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src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_36,h_36,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png" sizes="100vw" alt="The Chip Letter" width="36" height="36" style="width:18px;height:18px;" draggable="false" class="_img_16u6n_1 _object-fit-cover_16u6n_5 pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div></div><div class="pencraft _flexGrow_v5lqv_325 pc-reset _ellipsis_v5lqv_366 _color-vibrance-secondary_h3mln_229 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-13_h3mln_39 _weight-regular_h3mln_142 _nowrap_h3mln_249 _reset_h3mln_1">The Chip Letter</div></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-vibrance-primary_h3mln_226 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-15_h3mln_47 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _clamp_h3mln_254 _clamp-2_h3mln_263 _reset_h3mln_1">Motorola's Pioneering 8-bit 6800: Origins and 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style-compressed themed"><div class="ufi-preamble themed"><div class="ufi-preamble-label author"><div class="profile-hover-card-target _profileHoverCardTarget_c9bh7_50"><a href="https://substack.com/@thechipletter">Babbage</a></div></div><div title="2023-12-11T17:00:47.163Z" class="ufi-preamble-label post-date"><time datetime="2023-12-11T17:00:47.163Z">Dec 11, 2023</time></div></div><div class="like-button-container post-ufi-button style-compressed"><a role="button" aria-label="Like (31)" aria-pressed="false" class="post-ufi-button style-compressed has-label with-border"><svg role="img" style="height:14px;width:14px;" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon"><g><title></title><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-heart"><path d="M19 14c1.49-1.46 3-3.21 3-5.5A5.5 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src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_36,h_36,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png" sizes="100vw" alt="The Chip Letter" width="36" height="36" style="width:18px;height:18px;" draggable="false" class="_img_16u6n_1 _object-fit-cover_16u6n_5 pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div></div><div class="pencraft _flexGrow_v5lqv_325 pc-reset _ellipsis_v5lqv_366 _color-vibrance-secondary_h3mln_229 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-13_h3mln_39 _weight-regular_h3mln_142 _nowrap_h3mln_249 _reset_h3mln_1">The Chip Letter</div></div><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-vibrance-primary_h3mln_226 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-15_h3mln_47 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _clamp_h3mln_254 _clamp-2_h3mln_263 _reset_h3mln_1">Motorola's Pioneering 8-bit 6800: Origins and 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dir="auto" class="body markup"><p>Part 1 of the story of Motorola's 8-bit microprocessor design</p></div></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins" native class="thread-head-cta">Read →</a></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><div class="visibility-check"></div></td></tr></table></td></tr></table></div><div class="container"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-paddingTop-8 pc-paddingBottom-8 pc-justifyContent-space-between pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-reset _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-19_h3mln_55 _weight-bold_h3mln_151 _reset_h3mln_1">7 Comments</div><button tabindex="0" type="button" id="trigger36801" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="dialog36802" ariaLabel="Sort comments" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _buttonBase_bxx6e_1 _button_bxx6e_1 _buttonNew_bxx6e_97 _button2_bxx6e_148 _priority_secondary_bxx6e_46 _size_sm_bxx6e_158"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="18" height="18" viewBox="0 0 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12.9465 3.99609C13.4836 3.99609 13.9894 4.09904 14.4639 4.30493C14.9428 4.50635 15.3613 4.79728 15.7194 5.17773C16.0774 5.55819 16.3572 6.01025 16.5586 6.53394C16.7645 7.05762 16.8674 7.63725 16.8674 8.27283C16.8674 9.23067 16.6145 10.1818 16.1088 11.1262C15.603 12.0662 14.8891 12.9815 13.967 13.8722C13.0495 14.7584 11.9708 15.6044 10.731 16.41C10.6056 16.4906 10.4758 16.5622 10.3416 16.6249C10.2118 16.692 10.0976 16.7256 9.99915 16.7256Z"></path></g></svg></div>Liked by Babbage</button></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column _flexGrow_v5lqv_325 pc-reset"></div><div id="trigger36803" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="dialog36804" ariaLabel="View more" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset _triggerContainer_2v3sj_1"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _trigger_2v3sj_1 _iconButton2_bxx6e_689 _iconButtonBase_bxx6e_183 _buttonBase_bxx6e_1 _buttonNew_bxx6e_97 _size_sm_bxx6e_158 _priority_quaternary_bxx6e_339"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-ellipsis"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="19" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="5" cy="12" r="1"></circle></svg></button></div></div><div class="comment-body"><p><span>If any DEC mini had influence on the MC6800 architecture, it was the PDP-11, not so much the PDP-8. The ONLY similarity to the PDP-8 is that both are accumulator-based architectures, while the PDP-11 has 8 general-purpose reisters. (Well, really 7, but who's counting.) Even there, the MC6800 is a bit closer to the PDP-11 by virtue of having TWO accumulators.</span></p><p><span>But the big similarity with the PDP-11 is the instruction set. The PDP-8 has only 8 instructions, none of which are very similar to the MC6800. The PDP-11 has a lot of instructions, and almost all of them have equivalents in the MC6800, even with related mnemonics.</span></p><div role="button" class="show-all-toggle"><div class="show-all-toggle-label">Expand full comment</div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-8 pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-alignItems-center pc-reset comment-actions _withShareButton_mhaex_5"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a class="pencraft pc-reset _link_mhaex_1 _link_j0ft8_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-secondary-themed)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 22Z"></path></svg><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-secondary-text_h3mln_193 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_flexGrow_v5lqv_325 pc-reset"></div><div id="trigger36805" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="dialog36806" ariaLabel="View more" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset _triggerContainer_2v3sj_1"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _trigger_2v3sj_1 _iconButton2_bxx6e_689 _iconButtonBase_bxx6e_183 _buttonBase_bxx6e_1 _buttonNew_bxx6e_97 _size_sm_bxx6e_158 _priority_quaternary_bxx6e_339"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-ellipsis"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="19" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="5" cy="12" r="1"></circle></svg></button></div></div><div class="comment-body"><p><span>Hi Eric. Thanks for pointing this out and apologies for my slow response. I'm very tempted to do a post on the various PDPs and their influence on the designs that follow. </span></p><div role="button" class="show-all-toggle"><div class="show-all-toggle-label">Expand full comment</div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-8 pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-alignItems-center pc-reset comment-actions _withShareButton_mhaex_5"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a class="pencraft pc-reset _link_mhaex_1 _link_j0ft8_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-secondary-themed)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 22Z"></path></svg><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-secondary-text_h3mln_193 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 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Overholser</a></span></div></span></div><a href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins/comment/51314257" rel="nofollow" native title="Mar 9, 2024, 11:44 PM" class="pencraft pc-reset _color-secondary_h3mln_169 _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _color-secondary_h3mln_169 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-13_h3mln_39 _weight-regular_h3mln_142 _reset_h3mln_1">Mar 9</span></a></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-4 pc-height-20 pc-paddingLeft-6 pc-paddingRight-6 pc-paddingTop-2 pc-paddingBottom-2 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset pc-borderRadius-xs _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 pencraft _tag_14rtc_1 _theme_accent_14rtc_42 _priority_secondary-outline_14rtc_111"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-alignItems-center pc-reset _leading_14rtc_18 _fillIcon_14rtc_22"><svg role="img" style="height:14px;width:14px;" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-width="2.5" stroke="#000" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path stroke="none" d="M9.99915 16.7256C9.90515 16.7256 9.79102 16.692 9.65674 16.6249C9.52246 16.5622 9.3949 16.4906 9.27405 16.41C8.02974 15.6044 6.94657 14.7584 6.02454 13.8722C5.10697 12.9815 4.3953 12.0662 3.88953 11.1262C3.38375 10.1818 3.13086 9.23067 3.13086 8.27283C3.13086 7.63725 3.23157 7.05762 3.43298 6.53394C3.63888 6.01025 3.92086 5.55819 4.27893 5.17773C4.64148 4.79728 5.05774 4.50635 5.52771 4.30493C6.00216 4.09904 6.51241 3.99609 7.05847 3.99609C7.73433 3.99609 8.31844 4.16618 8.81079 4.50635C9.30762 4.84652 9.70374 5.28963 9.99915 5.83569C10.299 5.28516 10.6951 4.84204 11.1875 4.50635C11.6843 4.16618 12.2707 3.99609 12.9465 3.99609C13.4836 3.99609 13.9894 4.09904 14.4639 4.30493C14.9428 4.50635 15.3613 4.79728 15.7194 5.17773C16.0774 5.55819 16.3572 6.01025 16.5586 6.53394C16.7645 7.05762 16.8674 7.63725 16.8674 8.27283C16.8674 9.23067 16.6145 10.1818 16.1088 11.1262C15.603 12.0662 14.8891 12.9815 13.967 13.8722C13.0495 14.7584 11.9708 15.6044 10.731 16.41C10.6056 16.4906 10.4758 16.5622 10.3416 16.6249C10.2118 16.692 10.0976 16.7256 9.99915 16.7256Z"></path></g></svg></div>Liked by Babbage</button></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column _flexGrow_v5lqv_325 pc-reset"></div><div id="trigger36807" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="dialog36808" ariaLabel="View more" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset _triggerContainer_2v3sj_1"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _trigger_2v3sj_1 _iconButton2_bxx6e_689 _iconButtonBase_bxx6e_183 _buttonBase_bxx6e_1 _buttonNew_bxx6e_97 _size_sm_bxx6e_158 _priority_quaternary_bxx6e_339"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-ellipsis"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="19" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="5" cy="12" r="1"></circle></svg></button></div></div><div class="comment-body"><p><span>A really Great Article on the Motorola 6800 Family.. Myself, as a Tandy Color Computer user since 2012 and a Tano Dragon Users since 2016, adding the Hitachi CMOS HD6309 is going another level in the MC6809 Family. Many people replace the MC6809 with the HD6309 because of the tremendous advancements available.. Advancements that Hitachi didn't tell Motorola about.. If you can, please add a Fourth Part to your series... <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_6309" target="_blank" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" class="linkified">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_6309</a></span></p><div role="button" class="show-all-toggle"><div class="show-all-toggle-label">Expand full comment</div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-8 pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-alignItems-center pc-reset comment-actions _withShareButton_mhaex_5"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a class="pencraft pc-reset _link_mhaex_1 _link_j0ft8_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-secondary-themed)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 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cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="5" cy="12" r="1"></circle></svg></button></div></div><div class="comment-body"><p><span>Hi Mark, That's really interesting, thank you. The 6309 wasn't on my radar but it is now! It's given me an idea for a post with the 6309 as one of the topics. Watch this space. Thanks again.</span></p><div role="button" class="show-all-toggle"><div class="show-all-toggle-label">Expand full comment</div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-8 pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-alignItems-center pc-reset comment-actions _withShareButton_mhaex_5"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a class="pencraft pc-reset _link_mhaex_1 _link_j0ft8_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-secondary-themed)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 22Z"></path></svg><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-secondary-text_h3mln_193 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-meta_h3mln_115 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _transform-uppercase_h3mln_237 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19.178ZM17.805 11.958C16.4917 12.7209 14.8738 12.7303 13.5761 11.9952C14.8894 11.2324 16.5073 11.2229 17.805 11.958ZM19.1791 10.6991C20.3608 9.02581 20.2085 6.72146 18.7433 5.25619C17.2779 3.79079 14.9733 3.63863 13.3 4.82071C14.3361 6.29264 14.6277 8.1277 14.1855 9.81454C15.8722 9.37211 17.7071 9.66343 19.1791 10.6991ZM12.0413 6.19502C12.7767 7.49269 12.7676 9.1108 12.0048 10.4243C11.2694 9.12658 11.2786 7.50848 12.0413 6.19502Z"></path></g></svg></div></div></div></a></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column _flexGrow_v5lqv_325 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-4 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-minWidth-0 pc-gap-8 pc-alignItems-center pc-height-20 pc-reset _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-15_h3mln_47 _weight-regular_h3mln_142"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-minWidth-0 pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center _flexGrow_v5lqv_325 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-reset _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-13_h3mln_39 _weight-regular_h3mln_142 _reset_h3mln_1"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _reset_h3mln_1"><div class="profile-hover-card-target _profileHoverCardTarget_c9bh7_50 _inline_c9bh7_55"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a href="https://substack.com/profile/1248694-patrick-logan?utm_source=substack-feed-item" showBack class="_link_j0ft8_1">Patrick Logan</a></span></div></span></div><a href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins/comment/45219123" rel="nofollow" native title="Dec 11, 2023, 11:51 PM" class="pencraft pc-reset _color-secondary_h3mln_169 _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _color-secondary_h3mln_169 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-13_h3mln_39 _weight-regular_h3mln_142 _reset_h3mln_1">Dec 11</span></a></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column _flexGrow_v5lqv_325 pc-reset"></div><div id="trigger36811" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="dialog36812" ariaLabel="View more" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset _triggerContainer_2v3sj_1"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _trigger_2v3sj_1 _iconButton2_bxx6e_689 _iconButtonBase_bxx6e_183 _buttonBase_bxx6e_1 _buttonNew_bxx6e_97 _size_sm_bxx6e_158 _priority_quaternary_bxx6e_339"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-ellipsis"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="19" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="5" cy="12" r="1"></circle></svg></button></div></div><div class="comment-body"><p><span>Turbo9 is a really interesting project from the University of Florida with a Verilog implementation of an updated, pipelined 6809 instruction set. They've used it for SOC devices that don't need more than a 16-bit path but benefit from less area and power than 32/64-bit instruction sets.</span></p><p><span><a href="https://github.com/turbo9team/turbo9" target="_blank" rel="nofollow ugc noopener" class="linkified">https://github.com/turbo9team/turbo9</a></span></p><div role="button" class="show-all-toggle"><div class="show-all-toggle-label">Expand full comment</div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-8 pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-alignItems-center pc-reset comment-actions _withShareButton_mhaex_5"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a class="pencraft pc-reset _link_mhaex_1 _link_j0ft8_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-secondary-themed)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 22Z"></path></svg><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-secondary-text_h3mln_193 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-meta_h3mln_115 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _transform-uppercase_h3mln_237 _reset_h3mln_1 _meta_h3mln_437">Reply</div></div></a></span><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a class="pencraft pc-reset _link_mhaex_1 _link_j0ft8_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-secondary-themed)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-share"><path d="M4 12v8a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h12a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-8"></path><polyline points="16 6 12 2 8 6"></polyline><line x1="12" x2="12" y1="2" y2="15"></line></svg><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-secondary-text_h3mln_193 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-meta_h3mln_115 _size-11_h3mln_31 _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _transform-uppercase_h3mln_237 _reset_h3mln_1 _meta_h3mln_437">Share</div></div></a></span></div><div style="height:0px;transition:height 250ms var(--animation-smoothing), opacity 250ms var(--animation-smoothing);display:block;flex-direction:column;opacity:0;"><div style="padding-top:0.05px;padding-bottom:0.05px;display:block;flex:0 0 auto;flex-direction:column;transition:transform 250ms var(--animation-smoothing);"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="comment"><div id="comment-45280199" class="comment-anchor"></div><div id="comment-45280199-reply" class="comment-anchor"></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-12 pc-paddingBottom-12 pc-reset comment-content"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-reset"><a href="https://substack.com/profile/24577345-don-gillies?utm_source=comment" class="pencraft pc-display-contents 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src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_64,h_64,c_fill,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep,g_auto/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd3de63d3-dbe2-4106-b6d0-90ee38af818e_509x383.jpeg" sizes="100vw" alt width="64" height="64" style="width:32px;height:32px;" draggable="false" class="_img_16u6n_1 _avatar_1c7wr_1 pencraft pc-reset _outline-detail_v5lqv_67 pc-borderRadius-full _sizing-border-box_v5lqv_372 _object-fit-cover_16u6n_5 pencraft pc-reset"/></picture></div></div></div></div></a></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column _flexGrow_v5lqv_325 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column pc-gap-4 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-minWidth-0 pc-gap-8 pc-alignItems-center pc-height-20 pc-reset _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-15_h3mln_47 _weight-regular_h3mln_142"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-minWidth-0 pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center _flexGrow_v5lqv_325 pc-reset"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-reset _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-13_h3mln_39 _weight-regular_h3mln_142 _reset_h3mln_1"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _weight-medium_h3mln_145 _reset_h3mln_1"><div class="profile-hover-card-target _profileHoverCardTarget_c9bh7_50 _inline_c9bh7_55"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a href="https://substack.com/profile/24577345-don-gillies?utm_source=substack-feed-item" showBack class="_link_j0ft8_1">Don Gillies</a></span></div></span></div><a href="https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins/comment/45280199" rel="nofollow" native title="Dec 12, 2023, 10:44 PM" class="pencraft pc-reset _color-secondary_h3mln_169 _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _color-secondary_h3mln_169 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-13_h3mln_39 _weight-regular_h3mln_142 _reset_h3mln_1">Dec 12</span></a><span title="Dec 12, 2023, 10:45 PM" class="pencraft pc-reset _cursor-pointer_v5lqv_239 _color-tertiary_h3mln_172 _line-height-20_h3mln_80 _font-text_h3mln_106 _size-13_h3mln_39 _font-style-italic_h3mln_158 _weight-regular_h3mln_142 _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1">Edited</span></div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-flexDirection-column _flexGrow_v5lqv_325 pc-reset"></div><div id="trigger36813" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-controls="dialog36814" ariaLabel="View more" class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-reset _triggerContainer_2v3sj_1"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft _trigger_2v3sj_1 _iconButton2_bxx6e_689 _iconButtonBase_bxx6e_183 _buttonBase_bxx6e_1 _buttonNew_bxx6e_97 _size_sm_bxx6e_158 _priority_quaternary_bxx6e_339"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-ellipsis"><circle cx="12" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="19" cy="12" r="1"></circle><circle cx="5" cy="12" r="1"></circle></svg></button></div></div><div class="comment-body"><p><span>Intel won not because the 8080 was technically better but because a whole family of 8080 chips were developed including the 8085 and the z80 compatible chip. The final nail on the coffin was the 8088 which was a 16-bit chip but allowed cheaper 8-bit memory to be used because you need one ram chip for each bit plane of the memory so ram cards could be built with only eight chips! </span></p><div role="button" class="show-all-toggle"><div class="show-all-toggle-label">Expand full comment</div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-8 pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-alignItems-center pc-reset comment-actions _withShareButton_mhaex_5"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a class="pencraft pc-reset _link_mhaex_1 _link_j0ft8_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-secondary-themed)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 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class="comment-body"><p><span>It was a mistake not to have 2 index registers, or even 3. The stack and data pointer are a part of almost all algorithmic languages (algol, pascal, C at the time) and so it would be clumsy to have to always be loading and storing the stack register to get variables off the stack! And a third register could point to the heap! I have a Hayes Microprocessor Guide ($30 in ~1977) that overviews 6800, 8080, 6502, 1802, and other microprocessors - all in 1 volume! </span></p><div role="button" class="show-all-toggle"><div class="show-all-toggle-label">Expand full comment</div></div></div><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-16 pc-paddingTop-8 pc-justifyContent-flex-start pc-alignItems-center pc-reset comment-actions _withShareButton_mhaex_5"><span class="pencraft pc-reset _decoration-hover-underline_h3mln_293 _reset_h3mln_1"><a class="pencraft pc-reset _link_mhaex_1 _link_j0ft8_1"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-6 pc-alignItems-center pc-reset"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="var(--color-secondary-themed)" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-message-circle"><path d="M7.9 20A9 9 0 1 0 4 16.1L2 22Z"></path></svg><div class="pencraft pc-reset _color-pub-secondary-text_h3mln_193 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Architecture\",\"type\":\"newsletter\",\"video_upload_id\":null,\"write_comment_permissions\":\"everyone\",\"restacks\":2,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":31},\"top_exclusions\":[],\"pins\":[],\"section_pins\":[],\"previous_post_slug\":\"why-are-there-no-minicomputers-any\",\"next_post_slug\":\"8-bit-learning-from-the-sources\",\"cover_image\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg\",\"cover_image_is_square\":true,\"cover_image_is_explicit\":false,\"videoUpload\":null,\"podcastFields\":{\"post_id\":139425169,\"podcast_episode_number\":null,\"podcast_season_number\":null,\"podcast_episode_type\":null,\"should_syndicate_to_other_feed\":null,\"syndicate_to_section_id\":null,\"hide_from_feed\":false,\"free_podcast_url\":null,\"free_podcast_duration\":null},\"podcastUpload\":null,\"podcastPreviewUpload\":null,\"voiceover_upload_id\":null,\"voiceoverUpload\":null,\"has_voiceover\":false,\"description\":\"Part 1 of the story of Motorola's 8-bit microprocessor design\",\"body_html\":\"<h4></h4><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-imag\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg\\\" width=\\\"1024\\\" height=\\\"986\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:986,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:536594,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1dc67cd-e095-495c-b6c6-ae4518c4fb90_1024x986.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" fetchpriority=\\\"high\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">Motorola 6800 Die Shot - Pauli Rautakorpi, CC BY 3.0 &lt;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons</figcaption></figure></div><p><em>Why write about the Motorola 6800 (pronounced \u2018sixty-eight hundred\u2019)? For the generation that grew up with home computers in the late 1970s, the 6800 was the 6502\u2019s slightly boring uncle. It was used in \u2018grown-up\u2019 devices, like cash machines, but it was slower, more expensive and generally less interesting than the 6502.</em></p><p><em>In reality, the 6800 was a highly innovative design that, just as much as competing products from Intel, represented a major step forward in making computing widely accessible to all.</em></p><p><em>Intel would eventually \u2018win\u2019 in microprocessors with the x86 architecture, and winners write the history, but Motorola deserves just as much respect as an early pioneer. This is probably why the 6800 came top of <a href=\\\"https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/the-virtues-of-the-8-bit-era-eight\\\">our poll</a> of which 8-bit design to write about.</em></p><p><em>The story of the 6800 is also a story of how a corporation can develop innovative technology with enormous potential, only to self-sabotage and hand the advantage to a competitor. We\u2019ll see how this happened in Part 2 of the story of the 6800. We\u2019ll also discover that, remarkably, almost 50 years after its launch you can still buy the 6800 today!</em></p><p class=\\\"button-wrapper\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}\\\" data-component-name=\\\"ButtonCreateButton\\\"><a class=\\\"button primary\\\" href=\\\"https://thechipletter.substack.com/p/motorolas-pioneering-8-bit-6800-origins?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share\\\"><span>Share</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>For modern readers the name Motorola is probably most familiar as a brand of cell phones made by Motorola Mobility, now a subsidiary of Chinese multinational Lenovo. Cell phones combine digital and wireless electronics and the roots of Motorola Mobility are in Motorola Inc. which, for many decades, operated at the leading edge of both fields.</p><p>Motorola Inc, was founded as Galvin Manufacturing Corporation by the brothers Paul and Joseph Galvin in 1929. Early products included a car radio which was given the brand Motorola, combining \u2018Motor\u2019 and \u2018ola\u2019 used in other audio products such as the \u2018Victorola\u2019 phonograph or record player.&nbsp; The car radios became so successful that the company changed its name to Motorola in 1947.</p><p>By the early 1950s the future of electronics lay in the transistor and Motorola built its first manufacturing plant for transistors, at a cost of $1.5m, in Phoenix, Arizona. Dan Noble, Vice President of Communications and Electronics, wrote enthusiastically and prophetically, about the new devices in the company\u2019s 1955 annual report:</p><blockquote><p>\\\"The word 'revolution' may not be too strong to apply to the change which will take place in electronic equipment of all kinds within the next five years. The development of the transistor and other semi-conductor devices will reduce the size of equipment, improve the reliability of operation, and substantially reduce the operational power requirements. Not only will transistors replace vacuum tubes in many electronic equipments, but they will make possible the development of new devices for instrumentation, metering, controlling, detection, communications, and computing.\u201D</p></blockquote><p>By the mid 1960s, under the leadership of Lester Hogan, Motorola was making a variety of transistors, other discrete semiconductors and integrated circuits in Arizona. Hogan would \u2018defect\u2019 from Motorola to Fairchild Camera and Instrument in 1968, to become Chairman and CEO. Taking eight of his Motorola team, nicknamed \u2018Hogan\u2019s heroes\u2019, with him, Hogan would replace Robert Noyce, when Noyce and Gordon Moore left Fairchild to found Intel.</p><p>The loss of Hogan and much of Motorola\u2019s senior semiconductor team was just one contributor to a turbulent time for the company\u2019s semiconductor division. The industry was in the middle of a transition from Bipolar to MOS integrated circuits. And a number of competitors were appearing, including the \u2018Fairchildren\u2019, companies founded by former Fairchild employees, including, crucially, Noyce and Moore\u2019s Intel.</p><p>In the midst of all this change at the start of the 1970s, it became apparent to Motorola\u2019s, mostly new, senior management team, that a number of firms were working on the development of microprocessors.</p><p>Tom Bennett, who would become a key member of Motorola\u2019s microprocessor team, had been introduced to the idea in the form of early sketches for what would become the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004, by Intel\u2019s Ted Hoff. Bennett had been working on calculators at Victor Comptometer in Chicago, when he\u2019d been approached by Hoff to see if he would be interested in using the proposed Intel chip in new calculator designs.</p><p>Bennett joined Motorola in 1971 to try to help them enter the calculator business. It was soon clear to Bennett, and others, that the microprocessor had much wider application than calculators. It could solve lots of other problems that had previously needed custom, complex and difficult \u2018random logic\u2019 designs.&nbsp;</p><p>Bennett had responsibility development of custom chips for potential external Motorola customers. One of those chips was a custom microprocessor for Olivetti. Motorola won the design, but couldn\u2019t manufacture the chip in the required PMOS (<a href=\\\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMOS_logic#:~:text=PMOS%20or%20pMOS%20logic%20(from,%2Deffect%20transistors%20(MOSFETs).\\\">p-channel Metal Oxide Silicon</a>) process. Instead the design had to be licensed to competitor Mostek, who were able to build it, and who launched it as the Mostek 5065. Bill Lattin would later describe Motorola at the time:</p><blockquote><p>\u2026we had a rotating set of management, and nobody ever seemed to stick very long, and nobody ever understood the technology very deeply, and that was a real problem, because not only were implanters expensive. You needed clean rooms. This was a very expensive operation. Motorola wanted to get in, but they were, you know, didn\u2019t quite understand what it was gonna take to get in.</p></blockquote><p>Motorola\u2019s inability to manufacture the 5065 must have been embarrassing. Lattin, received a, typically direct, recruitment pitch from Intel\u2019s Andy Grove, who had taught Lattin at Berkeley, quoted in <a href=\\\"https://www.amazon.com/Inside-Intel-Worlds-Powerful-Company/dp/0452276438/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0\\\">Inside Intel</a>:</p><blockquote><p>\u2018Grove had a very abrasive style,' Lattin recalled. 'It didn't work well with me... The recruiting style was: Motorola doesn't have a chance - we're going to kick their butts.'</p></blockquote><p>Lattin declined Grove\u2019s offer. The 5065 saga possibly convinced Motorola\u2019s management that they needed to sort out their manufacturing processes. It certainly gave members of the Motorola team valuable experience in designing a microprocessor.</p><h4>Starting the 6800 Project</h4><p>But was making a microprocessor worth the considerable investment needed? At first Motorola\u2019s marketing department quoted expected sales of only 18,000 microprocessors over five years.</p><p>But Bennett and colleagues continued to look for sales opportunities. National Data Corp (NDC) presented a proposal that would have required 200,000 microprocessors. NDC was a \u2018time-sharing\u2019 company that saw the opportunity to use a microprocessor in terminals connected to their central system. Nothing came of the NDC project, but it showed the sales potential and provided the impetus to start a new project to design a microprocessor..</p><p>So a team was assembled in Phoenix, Arizona. Bennett would become chief architect of the project. He was joined by Jeff LaVell and Bill Lattin. Together they used data that LaVell had gathered from talking to potential customers, to devise a series of integrated circuit building blocks. These could be used to create a range of systems, with an emphasis on those that needed communications capability. The 6800 would be joined by chips that would provide memory (6801, 6802 and 6803), input and output capabilities (6820 \u2018Peripheral Interface Adapter\u2019 and 6850 \u2018Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter\u2019) and even a modem chip (6860).</p><p>John Buchanan who would do circuit design and the layout of the 6800 and the other chips. Rod Orgill assisted Buchanan with analysis of the design and layout. Bill Mensch worked on the design of the 6820. Chuck Peddle joined the 6800 team in 1973, after the design of the microprocessor was completed but worked on the 6820 and then on the marketing of the designs. The final team remained small, with around seventeen members in total.&nbsp;</p><h4>6800 Challenges and Innovations</h4><p>To build the 6800 and the other members of the family the team had to get both the logic design and the fabrication technology working. On the logic design Bennett would describe the approach as follows:</p><blockquote><p>My original plan for it was to basically use a PLA [Programmable logic Array]-type control. But we couldn\u2019t get enough speed out of it. So if you looked at the chip, the top part of it is all ROM, which does the initial decode of the instructions, and then after that there was a state counter, and that state counter cycled through, depending on how many separate steps it took to get the instruction completed.</p></blockquote><p>The layout of the 6800, with ROM at the top, registers and the arithmetic and logic unit at the bottom and control logic between the two can be seen in die shots and in the the \u2018<a href=\\\"http://www.visual6502.org/JSSim/expert-6800.html\\\">Visual 6800</a>\u2019 simulation, that shows how signals in the 6800 change as the 6800 runs (click on the picture below to see the 6800 in operation - highly recommended!)</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"http://www.visual6502.org/JSSim/expert-6800.html\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg\\\" width=\\\"1456\\\" height=\\\"1456\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1456,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:411268,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;http://www.visual6502.org/JSSim/expert-6800.html&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff44d3d41-c3aa-4003-a37f-d30b271a2b22_1494x1494.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">Screenshot of Visual 6800 Simulation</figcaption></figure></div><p>On fabrication, the team made matters harder for themselves by aiming for a design that needed just a +5 volt input, unlike the +5,-5 and +12 volt inputs needed by competitors.</p><h4>Launch and competition with Intel</h4><p>Layout of the 6800\u2019s design started at the end of 1972, but it took until February 1974 for the first parts, working apart from a few instructions with bugs, to be available.</p><p>The 6800 was announced in March 1974, just a month after Intel announced the competing Intel 8080. However, Intel had the 8080 in full production by April 1974, whilst the 6800 continued to be plagued by number of production issues that Motorola took several months to solve. The 6800 would only enter full production in November 1974, giving Intel a vital lead of a few months.</p><p>The 8080\u2019s designer Federico Faggin later said:</p><blockquote><p>Eventually, in the middle of 1974, the 6800 came out. That showed that our lead that was a year and a half was cut down by nine months. It was a major blow to me. But still, we maintained the lead.</p><p>... Motorola used a 5 volt process technology that was not ready for prime time, so their chip was very large and very slow. So it was not a match for the 8080, and that was actually what allowed the 8080 to gain market acceptance, despite the fact that, in my opinion, the 6800 had a better architecture. It was a more regular architecture. It did not suffer from this patch over the 8008 that the 8080 represented, and it had a better addressing mode. It was a nicer machine.</p></blockquote><p>At introduction the 6800 was 29mm^2 and could only run at 1 MHz when compared to the 8080\u2019s 20 mm^2 die size and \u2018up to 2 MHz\u2019 clock frequency.</p><p>Still, even if the 5 volt process wasn't quite ready, the simplicity of the design gave Motorola a key advantage. </p><p>And the new Motorola family of chips was very capable. When the 6800 launched, the marketing material placed a lot of emphasis on the capabilities of the 6800 family of chips (known as the M6800 family) and on the communications capabilities of the family.</p><blockquote><p>The M6800 family is the first LSI family designed as a coherent modular building block approach to the implementation of microcomputer systems. From the deceptively powerful MC6800 Microprocessor to the byte-organized family memories, to the capability expanding peripheral and communications interface adapters, the M6800 family plays together as the total product solution for microcomputer designs.</p></blockquote><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-imag\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg\\\" width=\\\"1200\\\" height=\\\"831.5934065934066\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1009,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:610120,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-large\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F45f7622c-bad6-4abf-bac0-971764d24495_1558x1080.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">Motorola Advert for the M6800 family from the April 1975 Edition of Electronics magazine</figcaption></figure></div><p>One notable feature of the M6800 family at launch was the quality of the documentation for the chips. Motorola\u2019s 700 page manual for the system even showed how to use the 6800 family to create a complete \u2018Point-of-Sale\u2019 terminal.</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-imag\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg\\\" width=\\\"1200\\\" height=\\\"1394.4444444444443\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;large&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:1506,&quot;width&quot;:1296,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:1200,&quot;bytes&quot;:125644,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-large\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F182f43e7-b30f-4661-b2c1-bedaf6cb5a83_1296x1506.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">Layout of a complete \u2018transaction terminal\u2019 system using M6800 family chips</figcaption></figure></div><p>So in the 6800 and the M6800 family, Motorola had a serious contender.</p><p>And it\u2019s clear from the investment that Motorola\u2019s management made in the project that they understood the importance of the 6800. An early 6800 development system was demonstrated to Motorola\u2019s then CEO Bob Galvin, the son of one of the founders of the company.</p><p>It\u2019s all the more surprising then that Motorola\u2019s management should be careless with the team that designed the 6800. So careless, in fact, that their actions would lead to the creation of a new and powerful competitor to their new design. A competitor that would change the course of computing history. We\u2019ll see how this happened in Part 2 of the story of the 6800.</p><p class=\\\"button-wrapper\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://thechipletter.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}\\\" data-component-name=\\\"ButtonCreateButton\\\"><a class=\\\"button primary\\\" href=\\\"https://thechipletter.substack.com/subscribe?\\\"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h4>The Architecture of the 6800</h4><p>Unlike the Intel 8080, the 6800 wasn\u2019t based on an existing microprocessor design. The Motorola design team largely had a \u2018blank slate\u2019, within the limitations of the technology of the time, so it\u2019s interesting to look at their choices.</p><p>The 6800 design can be contrasted with the 8080. The Intel processor had lots of general purpose registers (A,B,C,D,E,H,L) some of which could be grouped to form 16-bit registers (BC, DE, HL). By contrast the 6800 had just two 8-bit accumulators (A and B) and a 16 bit index register (IX). Unlike the 8080, the 6800 had no 16-bit addition or subtraction.</p><p>The PDP-8 is often quoted as the model for the 6800, but it\u2019s only a very loose model. The PDP-8 was a 12-bit machine, with a single 12-bit general purpose \u2018accumulator\u2019.</p><p>Wikipedia has some example 6800 assembly language code which shows off the general style and some of the weaknesses of the 6800. The sample code copies a block of memory from one location to another. The repeated 16-bit loads and stores from memory of the source and destination of the copy (using the index register ix - eg \u2018ldx src\u2019 \u2018stx src\u2019) is inefficient when compared to an architecture that could keep two memory addresses in registers at the same time. The 6800\u2019s approach contrasts with the relative economy and efficiency of the same task on an Intel 8080, which makes use of the 8080\u2019s multiple 16-bit registers.</p><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-imag\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg\\\" width=\\\"728\\\" height=\\\"452\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:904,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:112542,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe36fabfe-7a4f-4c61-8c47-921f664b15e7_1930x1198.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">Memory copy in 6800 assembly </figcaption></figure></div><div class=\\\"captioned-image-container\\\"><figure><a class=\\\"image-link image2 is-viewable-imag\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\" href=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg\\\" data-component-name=\\\"Image2ToDOM\\\"><div class=\\\"image2-inset\\\"><picture><source type=\\\"image/webp\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\"><img src=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg\\\" width=\\\"1456\\\" height=\\\"826\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:826,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:86816,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false}\\\" class=\\\"sizing-normal\\\" alt=\\\"\\\" srcset=\\\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87b3dfd7-40ff-4291-9278-27a1f78e7aa8_1748x992.jpeg 1456w\\\" sizes=\\\"100vw\\\" loading=\\\"lazy\\\"></picture><div class=\\\"image-link-expand\\\"><svg xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" width=\\\"20\\\" height=\\\"20\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 24 24\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" stroke=\\\"currentColor\\\" stroke-width=\\\"2\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"round\\\" stroke-linejoin=\\\"round\\\" class=\\\"lucide lucide-maximize2\\\"><polyline points=\\\"15 3 21 3 21 9\\\"></polyline><polyline points=\\\"9 21 3 21 3 15\\\"></polyline><line x1=\\\"21\\\" x2=\\\"14\\\" y1=\\\"3\\\" y2=\\\"10\\\"></line><line x1=\\\"3\\\" x2=\\\"10\\\" y1=\\\"21\\\" y2=\\\"14\\\"></line></svg></div></div></a><figcaption class=\\\"image-caption\\\">\u2026 and in 8080 assembly</figcaption></figure></div><p>Despite the lower clock frequency and smaller set of registers, there were ways in which the 6800 would outperform the 8080.&nbsp;</p><p>A simple instruction to load an 8-bit constant into the accumulator (\u2018MVI A, #FF\u2019 in 8080 assembly language) would take 7 clock cycles in the 8080, whereas the corresponding instruction (\u201CLDA A #FF\u201D in 6800 assembly language) took just two clock cycles, meaning that even at half the \u2018clock speed\u2019 the 6800 would execute this instruction almost twice as quickly.</p><p>The 6800 also had some useful addressing modes. The indexed mode would add an 8-bit constant to the 16-bit index register to form a new 16-bit address, which could be used as a source for a load or an arithmetic, logic or compare instruction. Thus a single two byte instruction could perform an \u2018add\u2019 to create a new memory address and perform an arithmetic operation and all in just five clock cycles.</p><p>On paper the 6800 may have looked like it was, as Intel\u2019s Faggin said, \u2018very slow\u2019, but Motorola would argue that it was \u2018deceptively powerful\u2019. The rivalry between 8080 derived and 6800 style designs would be a feature of the microcomputer market over the next decade.</p><p class=\\\"button-wrapper\\\" data-attrs=\\\"{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://thechipletter.substack.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}\\\" data-component-name=\\\"ButtonCreateButton\\\"><a class=\\\"button primary\\\" href=\\\"https://thechipletter.substack.com/subscribe?\\\"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p>\",\"truncated_body_text\":\"Why write about the Motorola 6800 (pronounced \u2018sixty-eight hundred\u2019)? For the generation that grew up with home computers in the late 1970s, the 6800 was the 6502\u2019s slightly boring uncle. It was used in \u2018grown-up\u2019 devices, like cash m\u2026\",\"wordcount\":2441,\"postTags\":[],\"postCountryBlocks\":[],\"coverImagePalette\":{\"Vibrant\":{\"rgb\":[162,56,94],\"population\":48},\"DarkVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[95,32,100],\"population\":455},\"LightVibrant\":{\"rgb\":[199,104,104],\"population\":262},\"Muted\":{\"rgb\":[149,147,104],\"population\":548},\"DarkMuted\":{\"rgb\":[52,52,84],\"population\":17},\"LightMuted\":{\"rgb\":[134,182,99],\"population\":84}},\"publishedBylines\":[{\"id\":102722254,\"name\":\"Babbage\",\"handle\":\"thechipletter\",\"previous_name\":\"The Chip Letter\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82525b9c-ee3c-4996-916c-54267a4d354b_416x416.png\",\"bio\":\"Using the history of computing to understand the future\",\"profile_set_up_at\":\"2022-08-28T13:07:25.701Z\",\"publicationUsers\":[{\"id\":1012118,\"user_id\":102722254,\"publication_id\":1063960,\"role\":\"admin\",\"public\":true,\"is_primary\":false,\"publication\":{\"id\":1063960,\"name\":\"The Chip Letter\",\"subdomain\":\"thechipletter\",\"custom_domain\":null,\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"hero_text\":\"Byte sized stories about the history of computing.\",\"logo_url\":\"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fe3b8c39-e578-48d7-9459-79948f1259eb_720x720.png\",\"author_id\":102722254,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF6B00\",\"created_at\":\"2022-08-28T13:07:52.880Z\",\"rss_website_url\":null,\"email_from_name\":\"The Chip Letter\",\"copyright\":\"The Chip Letter\",\"founding_plan_name\":\"Founding Member\",\"community_enabled\":true,\"invite_only\":false,\"payments_state\":\"enabled\",\"language\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"is_personal_mode\":false}},{\"id\":1841726,\"user_id\":102722254,\"publication_id\":1855156,\"role\":\"admin\",\"public\":true,\"is_primary\":false,\"publication\":{\"id\":1855156,\"name\":\"Babbage\u2019s Substack\",\"subdomain\":\"babbage\",\"custom_domain\":null,\"custom_domain_optional\":false,\"hero_text\":\"Coming soon!\",\"logo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82525b9c-ee3c-4996-916c-54267a4d354b_416x416.png\",\"author_id\":102722254,\"theme_var_background_pop\":\"#FF81CD\",\"created_at\":\"2023-08-05T08:29:46.732Z\",\"rss_website_url\":null,\"email_from_name\":null,\"copyright\":\"Babbage\",\"founding_plan_name\":null,\"community_enabled\":true,\"invite_only\":false,\"payments_state\":\"disabled\",\"language\":null,\"explicit\":false,\"is_personal_mode\":false}}],\"is_guest\":false,\"bestseller_tier\":100}],\"reaction\":null,\"reaction_count\":31,\"comment_count\":7,\"child_comment_count\":5,\"audio_items\":[{\"post_id\":139425169,\"voice_id\":\"en-US-JennyNeural\",\"audio_url\":\"https://substack-video.s3.amazonaws.com/video_upload/post/139425169/tts/ae1ccf91-e80b-46e8-91b2-50ca2626774f/en-US-JennyNeural.mp3\",\"type\":\"tts\",\"status\":\"completed\"}],\"is_geoblocked\":false,\"hasCashtag\":false},\"freeTrialCoupon\":null,\"initialComments\":[{\"id\":53956631,\"body\":\"If any DEC mini had influence on the MC6800 architecture, it was the PDP-11, not so much the PDP-8. The ONLY similarity to the PDP-8 is that both are accumulator-based architectures, while the PDP-11 has 8 general-purpose reisters. (Well, really 7, but who's counting.) Even there, the MC6800 is a bit closer to the PDP-11 by virtue of having TWO accumulators.\\n\\nBut the big similarity with the PDP-11 is the instruction set. The PDP-8 has only 8 instructions, none of which are very similar to the MC6800. The PDP-11 has a lot of instructions, and almost all of them have equivalents in the MC6800, even with related mnemonics.\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"post_id\":139425169,\"user_id\":11346276,\"ancestor_path\":\"\",\"type\":\"comment\",\"deleted\":false,\"date\":\"2024-04-15T07:34:01.165Z\",\"edited_at\":null,\"status\":\"published\",\"pinned_by_user_id\":null,\"restacks\":0,\"name\":\"Eric Smith\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6e605c8a-3d8c-47e4-94ed-3fa27910db5b_144x144.png\",\"handle\":\"spacewar\",\"reactor_names\":[\"Babbage\"],\"reaction\":null,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":2},\"reaction_count\":2,\"children\":[{\"id\":62866929,\"body\":\"Hi Eric. Thanks for pointing this out and apologies for my slow response. I'm very tempted to do a post on the various PDPs and their influence on the designs that follow. \",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"post_id\":139425169,\"user_id\":102722254,\"ancestor_path\":\"53956631\",\"type\":\"comment\",\"deleted\":false,\"date\":\"2024-07-22T06:48:17.945Z\",\"edited_at\":null,\"status\":\"published\",\"pinned_by_user_id\":null,\"restacks\":0,\"name\":\"Babbage\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82525b9c-ee3c-4996-916c-54267a4d354b_416x416.png\",\"handle\":\"thechipletter\",\"reactor_names\":[],\"reaction\":null,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":0},\"reaction_count\":0,\"children\":[],\"bans\":[],\"suppressed\":false,\"user_banned\":false,\"user_banned_for_comment\":false,\"user_slug\":\"thechipletter\",\"metadata\":{\"is_author\":true,\"membership_state\":\"subscribed\",\"eligibleForGift\":false,\"author_on_other_pub\":{\"name\":\"The Chip Letter\",\"id\":1063960,\"base_url\":\"https://thechipletter.substack.com\"}},\"user_bestseller_tier\":100,\"can_dm\":false,\"score\":5,\"children_count\":0,\"reported_by_user\":false,\"restacked\":false}],\"bans\":[],\"suppressed\":false,\"user_banned\":false,\"user_banned_for_comment\":false,\"user_slug\":\"spacewar\",\"metadata\":{\"is_author\":false,\"membership_state\":\"subscribed\",\"eligibleForGift\":false},\"user_bestseller_tier\":null,\"can_dm\":false,\"score\":7,\"children_count\":1,\"reported_by_user\":false,\"restacked\":false},{\"id\":51314257,\"body\":\"A really Great Article on the Motorola 6800 Family.. Myself, as a Tandy Color Computer user since 2012 and a Tano Dragon Users since 2016, adding the Hitachi CMOS HD6309 is going another level in the MC6809 Family. Many people replace the MC6809 with the HD6309 because of the tremendous advancements available.. Advancements that Hitachi didn't tell Motorola about.. If you can, please add a Fourth Part to your series... https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi_6309\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"post_id\":139425169,\"user_id\":197668346,\"ancestor_path\":\"\",\"type\":\"comment\",\"deleted\":false,\"date\":\"2024-03-09T23:44:16.447Z\",\"edited_at\":null,\"status\":\"published\",\"pinned_by_user_id\":null,\"restacks\":0,\"name\":\"Mark D. Overholser\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ffbd3cc0-dc96-4436-8274-bbdd349fa46d_144x144.png\",\"handle\":\"marko555\",\"reactor_names\":[\"Babbage\"],\"reaction\":null,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":1},\"reaction_count\":1,\"children\":[{\"id\":51331587,\"body\":\"Hi Mark, That's really interesting, thank you. The 6309 wasn't on my radar but it is now! It's given me an idea for a post with the 6309 as one of the topics. Watch this space. Thanks again.\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"post_id\":139425169,\"user_id\":102722254,\"ancestor_path\":\"51314257\",\"type\":\"comment\",\"deleted\":false,\"date\":\"2024-03-10T08:34:53.585Z\",\"edited_at\":null,\"status\":\"published\",\"pinned_by_user_id\":null,\"restacks\":0,\"name\":\"Babbage\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82525b9c-ee3c-4996-916c-54267a4d354b_416x416.png\",\"handle\":\"thechipletter\",\"reactor_names\":[],\"reaction\":null,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":0},\"reaction_count\":0,\"children\":[],\"bans\":[],\"suppressed\":false,\"user_banned\":false,\"user_banned_for_comment\":false,\"user_slug\":\"thechipletter\",\"metadata\":{\"is_author\":true,\"membership_state\":\"subscribed\",\"eligibleForGift\":false,\"author_on_other_pub\":{\"name\":\"The Chip Letter\",\"id\":1063960,\"base_url\":\"https://thechipletter.substack.com\"}},\"user_bestseller_tier\":100,\"can_dm\":false,\"score\":5,\"children_count\":0,\"reported_by_user\":false,\"restacked\":false}],\"bans\":[],\"suppressed\":false,\"user_banned\":false,\"user_banned_for_comment\":false,\"user_slug\":\"marko555\",\"metadata\":{\"is_author\":false,\"membership_state\":\"free_signup\",\"eligibleForGift\":true},\"user_bestseller_tier\":null,\"can_dm\":false,\"score\":6,\"children_count\":1,\"reported_by_user\":false,\"restacked\":false},{\"id\":45219123,\"body\":\"Turbo9 is a really interesting project from the University of Florida with a Verilog implementation of an updated, pipelined 6809 instruction set. They've used it for SOC devices that don't need more than a 16-bit path but benefit from less area and power than 32/64-bit instruction sets.\\n\\nhttps://github.com/turbo9team/turbo9\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"post_id\":139425169,\"user_id\":1248694,\"ancestor_path\":\"\",\"type\":\"comment\",\"deleted\":false,\"date\":\"2023-12-11T23:51:59.866Z\",\"edited_at\":null,\"status\":\"published\",\"pinned_by_user_id\":null,\"restacks\":0,\"name\":\"Patrick Logan\",\"photo_url\":\"https://bucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d664fc65-efed-407d-80bd-b6f2b5225cd4_707x724.png\",\"handle\":\"patricklogan158167\",\"reactor_names\":[],\"reaction\":null,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":3},\"reaction_count\":3,\"children\":[],\"bans\":[],\"suppressed\":false,\"user_banned\":false,\"user_banned_for_comment\":false,\"user_slug\":\"patricklogan158167\",\"metadata\":{\"is_author\":false,\"membership_state\":\"subscribed\",\"eligibleForGift\":false},\"user_bestseller_tier\":null,\"can_dm\":false,\"score\":4,\"children_count\":0,\"reported_by_user\":false,\"restacked\":false},{\"id\":45280199,\"body\":\"Intel won not because the 8080 was technically better but because a whole family of 8080 chips were developed including the 8085 and the z80 compatible chip. The final nail on the coffin was the 8088 which was a 16-bit chip but allowed cheaper 8-bit memory to be used because you need one ram chip for each bit plane of the memory so ram cards could be built with only eight chips! \",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"post_id\":139425169,\"user_id\":24577345,\"ancestor_path\":\"\",\"type\":\"comment\",\"deleted\":false,\"date\":\"2023-12-12T22:44:48.430Z\",\"edited_at\":\"2023-12-12T22:45:32.517Z\",\"status\":\"published\",\"pinned_by_user_id\":null,\"restacks\":0,\"name\":\"Don Gillies\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d3de63d3-dbe2-4106-b6d0-90ee38af818e_509x383.jpeg\",\"handle\":\"systembuilder\",\"reactor_names\":[],\"reaction\":null,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":2},\"reaction_count\":2,\"children\":[],\"bans\":[],\"suppressed\":false,\"user_banned\":false,\"user_banned_for_comment\":false,\"user_slug\":\"systembuilder\",\"metadata\":{\"is_author\":false,\"membership_state\":null,\"eligibleForGift\":true},\"user_bestseller_tier\":null,\"can_dm\":false,\"score\":3,\"children_count\":0,\"reported_by_user\":false,\"restacked\":false},{\"id\":45280008,\"body\":\"It was a mistake not to have 2 index registers, or even 3. The stack and data pointer are a part of almost all algorithmic languages (algol, pascal, C at the time) and so it would be clumsy to have to always be loading and storing the stack register to get variables off the stack! And a third register could point to the heap! I have a Hayes Microprocessor Guide ($30 in ~1977) that overviews 6800, 8080, 6502, 1802, and other microprocessors - all in 1 volume! \",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"post_id\":139425169,\"user_id\":24577345,\"ancestor_path\":\"\",\"type\":\"comment\",\"deleted\":false,\"date\":\"2023-12-12T22:41:11.770Z\",\"edited_at\":\"2023-12-12T22:42:16.013Z\",\"status\":\"published\",\"pinned_by_user_id\":null,\"restacks\":0,\"name\":\"Don Gillies\",\"photo_url\":\"https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d3de63d3-dbe2-4106-b6d0-90ee38af818e_509x383.jpeg\",\"handle\":\"systembuilder\",\"reactor_names\":[],\"reaction\":null,\"reactions\":{\"\u2764\":1},\"reaction_count\":1,\"children\":[],\"bans\":[],\"suppressed\":false,\"user_banned\":false,\"user_banned_for_comment\":false,\"user_slug\":\"systembuilder\",\"metadata\":{\"is_author\":false,\"membership_state\":null,\"eligibleForGift\":true},\"user_bestseller_tier\":null,\"can_dm\":false,\"score\":2,\"children_count\":0,\"reported_by_user\":false,\"restacked\":false}],\"bannedFromNotes\":false,\"isChatActive\":false,\"isMeetingsActive\":false,\"hasViralGiftsCount\":0,\"features\":{},\"showCookieBanner\":false,\"disabledCookies\":[],\"dd_env\":\"prod\",\"dd_ti\":true}")</script> <script>window._analyticsConfig = JSON.parse("{\"properties\":{\"subdomain\":\"thechipletter\",\"publication_id\":1063960,\"has_plans\":true,\"pub_community_enabled\":true,\"is_personal_publication\":false,\"is_subscribed\":false,\"is_free_subscribed\":false,\"is_author\":false,\"is_contributor\":false,\"is_admin\":false,\"is_founding\":false},\"adwordsAccountId\":\"AW-316245675\",\"adwordsEventSendTo\":\"Tf76CKqcyL4DEKuN5pYB\"}")</script> <script type="module" src="https://substackcdn.com/bundle/assets/main-c72dd9a2.js" charset="utf-8" defer></script> <script nomodule> (function() { var message = 'Your browser does not support modern JavaScript modules. 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