranus">Dolichuranus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kannemeyeria" title="Kannemeyeria">Kannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parakannemeyeria" title="Parakannemeyeria">Parakannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabidosaurus" title="Rabidosaurus">Rabidosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rechnisaurus" title="Rechnisaurus">Rechnisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhadiodromus" title="Rhadiodromus">Rhadiodromus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaanbeikannemeyeria" title="Shaanbeikannemeyeria">Shaanbeikannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinokannemeyeria" title="Sinokannemeyeria">Sinokannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uralokannemeyeria" title="Uralokannemeyeria">Uralokannemeyeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadiasaurus" title="Wadiasaurus">Wadiasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiyukannemeyeria" title="Xiyukannemeyeria">Xiyukannemeyeria</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae">Stahleckeriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sungeodon" title="Sungeodon">Sungeodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae">Placeriinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argodicynodon" title="Argodicynodon">Argodicynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lisowicia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moghreberia" title="Moghreberia">Moghreberia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentasaurus" title="Pentasaurus">Pentasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placerias" title="Placerias">Placerias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zambiasaurus" title="Zambiasaurus">Zambiasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeriidae" title="Stahleckeriidae">Stahleckeriinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eubrachiosaurus" title="Eubrachiosaurus">Eubrachiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ischigualastia" title="Ischigualastia">Ischigualastia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jachaleria" title="Jachaleria">Jachaleria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sangusaurus" title="Sangusaurus">Sangusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stahleckeria" title="Stahleckeria">Stahleckeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ufudocyclops" title="Ufudocyclops">Ufudocyclops</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisowicia_bojani_J..png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lisowicia bojani"><img alt="Lisowicia bojani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lisowicia_bojani_J..png/140px-Lisowicia_bojani_J..png" decoding="async" width="140" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lisowicia_bojani_J..png/210px-Lisowicia_bojani_J..png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lisowicia_bojani_J..png/280px-Lisowicia_bojani_J..png 2x" data-file-width="2844" data-file-height="1651" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium">Nomina dubia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Azarifeneria" class="mw-redirect" title="Azarifeneria">Azarifeneria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baiopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baiopsis (page does not exist)">Baiopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calleonasus" title="Calleonasus">Calleonasus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelyoposaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelyoposaurus (page does not exist)">Chelyoposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristonasus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristonasus (page does not exist)">Cristonasus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diaelurodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaelurodon">Diaelurodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dicranozygoma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dicranozygoma (page does not exist)">Dicranozygoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elatosaurus" title="Elatosaurus">Elatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurycarpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurycarpus">Eurycarpus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haughtoniana" title="Haughtoniana">Haughtoniana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keirognathus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keirognathus (page does not exist)">Keirognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koupia" title="Koupia">Koupia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasoplanites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasoplanites (page does not exist)">Nasoplanites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opisthoctenodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opisthoctenodon (page does not exist)">Opisthoctenodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parvobestiola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parvobestiola (page does not exist)">Parvobestiola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planitorostris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planitorostris (page does not exist)">Planitorostris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platypodosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platypodosaurus (page does not exist)">Platypodosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Putillosaurus" title="Putillosaurus">Putillosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taognathus" title="Taognathus">Taognathus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">Paraphyletic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptodontia" title="Cryptodontia">Cryptodontia</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromasauria" title="Dromasauria">Dromasauria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Lisowicia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59122796" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q59122796">Q59122796</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lisowicia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Lisowicia">Lisowicia</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/157315424">157315424</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/A6CC8C89-65FE-4EEA-AB9C-3617DC660C2E">A6CC8C89-65FE-4EEA-AB9C-3617DC660C2E</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&oldid=1248110999">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lisowicia&oldid=1248110999</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kannemeyeriiformes" title="Category:Kannemeyeriiformes">Kannemeyeriiformes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Late_Triassic_synapsids_of_Europe" title="Category:Late Triassic synapsids of Europe">Late Triassic synapsids of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norian_genera" title="Category:Norian genera">Norian genera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fossils_of_Poland" title="Category:Fossils of Poland">Fossils of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rhaetian_genera" title="Category:Rhaetian genera">Rhaetian genera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fossil_taxa_described_in_2019" title="Category:Fossil taxa described in 2019">Fossil taxa described in 2019</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2019">Use dmy dates from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" 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