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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legendary_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Legendary accounts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legendary_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Historical transmission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_colonial_import" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_colonial_import"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 As a colonial import </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_colonial_import-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Mass production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Biology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cultivation and production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation_and_production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultivation and production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Species_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Species variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Species_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_treatments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_treatments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pests and treatments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_treatments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Fungi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Ecological effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preprocessing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preprocessing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Preprocessing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preprocessing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Processing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Processing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Processing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Roasting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grading_roasted_beans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grading_roasted_beans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Grading roasted beans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grading_roasted_beans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roast_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roast_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Roast characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roast_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decaffeination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decaffeination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Decaffeination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decaffeination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brewing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brewing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Brewing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brewing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Serving </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Serving-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Serving subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Serving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instant_coffee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instant_coffee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Instant coffee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instant_coffee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 World production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commodity_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commodity_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Commodity market </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commodity_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Economic impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fair_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Fair trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fair_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialty_coffee_and_new_trading_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialty_coffee_and_new_trading_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Specialty coffee and new trading relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialty_coffee_and_new_trading_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caffeine_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caffeine_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Caffeine content </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caffeine_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coffeehouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coffeehouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Coffeehouses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coffeehouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Break" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Break"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Break </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Break-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition_and_condemnation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition_and_condemnation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Prohibition and condemnation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition_and_condemnation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Folklore and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Coffee</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 205 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-205" aria-hidden="true" > 205 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%8D%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Къэхьэуэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къэхьэуэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffie" title="Koffie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koffie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffee" title="Kaffee – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kaffee" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A1%E1%8A%93" title="ቡና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቡና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4hvi" title="Kähvi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kähvi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="कॉफी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कॉफी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffig" title="Caffig – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Caffig" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A9" title="قهوة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قهوة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Café" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B3" title="Սուրճ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սուրճ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafe" title="Cafe – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cafe" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF" title="কফি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কফি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Café" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapi" title="Kapi – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Kapi" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="कफी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कफी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taperyva_rykue" title="Taperyva rykue – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Taperyva rykue" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99hv%C9%99" title="Qəhvə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qəhvə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87" title="قهوه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قهوه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kopi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF" title="কফি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কফি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupi" title="Kupi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kupi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-pi" title="Ka-pi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ka-pi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D3%99%D2%BB%D2%AF%D3%99_(%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA)" title="Ҡәһүә (эсемлек) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡәһүә (эсемлек)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кава – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kape" title="Kape – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kape" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi" title="Kofi – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kofi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Кафе – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кафе" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaf%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Kafää – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kafää" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁོ་ཧྥེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁོ་ཧྥེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahva" title="Kahva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kahva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafe" title="Kafe – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kafe" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Кофе – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Кофе" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A8" title="Cafè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cafè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Кофе – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кофе" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1va" title="Káva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Káva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi" title="Kofi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kofi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffi" title="Coffi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coffi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tii" title="Tii – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tii" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffe" title="Kaffe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kaffe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1ffe" title="Gáffe – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Gáffe" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffee" title="Kaffee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaffee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahw%C3%A9%C3%A9h" title="Ahwééh – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ahwééh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="कफी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कफी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohv" title="Kohv – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kohv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AD%CF%82" title="Καφές – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καφές" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Café" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafo" title="Kafo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kafo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Café" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafe" title="Kafe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kafe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87" title="قهوه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قهوه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Coffee" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffi" title="Kaffi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kaffi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Café" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A8" title="Cafè – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cafè" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caife" title="Caife – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caife" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofaidh" title="Cofaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cofaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Café" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="咖啡 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="咖啡" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%88%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌺𐌰𐍈𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌰𐍈𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2-p%C3%AE" title="Kâ-pî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kâ-pî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%A4%ED%94%BC" title="커피 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="커피" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofe" title="Kofe – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kofe" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B3" title="Սուրճ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրճ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="कॉफ़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कॉफ़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava" title="Kava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafeo" title="Kafeo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kafeo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%8Df%E1%BB%8B" title="Kọfị – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kọfị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kape" title="Kape – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kape" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kopi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffe" title="Caffe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Caffe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuukpiaq" title="Kuukpiaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kuukpiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Къофи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Къофи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhofi" title="Ikhofi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ikhofi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffi" title="Kaffi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kaffi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caff%C3%A8" title="Caffè – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caffè" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%94" title="קפה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kopi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94f%C9%A9" title="Kɔfɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɔfɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕಾಫಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಫಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Кофе – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кофе" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ყავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="کافی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کافی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawa" title="Kawa – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kawa" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Кофе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кофе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikawa" title="Ikawa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikawa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahawa" title="Kahawa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kahawa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafe" title="Kafe – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kafe" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaf%C3%A9" title="Kafé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kafé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qehwe" title="Qehwe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qehwe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Кофе – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кофе" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kav%C3%A9" title="Kavé – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kavé" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9F" title="ກາເຟ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກາເຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeum" title="Coffeum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Coffeum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafija" title="Kafija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kafija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffi" title="Kaffi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kaffi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Къагьве – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Къагьве" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava" title="Kava – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi" title="Kofi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Kofi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caff%C3%A8" title="Caffè – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Caffè" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3ffe" title="Kóffe – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kóffe" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1wa" title="Káwa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Káwa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafe" title="Cafe – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cafe" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koufei" title="Koufei – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Koufei" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ckafi" title="ckafi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ckafi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A8" title="Cafè – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cafè" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1v%C3%A9" title="Kávé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kávé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kopi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="कफी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कफी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Кафе – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кафе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafe_(zava-pisotro)" title="Kafe (zava-pisotro) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kafe (zava-pisotro)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82)" title="കാപ്പി (പാനീയം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാപ്പി (പാനീയം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="कॉफी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॉफी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ყავა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყავა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87" title="قهوه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قهوه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kopi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kopi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%83-p%C4%AD" title="Gă-pĭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gă-pĭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Кофе – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кофе" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%AE" title="ကော်ဖီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကော်ဖီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffie_(drank)" title="Koffie (drank) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koffie (drank)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffie" title="Koffie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Koffie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="कफी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कफी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%92%E3%83%BC" title="コーヒー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーヒー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%BE" title="Къахьо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къахьо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofe" title="Kofe – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kofe" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffe" title="Kaffe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaffe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffi" title="Kaffi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kaffi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Café" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A8" title="Cafè – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cafè" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buna" title="Buna – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Buna" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahva" title="Qahva – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qahva" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੌਫ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੌਫ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_(%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8)" title="کافی (مشروب) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کافی (مشروب)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffie" title="Koffie – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Koffie" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87" title="قهوه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قهوه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaafi" title="Kaafi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kaafi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%81" title="កាហ្វេ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កាហ្វេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kopi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffie" title="Koffie – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Koffie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawa" title="Kawa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kawa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Café" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafea" title="Cafea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cafea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Café" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaphiy" title="Kaphiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kaphiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кава – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кава" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Кофе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кофе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Кофе – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кофе" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/kuhi" title="kuhi – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="kuhi" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="काफीपेयम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="काफीपेयम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱯᱷᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A8" title="Cafè – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cafè" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Coffee" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koafje" title="Koafje – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Koafje" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafeja" title="Kafeja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kafeja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" title="Café – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Café" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92_(%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA)" title="කෝපි (පානය) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කෝපි (පානය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coffee" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A_(%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%AA)" title="ڪافي (شربت) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪافي (شربت)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1va" title="Káva – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Káva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava" title="Kava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafyj" title="Kafyj – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kafyj" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bun" title="Bun – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bun" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95" title="قاوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قاوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Кафа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кафа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava" title="Kava – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kava" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kopi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahvi" title="Kahvi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kahvi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffe" title="Kaffe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaffe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kape" title="Kape – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kape" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="காப்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காப்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B2%D3%99" title="Каһвә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Каһвә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%80" title="కాఫీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాఫీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F" title="กาแฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาแฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Қаҳва – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қаҳва" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A7%E1%8F%AB" title="ᎧᏫ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎧᏫ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27%C3%B4ht%C3%A1v%C3%AAhohpe" title="Mo'ôhtávêhohpe – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Mo'ôhtávêhohpe" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahve" title="Kahve – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kahve" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofe" title="Kofe – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kofe" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="کافی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کافی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%8B%DB%95" title="قەھۋە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قەھۋە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahfeih" title="Gahfeih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gahfeih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A8" title="Cafè – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cafè" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofe" title="Kofe – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kofe" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0_ph%C3%AA" title="Cà phê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cà phê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohv" title="Kohv – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kohv" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A8_(abwesson)" title="Cafè (abwesson) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cafè (abwesson)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepein" title="Kepein – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Kepein" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="咖啡 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="咖啡" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaffie" title="Kaffie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kaffie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kape" title="Kape – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kape" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="咖啡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="咖啡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2" title="קאווע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאווע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="咖啡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="咖啡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffie" title="Koffie – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Koffie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kava" title="Kava – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kava" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="咖啡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="咖啡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BB%8D%CC%80fi" title="Kọ̀fi – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Kọ̀fi" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupi%27" title="Kupi' – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Kupi'" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahwa" title="Gahwa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Gahwa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupi" title="Kupi – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kupi" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupi" title="Kupi – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Kupi" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi" title="Kopi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Kopi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3f%C3%AC" title="Kófì – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Kófì" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8486#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brewed beverage made from coffee beans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the beverage. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Coffee_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Coffee (disambiguation)">Coffee (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hrecipe hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn ingredient">Coffee</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Latte_and_dark_coffee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Latte_and_dark_coffee.jpg/250px-Latte_and_dark_coffee.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Latte_and_dark_coffee.jpg/375px-Latte_and_dark_coffee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Latte_and_dark_coffee.jpg/500px-Latte_and_dark_coffee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">Espresso</a> <a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">latte</a> and <a href="#Serving">black filtered coffee</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Usually hot, can be iced</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin </th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">15th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">Black, dark brown, light brown, beige</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flavor</th><td class="infobox-data">Distinctive, somewhat bitter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ingredients</th><td class="infobox-data">Roasted <a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean" title="Coffee bean">coffee beans</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Coffee is a beverage <a href="/wiki/Coffee_brew" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee brew">brewed</a> from roasted, ground <a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean" title="Coffee bean">coffee beans</a>. Darkly colored, bitter, and slightly acidic, coffee has a <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulating effect</a> on humans, primarily due to its <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> content. It has the highest sales in the world market for hot drinks.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Decaffeinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Decaffeinated">Decaffeinated</a> coffee is also commercially available. Coffee production begins when the seeds of the <a href="/wiki/Coffea" title="Coffea">Coffea</a> plant's fruits (coffee cherries) are separated to produce unroasted <a href="/wiki/Green_coffee_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Green coffee bean">green coffee beans</a>. The beans are <a href="/wiki/Coffee_roasting" title="Coffee roasting">roasted</a> and then ground into fine particles. Coffee is brewed from the ground roasted beans, which are typically steeped in hot water before being filtered out. It is usually served hot, although chilled or <a href="/wiki/Iced_coffee" title="Iced coffee">iced coffee</a> is common. Coffee can be <a href="/wiki/Coffee_preparation" title="Coffee preparation">prepared</a> and presented in <a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks" title="List of coffee drinks">a variety of ways</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_press" title="French press">French press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_latte" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffè latte">caffè latte</a>, or already-brewed <a href="/wiki/Canned_coffee" title="Canned coffee">canned coffee</a>). Sugar, sugar substitutes, milk, and cream are often added to mask the bitter taste or enhance the flavor. There are also various <a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">coffee substitutes</a>. Though coffee is now a global commodity, it has <a href="/wiki/History_of_coffee" title="History of coffee">a long history</a> tied closely to food traditions around the Red Sea. The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking as the modern beverage appears in modern-day Yemen in southern Arabia in the middle of the 15th century in Sufi shrines, where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a manner similar to how it is now prepared for drinking.<a href="#cite_note-Wein34-3">[3]</a> The coffee beans were procured by the Yemenis from the Ethiopian Highlands via coastal Somali intermediaries, and cultivated in Yemen. By the 16th century, the drink had reached the rest of the Middle East and North Africa, later spreading to Europe. The two most commonly grown coffee bean types are <a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">C. arabica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robusta_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Robusta coffee">C. robusta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coffea" title="Coffea">Coffee plants</a> are cultivated in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">over 70 countries</a>, primarily in the equatorial regions of the Americas, Southeast Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Africa. Green, unroasted coffee is traded as an agricultural commodity. The <a href="/wiki/International_Coffee_Organization" title="International Coffee Organization">global coffee industry</a> is massive and worth $495.50 billion as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In the same year, Brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing 35% of the world's total, followed by Vietnam and Colombia. While coffee sales reach billions of dollars annually worldwide, coffee farmers disproportionately live in poverty. Critics of the <a href="/wiki/Coffee_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee industry">coffee industry</a> have also pointed to <a href="#Ecological_effects">its negative impact on the environment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Land_clearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Land clearing">clearing of land</a> for coffee-growing and water use. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee_beans_unroasted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coffee_beans_unroasted.jpg/220px-Coffee_beans_unroasted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coffee_beans_unroasted.jpg/330px-Coffee_beans_unroasted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Coffee_beans_unroasted.jpg/440px-Coffee_beans_unroasted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>Green coffee describes the beans before roasting.</figcaption></figure> The word coffee entered the English language in 1582 via the Dutch koffie, borrowed from the Ottoman Turkish kahve (قهوه), borrowed in turn from the Arabic qahwah (قَهْوَة).<a href="#cite_note-OED-6">[6]</a> Medieval Arabic lexicons traditionally held that the etymology of qahwah meant 'wine', given its distinctly dark color, and was derived from the verb qahiya (قَهِيَ), '<a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">to have no appetite</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-Kaye-7">[7]</a> The word qahwah most likely meant 'the dark one', referring to the brew or the bean; qahwah is not the name of the bean, which are known in Arabic as bunn and in <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic languages</a> as būn. Semitic languages have the root qhh, 'dark color', which became a natural designation for the beverage. Its cognates include the Hebrew qehe(h) 'dulling' and the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> qahey ('give acrid taste to').<a href="#cite_note-Kaye-7">[7]</a> Although etymologists have connected it with a word meaning 'wine', it is also thought to be from the <a href="/wiki/Kaffa_Province" title="Kaffa Province">Kaffa</a> region of Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The terms <a href="/wiki/Coffee_pot" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee pot">coffee pot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffee_break" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee break">coffee break</a> originated in 1705 and 1952, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_coffee" title="History of coffee">History of coffee</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legendary_accounts">Legendary accounts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kaldi" title="Kaldi">Kaldi</a></div> There are multiple anecdotal origin stories which lack evidence. In a commonly repeated legend, <a href="/wiki/Kaldi" title="Kaldi">Kaldi</a>, a 9th-century Ethiopian goatherd, first observed the coffee plant after seeing his flock energized by chewing on the plant.<a href="#cite_note-Wein34-3">[3]</a> This legend does not appear before 1671, first being related by Antoine Faustus Nairon, a <a href="/wiki/Maronite" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite">Maronite</a> professor of Oriental languages and author of one of the first printed treatises devoted to coffee, De Saluberrima potione Cahue seu Cafe nuncupata Discurscus (Rome, 1671), indicating the story is likely apocryphal.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wein34-3">[3]</a> Another legend attributes the discovery of coffee to a Sheikh Omar. Starving after being exiled from <a href="/wiki/Mokha" title="Mokha">Mokha</a> (a port city in what is now Yemen), Omar found berries. After attempting to chew and roast them, Omar boiled them, which yielded a liquid that revitalized and sustained him.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_transmission">Historical transmission</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Vertue_of_the_COFFEE_Drink.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Vertue_of_the_COFFEE_Drink.jpg/170px-The_Vertue_of_the_COFFEE_Drink.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Vertue_of_the_COFFEE_Drink.jpg/255px-The_Vertue_of_the_COFFEE_Drink.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Vertue_of_the_COFFEE_Drink.jpg/340px-The_Vertue_of_the_COFFEE_Drink.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>A 1652 handbill advertising coffee for sale in St. Michael's Alley, London</figcaption></figure> The earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century in the accounts of Ahmed al-Ghaffar in Yemen,<a href="#cite_note-Wein34-3">[3]</a> where coffee seeds were first roasted and brewed in a similar way to how it is prepared now. Coffee was used by <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> circles to stay awake for their religious rituals.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-of-islam-kawah-13">[13]</a> Accounts differ on the origin of the coffee plant before its appearance in Yemen. From Ethiopia, coffee could have been introduced to Yemen via trade across the Red Sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouza20083-14">[14]</a> One account credits Muhammad <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Sa'd</a> for bringing the beverage to <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> from the African coast,<a href="#cite_note-Hattox-1985-15">[15]</a> other early accounts say Ali ben Omar of the <a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhili</a> Sufi order was the first to introduce coffee to Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-Hattox-1985-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> 16th-century Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a> notes in his writings that a beverage called qahwa developed from a tree in the <a href="/wiki/Zeila_(historical_region)" title="Zeila (historical region)">Zeila</a> region located in the Horn of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-of-islam-kawah-13">[13]</a> Coffee was first exported from Ethiopia to Yemen by Somali merchants from <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> and Zeila in modern-day Somaliland, which was procured from <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> and the Abyssinian interior. According to Captain Haines, who was the colonial administrator of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> (1839–1854), Mokha historically imported up to two-thirds of its coffee from Berbera-based merchants before the coffee trade of Mokha was captured by British-controlled Aden in the 19th century. After that, much of the Ethiopian coffee was exported to Aden via Berbera.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> By the 16th century, coffee had reached the rest of the Middle East and North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The first coffee seeds were smuggled out of the Middle East by Sufi <a href="/wiki/Baba_Budan" title="Baba Budan">Baba Budan</a> from Yemen to India during the time. Before then, all exported coffee was boiled or otherwise sterilized. Portraits of Baba Budan depict him as having smuggled seven coffee seeds by strapping them to his chest. The first plants from these smuggled seeds were planted in <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coffee_in_Italy" title="Coffee in Italy">Coffee had spread to Italy</a> by 1600 and then to the rest of Europe, Indonesia, and the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1583, <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Rauwolf" title="Leonhard Rauwolf">Leonhard Rauwolf</a>, a German physician, gave this description of coffee after returning from a ten-year trip to the Near East: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A beverage as black as ink, useful against numerous illnesses, particularly those of the stomach. Its consumers take it in the morning, quite frankly, in a porcelain cup passed around and from which each one drinks a cupful. It is composed of water and the fruit from a bush called bunnu.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Léonard Rauwolf, Reise in die Morgenländer (in German)</cite></div></blockquote> Thriving trade brought many goods, including coffee, from the Ottoman Empire to Venice. From there it was introduced to the rest of Europe. Coffee became more widely accepted after it was deemed a Christian beverage by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Pope Clement VIII</a> in 1600, despite appeals to ban the "Muslim drink". The first European <a href="/wiki/Coffee_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee house">coffee house</a> opened in Venice in 1647.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_colonial_import">As a colonial import</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:224px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mason%27s_essence_of_coffee_and_chicory_advert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mason%27s_essence_of_coffee_and_chicory_advert.jpg/153px-Mason%27s_essence_of_coffee_and_chicory_advert.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mason%27s_essence_of_coffee_and_chicory_advert.jpg/230px-Mason%27s_essence_of_coffee_and_chicory_advert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Mason%27s_essence_of_coffee_and_chicory_advert.jpg/306px-Mason%27s_essence_of_coffee_and_chicory_advert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="621" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A late 19th-century advertisement for coffee essence</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:224px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Coffee_New_York_Tribune.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Washington_Coffee_New_York_Tribune.JPG/161px-Washington_Coffee_New_York_Tribune.JPG" decoding="async" width="161" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Washington_Coffee_New_York_Tribune.JPG/242px-Washington_Coffee_New_York_Tribune.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Washington_Coffee_New_York_Tribune.JPG/322px-Washington_Coffee_New_York_Tribune.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="1988" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A 1919 advertisement for G Washington's Coffee. The first instant coffee was invented by inventor <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(inventor)" title="George Washington (inventor)">George Washington</a> in 1909.</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> was the first to import coffee on a large scale.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Dutch later grew the crop in Java and Ceylon.<a href="#cite_note-plant-22">[22]</a> The first exports of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian coffee">Indonesian coffee</a> from Java to the Netherlands occurred in 1711.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Through the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Honourable_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable East India Company">British East India Company</a>, coffee also became popular in England. In a diary entry of May 1637, <a href="/wiki/John_Evelyn" title="John Evelyn">John Evelyn</a> recorded tasting the drink at <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> in England, where it had been brought by a student of <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Balliol College">Balliol College</a> from <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> named Nathaniel Conopios of Crete.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Oxford's <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Lane_Coffee_House" title="Queen's Lane Coffee House">Queen's Lane Coffee House</a>, established in 1654, is still in existence today. Coffee was introduced in France in 1657 and in Austria and Poland after the 1683 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a>, when coffee was captured from supplies of the defeated Turks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast20019-26">[26]</a> When coffee reached North America during the Colonial period, it was initially not as successful as in Europe, as alcoholic beverages remained more popular. During the Revolutionary War, the demand for coffee increased so much that dealers had to hoard their scarce supplies and raise prices dramatically; this was also due to the reduced availability of tea from British merchants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200139-27">[27]</a> and a general resolution among many Americans to avoid drinking tea following the 1773 <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> During the 18th century, coffee consumption declined in Britain, giving way to tea drinking. Tea was simpler to make, and had become cheaper with the British conquest of India and the tea industry there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200113-29">[29]</a> During the Age of Sail, seamen aboard ships of the British Royal Navy made substitute coffee by dissolving burnt bread in hot water.<a href="#cite_note-Fremont-Barnes2005-30">[30]</a> The Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_de_Clieu" title="Gabriel de Clieu">Gabriel de Clieu</a> took a coffee plant to the French territory of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> in the Caribbean in the 1720s,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> from which much of the world's cultivated arabica coffee is descended. Coffee thrived in the climate and was conveyed across the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200114-32">[32]</a> Coffee was cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> (now Haiti) from 1734, and by 1788 it supplied half the world's coffee.<a href="#cite_note-Pendergrast_2010-33">[33]</a> The conditions that the enslaved people worked in on coffee plantations were a factor in the soon to follow <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>. The coffee industry never fully recovered there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200116-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_production">Mass production</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MODOGlendora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MODOGlendora.jpg/220px-MODOGlendora.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MODOGlendora.jpg/330px-MODOGlendora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MODOGlendora.jpg/440px-MODOGlendora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption>A coffee can from the first half of the 20th century. From the <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Objeto_del_Objeto" title="Museo del Objeto del Objeto">Museo del Objeto del Objeto</a> collection.</figcaption></figure>Meanwhile, coffee had been <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Brazil#History" title="Coffee production in Brazil">introduced to Brazil</a> in 1727, although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200119-35">[35]</a> After this time, massive tracts of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">rainforest</a> were cleared for coffee plantations, first in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro and later São Paulo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200120–24-36">[36]</a> Brazil went from having essentially no coffee exports in 1800 to being a significant regional producer in 1830, to being the largest producer in the world by 1852. In 1910–1920, Brazil exported around 70% of the world's coffee, Colombia, Guatemala, and Venezuela exported 15%, and Old World production accounted for less than 5% of world exports.<a href="#cite_note-stats1920-37">[37]</a> Many countries in Central America took up cultivation in the latter half of the 19th century, and almost all were involved in the large-scale displacement and exploitation of the indigenous people. Harsh conditions led to many uprisings, coups, and bloody suppression of peasants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200133–34-38">[38]</a> The notable exception was Costa Rica, where lack of ready labor prevented the formation of large farms. Smaller farms and more egalitarian conditions ameliorated unrest over the 19th and 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200135–36-39">[39]</a> Rapid growth in coffee production in South America during the second half of the 19th century was matched by an increase in consumption in developed countries, though nowhere has this growth been as pronounced as in the United States, where a high rate of population growth was compounded by doubling of per capita consumption between 1860 and 1920. Though the United States was not the heaviest coffee-drinking nation at the time (Belgium, the Netherlands and Nordic countries all had comparable or higher levels of per capita consumption), due to its sheer size, it was already the largest consumer of coffee in the world by 1860, and, by 1920, around half of all coffee produced worldwide was consumed in the US.<a href="#cite_note-stats1920-37">[37]</a> Coffee has become a vital cash crop for many developing countries. Over one hundred million people in developing countries have become dependent on coffee as their primary source of income. It has become the primary export and economic backbone for African countries like Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, and Ethiopia,<a href="#cite_note-Ethiopiacoffetrade-40">[40]</a> as well as many Central American countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coffea" title="Coffea">Coffea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffee_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee varieties">coffee varieties</a></div> Several species of shrub of the genus <a href="/wiki/Coffea" title="Coffea">Coffea</a> produce the berries from which coffee is extracted. The two main species commercially cultivated are <a href="/wiki/Coffea_canephora" title="Coffea canephora">Coffea canephora</a> (predominantly a form known as 'robusta') and <a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">C. arabica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICO-41">[41]</a> C. arabica, the most highly regarded species, is native to the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia and the <a href="/wiki/Boma_Plateau" title="Boma Plateau">Boma Plateau</a> in southeastern Sudan and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Marsabit" title="Mount Marsabit">Mount Marsabit</a> in northern Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> C. canephora is native to western and central Subsaharan Africa, from Guinea to Uganda and southern Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Less popular species are <a href="/wiki/Coffea_liberica" title="Coffea liberica">C. liberica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffea_stenophylla" title="Coffea stenophylla">C. stenophylla</a>, C. mauritiana, and C. racemosa. All coffee plants are classified in the large family <a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a>. They are evergreen shrubs or trees that may grow 5 m (15 ft) tall when unpruned. The leaves are dark green and glossy, usually 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long and 6 cm (2.4 in) wide, simple, entire, and opposite. <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petioles</a> of opposite leaves fuse at the base to form interpetiolar <a href="/wiki/Stipules" class="mw-redirect" title="Stipules">stipules</a>, characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a>. The flowers are <a href="/wiki/Leaf#Morphology_(large-scale_features)" title="Leaf">axillary</a>, and clusters of fragrant white flowers bloom simultaneously. <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> consists of an inferior ovary, also characteristic of Rubiaceae. The flowers are followed by oval berries of about 1.5 cm (0.6 in).<a href="#cite_note-Purdue-44">[44]</a> When immature, they are green, and they ripen to yellow, then crimson, before turning black on drying. Each berry usually contains two seeds, but 5–10% of the berries<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> have only one; these are called <a href="/wiki/Peaberry" title="Peaberry">peaberries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Arabica berries ripen in six to eight months, while robusta takes nine to eleven months.<a href="#cite_note-PradeepkumarPradeep2008-47">[47]</a> Coffea arabica is predominantly self-pollinating, and as a result, the seedlings are generally uniform and vary little from their parents. In contrast, Coffea canephora, and C. liberica are self-incompatible and require <a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">outcrossing</a>. This means that useful forms and hybrids must be propagated <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetatively</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CW158-48">[48]</a> Cuttings, grafting, and budding are the usual methods of vegetative propagation.<a href="#cite_note-CW1612-49">[49]</a> On the other hand, there is great scope for experimentation in search of potential new strains.<a href="#cite_note-CW158-48">[48]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffea_arabica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-189_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration of Coffea arabica plant and seeds"><img alt="Illustration of a single branch of a plant. Broad, ribbed leaves are accented by small white flowers at the base of the stalk. On the edge of the drawing are cutaway diagrams of parts of the plant." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coffea_arabica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-189_%28cropped%29.jpg/165px-Coffea_arabica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-189_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coffea_arabica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-189_%28cropped%29.jpg/247px-Coffea_arabica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-189_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Coffea_arabica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-189_%28cropped%29.jpg/329px-Coffea_arabica_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-189_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="1889" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">Coffea arabica</a> plant and seeds</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coffea robusta flowers"><img alt="Coffea robusta flowers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coffee_flowers.jpg/200px-Coffee_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coffee_flowers.jpg/300px-Coffee_flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Coffee_flowers.jpg/400px-Coffee_flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coffea robusta flowers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee_Flowers_Show.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A flowering Coffea arabica tree"><img alt="A flowering Coffea arabica tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coffee_Flowers_Show.jpg/200px-Coffee_Flowers_Show.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coffee_Flowers_Show.jpg/300px-Coffee_Flowers_Show.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Coffee_Flowers_Show.jpg/400px-Coffee_Flowers_Show.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A flowering Coffea arabica tree </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee_berries.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coffea arabica berries on the bush"><img alt="Coffea arabica berries on the bush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coffee_berries.jpg/165px-Coffee_berries.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coffee_berries.jpg/247px-Coffee_berries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coffee_berries.jpg/330px-Coffee_berries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2006" data-file-height="2675" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coffea arabica berries on the bush</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation_and_production">Cultivation and production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production" title="Coffee production">Coffee production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Colombia" title="Coffee production in Colombia">Coffee production in Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Ethiopia" title="Coffee production in Ethiopia">Coffee production in Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_India" title="Coffee production in India">Coffee production in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Vietnam" title="Coffee production in Vietnam">Coffee production in Vietnam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_Coffea_robusta_arabic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Carte_Coffea_robusta_arabic.svg/280px-Carte_Coffea_robusta_arabic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Carte_Coffea_robusta_arabic.svg/420px-Carte_Coffea_robusta_arabic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Carte_Coffea_robusta_arabic.svg/560px-Carte_Coffea_robusta_arabic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Map showing areas of coffee cultivation: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">r <a href="/wiki/Coffea_canephora" title="Coffea canephora">Coffea canephora</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">m Coffea canephora and <a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">Coffea arabica</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">a Coffea arabica</div></figcaption></figure> The traditional method of planting coffee is to place 20 seeds in each hole at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy season</a>. This method loses about 50% of the seeds' potential, as about half fail to sprout. A more effective process of growing coffee, used in Brazil, is to raise seedlings in nurseries that are then planted outside after six to twelve months. Coffee is often <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">intercropped</a> with food crops, such as corn, beans, or rice during the first few years of cultivation as farmers become familiar with its requirements.<a href="#cite_note-Purdue-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coffea" title="Coffea">Coffee plants</a> grow within a defined area between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, termed the bean belt or coffee belt.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In 2020, the world production of green coffee beans was 175,647,000 60 kg bags, led by Brazil with 39% of the total, followed by Vietnam, Colombia, and Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-ico-2020report-51">[51]</a> Brazil is the largest coffee exporting nation, accounting for 15% of all world exports in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-workman-52">[52]</a> As of 2021, no <a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute#Synthetic_coffee" title="Coffee substitute">synthetic coffee</a> products are publicly available but multiple <a href="/wiki/Bioeconomy" title="Bioeconomy">bioeconomy</a> companies have reportedly produced first batches that are highly similar on the molecular level and are close to commercialization.<a href="#cite_note-synthcoffee-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-labgrown-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_variations">Species variations</h3></div> Of the two main species grown, <a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">arabica coffee</a> (from C. arabica) is generally more highly regarded than <a href="/wiki/Robusta_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Robusta coffee">robusta coffee</a> (from C. canephora). Robusta coffee tends to be bitter and has less flavor but a better body than arabica. For these reasons, about three-quarters of coffee cultivated worldwide is C. arabica.<a href="#cite_note-ICO-41">[41]</a> Robusta strains also contain about 40–50% more caffeine than arabica.<a href="#cite_note-EA763-56">[56]</a> Consequently, this species is used as an inexpensive substitute for arabica in many commercial coffee blends. Good quality robusta beans are used in traditional Italian <a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a> blends to provide a full-bodied taste and a better foam head (known as crema). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemileia_vastatrix_-_coffee_leaf_rust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hemileia_vastatrix_-_coffee_leaf_rust.jpg/220px-Hemileia_vastatrix_-_coffee_leaf_rust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hemileia_vastatrix_-_coffee_leaf_rust.jpg/330px-Hemileia_vastatrix_-_coffee_leaf_rust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hemileia_vastatrix_-_coffee_leaf_rust.jpg/440px-Hemileia_vastatrix_-_coffee_leaf_rust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coffee_leaf_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee leaf rust">Coffee leaf rust</a> has forced the cultivation of resistant robusta coffee in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-van_der_Vossen_1985-57">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> Additionally, robusta is less susceptible to disease than arabica and can be cultivated in lower altitudes and warmer climates where arabica does not thrive.<a href="#cite_note-DavironPonte2005-58">[58]</a> The robusta strain was first collected in 1890 from the <a href="/wiki/Lomani_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lomani River">Lomani River</a>, a tributary of the Congo River, and was conveyed from the Congo Free State (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to Brussels to Java around 1900. From Java, further breeding resulted in the establishment of robusta plantations in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-van_der_Vossen_1985-57">[57]</a> In particular, the spread of the devastating <a href="/wiki/Coffee_leaf_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee leaf rust">coffee leaf rust</a> (caused by the fungal pathogen Hemileia vastatrix), to which arabica is vulnerable, hastened the uptake of the resistant robusta. The pathogen and results in light, rust-colored spots on the undersides of coffee plant leaves.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> It grows exclusively on the leaves of coffee plants.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Coffee leaf rust is found in virtually all countries that produce coffee.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Beans from different countries or regions can usually be distinguished by differences in flavor, aroma, body, and acidity.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> These taste characteristics are dependent not only on the coffee's growing region but also on genetic subspecies (<a href="/wiki/Variety_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variety (biology)">varietals</a>) and processing.<a href="#cite_note-castle-63">[63]</a> Varietals are generally known by the region in which they are grown, such as <a href="/wiki/Colombian_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian coffee">Colombian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Java coffee">Java</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kona_coffee" title="Kona coffee">Kona</a>. Arabica coffee beans are cultivated mainly in Latin America, eastern Africa or Asia, while robusta beans are grown in central Africa, southeast Asia, and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-ICO-41">[41]</a> Coffee can also be blended with medicinal or functional mushrooms, of which some of the most frequently used include <a href="/wiki/Hericium_erinaceus" title="Hericium erinaceus">lion's mane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inonotus_obliquus" title="Inonotus obliquus">chaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordyceps" title="Cordyceps">Cordyceps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">reishi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Mushroom coffee has about half the caffeine of standard coffee.<a href="#cite_note-Mushroom_coffee,_Huffpost-65">[65]</a> However, drinking mushroom coffee can result in digestive issues and high amounts can result in liver toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-Mushroom_coffee,_Huffpost-65">[65]</a> There is little clinical evidence for the benefits of mushroom coffee.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_treatments">Pests and treatments</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fungi">Fungi</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee_Wilt_Disease.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coffee_Wilt_Disease.jpg/220px-Coffee_Wilt_Disease.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coffee_Wilt_Disease.jpg/330px-Coffee_Wilt_Disease.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coffee_Wilt_Disease.jpg/440px-Coffee_Wilt_Disease.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Robusta coffee tree infected by <a href="/wiki/Coffee_wilt_disease" title="Coffee wilt disease">coffee wilt disease</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Coffee_wilt_disease" title="Coffee wilt disease">Coffee wilt disease</a> or tracheomycosis is a common vascular <a href="/wiki/Wilt_disease" title="Wilt disease">wilt</a> found in Eastern and Central Africa that can kill <a href="/wiki/Coffea" title="Coffea">coffee trees</a> it infects. It is induced by the <a href="/wiki/Fungal_pathogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal pathogen">fungal pathogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Gibberella_xylarioides" title="Gibberella xylarioides">Gibberella xylarioides</a>. It can affect several Coffea species, and could potentially threaten production worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Hindorf_Omondi_2011-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mycena_citricolor" title="Mycena citricolor">Mycena citricolor</a>, American leaf spot, is a fungus that can affect the whole coffee plant. It grows on leaves, resulting in leaves with holes that often fall from the plant. It is a threat primarily in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-Krishnan_2017-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animals">Animals</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypothenemus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hypothenemus.jpg/220px-Hypothenemus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hypothenemus.jpg/330px-Hypothenemus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hypothenemus.jpg/440px-Hypothenemus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1041" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coffee_borer_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee borer beetle">coffee borer beetle</a> is a major insect pest of the world's coffee industry.<a href="#cite_note-Graham_2013-69">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> Over 900 species of insect have been recorded as pests of coffee crops worldwide. Of these, over a third are <a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">beetles</a>, and over a quarter are <a href="/wiki/Hemiptera" title="Hemiptera">bugs</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Coffee_root-knot_nematode" title="Coffee root-knot nematode">20 species of nematodes</a>, 9 species of mites, and several snails and slugs also attack the crop. Birds and rodents sometimes eat coffee berries, but their impact is minor compared to invertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In general, arabica is the more sensitive species to invertebrate predation overall. Each part of the coffee plant is assailed by different animals. <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematodes</a> attack the roots, <a href="/wiki/Coffee_borer_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee borer beetle">coffee borer beetles</a> burrow into stems and woody material,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and the foliage is attacked by over 100 species of larvae (caterpillars) of butterflies and moths.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Mass spraying of insecticides has often proven disastrous, as predators of the pests are more sensitive than the pests themselves.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Instead, integrated pest management has developed, using techniques such as targeted treatment of pest outbreaks, and managing crop environment away from conditions favoring pests. Branches infested with scale are often cut and left on the ground, which causes scale parasites to not only attack the scale on the fallen branches but in the plant as well.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The 2-mm-long <a href="/wiki/Coffee_borer_beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee borer beetle">coffee borer beetle</a> (Hypothenemus hampei) is the most damaging insect pest of the world's coffee industry, destroying up to 50 percent or more of the coffee berries on plantations in most coffee-producing countries. The adult female beetle nibbles a single tiny hole in a coffee berry and lays 35 to 50 eggs. Inside, the offspring grow, mate, and then emerge from the commercially ruined berry to disperse, repeating the cycle. <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a> are mostly ineffective because the beetle juveniles are protected inside the berry nurseries, but they are vulnerable to predation by birds when they emerge. When groves of trees are nearby, the <a href="/wiki/American_yellow_warbler" class="mw-redirect" title="American yellow warbler">American yellow warbler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rufous-capped_warbler" title="Rufous-capped warbler">rufous-capped warbler</a>, and other insectivorous birds have been shown to reduce by 50 percent the number of coffee berry borers in Costa Rica coffee plantations.<a href="#cite_note-Graham_2013-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_effects">Ecological effects</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_coffee" title="Sustainable coffee">Sustainable coffee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shade_grown_coffee_in_Guatemala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Shade_grown_coffee_in_Guatemala.jpg/280px-Shade_grown_coffee_in_Guatemala.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Shade_grown_coffee_in_Guatemala.jpg/420px-Shade_grown_coffee_in_Guatemala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Shade_grown_coffee_in_Guatemala.jpg/560px-Shade_grown_coffee_in_Guatemala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shade-grown_coffee" title="Shade-grown coffee">Shade-grown coffee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> </figcaption></figure> Originally, coffee was grown in the shade of trees that provided a habitat for many animals and insects.<a href="#cite_note-Janzen-75">[75]</a> Remnant forest trees were used for this purpose, but many species have been planted as well. These include leguminous trees of the genera <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albizia" title="Albizia">Albizia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassia_(genus)" title="Cassia (genus)">Cassia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythrina" title="Erythrina">Erythrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gliricidia" title="Gliricidia">Gliricidia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inga" title="Inga">Inga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leucaena" title="Leucaena">Leucaena</a>, as well as the nitrogen-fixing non-legume sheoaks of the genus <a href="/wiki/Casuarina" title="Casuarina">Casuarina</a>, and the silky oak <a href="/wiki/Grevillea_robusta" title="Grevillea robusta">Grevillea robusta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> This method is commonly called "<a href="/wiki/Shade-grown_coffee" title="Shade-grown coffee">shade-grown coffee</a>". Starting in the 1970s, many farmers switched their production method to sun cultivation, in which coffee is grown in rows under full sun with little or no forest canopy. This causes berries to ripen more rapidly and bushes to produce higher yields, but requires the clearing of trees and increased use of fertilizer and pesticides, which damage the environment and cause health problems.<a href="#cite_note-Salvesen-77">[77]</a> Unshaded coffee plants grown with fertilizer yield the most coffee, although unfertilized shaded crops generally yield more than unfertilized unshaded crops: the response to fertilizer is much greater in full sun.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> While traditional coffee production causes berries to ripen more slowly and produce lower yields, the quality of the coffee is allegedly superior.<a href="#cite_note-cec1999-79">[79]</a> In addition, the traditional shaded method provides living space for many wildlife species. Proponents of shade cultivation say environmental problems such as deforestation, pesticide pollution, habitat destruction, and soil and water degradation are the side effects of the practices employed in sun cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-Janzen-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">American Birding Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Migratory_Bird_Center" title="Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center">Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center</a>,<a href="#cite_note-migratory-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Arbor_Day_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="National Arbor Day Foundation">National Arbor Day Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-arbor-82">[82]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance" title="Rainforest Alliance">Rainforest Alliance</a> have led a campaign for 'shade-grown' and <a href="/wiki/Organic_coffee" title="Organic coffee">organic coffees</a>, which can be sustainably harvested.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Shaded coffee cultivation systems show greater biodiversity than full-sun systems, and those more distant from continuous forest compare rather poorly to undisturbed native forest in terms of habitat value for some bird species.<a href="#cite_note-sciam2000-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rickert2005-85">[85]</a> Coffee production uses a large volume of water. On average it takes about 140 litres (37 <a href="/wiki/US_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="US gallon">US gal</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Virtual_water" title="Virtual water">water</a> to grow the coffee beans needed to produce one cup of coffee. Growing the plants needed to produce 1 kg (2.2 lb) of roasted coffee in Africa, South America or Asia requires 26,400 litres (7,000 <a href="/wiki/US_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="US gallon">US gal</a>) of water.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> As with many other forms of agriculture, often much of this is rainwater, much of which would otherwise run off into rivers or coastlines, while much water actually absorbed by the plants is <a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">transpired</a> straight back into the local environment through the plants' leaves (especially for cooling effects); broad estimates aside, consequential <a href="/wiki/Margin_(economics)" title="Margin (economics)">margins</a> vary considerably based on details of local geography and <a href="/wiki/Horticultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Horticultural">horticultural</a> practice. Coffee is often grown in countries where there is a water shortage, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Used_coffee_grounds" title="Used coffee grounds">Used coffee grounds</a> may be used for composting or as a mulch. They are especially appreciated by worms and acid-loving plants such as blueberries.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> may significantly impact coffee yields during the 21st century, such as in Nicaragua and Ethiopia which could lose more than half of the farming land suitable for growing (Arabica) coffee.<a href="#cite_note-laderach-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moat-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-worland-91">[91]</a> As of 2016, at least 34% of global coffee production was compliant with <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">voluntary sustainability standards</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fairtrade_certification" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairtrade certification">Fairtrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTZ_Certified" title="UTZ Certified">UTZ</a>, and 4C (The Common Code for the Coffee Community).<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preprocessing">Preprocessing</h3></div> Coffee berries are traditionally selectively picked by hand, which is labor-intensive as it involves the selection of only the berries at the peak of ripeness. More commonly, crops are strip picked, where all berries are harvested simultaneously regardless of ripeness by person or machine. After picking, green coffee is processed by one of two types of method—a dry process method which is often simpler and less labor-intensive, and a wet process method, which incorporates batch fermentation, uses larger amounts of water in the process, and often yields a milder coffee.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Then they are sorted by ripeness and color, and most often the flesh of the berry is removed, usually by machine, and the seeds are fermented to remove the slimy layer of <a href="/wiki/Mucilage" title="Mucilage">mucilage</a> still present on the seed. When the fermentation is finished, the seeds are washed with large quantities of fresh water to remove the fermentation residue, which generates massive amounts of <a href="/wiki/Coffee_wastewater" title="Coffee wastewater">coffee wastewater</a>. Finally, the seeds are dried.<a href="#cite_note-kummer2003p38-94">[94]</a> The best (but least used) method of drying coffee is using drying tables. In this method, the pulped and fermented coffee is spread thinly on raised beds, which allows the air to pass on all sides of the coffee, and then the coffee is mixed by hand. The drying that then takes place is more uniform, and fermentation is less likely. Most African coffee is dried in this manner and certain coffee farms around the world are starting to use this traditional method.<a href="#cite_note-kummer2003p38-94">[94]</a> Next, the coffee is sorted, and labeled as green coffee. Some companies use cylinders to pump in heated air to dry the coffee seeds, though this is generally in places where the humidity is very high.<a href="#cite_note-kummer2003p38-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kopi_luwak_090910-0075_lamb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kopi_luwak_090910-0075_lamb.JPG/220px-Kopi_luwak_090910-0075_lamb.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kopi_luwak_090910-0075_lamb.JPG/330px-Kopi_luwak_090910-0075_lamb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kopi_luwak_090910-0075_lamb.JPG/440px-Kopi_luwak_090910-0075_lamb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kopi_luwak" title="Kopi luwak">Kopi luwak</a>, coffee berries that have been preprocessed by passing through the <a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet</a>'s digestive tract<a href="#cite_note-marcone-95">[95]</a> </figcaption></figure> An Asian coffee known as <a href="/wiki/Kopi_luwak" title="Kopi luwak">kopi luwak</a> undergoes a peculiar process made from coffee berries eaten by the <a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet</a>, passing through its digestive tract, with the beans eventually harvested from <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>. Coffee brewed from this process<a href="#cite_note-marcone-95">[95]</a> is among the most expensive in the world, with bean prices reaching $160 per pound or $30 per brewed cup.<a href="#cite_note-econ-96">[96]</a> Kopi luwak coffee is said to have a uniquely rich, slightly smoky aroma and flavor with hints of chocolate, resulting from the action of <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive enzymes">digestive enzymes</a> breaking down bean proteins to facilitate partial <a href="/wiki/Fermentation" title="Fermentation">fermentation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-marcone-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-econ-96">[96]</a> In Thailand, black ivory coffee beans are fed to elephants whose digestive enzymes reduce the bitter taste of beans collected from dung.<a href="#cite_note-hp-97">[97]</a> These beans sell for up to $1,100 a kilogram ($500 per lb), achieving the world's most expensive coffee,<a href="#cite_note-hp-97">[97]</a> three times costlier than palm civet coffee beans.<a href="#cite_note-econ-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processing">Processing</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roasting">Roasting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coffee_roasting" title="Coffee roasting">Coffee roasting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg/220px-Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg/330px-Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg/440px-Roasted_coffee_beans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Roasted coffee beans</figcaption></figure> The next step in the process is the roasting of green coffee. Coffee is usually sold in a roasted state, and with rare exceptions, such as infusions from green coffee beans,<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> coffee is roasted before it is consumed. It can be sold <a href="/wiki/Coffee_roasting" title="Coffee roasting">roasted</a> by the supplier, or it can be <a href="/wiki/Home_roasting_coffee" title="Home roasting coffee">home roasted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kummer2003p37-99">[99]</a> The roasting process influences the taste of the beverage by changing the coffee bean both physically and chemically. The bean decreases in weight as moisture is lost and increases in volume, causing it to become less dense. The density of the bean also influences the strength of the coffee and the requirements for packaging. The actual roasting begins when the temperature inside the bean reaches approximately 200 °C (392 °F), though different varieties of seeds differ in moisture and density and therefore roast at different rates.<a href="#cite_note-trent-100">[100]</a> During roasting, <a href="/wiki/Caramelization" title="Caramelization">caramelization</a> occurs as intense heat breaks down <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starches</a>, changing them to simple sugars that begin to brown, which darkens the color of the bean.<a href="#cite_note-kummer2003p261-101">[101]</a> Sucrose is rapidly lost during the roasting process, and may disappear entirely in darker roasts. During roasting, aromatic oils and acids weaken, changing the flavor; at 205 °C (401 °F), other oils start to develop.<a href="#cite_note-trent-100">[100]</a> One of these oils, <a href="/wiki/Caffeol" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffeol">caffeol</a>, is created at about 200 °C (392 °F), and is largely responsible for coffee's aroma and flavor.<a href="#cite_note-plant-22">[22]</a> The difference of caffeine content between a light roast and a dark roast is only about 0.1%.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grading_roasted_beans">Grading roasted beans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Food_grading" title="Food grading">Food grading</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fancy_a_cupper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men hold spoons over a row of cups filled with coffee." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fancy_a_cupper.jpg/220px-Fancy_a_cupper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fancy_a_cupper.jpg/330px-Fancy_a_cupper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fancy_a_cupper.jpg/440px-Fancy_a_cupper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Coffee "cuppers", or professional tasters, grade the coffee.</figcaption></figure> Depending on the color of the roasted beans as perceived by the human eye, they will be labeled as light, medium light, medium, medium dark, dark, or very dark. A more accurate method of discerning the degree of roast involves measuring the reflected light from roasted seeds illuminated with a light source in the near-infrared spectrum. This elaborate light meter uses a process known as <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> to return a number that consistently indicates the roasted coffee's relative degree of roast or flavor development. Coffee has, in many countries, been graded by size longer than it has been graded by quality. Grading is generally done with sieves, numbered to indicate the size of the perforations.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roast_characteristics">Roast characteristics</h3></div> The degree of roast affects coffee flavor and body. The color of coffee after brewing is also affected by the degree of roasting.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Darker roasts are generally bolder because they have less fiber content and a more sugary flavor. Lighter roasts have a more complex and therefore perceived stronger flavor from aromatic oils and acids otherwise destroyed by longer roasting times.<a href="#cite_note-Mauro-105">[105]</a> Roasting does not alter the amount of caffeine in the bean, but does give less caffeine when the beans are measured by volume because the beans expand during roasting.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> A small amount of chaff is produced during roasting from the skin left on the seed after processing.<a href="#cite_note-Bay-107">[107]</a> Chaff is usually removed from the seeds by air movement, though a small amount is added to dark roast coffees to soak up oils on the seeds.<a href="#cite_note-trent-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decaffeination">Decaffeination</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Decaffeination" title="Decaffeination">Decaffeination</a> of coffee seeds is done while the seeds are still green. Many methods can remove caffeine from coffee, but all involve either soaking the green seeds in hot water (often called the "Swiss water process")<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> or steaming them, then using a solvent to dissolve caffeine-containing oils.<a href="#cite_note-plant-22">[22]</a> Decaffeination is often done by processing companies, and the extracted caffeine is usually sold to the pharmaceutical industry.<a href="#cite_note-plant-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean_storage" title="Coffee bean storage">Coffee bean storage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jam_jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jam_jar.jpg/170px-Jam_jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jam_jar.jpg/255px-Jam_jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jam_jar.jpg/340px-Jam_jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Coffee container</figcaption></figure> Coffee is best stored in an airtight container made of ceramic, glass or non-reactive metal.<a href="#cite_note-Consumer_Reports_May_2013-109">[109]</a> Higher quality prepackaged coffee usually has a one-way valve that prevents air from entering while allowing the coffee to release gases.<a href="#cite_note-foodnetwork-truebrew-110">[110]</a> Coffee freshness and flavor is preserved when it is stored away from moisture, heat, and light. The tendency of coffee to absorb strong smells from food means that it should be kept away from such smells. Storage of coffee in refrigerators is not recommended due to the presence of moisture which can cause deterioration. Exterior walls of buildings that face the sun may heat the interior of a home, and this heat may damage coffee stored near such a wall. Heat from nearby ovens also harms stored coffee.<a href="#cite_note-Consumer_Reports_May_2013-109">[109]</a> In 1931, a method of packing coffee in a sealed vacuum in cans was introduced. The roasted coffee was packed and then 99% of the air was removed, allowing the coffee to be stored indefinitely until the can was opened. Today this method is in mass use for coffee in a large part of the world.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brewing">Brewing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coffee_brewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee brewing">Coffee brewing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consumer_Reports_-_Zojirushi_coffeemaker_alt.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Consumer_Reports_-_Zojirushi_coffeemaker_alt.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Consumer_Reports_-_Zojirushi_coffeemaker_alt.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Consumer_Reports_-_Zojirushi_coffeemaker_alt.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Consumer_Reports_-_Zojirushi_coffeemaker_alt.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Consumer_Reports_-_Zojirushi_coffeemaker_alt.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Consumer_Reports_-_Zojirushi_coffeemaker_alt.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3819" data-file-height="4266" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary electric automatic drip-coffee maker</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linea_doubleespresso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Linea_doubleespresso.jpg/220px-Linea_doubleespresso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Linea_doubleespresso.jpg/330px-Linea_doubleespresso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Linea_doubleespresso.jpg/440px-Linea_doubleespresso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">Espresso</a> is one of the most popular coffee-brewing methods. The term espresso, substituting s for most x letters in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>-root words, with the term deriving from the past participle of the Italian verb esprimere, itself derived from the Latin exprimere, means 'to express', and refers to the process by which hot water is forced under pressure through ground coffee.<a href="#cite_note-philips-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></figcaption></figure> Coffee beans must be ground and <a href="/wiki/Coffee_brewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee brewing">brewed</a> to create a beverage. The criteria for choosing a method include flavor and economy. Almost all methods of preparing coffee require that the beans be ground and then mixed with hot water long enough to allow the flavor to emerge but not so long as to draw out bitter compounds. The liquid can be consumed after the spent grounds are removed. Brewing considerations include the fineness of the grind, how the water is used to extract the flavor, the ratio of coffee grounds to water (the brew ratio), additional flavorings such as sugar, milk, and spices, and the technique to be used to separate spent grounds. Optimal <a href="/wiki/Coffee_extraction" title="Coffee extraction">coffee extraction</a> occurs between 91 and 96 °C (196 and 205 °F).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Ideal holding temperatures range from 85 to 88 °C (185 to 190 °F) to as high as 93 °C (199 °F) and the ideal serving temperature is 68 to 79 °C (154 to 174 °F).<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Coffee beans may be ground with a <a href="/wiki/Burr_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Burr grinder">burr grinder</a>, which uses revolving elements to shear the seed; a <a href="/wiki/Blade_grinder" title="Blade grinder">blade grinder</a> cuts the seeds with blades moving at high speed; and a mortar and pestle crush the seeds. For most brewing methods a burr grinder is deemed superior because the grind is more even and the grind size can be adjusted.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The type of grind is often named after the brewing method for which it is generally used, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish grind</a> being the finest, while <a href="/wiki/Coffee_percolator" title="Coffee percolator">coffee percolator</a> or <a href="/wiki/French_press" title="French press">French press</a> are the coarsest. The most common grinds are between these extremes: a medium grind is used in most home coffee-brewing machines.<a href="#cite_note-Rothstein-117">[117]</a> Coffee may be brewed by several methods. It may be <a href="/wiki/Coffee_boiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee boiling">boiled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee_steeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee steeping">steeped</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Coffee_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee press">pressurized</a>. Brewing coffee by boiling was the earliest method, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a> is an example of this method. It is prepared by grinding or pounding the seeds to a fine powder, then adding it to water and bringing it to a boil for no more than an instant in a pot called a <a href="/wiki/Cezve" title="Cezve">cezve</a> or, in Greek, a μπρίκι: bríki (from Turkish ibrik). This produces a strong coffee with a layer of foam on the surface and sediment (which is not meant for drinking) settling at the bottom of the cup.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Drip_brewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip brewer">Drip brewers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automatic_coffeemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic coffeemaker">automatic coffeemakers</a> brew coffee using gravity. In an automatic coffeemaker, hot water drips onto coffee grounds that are held in a paper, plastic, or perforated metal <a href="/wiki/Coffee_filter" title="Coffee filter">coffee filter</a>, allowing the water to seep through the ground coffee while extracting its oils and essences. The liquid drips through the coffee and the filter into a carafe or pot, and the spent <a href="/wiki/Coffee_grounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee grounds">coffee grounds</a> are retained in the filter.<a href="#cite_note-Levy-119">[119]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Coffee_percolator" title="Coffee percolator">coffee percolator</a>, water is pulled under a pipe by gravity, which is then forced into a chamber above a filter by steam pressure created by boiling. The water then seeps through the grounds, and the process is repeated until terminated by removing from the heat, by an internal timer,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> or by a thermostat that turns off the heater when the entire pot reaches a certain temperature. The <a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a> method forces hot pressurized water through finely-ground coffee.<a href="#cite_note-Rothstein-117">[117]</a> As a result of brewing under high pressure (typically 9 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a>),<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> the espresso beverage is more concentrated (as much as 10 to 15 times the quantity of coffee to water as gravity-brewing methods can produce) and has a more complex physical and chemical constitution.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> A well-prepared espresso has a reddish-brown foam called crema that floats on the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Rothstein-117">[117]</a> Other pressurized water methods include the <a href="/wiki/Moka_pot" title="Moka pot">moka pot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_coffee_maker" title="Vacuum coffee maker">vacuum coffee maker</a>. The <a href="/wiki/AeroPress" title="AeroPress">AeroPress</a> also works similarly, moving a column of water through a <a href="/wiki/Bed_of_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Bed of coffee">bed of coffee</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cold_brew_coffee" title="Cold brew coffee">Cold brew coffee</a> is made by steeping coarsely ground beans in cold water for several hours, then filtering them.<a href="#cite_note-Bonne-123">[123]</a> This results in a brew lower in acidity than most hot-brewing methods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serving">Serving</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Black coffee" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Black_Coffee_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Black Coffee (disambiguation)">Black Coffee (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks" title="List of coffee drinks">List of coffee drinks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_School_-_Enjoying_Coffee_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/French_School_-_Enjoying_Coffee_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-French_School_-_Enjoying_Coffee_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/French_School_-_Enjoying_Coffee_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-French_School_-_Enjoying_Coffee_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/French_School_-_Enjoying_Coffee_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-French_School_-_Enjoying_Coffee_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="3194" /></a><figcaption>Enjoying coffee in Ottoman Empire. Painting by unknown artist in the <a href="/wiki/Pera_Museum" title="Pera Museum">Pera Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> Once brewed, coffee may be served in a variety of ways. Drip-brewed, percolated, or French-pressed/cafetière coffee may be served as white coffee with a dairy product such as milk or cream, or dairy substitute, or as black coffee with no such addition. It may be sweetened with sugar or artificial sweetener. When served cold, it is called <a href="/wiki/Iced_coffee" title="Iced coffee">iced coffee</a>. Espresso-based coffee has a variety of possible presentations. In its most basic form, an espresso is served alone as a shot or short black, or with hot water added, when it is known as <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Americano" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffè Americano">Caffè Americano</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Long_black" title="Long black">long black</a> is made by pouring a double espresso into an equal portion of water, retaining the <a href="/wiki/Crema_(coffee)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crema (coffee)">crema</a>, unlike Caffè Americano.<a href="#cite_note-Castle-124">[124]</a> Milk is added in various forms to an espresso: steamed milk makes a <a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">caffè latte</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> equal parts steamed milk and milk froth make a <a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">cappuccino</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Castle-124">[124]</a> and a dollop of hot foamed milk on top creates a <a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_macchiato" title="Caffè macchiato">caffè macchiato</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Flat_white" title="Flat white">flat white</a> is prepared by adding steamed hot milk (<a href="/wiki/Microfoam" title="Microfoam">microfoam</a>) to two espresso shots.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> It has less milk than a latte, but both are varieties of coffee to which the milk can be added in such a way as to create a decorative surface pattern. Such effects are known as <a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">latte art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Coffee is frequently served <a href="/wiki/Iced_coffee" title="Iced coffee">iced</a>. Popular options include <a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iced_latte" class="mw-redirect" title="Iced latte">Iced lattes</a>, or stronger brewed coffee served with ice.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Coffee can also be incorporated with alcohol to produce a variety of beverages: it is combined with whiskey in <a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Irish coffee</a>, and it forms the base of alcoholic coffee liqueurs such as <a href="/wiki/Kahl%C3%BAa" title="Kahlúa">Kahlúa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tia_Maria" title="Tia Maria">Tia Maria</a>. Some craft beers have coffee or coffee extracts added to the beer,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> although porter and stout beers may have a coffee-like taste solely due to roasted grains.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instant_coffee">Instant coffee</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Instant_coffee" title="Instant coffee">Instant coffee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Instant_coffee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Instant_coffee.jpg/230px-Instant_coffee.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Instant_coffee.jpg/345px-Instant_coffee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Instant_coffee.jpg/460px-Instant_coffee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Instant coffee</figcaption></figure> Many products are sold for the convenience of consumers who do not want to prepare their coffee or who do not have access to coffeemaking equipment. Instant coffee is dried into soluble powder or <a href="/wiki/Freeze_drying" title="Freeze drying">freeze-dried</a> into granules that can be quickly dissolved in hot water.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> A New Zealand invention and staple, instant coffee was originally invented in Invercargill in 1890, by food chemist David Strang.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> It rapidly gained in popularity in many countries in the post-war period, with <a href="/wiki/Nescaf%C3%A9" title="Nescafé">Nescafé</a> being the most popular product.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast2001195-134">[134]</a> Many consumers determined that the convenience of preparing a cup of instant coffee more than made up for a perceived inferior taste,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast2001196-135">[135]</a> although, since the late 1970s, instant coffee has been produced differently in such a way that is similar to the taste of freshly brewed coffee.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Paralleling (and complementing) the rapid rise of instant coffee was the <a href="/wiki/Coffee_vending_machine" title="Coffee vending machine">coffee vending machine</a> invented in 1947 and widely distributed since the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast2001197-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_coffee" title="Economics of coffee">Economics of coffee</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; width:14em; text-align:center; margin-right:1em;"> <caption>Green coffee production – 2021<a href="#cite_note-faostat-138">[138]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ddf;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf;">Millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td>3.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td>1.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>0.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td>0.56 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td> <td>0.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></td> <td>0.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td>0.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>0.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>World</td> <td>9.92 </td></tr></tbody></table> Over 90 percent of <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production" title="Coffee production">coffee production</a> takes place in developing countries—mainly South America—while consumption happens primarily in industrialized economies. There are 25 million small producers who rely on coffee for a living worldwide. In Brazil, where almost a third of the world's coffee is produced, over five million people are employed in the cultivation and harvesting of over three billion coffee plants; it is a more labor-intensive culture than alternative cultures of the same regions, such as sugar cane or cattle, as its cultivation is not automated, requiring frequent human attention. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_production">World production</h3></div> In 2021, world production of green coffee beans was 9.9 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by Brazil with 30% of the total (table). Vietnam, Indonesia, and Colombia were other major producers. Nearly 90 countries export coffee cherries, 60 of them developing countries, with coffee constituting the main export revenue for countries such as Burundi, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and formerly Haiti.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The largest producer by far is Brazil (almost 30% of world production in 2015), followed by Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, and Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Coffee production provides a living for about twenty-five million people, mainly small-scale producers, while imports, processing, and distribution provide a living for about one hundred to one hundred and ten million people.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commodity_market">Commodity market</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee-prices-historical-chart-data.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coffee-prices-historical-chart-data.webp/440px-Coffee-prices-historical-chart-data.webp.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coffee-prices-historical-chart-data.webp/660px-Coffee-prices-historical-chart-data.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coffee-prices-historical-chart-data.webp/880px-Coffee-prices-historical-chart-data.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="5498" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>Coffee prices 1973–2022</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:441px;max-width:441px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:209px;max-width:209px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%BClmen,_Privatr%C3%B6sterei_Schr%C3%B6er,_Kaffeebeh%C3%A4lter_--_2018_--_0529.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/D%C3%BClmen%2C_Privatr%C3%B6sterei_Schr%C3%B6er%2C_Kaffeebeh%C3%A4lter_--_2018_--_0529.jpg/207px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_Privatr%C3%B6sterei_Schr%C3%B6er%2C_Kaffeebeh%C3%A4lter_--_2018_--_0529.jpg" decoding="async" width="207" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/D%C3%BClmen%2C_Privatr%C3%B6sterei_Schr%C3%B6er%2C_Kaffeebeh%C3%A4lter_--_2018_--_0529.jpg/311px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_Privatr%C3%B6sterei_Schr%C3%B6er%2C_Kaffeebeh%C3%A4lter_--_2018_--_0529.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/D%C3%BClmen%2C_Privatr%C3%B6sterei_Schr%C3%B6er%2C_Kaffeebeh%C3%A4lter_--_2018_--_0529.jpg/414px-D%C3%BClmen%2C_Privatr%C3%B6sterei_Schr%C3%B6er%2C_Kaffeebeh%C3%A4lter_--_2018_--_0529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6193" data-file-height="4480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coffee retailing</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:CXLT_Coffee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CXLT_Coffee.jpg/107px-CXLT_Coffee.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CXLT_Coffee.jpg/161px-CXLT_Coffee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CXLT_Coffee.jpg/214px-CXLT_Coffee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2187" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bag of coffee beans</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaffep%C3%A5se_-_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kaffep%C3%A5se_-_2023.jpg/115px-Kaffep%C3%A5se_-_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kaffep%C3%A5se_-_2023.jpg/173px-Kaffep%C3%A5se_-_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kaffep%C3%A5se_-_2023.jpg/230px-Kaffep%C3%A5se_-_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1234" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bag with <a href="/wiki/Ziploc" title="Ziploc">ziplock</a> and one-way valve to prevent <a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">mold</a></div></div></div></div></div> Coffee is bought and sold as green coffee beans by roasters, investors, and price speculators as a tradable commodity in commodity markets and exchange-traded funds. Coffee <a href="/wiki/Futures_contracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Futures contracts">futures contracts</a> for Grade 3 washed arabicas are traded on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mercantile_Exchange" title="New York Mercantile Exchange">New York Mercantile Exchange</a> under ticker symbol KC, with contract deliveries occurring every year in March, May, July, September, and December.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Higher and lower grade arabica coffees are sold through other channels. Futures contracts for robusta coffee are traded on the <a href="/wiki/London_International_Financial_Futures_and_Options_Exchange" title="London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange">London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange</a> and, since 2007, on the New York <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange" title="Intercontinental Exchange">Intercontinental Exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Dating to the 1970s, coffee has been incorrectly described by many, including historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Pendergrast" title="Mark Pendergrast">Mark Pendergrast</a>, as the world's "second most legally traded commodity".<a href="#cite_note-pendergrast2009-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast2001-148">[148]</a> Instead, "coffee was the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries," from 1970 to circa 2000.<a href="#cite_note-talbot2004-149">[149]</a> This fact was derived from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a> Commodity Yearbooks which show "Third World" commodity exports by value in the period 1970–1998 with crude oil in first place, coffee in second, followed by sugar, cotton, and others. Coffee continues to be an important commodity export for developing countries, but more recent figures are not readily available due to the shifting and politicized nature of the category "developing country".<a href="#cite_note-pendergrast2009-147">[147]</a> Coffee is one of seven commodities included in the <a href="/wiki/EU_Regulation_on_Deforestation-free_products" title="EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products">EU Regulation on Deforestation-free products</a> (EUDR), which aims to guarantee that the products European Union (EU) citizens consume do not contribute to deforestation or forest degradation worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-eudef-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Coffee_Day" title="International Coffee Day">International Coffee Day</a>, which is claimed to have originated in Japan in 1983 with an event organized by the All Japan Coffee Association, takes place on 29 September in several countries.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> There are numerous trade associations and lobbying and other organizations representing the coffee industry.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumption">Consumption</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee_consumption_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coffee_consumption_map-en.svg/425px-Coffee_consumption_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="425" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coffee_consumption_map-en.svg/638px-Coffee_consumption_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coffee_consumption_map-en.svg/850px-Coffee_consumption_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Coffee consumption (kg. per capita and year)</figcaption></figure> Nordic countries are the highest coffee-consuming nations when measured <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> per year, with consumption in Finland as the world's highest.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <ol><li>Finland – 26.45 lb (12.00 kg)</li> <li>Norway – 21.82 lb (9.90 kg)</li> <li>Iceland – 19.84 lb (9.00 kg)</li> <li>Denmark – 19.18 lb (8.70 kg)</li> <li>Netherlands – 18.52 lb (8.40 kg)</li> <li>Sweden – 18.00 lb (8.16 kg)</li> <li>Switzerland – 17.42 lb (7.90 kg)</li> <li>Belgium – 15.00 lb (6.80 kg)</li> <li>Luxembourg – 14.33 lb (6.50 kg)</li> <li>Canada – 14.33 lb (6.50 kg)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> An April 2024, <a href="/wiki/National_Coffee_Association" title="National Coffee Association">National Coffee Association</a> survey indicated that coffee consumption in the U.S. reached a 20-year high, with 67% of U.S. adults reporting drinking coffee in the past day. This is a significant increase compared to 2004 when fewer than half of U.S. adults reported coffee consumption in the past day. Drip coffee remains the most popular brewing method, but espresso-based beverages, particularly lattes, espresso shots, and cappuccinos, gained popularity.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impacts">Economic impacts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">List of countries by coffee production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_Coffee_production_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Brazil_Coffee_production_2020.jpg/220px-Brazil_Coffee_production_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Brazil_Coffee_production_2020.jpg/330px-Brazil_Coffee_production_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Brazil_Coffee_production_2020.jpg/440px-Brazil_Coffee_production_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Map of coffee areas in Brazil</figcaption></figure> Market volatility, and thus increased returns, during 1830 encouraged Brazilian entrepreneurs to shift their attention from gold to coffee, a crop hitherto reserved for local consumption. Concurrent with this shift was the commissioning of vital infrastructures, including approximately 7,000 km (4,300 mi) of railroads between 1860 and 1885. The creation of these railways enabled the importation of workers, to meet the enormous need for labor. This development primarily affected the State of Rio de Janeiro, as well as the Southern States of Brazil, most notably São Paulo, due to its favorable climate, soils, and terrain.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Brazil" title="Coffee production in Brazil">Coffee production</a> attracted <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">immigrants</a> in search of better economic opportunities in the early 1900s. Mainly, these were Portuguese, Italian, Spanish, German, and Japanese nationals. For instance, São Paulo received approximately 733,000 immigrants in the decade preceding 1900, whilst only receiving approximately 201,000 immigrants in the six years to 1890. The production yield of coffee increases. In 1880, São Paulo produced 1.2 million bags (25% of total production), in 1888 2.6 million (40%), and in 1902 8 million bags (60%).<a href="#cite_note-Bresileco1-157">[157]</a> Coffee is then 63% of the country's exports. The gains made by this trade allow sustained economic growth in the country. The four years between planting a coffee and the first harvest extend seasonal variations in the price of coffee. The Brazilian Government is thus forced, to some extent, to keep strong price subsidies during production periods. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fair_trade">Fair trade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_coffee" title="Fair trade coffee">Fair trade coffee</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_debate" title="Fair trade debate">Fair trade debate</a></div> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">fair trade</a> labeling, which guarantees coffee growers a negotiated preharvest price, began in the late 1980s with the <a href="/wiki/Stichting_Max_Havelaar" title="Stichting Max Havelaar">Max Havelaar Foundation's</a> labeling program in the Netherlands. In 2004, 24,222 metric tons (of 7,050,000 produced worldwide) were fair trade; in 2005, 33,991 metric tons out of 6,685,000 were fair trade, an increase from 0.34% to 0.51%.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_impact_studies" title="Fair trade impact studies">fair trade impact studies</a> have shown that fair trade coffee produces a mixed impact on the communities that grow it. Many studies are skeptical about fair trade, reporting that it often worsens the bargaining power of those who are not part of it. The first fair-trade coffee was an effort to import Guatemalan coffee into Europe as "Indio Solidarity Coffee".<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Since the founding of organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Fair_Trade_Association" title="European Fair Trade Association">European Fair Trade Association</a> (1987), the production and consumption of fair trade coffee has grown as some local and national coffee chains started to offer fair trade alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-efta2009-161">[161]</a> For example, in April 2000, after a year-long campaign by the human rights organization <a href="/wiki/Global_Exchange" title="Global Exchange">Global Exchange</a>, Starbucks decided to carry fair-trade coffee in its stores.<a href="#cite_note-pelsmacker2005-162">[162]</a> Since September 2009 all Starbucks Espresso beverages in UK and Ireland are made with Fairtrade and Shared Planet certified coffee.<a href="#cite_note-sbft-163">[163]</a> A 2005 study done in Belgium concluded that consumers' buying behavior is not consistent with their positive attitude toward ethical products. On average 46% of European consumers claimed to be willing to pay substantially more for ethical products, including fair-trade products such as coffee. The study found that the majority of respondents were unwilling to pay the actual price premium of 27% for fair trade coffee.<a href="#cite_note-pelsmacker2005-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialty_coffee_and_new_trading_relationships">Specialty coffee and new trading relationships</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Specialty_coffee" title="Specialty coffee">Specialty coffee</a> has driven a desire for more traceable coffee, and as such businesses are offering coffees that may come from a single origin, or a single lot from a single farm. This can give rise to the roaster developing a relationship with the producer, to discuss and collaborate on coffee. The roaster may also choose to cut out the importers and exporters to directly trade with the producer, or they may "fairly trade", where any third-parties involved in the transaction are thought to have added value, and there is a high level of transparency around the price, although often there is no certification to back it up.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann-2018-164">[164]</a> This process tends to only be done for high-quality products since keeping the coffee separate from other coffees adds costs, and so only coffee that roasters believe can command a higher price will be kept separate.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Some coffee is sold through internet auction – much of it is sold through a competition, with coffees passing through local and international jurors, and then the best coffees being selected to be bid on. Some estates known for high-quality coffee also sell their coffee through an online auction. This can lead to increased price transparency since the final price paid is usually published.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffmann-2018-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_compounds_in_coffee" title="List of chemical compounds in coffee">List of chemical compounds in coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_coffee" title="Health effects of coffee">Health effects of coffee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg/220px-Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg/330px-Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg/440px-Caffeine-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> molecule</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Brewed_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewed coffee">Brewed coffee</a> from typical grounds has no <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrients">essential nutrients</a> in significant content.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">espresso</a>, however, likely due to its higher amount of suspended solids, there are significant contents of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niacin_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (substance)">niacin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">riboflavin</a>, and 212 mg of caffeine per 100 grams of grounds.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> One psychoactive chemical in coffee is <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">adenosine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonist</a> that is known for its <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a> effects.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Coffee also contains the <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitors">monoamine oxidase inhibitors</a> <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-carboline" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-carboline">β-carboline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmane" title="Harmane">harmane</a>, which may contribute to its psychoactivity.<a href="#cite_note-MAOI-169">[169]</a> In a healthy <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, caffeine is mostly broken down by hepatic enzymes. The excreted metabolites are mostly <a href="/wiki/Paraxanthine" title="Paraxanthine">paraxanthines</a>—<a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">theobromine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theophylline" title="Theophylline">theophylline</a>—and a small amount of unchanged caffeine. Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> of caffeine depends on the state of this enzymatic system of the liver.<a href="#cite_note-Zivković_2000_33–6-170">[170]</a> Coffee is also known for its <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxative</a> effects, <a href="/wiki/Gastrocolic_reflex" title="Gastrocolic reflex">inducing defecation</a> in some people within minutes of consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_1990-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eamudomkarn_2018-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sloots_2004-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dulskas_2015-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nehlig_2022-175">[175]</a> The specific mechanism of action and chemical constituents responsible are still unknown, but caffeine is likely not responsible.<a href="#cite_note-Francis_2023-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Coffee is known to have a significant amount of water-soluble <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> compared to other commonly consumed beverages such as factory orange juice. The amount of dietary fiber ranges from 0.47-0.75 g per 100 mL of prepared coffee in a 2007 experiment testing on espresso, drip coffee, and freeze-dried coffee with the beverage made from freeze-dried containing the highest amount fiber. Given the popularity of coffee and the low amount of fiber consumed by the average person in many developed nations, coffee may majorly contribute to the daily dietary fiber consumption for many people. (For instance, in Spain the mean fiber consumption of 7 grams per day with a moderate coffee drinker having 3 cups per day points to coffee accounting for 10% of Spanish dietary fiber.) <a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyphenols" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphenols">Polyphenols</a> in coffee have been shown to affect <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">free radicals</a> <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> but there is no evidence that this effect occurs in humans. Polyphenol levels vary depending on how beans are roasted as well as for how long. As interpreted by the <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling_Institute" title="Linus Pauling Institute">Linus Pauling Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a>, dietary polyphenols, such as those ingested by consuming coffee, have little or no direct <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> value following ingestion.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-LPI-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-efsa-183">[183]</a> A 2017 review of clinical trials found that drinking coffee is generally safe within usual levels of intake and is more likely to improve health outcomes than to cause harm at doses of 3 or 4 cups of coffee daily. Exceptions include possible increased risk in women having bone fractures, and a possible increased risk in pregnant women of fetal loss or decreased birth weight. Results were complicated by poor study quality, and differences in age, gender, health status, and serving size.<a href="#cite_note-poole-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caffeine_content">Caffeine content</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Low_caffeine_coffee" title="Low caffeine coffee">Low caffeine coffee</a></div> Depending on the type of coffee and method of preparation, the caffeine content of a single serving can vary greatly.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bunker-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> The caffeine content of a cup of coffee varies depending mainly on the brewing method, and also on the coffee variety.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/USDA_National_Nutrient_Database" title="USDA National Nutrient Database">USDA National Nutrient Database</a>, a 240-millilitre (8 US fl oz) cup of "coffee brewed from grounds" contains 95 mg caffeine, whereas an espresso (25 mL) contains 53 mg.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> According to an article in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Dietetic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Dietetic Association">Journal of the American Dietetic Association</a>, coffee has the following caffeine content, depending on how it is prepared:<a href="#cite_note-Bunker-186">[186]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Serving size</th> <th>Caffeine content </th></tr> <tr> <td>Brewed</td> <td>200 mL (7 US fl oz)</td> <td>80–135 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Drip</td> <td>200 mL (7 US fl oz)</td> <td>115–175 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Espresso</td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>45–60 mL (1+1⁄2–2 US fl oz)</td> <td>100 mg </td></tr></tbody></table> Caffeine remains stable up to 200 °C (392 °F) and completely decomposes around 285 °C (545 °F).<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Given that roasting temperatures do not exceed 200 °C (392 °F) for long and rarely if ever reach 285 °C (545 °F), the caffeine content of a coffee is not likely changed much by the roasting process.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture_in_Australia" title="Coffee culture in Australia">Coffee culture in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture_in_former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee culture in former Yugoslavia">Coffee culture in former Yugoslavia</a></div> Coffee is often consumed alongside (or instead of) breakfast by many at home or when eating out at <a href="/wiki/Diner" title="Diner">diners</a> or cafeterias. It is often served at the end of a formal meal, normally with a dessert, and at times with an after-dinner mint, especially when consumed at a restaurant or dinner party.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coffeehouses">Coffeehouses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shops_in_Ba%C5%A1%C4%8Dar%C5%A1ija,_September,_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Shops_in_Ba%C5%A1%C4%8Dar%C5%A1ija%2C_September%2C_2017.jpg/220px-Shops_in_Ba%C5%A1%C4%8Dar%C5%A1ija%2C_September%2C_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Shops_in_Ba%C5%A1%C4%8Dar%C5%A1ija%2C_September%2C_2017.jpg/330px-Shops_in_Ba%C5%A1%C4%8Dar%C5%A1ija%2C_September%2C_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Shops_in_Ba%C5%A1%C4%8Dar%C5%A1ija%2C_September%2C_2017.jpg/440px-Shops_in_Ba%C5%A1%C4%8Dar%C5%A1ija%2C_September%2C_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5006" data-file-height="3337" /></a><figcaption>Coffee is an important part of Bosnian culture, and was a major part of its economy in the past.<a href="#cite_note-Bosnian_coffee-Cohen-BBC-2014-193">[193]</a></figcaption></figure> Widely known as coffeehouses or cafés, establishments serving prepared coffee or other hot beverages have existed for over five hundred years. The first coffeehouse in Constantinople was opened in 1475 by traders arriving from Damascus and Aleppo.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> A contemporary term for a person who makes coffee beverages, often a coffeehouse employee, is a <a href="/wiki/Barista" title="Barista">barista</a>. The Specialty Coffee Association of Europe and the Specialty Coffee Association of America have been influential in setting standards and providing training.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Break">Break</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Coffee_break" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee break">coffee break</a> in the United States and elsewhere is a short mid-morning rest period granted to employees. It originated in the late 19th century in <a href="/wiki/Stoughton,_Wisconsin" title="Stoughton, Wisconsin">Stoughton, Wisconsin</a>, with the wives of Norwegian immigrants. The city celebrates this every year with the Stoughton Coffee Break Festival.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> In 1951, Time noted that "[s]ince the war, the coffee break has been written into union contracts".<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The term subsequently became popular through a Pan-American Coffee Bureau ad campaign of 1952 which urged consumers, "Give yourself a Coffee-Break – and Get What Coffee Gives to You."<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a>, a behavioral psychologist who worked with <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_House" title="Maxwell House">Maxwell House</a> later in his career, helped to popularize coffee breaks within the American culture.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prohibition_and_condemnation">Prohibition and condemnation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Frederick_Lewis_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/John_Frederick_Lewis_004.jpg/170px-John_Frederick_Lewis_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/John_Frederick_Lewis_004.jpg/255px-John_Frederick_Lewis_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/John_Frederick_Lewis_004.jpg/340px-John_Frederick_Lewis_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2518" /></a><figcaption>The Coffee Bearer, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Lewis" title="John Frederick Lewis">John Frederick Lewis</a> (1857)</figcaption></figure> Historically, several religious groups have prohibited or condemned the consumption of coffee. The permissibility of coffee was debated in the Islamic world during the early 16th century, variously being permitted or prohibited until it was ultimately accepted by the 1550s.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Contention existed among Ashkenazi Jews as to whether coffee was acceptable for Passover until it was certified kosher in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Some Christian groups, such as Mormons and Seventh-day Adventists, discourage the consumption of coffee.<a href="#cite_note-beliefnet-mormons-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Rastafarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rastafarians">Rastafarians</a> also generally avoid coffee.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Furthermore, coffee has been prohibited for political and economic reasons. King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> briefly outlawed coffeehouses to quell perceived rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200113-29">[29]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick II of Prussia">Frederick the Great</a> banned it in Prussia, concerned about the price of importing of coffee without production colonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200111-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBersten199953-206">[206]</a> Sweden <a href="/wiki/Coffee_in_Sweden#Restrictions" title="Coffee in Sweden">prohibited coffee in the 18th century</a> for the same reasons.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Coffee has seldom been prohibited based on its intoxicating effect.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore_and_culture">Folklore and culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cup of joe" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Joe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cup of Joe (disambiguation)">Cup of Joe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> There are many stories about coffee and its impact on people and society. The <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo people</a> would customarily plant a coffee tree on the graves of powerful sorcerers. They believed that the first coffee bush sprang up from the tears that the god of heaven shed over the corpse of a dead sorcerer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen199927-209">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> was inspired to compose the humorous <a href="/wiki/Schweigt_stille,_plaudert_nicht" class="mw-redirect" title="Schweigt stille, plaudert nicht">Coffee Cantata</a>, about <a href="/wiki/Caffeine_dependence" title="Caffeine dependence">dependence on the beverage</a>, which was controversial in the early 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200110-210">[210]</a> In the United States, coffee is sometimes called a "cup of Joe". The origin of this phrase is in dispute; a common story is that in World War I the US Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/Josephus_Daniels" title="Josephus Daniels">Josephus "Joe" Daniels</a> banned alcohol on navy ships which meant that the strongest drink available aboard the ship was black coffee. Sailors began referring to coffee as a "cup of Joe" in reference to Daniels. However, this story may be apocryphal since the first written account of it was in 1930, some 15 years later. Another explanation is that a formerly popular nickname for coffee, jamoke, from mocha java, was shortened to Joe. A third origin story is that since coffee is such a commonly consumed beverage, it is the drink of the <a href="/wiki/Average_Joe" title="Average Joe">average Joe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup_sleeve" title="Coffee cup sleeve">Coffee cup sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup" title="Coffee cup">Coffee cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cupping" title="Coffee cupping">Coffee cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_in_Japan" title="Coffee in Japan">Coffee in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_in_South_Korea" title="Coffee in South Korea">Coffee in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_coffee_growing_axis" title="Colombian coffee growing axis">Colombian coffee growing axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_O%27Clock_Coffee" title="Eight O'Clock Coffee">Eight O'Clock Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_dishes" title="List of coffee dishes">List of coffee dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_varieties" title="List of coffee varieties">List of coffee varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffeehouse_chains" title="List of coffeehouse chains">List of coffeehouse chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanka" title="Sanka">Sanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_coffee" title="Third-wave coffee">Third-wave coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_coffee_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Viennese coffee house">Viennese coffee house</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1">Ukers, William Harrison (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4O_RAAAAMAAJ">All About Coffee</a>. Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+About+Coffee&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Tea+and+Coffee+Trade+Journal+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Ukers&rft.aufirst=William+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4O_RAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GSw7AAAAIAAJ">Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. 1967. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johns+Hopkins+University+Studies+in+Historical+and+Political+Science&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGSw7AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Elzebroek, A. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YvU1XnUVxFQC">Guide to Cultivated Plants</a>. <a href="/wiki/CAB_International" title="CAB International">CABI</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-356-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-356-2"><bdi>978-1-84593-356-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Cultivated+Plants&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84593-356-2&rft.aulast=Elzebroek&rft.aufirst=A.+T.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvU1XnUVxFQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/hot-drinks-market">"Global Hot Drinks Market Size, Share | Industry Trends Report, 2025"</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Hot+Drinks+Market+Size%2C+Share+%7C+Industry+Trends+Report%2C+2025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandviewresearch.com%2Findustry-analysis%2Fhot-drinks-market&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wein34-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wein34_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wein34_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wein34_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wein34_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeinbergBealer2001">Weinberg & Bealer 2001</a>, pp. 3–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fluentincoffee.com/types-of-coffee/">"A Guide To Different Types Of Coffee Beans, Roasts & Drinks"</a>. 13 August 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Guide+To+Different+Types+Of+Coffee+Beans%2C+Roasts+%26+Drinks&rft.date=2021-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffluentincoffee.com%2Ftypes-of-coffee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zippia.com/advice/coffee-industry-statistics/">"33+ Buzzing Coffee Industry Statistics [2023]: Cafes, Consumption, And Market Trends"</a>. Zippia. 19 March 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zippia&rft.atitle=33%2B+Buzzing+Coffee+Industry+Statistics+%5B2023%5D%3A+Cafes%2C+Consumption%2C+And+Market+Trends&rft.date=2023-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zippia.com%2Fadvice%2Fcoffee-industry-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-6"><a href="#cite_ref-OED_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED1-Coffee" class="citation book cs1">"Coffee". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1893. p. 589, Col. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coffee&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=589%2C+Col.+3&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/oed02arch#page/588/mode/2up">Text at Internet Archive</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaye-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaye_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaye_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye1986" class="citation journal cs1">Kaye, Alan S. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602112">"The Etymology of "Coffee": The Dark Brew"</a>. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 106 (3): 557–558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F602112">10.2307/602112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602112">602112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Etymology+of+%22Coffee%22%3A+The+Dark+Brew&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E557-%3C%2Fspan%3E558&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F602112&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/coffee">"coffee | Etymology, origin and meaning of coffee by etymonline"</a>. www.etymonline.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=coffee+%26%23124%3B+Etymology%2C+origin+and+meaning+of+coffee+by+etymonline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fcoffee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=coffee">"coffee"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151007110923/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=coffee">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=coffee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dcoffee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Noted by H. F. Nicolai, Der Kaffee und seine Ersatzmittel: Volkshygienische Studie, (Brunswick, 1901) ch. 1 "Geschichtliches über den Kaffee" p. 4 note 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanesio1671" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Banesio, Fausto Naironio (1671). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XqtX_0BdDbwC">De saluberrima potione cahue, seu cafe nuncupata discursus Fausti Naironi Banesii Maronitae, linguae Chaldaicae, seu Syriacae in almo vrbis archigymnasio lectoris ad eminentiss. ... D. Io. Nicolaum S.R.E. card. .</a> (in Latin). Typis Michaelis Herculis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+saluberrima+potione+cahue%2C+seu+cafe+nuncupata+discursus+Fausti+Naironi+Banesii+Maronitae%2C+linguae+Chaldaicae%2C+seu+Syriacae+in+almo+vrbis+archigymnasio+lectoris+ad+eminentiss.+...+D.+Io.+Nicolaum+S.R.E.+card.+..&rft.pub=Typis+Michaelis+Herculis&rft.date=1671&rft.aulast=Banesio&rft.aufirst=Fausto+Naironio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_XqtX_0BdDbwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkers1935" class="citation book cs1">Ukers, William (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allabouttea00uker">All About Coffee</a>. New York: Tea & Coffee Trade Journal Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allabouttea00uker/page/9">9–10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+About+Coffee&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Tea+%26+Coffee+Trade+Journal+Company&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Ukers&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallabouttea00uker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-of-islam-kawah-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia-of-islam-kawah_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia-of-islam-kawah_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoutsmaWensinckArnoldHeffening1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Houtsma, M. Th.; Wensinck, A. J.; Arnold, T. W.; Heffening, W.; Lévi-Provençal, E., eds. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&q=coffee+history+brill&pg=PA635">"Ḳawah"</a>. First Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. IV. <a href="/wiki/E.J._Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="E.J. Brill">E.J. Brill</a>. p. 631. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09790-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09790-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09790-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327100329/https://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&q=coffee+history+brill&pg=PA635">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%B2awah&rft.btitle=First+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=631&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09790-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CP7fYghBFQC%26q%3Dcoffee%2Bhistory%2Bbrill%26pg%3DPA635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouza20083-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouza20083_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouza2008">Souza 2008</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hattox-1985-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hattox-1985_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hattox-1985_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattox1985" class="citation book cs1">Hattox, Ralph S. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MeXkAwAAQBAJ&q=coffee+and+coffeehouses+much+of+his+material&pg=PA14">Coffee and coffeehouses: The origins of a social beverage in the medieval Near East</a>. University of Washington Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-96231-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-96231-3"><bdi>978-0-295-96231-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327100327/https://books.google.com/books?id=MeXkAwAAQBAJ&q=coffee+and+coffeehouses+much+of+his+material&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffee+and+coffeehouses%3A+The+origins+of+a+social+beverage+in+the+medieval+Near+East&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-295-96231-3&rft.aulast=Hattox&rft.aufirst=Ralph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMeXkAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcoffee%2Band%2Bcoffeehouses%2Bmuch%2Bof%2Bhis%2Bmaterial%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1856" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Richard F. (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsi00burtgoog">First footsteps in East Africa</a>. London: Longman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsi00burtgoog/page/n136">78</a>. <q>ali omar coffee yemen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+footsteps+in+East+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstfootstepsi00burtgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._J.1975" class="citation book cs1">R. J., Gavin (1975). Aden Under British Rule, 1839–1967. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aden+Under+British+Rule%2C+1839%E2%80%931967&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=R.+J.&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWild2004" class="citation book cs1">Wild, Antony (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coffeedarkhistor0000wild_n9a5">Coffee: A Dark History</a>. Fourth Estate. pp. 52–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-649-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-649-1"><bdi>978-1-84115-649-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffee%3A+A+Dark+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84115-649-1&rft.aulast=Wild&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoffeedarkhistor0000wild_n9a5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttokaran2011" class="citation book cs1">Attokaran, Mathew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Natural_Food_Flavors_and_Colorants/9qcvAoMPYW4C">Natural Food Flavors and Colorants</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-95911-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-95911-4"><bdi>978-0-470-95911-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Food+Flavors+and+Colorants&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-470-95911-4&rft.aulast=Attokaran&rft.aufirst=Mathew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FNatural_Food_Flavors_and_Colorants%2F9qcvAoMPYW4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture-history/viennese-coffee-culture.html">"History of Viennese coffee house culture"</a>. www.wien.gv.at.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wien.gv.at&rft.atitle=History+of+Viennese+coffee+house+culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wien.gv.at%2Fenglish%2Fculture-history%2Fviennese-coffee-culture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUkers1922" class="citation book cs1">Ukers, William H. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100905180219/https://www.web-books.com/Classics/ON/B0/B701/12MB701.html">"The Introduction of Coffee into Holland"</a>. All About Coffee. New York: Tea and Coffee Trade Journal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-4092-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-4092-3"><bdi>978-0-8103-4092-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.web-books.com/Classics/ON/B0/B701/12MB701.html">the original</a> on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 12 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Introduction+of+Coffee+into+Holland&rft.btitle=All+About+Coffee&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tea+and+Coffee+Trade+Journal&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-4092-3&rft.aulast=Ukers&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.web-books.com%2FClassics%2FON%2FB0%2FB701%2F12MB701.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-plant-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plant_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plant_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plant_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plant_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobelis1986" class="citation book cs1">Dobelis, Inge N., ed. (1986). Magic and medicine of plants. Pleasantville, NY: <a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a>. pp. 370–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-221-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-221-3"><bdi>978-0-89577-221-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+and+medicine+of+plants&rft.place=Pleasantville%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E370-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-89577-221-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer" class="citation web cs1">Fischer, Dieter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805085443/https://www.sca-indo.org/history-of-indonesia/">"History of Indonesian coffee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Specialty_Coffee_Association_of_Indonesia" title="Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia">Specialty Coffee Association of Indonesia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sca-indo.org/history-of-indonesia/">the original</a> on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Indonesian+coffee&rft.pub=Specialty+Coffee+Association+of+Indonesia&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sca-indo.org%2Fhistory-of-indonesia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2001/tilling/oxfordcoffeeclub.htm">"Caffeine and plants prototype page"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407191718/http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2001/tilling/oxfordcoffeeclub.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caffeine+and+plants+prototype+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chm.bris.ac.uk%2Fwebprojects2001%2Ftilling%2Foxfordcoffeeclub.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Diary of John Evelyn (various editions) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast20019-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPendergrast20019_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPendergrast2001">Pendergrast 2001</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200139-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200139_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPendergrast2001">Pendergrast 2001</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> (1) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1774" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams, John</a> (6 July 1774). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6Nf94i40v?url=https://www.masshist.org/publications/apde/portia.php?id=AFC01d090">"John Adams to Abigail Adams"</a>. The Adams Papers: Digital Editions: Adams Family Correspondence, Volume 1. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masshist.org/publications/apde/portia.php?id=AFC01d090">the original</a> on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014. <q>I believe I forgot to tell you one Anecdote: When I first came to this House it was late in the Afternoon, and I had ridden 35 miles at least. "Madam" said I to Mrs. Huston, "is it lawful for a weary Traveller to refresh himself with a Dish of Tea provided it has been honestly smuggled or paid no Duties?" "No sir, said she, we have renounced all Tea in this Place. I can't make Tea, but I'll make you Coffee." Accordingly, I have drunk Coffee every Afternoon since and have borne it very well. Tea must be universally renounced. I must be weaned, and the sooner, the better.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Adams+Papers%3A+Digital+Editions%3A+Adams+Family+Correspondence%2C+Volume+1&rft.atitle=John+Adams+to+Abigail+Adams&rft.date=1774-07-06&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masshist.org%2Fpublications%2Fapde%2Fportia.php%3Fid%3DAFC01d090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> (2) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1867" class="citation book cs1">Stone, William L. (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q4UBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA147">"Continuation of Mrs. General Riedesel's Adventures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frederika_Charlotte_Riedesel" title="Frederika Charlotte Riedesel">Mrs. General Riedesel: Letters and Journals relating to the War of Independence and the Capture of the Troops at Saratoga (Translated from the Original German)</a>. Albany: Joel Munsell. p. 147. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928005746/https://books.google.com/books?id=q4UBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA147">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015. <q>She then became more gentle, and offered me bread and milk. I made tea for ourselves. The woman eyed us longingly, for the Americans love it very much; but they had resolved to drink it no longer, as the famous duty on the tea had occasioned the war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Continuation+of+Mrs.+General+Riedesel%27s+Adventures&rft.btitle=Mrs.+General+Riedesel%3A+Letters+and+Journals+relating+to+the+War+of+Independence+and+the+Capture+of+the+Troops+at+Saratoga+%28Translated+from+the+Original+German%29&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Joel+Munsell&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq4UBAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> At <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. Note: Fredricka Charlotte Riedesel was the wife of General <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf_Riedesel" title="Friedrich Adolf Riedesel">Friedrich Adolf Riedesel</a>, commander of all German and Indian troops in <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">General John Burgoyne's</a> <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a> and American prisoner of war during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. (3) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeissHeiss2007" class="citation book cs1">Heiss, Mary Lou; Heiss, Robert J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxCBfNmnvFEC&pg=PA21">"A History of Tea: The Boston Tea Party"</a>. The Story of Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. pp. 21–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60774-172-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60774-172-5"><bdi>978-1-60774-172-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003101744/https://books.google.com/books?id=gxCBfNmnvFEC&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Tea%3A+The+Boston+Tea+Party&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Tea%3A+A+Cultural+History+and+Drinking+Guide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Clarkson+Potter%2FTen+Speed&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60774-172-5&rft.aulast=Heiss&rft.aufirst=Mary+Lou&rft.au=Heiss%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxCBfNmnvFEC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> At <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. (4) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuraw2013" class="citation web cs1">Zuraw, Lydia (24 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6Nf7LDbUd?url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/04/24/178625554/how-coffee-influenced-the-course-of-history">"How Coffee Influenced The Course of History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2013/04/24/178625554/how-coffee-influenced-the-course-of-history">the original</a> on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Coffee+Influenced+The+Course+of+History&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft.aulast=Zuraw&rft.aufirst=Lydia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fthesalt%2F2013%2F04%2F24%2F178625554%2Fhow-coffee-influenced-the-course-of-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> (5) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRupo2013" class="citation web cs1">DeRupo, Joseph (3 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6Nf9tue1L?url=https://www.ncacoffeeblog.org/tag/american-revolution/">"American Revolution: Stars, Stripes—and Beans"</a>. NCA News. <a href="/wiki/National_Coffee_Association" title="National Coffee Association">National Coffee Association</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncacoffeeblog.org/tag/american-revolution/">the original</a> on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCA+News&rft.atitle=American+Revolution%3A+Stars%2C+Stripes%E2%80%94and+Beans&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.aulast=DeRupo&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncacoffeeblog.org%2Ftag%2Famerican-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> (6) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuttingerDicum2006" class="citation book cs1">Luttinger, Nina; Dicum, Gregory (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jP99B9uAdv4C">The coffee book: anatomy of an industry from crop to the last drop</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Press" title="The New Press">The New Press</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-724-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-724-4"><bdi>978-1-59558-724-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220831023049/https://books.google.com/books?id=jP99B9uAdv4C">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2022. 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Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Atlas&rft.atitle=Lab-grown+coffee+cuts+out+the+beans+and+deforestation&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft.aulast=Lavars&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewatlas.com%2Fscience%2Flab-grown-coffee-beans-deforestation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/sustainable-coffee-grown-finland-land-drinks-most-coffee-capita-produces-its-first">"Sustainable coffee grown in Finland – | VTT News"</a>. vttresearch.com. 15 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018120954/https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/sustainable-coffee-grown-finland-land-drinks-most-coffee-capita-produces-its-first">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vttresearch.com&rft.atitle=Sustainable+coffee+grown+in+Finland+%E2%80%93+%7C+VTT+News&rft.date=2021-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vttresearch.com%2Fen%2Fnews-and-ideas%2Fsustainable-coffee-grown-finland-land-drinks-most-coffee-capita-produces-its-first&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-labgrown-55"><a href="#cite_ref-labgrown_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/16/lab-grown-coffee-eco-friendly">"Eco-friendly, lab-grown coffee is on the way, but it comes with a catch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 16 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025073441/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/oct/16/lab-grown-coffee-eco-friendly">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2021. 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M. in <a href="#CITEREFCliffordWilson1985">Clifford & Wilson 1985</a>, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-DavironPonte2005-58"><a href="#cite_ref-DavironPonte2005_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavironPonte2005" class="citation book cs1">Daviron, Benoit; Ponte, Stefano (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwpAO0J9ojgC&pg=PA51">The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of Development</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-457-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-457-1"><bdi>978-1-84277-457-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160107070806/https://books.google.com/books?id=mwpAO0J9ojgC&pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2016. 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Retrieved 27 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consumer+Reports&rft.atitle=Top+Coffee+Ratings+%E2%80%93+Coffee+Buying+Guide&rft.pages=Storing+coffee&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consumerreports.org%2Fcro%2Fcoffee%2Fbuying-guide.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foodnetwork-truebrew-110"><a href="#cite_ref-foodnetwork-truebrew_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alton_Brown" title="Alton Brown">Brown, Alton</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/alton-brown/true-brew-recipe-2103279">"True Brew"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326123922/https://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/alton-brown/true-brew-recipe-2103279">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=True+Brew&rft.pub=Food+Network&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Alton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodnetwork.com%2Frecipes%2Falton-brown%2Ftrue-brew-recipe-2103279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CigDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA59">New Process Keep Coffee Fresh in High Vacuum Cans</a>. Popular Science. October 1931. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619055141/http://books.google.com/books?id=CigDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA59">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Process+Keep+Coffee+Fresh+in+High+Vacuum+Cans&rft.pub=Popular+Science&rft.date=1931-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCigDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-philips-112"><a href="#cite_ref-philips_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philips.it/c-e/ho/articolo/caffe/suggerimenti-caffe/come-preparare-un-caffe-espresso-perfetto.html">"Qual è il caffè espresso perfetto e come va bevuto?"</a> (in Italian). 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/articles/1062">"Consumer preferred hot beverage temperatures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_Quality_and_Preference" title="Food Quality and Preference">Food Quality and Preference</a>. 10 (2): 117–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0950-3293%2898%2900053-6">10.1016/S0950-3293(98)00053-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F72021">1813/72021</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115054141/https://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/articles/1062/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Quality+and+Preference&rft.atitle=Consumer+preferred+hot+beverage+temperatures&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F72021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0950-3293%2898%2900053-6&rft.aulast=Borchgrevink&rft.aufirst=Carl+P.&rft.au=Susskind%2C+Alex+M.&rft.au=Tarras%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.sha.cornell.edu%2Farticles%2F1062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadwalader2021" class="citation web cs1">Cadwalader, Zac (9 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sprudge.com/how-to-get-the-most-out-of-your-blade-grinder-179806.html">"How To Get The Most Out Of Your Blade Grinder"</a>. 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Black Enterprise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216214541/https://books.google.com/books?id=H10EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+lowdown+on+caff%C3%A8+latte&rft.date=1993-11&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Eunice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH10EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2003" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Emily Wise (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k6GdiP0mY_UC&pg=PA12">The Food Lover's Guide to Florence: With Culinary Excursions in Tuscany</a>. Ten Speed Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-435-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58008-435-2"><bdi>978-1-58008-435-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220831023049/https://books.google.com/books?id=k6GdiP0mY_UC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2022. 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Retrieved 3 September 2022. <q>[H]e may be best known for introducing U.S. customers to "latte art," intricate ribbon patterns in the foam atop his cappuccinos, macchiatos and lattes that result from carefully manipulating the cup and milk pitcher.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+espresso%27s+exacting+master&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2003-10-29&rft.aulast=Bonn%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna3072720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-ultimate-iced-coffee_b_3696452">"The Ultimate Iced Coffee Taste Test"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. 5 August 2013. 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Retrieved 22 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=Caffeine+content+of+common+beverages&rft.date=2009-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.com%2Fhealth%2Fcaffeine%2FAN01211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> See for example the following websites: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.talkaboutcoffee.com/how_much_is_too_much2.html">"How Much Caffeine in a Cup of Coffee, Tea, Cola or Chocolate Bar?"</a>. talkaboutcoffee.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606135727/http://www.talkaboutcoffee.com/how_much_is_too_much2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Much+Caffeine+in+a+Cup+of+Coffee%2C+Tea%2C+Cola+or+Chocolate+Bar%3F&rft.pub=talkaboutcoffee.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkaboutcoffee.com%2Fhow_much_is_too_much2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988">, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coffeefaq.com/site/node/22">"How much caffeine is there in (drink/food/pill?)"</a>. 15 January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213224925/http://coffeefaq.com/site/node/22">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+much+caffeine+is+there+in+%28drink%2Ffood%2Fpill%3F%29&rft.date=2006-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoffeefaq.com%2Fsite%2Fnode%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131124143904/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4291">Coffee, brewed, espresso, restaurant-prepared</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131122090248/https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/4290">Coffee, brewed from grounds, prepared with tap water</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> nutrient database </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangXueMengLee2019" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Rui; Xue, Jingjing; Meng, Lei; Lee, Jin-Wook; Zhao, Zipeng; Sun, Pengyu; Cai, Le; Huang, Tianyi; Wang, Zhengxu; Wang, Zhao-Kui; Duan, Yu (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.04.005">"Caffeine Improves the Performance and Thermal Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joule_(journal)" title="Joule (journal)">Joule</a>. 3 (6): 1464–1477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Joule...3.1464W">2019Joule...3.1464W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.04.005">10.1016/j.joule.2019.04.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Joule&rft.atitle=Caffeine+Improves+the+Performance+and+Thermal+Stability+of+Perovskite+Solar+Cells&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1464-%3C%2Fspan%3E1477&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.04.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Joule...3.1464W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Rui&rft.au=Xue%2C+Jingjing&rft.au=Meng%2C+Lei&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jin-Wook&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Zipeng&rft.au=Sun%2C+Pengyu&rft.au=Cai%2C+Le&rft.au=Huang%2C+Tianyi&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zhengxu&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zhao-Kui&rft.au=Duan%2C+Yu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.joule.2019.04.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahyuniRispiandiHariyadi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wahyuni, N L E; Rispiandi, R; Hariyadi, T (19 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F830%2F2%2F022019">"Effect of bean maturity and roasting temperature on chemical content of robusta coffee"</a>. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 830 (2): 022019. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MS&E..830b2019W">2020MS&E..830b2019W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F830%2F2%2F022019">10.1088/1757-899X/830/2/022019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1757-899X">1757-899X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IOP+Conference+Series%3A+Materials+Science+and+Engineering&rft.atitle=Effect+of+bean+maturity+and+roasting+temperature+on+chemical+content+of+robusta+coffee&rft.volume=830&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=022019&rft.date=2020-05-19&rft.issn=1757-899X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1757-899X%2F830%2F2%2F022019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020MS%26E..830b2019W&rft.aulast=Wahyuni&rft.aufirst=N+L+E&rft.au=Rispiandi%2C+R&rft.au=Hariyadi%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1757-899X%252F830%252F2%252F022019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodtimeline.org/fooddecades.html">"The Food Timeline: popular American decade foods, menus, products & party planning tips"</a>. foodtimeline.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418130100/https://www.foodtimeline.org/fooddecades.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=foodtimeline.org&rft.atitle=The+Food+Timeline%3A+popular+American+decade+foods%2C+menus%2C+products+%26+party+planning+tips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodtimeline.org%2Ffooddecades.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bosnian_coffee-Cohen-BBC-2014-193"><a href="#cite_ref-Bosnian_coffee-Cohen-BBC-2014_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Brad (16 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20140707-the-complicated-culture-of-bosnian-coffee">"The complicated culture of Bosnian coffee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200210085650/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20140707-the-complicated-culture-of-bosnian-coffee">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+complicated+culture+of+Bosnian+coffee&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Fstory%2F20140707-the-complicated-culture-of-bosnian-coffee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> La Dolce Vita. 1999. Coffee. London, UK: New Holland Books </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cafeculture.com/general-interest/barista-training-standards-a-global-perspective">"Barista Training Standards – A Global Perspective"</a>. Cafe Culture. 29 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610071442/http://www.cafeculture.com/general-interest/barista-training-standards-a-global-perspective">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cafe+Culture&rft.atitle=Barista+Training+Standards+%E2%80%93+A+Global+Perspective&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cafeculture.com%2Fgeneral-interest%2Fbarista-training-standards-a-global-perspective&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520144944/https://www.stoughtonwi.com/coffee.shtml">"Stoughton, WI – Where the Coffee Break Originated"</a>. stoughtonwi.com. Stoughton, Wisconsin Chamber of Commerce. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stoughtonwi.com/coffee.shtml">the original</a> on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009. <q>Mr. Osmund Gunderson decided to ask the Norwegian wives, who lived just up the hill from his warehouse, if they would come and help him sort the tobacco. The women agreed, as long as they could have a break in the morning and another in the afternoon, to go home and tend to their chores. Of course, this also meant they were free to have a cup of coffee from the pot that was always hot on the stove. Mr. Gunderson agreed and with this simple habit, the coffee break was born.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stoughtonwi.com&rft.atitle=Stoughton%2C+WI+%E2%80%93+Where+the+Coffee+Break+Originated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoughtonwi.com%2Fcoffee.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Time – March 1951". <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 5 March 1951.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Time+%E2%80%93+March+1951&rft.date=1951-03-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528075409/https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/coffeebreak/index.html">"The Coffee break"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 2 December 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/coffeebreak/index.html">the original</a> on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009. <q>Wherever the coffee break originated, Stamberg says, it may not actually have been called a coffee break until 1952. That year, a Pan-American Coffee Bureau ad campaign urged consumers, 'Give yourself a Coffee-Break – and Get What Coffee Gives to You.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Coffee+break&rft.pub=NPR&rft.date=2002-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fprograms%2Fmorning%2Ffeatures%2Fpatc%2Fcoffeebreak%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1993" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Morton M. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofpsycholog00hunt/page/260">The story of psychology</a> (1st ed.). New York: Doubleday. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24762-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-24762-7"><bdi>978-0-385-24762-7</bdi></a>. <q>[work] for Maxwell House that helped make the 'coffee break' an American custom in offices, factories, and homes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+psychology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=260&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-385-24762-7&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Morton+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofpsycholog00hunt%2Fpage%2F260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Daniel W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newintroductiont0000brow/page/149">A new introduction to Islam</a>. Chichester, West Sussex: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. 149–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5807-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5807-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-5807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+introduction+to+Islam&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5807-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewintroductiont0000brow%2Fpage%2F149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110324184940/https://www.jta.org/news/article/2011/03/22/3086473/three-new-passover-haggadahs-and-a-facelift-for-an-old-favorite">"A few new Passover haggadahs, and a facelift for an old favorite"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/news/article/2011/03/22/3086473/three-new-passover-haggadahs-and-a-facelift-for-an-old-favorite">the original</a> on 24 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+few+new+Passover+haggadahs%2C+and+a+facelift+for+an+old+favorite&rft.pub=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2011%2F03%2F22%2F3086473%2Fthree-new-passover-haggadahs-and-a-facelift-for-an-old-favorite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-beliefnet-mormons-202"><a href="#cite_ref-beliefnet-mormons_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beliefnet.com/story/98/story_9838_1.html">"Who Are the Mormons?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beliefnet" title="Beliefnet">Beliefnet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005023548/http://www.beliefnet.com/story/98/story_9838_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+Are+the+Mormons%3F&rft.pub=Beliefnet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2Fstory%2F98%2Fstory_9838_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709161543/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0887/is_n9_v11/ai_12673616">"Coffee consumption and mortality in Seventh-Day Adventists"</a>. Nutrition Research Newsletter. <a href="/wiki/Frost_%26_Sullivan" title="Frost & Sullivan">Frost & Sullivan</a>. September 1992. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0887/is_n9_v11/ai_12673616">the original</a> on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Research+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Coffee+consumption+and+mortality+in+Seventh-Day+Adventists&rft.date=1992-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0887%2Fis_n9_v11%2Fai_12673616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/customs/customs_1.shtml">"Worship and customs"</a>. BBC. 10 October 2009. Retrieved 3 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Worship+and+customs&rft.date=2009-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Frastafari%2Fcustoms%2Fcustoms_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200111-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200111_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPendergrast2001">Pendergrast 2001</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBersten199953-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBersten199953_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBersten1999">Bersten 1999</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnutssonHodacs2021" class="citation journal cs1">Knutsson, Anna; Hodacs, Hanna (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03585522.2021.2000489">"When coffee was banned: strategies of labour and leisure among Stockholm's poor women, 1794–1796 and 1799–1802"</a>. Scandinavian Economic History Review. 71 (2): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03585522.2021.2000489">10.1080/03585522.2021.2000489</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0358-5522">0358-5522</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244415520">244415520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=When+coffee+was+banned%3A+strategies+of+labour+and+leisure+among+Stockholm%27s+poor+women%2C+1794%E2%80%931796+and+1799%E2%80%931802&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244415520%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0358-5522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03585522.2021.2000489&rft.aulast=Knutsson&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Hodacs%2C+Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03585522.2021.2000489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTopik2009" class="citation journal cs1">Topik, Steven (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25475502">"Coffee as a Social Drug"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Critique" title="Cultural Critique">Cultural Critique</a>. 71 (71): 81–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcul.0.0027">10.1353/cul.0.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-4371">0882-4371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25475502">25475502</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143091138">143091138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Critique&rft.atitle=Coffee+as+a+Social+Drug&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=71&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0882-4371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143091138%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25475502%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcul.0.0027&rft.aulast=Topik&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25475502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen199927-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen199927_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen1999">Allen 1999</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200110-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPendergrast200110_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPendergrast2001">Pendergrast 2001</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rd.com/article/reason-coffee-called-cup-of-joe/">"Why Is Coffee Called a Cup of Joe?"</a>. 9 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Is+Coffee+Called+a+Cup+of+Joe%3F&rft.date=2019-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rd.com%2Farticle%2Freason-coffee-called-cup-of-joe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allrecipes.com/article/cup-of-joe-meaning/">"Why We Call Coffee a "Cup of Joe""</a>. Allrecipes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allrecipes&rft.atitle=Why+We+Call+Coffee+a+%22Cup+of+Joe%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allrecipes.com%2Farticle%2Fcup-of-joe-meaning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwidewords.org/qa/qa-joe1.htm">"World Wide Words: Joe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Wide+Words%3A+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwidewords.org%2Fqa%2Fqa-joe1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1999" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Stewart Lee (1999). The Devil's Cup: Coffee, the Driving Force in History. Soho: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56947-174-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56947-174-6"><bdi>978-1-56947-174-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41961356">41961356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil%27s+Cup%3A+Coffee%2C+the+Driving+Force+in+History&rft.place=Soho&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41961356&rft.isbn=978-1-56947-174-6&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Stewart+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBersten1999" class="citation book cs1">Bersten, Ian (1999). Coffee, Sex & Health: A History of Anti-coffee Crusaders and Sexual Hysteria. Sydney: Helian Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9577581-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9577581-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9577581-0-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/222519244">222519244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffee%2C+Sex+%26+Health%3A+A+History+of+Anti-coffee+Crusaders+and+Sexual+Hysteria&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Helian+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F222519244&rft.isbn=978-0-9577581-0-0&rft.aulast=Bersten&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeMacrae1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Clarke, Ronald James; Macrae, R., eds. (1987). Coffee. Vol. 2: Technology. Barking, Essex: Elsevier Applied Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85166-034-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85166-034-6"><bdi>978-1-85166-034-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffee&rft.place=Barking%2C+Essex&rft.pub=Elsevier+Applied+Science&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-85166-034-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliffordWilson1985" class="citation book cs1">Clifford, M. N.; Wilson, K.C., eds. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11444112">Coffee: Botany, Biochemistry and Production of Beans and Beverage</a>. Westport, Connecticut: AVI Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0787-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-0787-9"><bdi>978-0-7099-0787-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11444112">11444112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffee%3A+Botany%2C+Biochemistry+and+Production+of+Beans+and+Beverage&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=AVI+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11444112&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-0787-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F11444112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKummer2003" class="citation book cs1">Kummer, Corby (2003). The Joy of Coffee: The Essential guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-30240-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-30240-6"><bdi>978-0-618-30240-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51969208">51969208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Joy+of+Coffee%3A+The+Essential+guide+to+Buying%2C+Brewing%2C+and+Enjoying&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51969208&rft.isbn=978-0-618-30240-6&rft.aulast=Kummer&rft.aufirst=Corby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPendergrast2001" class="citation book cs1">Pendergrast, Mark (2001). Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World. London: Texere. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58799-088-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58799-088-5"><bdi>978-1-58799-088-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48931999">48931999</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncommon+Grounds%3A+The+History+of+Coffee+and+How+It+Transformed+Our+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Texere&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48931999&rft.isbn=978-1-58799-088-5&rft.aulast=Pendergrast&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouza2008" class="citation book cs1">Souza, Ricardo M. (2008). Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of Coffee. Dordrecht: シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8719-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8719-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-8719-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/288603555">288603555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant-Parasitic+Nematodes+of+Coffee&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E6%A0%AA%E5%BC%8F%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F288603555&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8719-6&rft.aulast=Souza&rft.aufirst=Ricardo+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinbergBealer2001" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn">The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldofcaffeines00benn/page/n28">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92722-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92722-2"><bdi>978-0-415-92722-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Caffeine%3A+The+Science+and+Culture+of+the+World%27s+Most+Popular+Drug&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92722-2&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Bennett+Alan&rft.au=Bealer%2C+Bonnie+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldofcaffeines00benn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Bhanoo, Sindya N. (25 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/science/on-one-greek-island-a-caffeinated-secret-to-long-life.html">"The Secret May Be in the Coffee"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Secret+May+Be+in+the+Coffee&rft.date=2013-03-25&rft.aulast=Bhanoo&rft.aufirst=Sindya+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F03%2F26%2Fscience%2Fon-one-greek-island-a-caffeinated-secret-to-long-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ganchy, Sally (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamsciencemedi0000ganc">Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Rosen_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosen Publishing Group">Rosen Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-5066-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-5066-8"><bdi>978-1-4358-5066-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Science%2C+Medicine%2C+and+Technology&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4358-5066-8&rft.aulast=Ganchy&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamsciencemedi0000ganc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Von Hünersdorff, Richard; Hasenkamp, Holger G. (2002). Coffee : a bibliography : a guide to the literature on coffee. London: Hünersdorff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9527121-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9527121-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9527121-0-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52041916">52041916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffee+%3A+a+bibliography+%3A+a+guide+to+the+literature+on+coffee&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H%C3%BCnersdorff&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52041916&rft.isbn=978-0-9527121-0-7&rft.aulast=Von+H%C3%BCnersdorff&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Hasenkamp%2C+Holger+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jacob, Heinrich Eduard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coffeeepicofcomm00jaco">Coffee: The Epic of a Commodity</a>. Short Hills, NJ: Burford Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58080-070-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58080-070-9"><bdi>978-1-58080-070-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coffee%3A+The+Epic+of+a+Commodity&rft.place=Short+Hills%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Burford+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-58080-070-9&rft.aulast=Jacob&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoffeeepicofcomm00jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Joffe-Walt, Benjamin; Burkeman, Oliver (16 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/food/Story/0,2763,1571608,00.html">"Coffee trail—from the Ethiopian village of Choche to a London coffee shop"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Coffee+trail%E2%80%94from+the+Ethiopian+village+of+Choche+to+a+London+coffee+shop&rft.date=2005-09-16&rft.aulast=Joffe-Walt&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Burkeman%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffood%2FStory%2F0%2C2763%2C1571608%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kingston, Lani (2015). How to Make Coffee: The Science Behind the Bean (1st ed.). Lewes: Ivy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782405184" title="Special:BookSources/978-1782405184"><bdi>978-1782405184</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/898155710">898155710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Make+Coffee%3A+The+Science+Behind+the+Bean&rft.place=Lewes&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ivy+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F898155710&rft.isbn=978-1782405184&rft.aulast=Kingston&rft.aufirst=Lani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Mahamid, Hatim; Nissim, Chaim (5 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332950898">"Sufis and Coffee Consumption: Religio-Legal and Historical Aspects of a Controversy in the Late Mamluk and Early Ottoman Periods"</a>. Journal of Sufi Studies. 7 (1–2): 140–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105956-12341311">10.1163/22105956-12341311</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:182410390">182410390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sufi+Studies&rft.atitle=Sufis+and+Coffee+Consumption%3A+Religio-Legal+and+Historical+Aspects+of+a+Controversy+in+the+Late+Mamluk+and+Early+Ottoman+Periods&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.date=2018-12-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105956-12341311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A182410390%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mahamid&rft.aufirst=Hatim&rft.au=Nissim%2C+Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F332950898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Allan A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldinsomanywor00metc/page/123">The World in So Many Words: A Country-by-country Tour of Words that have Shaped our Language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-95920-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-95920-6"><bdi>978-0-395-95920-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+in+So+Many+Words%3A+A+Country-by-country+Tour+of+Words+that+have+Shaped+our+Language&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-395-95920-6&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Allan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldinsomanywor00metc%2Fpage%2F123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rao, Scott (2008). The professional barista's handbook : an expert's guide to preparing espresso, coffee, and tea. USA: The author. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60530-098-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60530-098-6"><bdi>978-1-60530-098-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/311542398">311542398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+professional+barista%27s+handbook+%3A+an+expert%27s+guide+to+preparing+espresso%2C+coffee%2C+and+tea&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=The+author&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F311542398&rft.isbn=978-1-60530-098-6&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rendle, Alfred Barton; Freeman, William George (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Coffee">"Coffee" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 646–649.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coffee&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E646-%3C%2Fspan%3E649&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rendle&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Barton&rft.au=Freeman%2C+William+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"> (inc. trade figures for 1904–5, diagrams etc.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Siasos, G.; Oikonomou, E.; Chrysohoou, C.; Tousoulis, D.; Panagiotakos, D.; Zaromitidou, M.; Zisimos, K.; Kokkou, E.; Marinos, G.; Papavassiliou, A. G.; Pitsavos, C.; Stefanadis, C. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1358863X13480258">"Consumption of a boiled Greek type of coffee is associated with improved endothelial function: The Ikaria Study"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vascular_Medicine_(journal)" title="Vascular Medicine (journal)">Vascular Medicine</a>. 18 (2): 55–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1358863X13480258">10.1177/1358863X13480258</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23509088">23509088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vascular+Medicine&rft.atitle=Consumption+of+a+boiled+Greek+type+of+coffee+is+associated+with+improved+endothelial+function%3A+The+Ikaria+Study&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1358863X13480258&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23509088&rft.aulast=Siasos&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Oikonomou%2C+E.&rft.au=Chrysohoou%2C+C.&rft.au=Tousoulis%2C+D.&rft.au=Panagiotakos%2C+D.&rft.au=Zaromitidou%2C+M.&rft.au=Zisimos%2C+K.&rft.au=Kokkou%2C+E.&rft.au=Marinos%2C+G.&rft.au=Papavassiliou%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Pitsavos%2C+C.&rft.au=Stefanadis%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F1358863X13480258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Siasos, G.; Tousoulis, D.; Stefanadis, C. (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2013.08.1642">"Effects of habitual coffee consumption on vascular function"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_College_of_Cardiology" title="Journal of the American College of Cardiology">Journal of the American College of Cardiology</a>. 63 (6): 606–07. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2013.08.1642">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1642</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24184234">24184234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Cardiology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+habitual+coffee+consumption+on+vascular+function&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E606-%3C%2Fspan%3E07&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2013.08.1642&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24184234&rft.aulast=Siasos&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Tousoulis%2C+D.&rft.au=Stefanadis%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jacc.2013.08.1642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Weissman, Michaele (2008). God in a Cup: The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Coffee. Hoboken, NJ: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470173589" title="Special:BookSources/9780470173589"><bdi>9780470173589</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/938341854">938341854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+in+a+Cup%3A+The+Obsessive+Quest+for+the+Perfect+Coffee&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F938341854&rft.isbn=9780470173589&rft.aulast=Weissman&rft.aufirst=Michaele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook">Cookbook</a> has a recipe/module on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left: 1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Coffee" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Coffee"> Coffee</a></li></ul> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coffee" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coffee">Coffee</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coffee" title="Template:Coffee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coffee" title="Template talk:Coffee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coffee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coffee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coffee512" class="hrecipe fn ingredient" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coffee</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_coffee" title="Economics of coffee">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade_coffee" title="Fair trade coffee">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coffee" title="History of coffee">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Coffee_Day" title="International Coffee Day">International Coffee Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-origin_coffee" title="Single-origin coffee">Single-origin coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_coffee" title="Third-wave coffee">Third-wave coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production" title="Coffee production">Coffee production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_coffee" title="Organic coffee">Organic coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade-grown_coffee" title="Shade-grown coffee">Shade-grown coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_coffee" title="Sustainable coffee">Sustainable coffee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">List of countries by coffee production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_roasting" title="Coffee roasting">Coffee roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_wastewater" title="Coffee wastewater">Coffee wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decaffeination" title="Decaffeination">Decaffeination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_roasting_coffee" title="Home roasting coffee">Home roasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffea" title="Coffea">Species</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_varieties" title="List of coffee varieties">varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">Arabica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benguet_coffee" title="Benguet coffee">Benguet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Blue_Mountain_Coffee" title="Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee">Blue Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Bonifieur" title="Guadeloupe Bonifieur">Bonifieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_coffee" title="Bourbon coffee">Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha_(coffee)" title="Geisha (coffee)">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kona_coffee" title="Kona coffee">Kona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maracaturra_coffee" title="Maracaturra coffee">Maracaturra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragogipe_Coffee" title="Maragogipe Coffee">Maragogipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokai_coffee" title="Molokai coffee">Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S795_coffee" title="S795 coffee">S795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagada_coffee" title="Sagada coffee">Sagada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffea_charrieriana" title="Coffea charrieriana">Charrieriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffea_liberica" title="Coffea liberica">Liberica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapeng_barako" title="Kapeng barako">Barako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffea_racemosa" title="Coffea racemosa">Racemosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robusta_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Robusta coffee">Robusta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahawa_Sug" title="Kahawa Sug">Sulu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cafestol" title="Cafestol">Cafestol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeic_acid" title="Caffeic acid">Caffeic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean" title="Coffee bean">Coffee bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furan-2-ylmethanethiol" title="Furan-2-ylmethanethiol">Furan-2-ylmethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahweol" title="Kahweol">Kahweol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_preparation" title="Coffee preparation">Preparation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AeroPress" title="AeroPress">AeroPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebena" title="Jebena">Jebena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewed_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewed coffee">Brewed coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemex_Coffeemaker" title="Chemex Coffeemaker">Chemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezve" title="Cezve">Cezve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorreador" title="Chorreador">Chorreador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeemaker" title="Coffeemaker">Coffeemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_brew_coffee" title="Cold brew coffee">Cold brew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitro_cold_brew_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitro cold brew coffee">nitro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_coffee" title="Drip coffee">Drip coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">Espresso</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppio" title="Doppio">doppio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">lungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">ristretto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">Espresso machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_drip" class="mw-redirect" title="French drip">French drip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karlsbad_coffee_maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlsbad coffee maker">Karlsbad coffee maker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_press" title="French press">French press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_coffee" title="Instant coffee">Instant coffee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee syrup">Coffee syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockbox" title="Knockbox">Knockbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_pot" title="Moka pot">Moka pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_flip_coffee_pot" title="Neapolitan flip coffee pot">Neapolitan flip coffee pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_percolator" title="Coffee percolator">Percolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazdi_coffee" title="Yazdi coffee">Yazdi coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_coffee_maker" title="Vacuum coffee maker">Vacuum maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks" title="List of coffee drinks">Coffee drinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affogato" title="Affogato">Affogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Americano" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffè Americano">Americano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaten_coffee" title="Beaten coffee">Beaten coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bica_(coffee)" title="Bica (coffee)">Bica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicerin" title="Bicerin">Bicerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Russian" title="Black Russian">Black Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_iced_coffee" title="Vietnamese iced coffee">Cà phê sữa đá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait" title="Café au lait">Café au lait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_com_cheirinho" title="Café com cheirinho">Café com cheirinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_leche" title="Café con leche">Café con leche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_olla" title="Café de olla">Café de olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Touba" title="Café Touba">Café Touba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_corretto" title="Caffè corretto">Caffè corretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_crema" title="Caffè crema">Caffè crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_macchiato" title="Caffè macchiato">Caffè macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_mocha" title="Caffè mocha">Caffè mocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">Cappuccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carajillo" title="Carajillo">Carajillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cabinet" title="Coffee cabinet">Coffee cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_milk" title="Coffee milk">Coffee milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortado" title="Cortado">Cortado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_espresso" title="Cuban espresso">Café Cubano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalgona_coffee" title="Dalgona coffee">Dalgona coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_coffee" title="Egg coffee">Egg coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">Espresso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_white" title="Flat white">Flat white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frappuccino" title="Frappuccino">Frappuccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A3o" title="Galão">Galão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks#Garoto" title="List of coffee drinks">Garoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gassosa_al_caff%C3%A8" title="Gassosa al caffè">Gassosa al caffè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iced_coffee" title="Iced coffee">Iced coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_filter_coffee" title="Indian filter coffee">Indian filter coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipoh_white_coffee" title="Ipoh white coffee">Ipoh white coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Irish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsk" title="Karsk">Karsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_(drink)" title="Kopi (drink)">Kopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_luwak" title="Kopi luwak">Kopi luwak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tubruk" title="Kopi tubruk">Kopi tubruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_coffee" title="Kurdish coffee">Kurdish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_macchiato" title="Latte macchiato">Latte macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">Latte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liqueur_coffee" title="Liqueur coffee">Liqueur coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_black" title="Long black">Long black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">Lungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchino" title="Marocchino">Marocchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagran_(drink)" title="Mazagran (drink)">Mazagran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moretta_(coffee)" title="Moretta (coffee)">Moretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliang" title="Oliang">Oliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raf_coffee" title="Raf coffee">Raf coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks#Red_eye" title="List of coffee drinks">Red eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">Ristretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdesheimer_Kaffee" title="Rüdesheimer Kaffee">Rüdesheimer Kaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenom_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenom coffee">Tenom coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_coffee" title="White coffee">White coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Russian_(cocktail)" title="White Russian (cocktail)">White Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Melange" title="Wiener Melange">Wiener Melange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazdi_coffee" title="Yazdi coffee">Yazdi coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuenyeung" title="Yuenyeung">Yuenyeung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bakery_caf%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bakery cafés">Bakery cafés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_companies" title="List of coffee companies">Coffee companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffeehouse_chains" title="List of coffeehouse chains">Coffeehouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barista" title="Barista">Barista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_barista" title="Bikini barista">Bikini barista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_sospeso" title="Caffè sospeso">Caffè sospeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_ceremony_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoffeeCon" title="CoffeeCon">CoffeeCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture_in_Australia" title="Coffee culture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture_in_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="Coffee culture in the former Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cupping" title="Coffee cupping">Coffee cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_palace" title="Coffee palace">Coffee palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_coffeehouses_in_the_17th_and_18th_centuries" title="English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries">Historical coffeehouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tiam" title="Kopi tiam">Kopi tiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_coffee_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Viennese coffee house">Viennese coffee house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">Substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_d%27orzo" title="Caffè d'orzo">Barley coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_tea" title="Barley tea">Barley tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barleycup" title="Barleycup">Barleycup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro_(drink)" title="Caro (drink)">Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cereal_coffee" title="Cereal coffee">Cereal coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">Chicory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandelion_coffee" title="Dandelion coffee">Dandelion coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inka_(drink)" title="Inka (drink)">Inka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Maya nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postum" title="Postum">Postum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qishr" title="Qishr">Qishr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serving vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup" title="Coffee cup">Coffee cup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup_sleeve" title="Coffee cup sleeve">sleeve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezve" title="Cezve">Cezve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demitasse" title="Demitasse">Demitasse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demitasse_spoon" title="Demitasse spoon">spoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasse_%C3%A0_caf%C3%A9" title="Tasse à café">Tasse à café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarf" title="Zarf">Zarf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Barista_Championship" title="United States Barista Championship">United States Barista Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Barista_Championship" title="World Barista Championship">World Barista Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Brewers_Cup" title="World Brewers Cup">World Brewers Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_and_doughnuts" title="Coffee and doughnuts">Coffee and doughnuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_service" title="Coffee service">Coffee service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_leaf_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee leaf rust">Coffee leaf rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_wars" title="Coffee wars">Coffee wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden%27s_coffee_experiment" title="Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment">Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_coffee" title="Canned coffee">Canned coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_vending_machine" title="Coffee vending machine">Coffee vending machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_coffee_grounds" title="Used coffee grounds">Used coffee grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_coffee" title="Sustainable coffee">Sustainable coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_acid_coffee" title="Low acid coffee">Low acid coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-relax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/16px-Emblem-relax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/24px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/32px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Coffee" title="Portal:Coffee">Coffee portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coffee" title="Category:Coffee">Category: Coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plant-based_diets225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant-based_diets" title="Template:Plant-based diets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plant-based_diets" title="Template talk:Plant-based diets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plant-based_diets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plant-based diets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plant-based_diets225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diets</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climatarian_diet" title="Climatarian diet">Climatarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Flexitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low-carbon diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_diet" title="Mediterranean diet">Mediterranean diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portfolio_diet" title="Portfolio diet">Portfolio diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Vegan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw vegan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics, dietitians, and physicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neal_D._Barnard" title="Neal D. Barnard">Neal D. Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bulsiewicz" title="Will Bulsiewicz">Will Bulsiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Colin_Campbell" title="T. Colin Campbell">T. Colin Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Davis" title="Brenda Davis">Brenda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Davis_(surgeon)" title="Garth Davis (surgeon)">Garth Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Desmond" title="Alan Desmond">Alan Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Diehl" title="Hans Diehl">Hans Diehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidon_Eshel" title="Gidon Eshel">Gidon Eshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Esselstyn" title="Caldwell Esselstyn">Caldwell Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_E._Fraser" title="Gary E. Fraser">Gary E. Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Fuhrman" title="Joel Fuhrman">Joel Fuhrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristi_Funk" title="Kristi Funk">Kristi Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_D._Gardner" title="Christopher D. Gardner">Christopher D. Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Greger" title="Michael Greger">Michael Greger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julieanna_Hever" title="Julieanna Hever">Julieanna Hever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Hill_(nutritionist)" title="Simon Hill (nutritionist)">Simon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Jacobson" title="Michael F. Jacobson">Michael F. Jacobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Jenkins" title="David J. Jenkins">David J. Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Kahn" title="Joel Kahn">Joel Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shireen_Kassam" title="Shireen Kassam">Shireen Kassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Katz" title="David L. Katz">David L. Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Klaper" title="Michael Klaper">Michael Klaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiannon_Lambert" title="Rhiannon Lambert">Rhiannon Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Levin" title="Susan M. Levin">Susan M. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valter_Longo" title="Valter Longo">Valter Longo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaniappan_Manickam" title="Palaniappan Manickam">Palaniappan Manickam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McDougall" title="John A. McDougall">John A. McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracye_McQuirter" title="Tracye McQuirter">Tracye McQuirter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Messina" title="Virginia Messina">Virginia Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Newman" title="Gemma Newman">Gemma Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidi_Ngwaba" title="Chidi Ngwaba">Chidi Ngwaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Ornish" title="Dean Ornish">Dean Ornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Plant" title="Jane Plant">Jane Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Pritikin" title="Nathan Pritikin">Nathan Pritikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megan_Rossi" title="Megan Rossi">Megan Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Shintani" title="Terry Shintani">Terry Shintani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheil_Shukla" title="Sheil Shukla">Sheil Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Spector" title="Tim Spector">Tim Spector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Syn" title="Mia Syn">Mia Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Wareham" title="Ellsworth Wareham">Ellsworth Wareham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_A._Williams" title="Kim A. Williams">Kim A. Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocates and cookbook authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Anderson" title="Pamela Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_Atlas" title="Nava Atlas">Nava Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Bass" title="Clarence Bass">Clarence Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bittman" title="Mark Bittman">Mark Bittman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_Jackson_Blatner" title="Dawn Jackson Blatner">Dawn Jackson Blatner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleigh_Bodrug" title="Carleigh Bodrug">Carleigh Bodrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bowman" title="Alfredo Bowman">Alfredo Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Brazier" title="Brendan Brazier">Brendan Brazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Buettner" title="Dan Buettner">Dan Buettner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzy_Amis_Cameron" title="Suzy Amis Cameron">Suzy Amis Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Che" title="Hannah Che">Hannah Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cross_(filmmaker)" title="Joe Cross (filmmaker)">Joe Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosanna_Davison" title="Rosanna Davison">Rosanna Davison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr." title="Robert Downey Jr.">Robert Downey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Dymek" title="Marta Dymek">Marta Dymek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_Esselstyn" title="Rip Esselstyn">Rip Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Freston" title="Kathy Freston">Kathy Freston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richa_Hingle" title="Richa Hingle">Richa Hingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Humm" title="Daniel Humm">Daniel Humm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kenney" title="Matthew Kenney">Matthew Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_La_Manna" title="Max La Manna">Max La Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mackey_(businessman)" title="John Mackey (businessman)">John Mackey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McCartney" title="Mary McCartney">Mary McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Lui_McKinnon" title="Hetty Lui McKinnon">Hetty Lui McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Mills" title="Ella Mills">Ella Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Lee_Molinaro" title="Joanne Lee Molinaro">Joanne Lee Molinaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_Morgan" title="Charity Morgan">Charity Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Murdock" title="David H. Murdock">David H. Murdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Okamoto" title="Toni Okamoto">Toni Okamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darin_Olien" title="Darin Olien">Darin Olien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Pilot" title="Steve Pilot">Steve Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Robbins" title="Ocean Robbins">Ocean Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Sarno" title="Derek Sarno">Derek Sarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Seinfeld" title="Jessica Seinfeld">Jessica Seinfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Stone" title="Gene Stone">Gene Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Sunderani" title="Hannah Sunderani">Hannah Sunderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Szekely" title="Deborah Szekely">Deborah Szekely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeeca_Uy" title="Jeeca Uy">Jeeca Uy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisha_Vora" title="Nisha Vora">Nisha Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Yonan" title="Joe Yonan">Joe Yonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Young" title="Robert O. Young">Robert O. Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books, studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_Health_Studies" title="Adventist Health Studies">Adventist Health Studies</a></li> <li><a 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[\"CITEREFCastle1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastleNielsen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCipolla\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkeMacrae1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCliffordWilson1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCousin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavids2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavironPonte2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeRupo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_PelsmackerDriesenRayp2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobelis1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuke1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDulskasKlimovskijVitkauskieneSamalavicius2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEFSA_Panel_on_Dietetic_Products_(Nutrition_and_Allergies)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEamudomkarnKietpeerakoolKaewrudeeJampathong2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFremont-Barnes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFried1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalatola2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolobFarrellOrchard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraham2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamonNoirotAnthony1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHattox1985\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFMoatWilliamsBaenaWilkinson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNehlig2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearce2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPendergrast2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPendergrast2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPendergrast2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPooleKennedyRoderickFallowfield2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradeepkumarKumar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._J.1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRickert2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothstein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvaggioPeritiMianoQuaglia1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvesen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeal2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlootsFelt-BersmaWestKuipers2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouza2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStauth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThuot2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopik2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTopper2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUkers1922\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUkers1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVittoriCaprioliCorteseSagratini2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVooraBermúdezLarreaBaliño2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWahyuniRispiandiHariyadi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaller1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallerBiggerHillocks2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangXueMengLee2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinbergBealer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWild2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsSpencerRice-Evans2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorkman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorland2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeagerBataliLimLiang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZivković2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuraw2013\"] = 1,\n [\"Caffeine\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BRA\"] = 1,\n [\"COL\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED1\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 58,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 73,\n [\"Coffee\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 14,\n [\"Cookbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 15,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Coffee\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"ETH\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 1,\n [\"HON\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 16,\n [\"IDN\"] = 1,\n [\"IND\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox drink\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 20,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Open access\"] = 1,\n [\"PER\"] = 1,\n [\"Plant-based diets\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Protection padlock\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 19,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"VIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Coffee","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coffee","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8486","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8486","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-18T21:41:42Z","dateModified":"2025-02-08T13:36:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e4\/Latte_and_dark_coffee.jpg","headline":"brewed beverage made from seeds of Coffea genus"}</script> </body> </html>