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Hvis du mener, at du er blevet blokeret ved en fejl, kan du finde yderligere oplysninger og instruktioner i den globale politik <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">Ingen åbne proxyer</a>. </p> Du kan også diskutere blokeringen ved at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">lægge en anmodning om gennemgang på Meta-Wiki</a>. ⧼wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-e-mail-steward⧽</div></div><hr /> <p>Du kan se og kopiere kildeteksten for denne side </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="da" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">=== Særlige aspekter ved menneskesprog === {{uddybende|Dyresprog}} En række egenskaber adskiller menneskesprog fra andre kendte kommunikationssystemer som [[dyresprog]]. Mange af disse egenskaber er beskrevet af [[Charles Hockett]] og kaldes [[Hocketts designegenskaber|designegenskaber]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~swinters/371/designfeatures.html |title=The Problem of Universals in Language |last=Hockett |first=Charles F. |date=1966 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110023354/http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~swinters/371/designfeatures.html |archive-date=10. november 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=2013-05-11 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Andre dyrs kommunikationssystemer som [[biers kommunikation|biers]] eller [[store menneskeabers sprog|menneskeabers]], er lukkede systemer, der består af et begrænset, ofte meget begrænset, antal ideer, der kan udtrykkes.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Hockett|1960}}; {{harvcoltxt|Deacon|1997}}</ref> I modsætning hertil er menneskesprog grænseløst og [[Produktivitet (lingvistik)|produktivt]]. Det betyder, at det lader mennesker producere en bred vifte af ytringer ud fra et begrænset sæt af elementer og lader dem skabe nye ord og sætninger. Det er muligt, da menneskesprog er baseret på en dobbelt kode, hvorved et begrænset antal elementer, som i sig selv er meningsløse (lyde, bogstaver eller håndbevægelser) kan kombineres til at danne et uendeligt antal større betydningsenheder (ord og sætninger).<ref name="Trask5">{{harvcoltxt|Trask|1999|pages=1–5}}</ref> Et studie har dog vist, at den australsk fugl, det [[kastanjekronet buenæb]], kan bruge de samme akustiske elementer i forskellige arrangementer til at skabe to funktionelt forskellige vokaliseringer.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Engesser |first1=Sabrina|last2=Crane |first2=Jodie S.|last3=Savage |first3=James L.|last4=Russel |first4=Andrew F. |last5=Townsend |first5=Simon W. |date=29. juni 2015 |title=Experimental Evidence for Phonemic Contrasts in a Nonhuman Vocal System |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=13|issue=6|pages=e1002171|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1002171|pmid=26121619 |pmc=4488142}}</ref> Herudover har den [[sorthvid larmdrossel|sorthvide larmdrossel]] demonstreret en evne til at generere to funktionelt forskellige vokaliseringer bestående af den samme lydtype, som kun kan adskilles ved antallet af gentagede elementer.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Engesser |first1=Sabrina|last2=Ridley |first2=Amanda R.|last3=Townsend |first3=Simon W. |date=20. juli 2017 |title=Element repetition rates encode functionally distinct information in pied babbler 'clucks' and 'purrs' |journal=Animal Cognition |volume=20 |issue=5|pages=953–60|doi=10.1007/s10071-017-1114-6|pmid=28730513|url=http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/89798/7/WRAP-element-repetition-rates-encode-functionally-Townsend-2017.pdf}}</ref> Flere dyrearter har vist sig i stand til at udvikle kommunikationsformer gennem social indlæring: for eksempel lærte [[bonobo]]aben [[Kanzi]] at udtrykke sig ved brug af et sæt symbolske [[leksigram]]mer. På lignende vis lærer mange fugle og hvaler deres sange ved at imitere artsfæller. Mens nogle dyr kan tilegne sig et stort antal ord og symboler,{{refn|group=note|Gorillaen [[Koko (gorilla)|Koko]] anvendte angiveligt op til 1000 ord i [[ASL]] og har kunnet forstå 2000 engelske ord. Der hersker tvivl om hvorvidt hendes brug af tegn er baseret på kompleks forståelse eller simpel [[Operant betingning|betingning]].<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Candland|1993}}</ref>}} har ingen dog været i stand til at lære lige så mange forskellige tegn som et 4-årig barn, eller noget nær menneskesprogs komplekse grammatik.<ref name="Deacon 1997">{{harvcoltxt|Deacon|1997}}</ref> Menneskesprog adskiller sig også fra dyrs kommunikationssystemer ved at anvender [[grammatiske kategorier|grammatiske og semantiske kategorier]] som [[navneord]] (''substantiver'') og [[udsagnsord]] (''verber''), [[præsens|nutid]] (''præsens'') og datid (''præteritum''), som kan anvendes til at udtrykke meget komplekse betydninger.<ref name="Deacon 1997"/> Menneskesprog er også unikke vad at have [[Rekursion|rekursivitet]]: for eksempel kan en navneordssætning indeholde en anden navneordssætning (som "<nowiki>[[chimpansen]s læber]</nowiki>"), eller en sætning kan indeholde en anden sætning (som "<nowiki>[Jeg ser [solen skinner]]</nowiki>").<ref name="Hauser 2002"/> Menneskesprog er også det eneste kendte naturlige kommunikationssystem, hvis tilpasningsevne kan kaldes ''modalitetsuafhængigt''. Det vil sige, at det kan bruges til kommunikation gennem flere kanaler eller medier. For eksempel anvender talt sprog den auditive modalitet, mens [[tegnsprog]] og skrift anvender den visuelle og [[braille]]skrift anvender den taktile modalitget.<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Trask|2007|pp=165–66}}</ref> Menneskesprog er også usædvanligt i sin evne til at henvise til abstrakte begreber og forestillede eller hypotetiske begivenheder såvel som begivenheder, der fandt sted i fortiden eller kan ske i fremtiden. Denne evne til at henvise til begivenheder, der ikke finder sted i samme tid eller rum som talebegivenheden kaldes ''[[Displacement (lingvistik)|displacement]]'', og mens nogle typer dyrekommunikation kan anvende displacement (om hvordan [[bi]]er kan videregive oplysninger om nektar, der ikke umiddelbart kan ses), så betragtes den grad hvortil det anvendes i menneskesprog som unik.<ref name="Trask5"/> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Returnér til <a href="/wiki/Sprog" title="Sprog">Sprog</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hentet fra "<a dir="ltr" href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprog">https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprog</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privatlivspolitik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Om">Om Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Generelle_forbehold">Forbehold</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Udviklere</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/da.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie-erklæring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//da.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sprog&action=edit&section=5&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobilvisning</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vh5cv","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.004","walltime":"0.006","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":614,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vh5cv","timestamp":"20241125051658","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>