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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Turkish War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_negotiator_in_Mudanya_and_Lausanne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_negotiator_in_Mudanya_and_Lausanne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Chief negotiator in Mudanya and Lausanne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_negotiator_in_Mudanya_and_Lausanne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prime ministry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_ministry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime ministry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationalist_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalist_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nationalist policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalist_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Social policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Economic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1938–1950)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1938–1950)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presidency (1938–1950)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1938–1950)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1938–1950) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1938–1950)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prewar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prewar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prewar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prewar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-War_democratization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-War_democratization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Post-War democratization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-War_democratization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_opposition_(1950–1960)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_opposition_(1950–1960)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Leader of the opposition (1950–1960)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_opposition_(1950–1960)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_(1961–1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_(1961–1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later life (1961–1973)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_(1961–1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Portrayal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>National Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">İsmet İnönü</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">78 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8E" title="Исмет Инёню – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Исмет Инёню" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="عصمت إينونو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصمت إينونو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sm%C9%99t_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmət İnönü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsmət İnönü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="عصمت اینونو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عصمت اینونو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81" title="ইসমত ইনোনু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসমত ইনোনু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8E" title="Ісмет Інёню – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ісмет Інёню" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8E" title="Исмет Иньоню – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Исмет Иньоню" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%84_%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Ισμέτ Ινονού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισμέτ Ινονού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="عصمت اینونو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عصمت اینونو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%A9%94%ED%8A%B8_%EC%9D%B4%EB%87%8C%EB%89%98" title="이스메트 이뇌뉘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스메트 이뇌뉘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%A9_%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Իսմեթ Ինյոնյու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսմեթ Ինյոնյու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8E,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Инёню, Исмет – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Инёню, Исмет" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99" title="איסמט אינני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איסמט אינני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%97_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3" title="ისმეთ ინენიუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისმეთ ინენიუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%98%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%BD%D2%AF" title="Мұстафа Исмет Инөнү – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұстафа Исмет Инөнү" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%98%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%BD%D2%AF" title="Исмет Инөнү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Исмет Инөнү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D3%A7%D0%BD%D3%B1,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Инӧнӱ, Исмет – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Инӧнӱ, Исмет" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismets_Ineni" title="Ismets Ineni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ismets Ineni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81" title="ഇസ്മത് ഇനോനു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്മത് ഇനോനു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%97_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3" title="ისმეთ ინენიუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ისმეთ ინენიუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="عصمت اينونو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عصمت اينونو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="عصمت اینونو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="عصمت اینونو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A1%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5" title="イスメト・イノニュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスメト・イノニュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="عصمت انونو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عصمت انونو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88" title="عصمت اینونو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عصمت اینونو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismet_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Ismet Inönü – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ismet Inönü" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8E,_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Инёню, Исмет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инёню, Исмет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismet_Inony" title="Ismet Inony – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ismet Inony" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet Inönü – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="İsmet Inönü" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%86%D9%86%D9%88" title="عیسمەت ئینۆنو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عیسمەت ئینۆنو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Мустафа Исмет Инону – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мустафа Исмет Инону" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="İsmet İnönü" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%98%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%BD%D2%AF" title="Исмәт Инөнү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Исмәт Инөнү" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="İnönü (disambiguation)">İnönü</a>.</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Turkey from 1938 to 1950</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><i>Millî Şef</i></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">İsmet İnönü</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Inonu_Ismet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Inonu_Ismet.jpg/220px-Inonu_Ismet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Inonu_Ismet.jpg/330px-Inonu_Ismet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Inonu_Ismet.jpg/440px-Inonu_Ismet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="918" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">İnönü in 1938</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 November 1938 – 22 May 1950</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Refik_Saydam" title="Refik Saydam">Refik Saydam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Fikri_T%C3%BCzer" title="Ahmet Fikri Tüzer">Ahmet Fikri Tüzer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu">Şükrü Saracoğlu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Peker" title="Recep Peker">Recep Peker</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Saka" title="Hasan Saka">Hasan Saka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eemsettin_G%C3%BCnaltay" title="Şemsettin Günaltay">Şemsettin Günaltay</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Celâl Bayar</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime Minister of Turkey</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 November 1961 – 20 February 1965</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cemal_G%C3%BCrsel" title="Cemal Gürsel">Cemal Gürsel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emin_Fahrettin_%C3%96zdilek" class="mw-redirect" title="Emin Fahrettin Özdilek">Emin Fahrettin Özdilek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suat_Hayri_%C3%9Crg%C3%BCpl%C3%BC" title="Suat Hayri Ürgüplü">Suat Hayri Ürgüplü</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 March 1925 – 25 October 1937</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Fethi_Okyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Fethi Okyar">Ali Fethi Okyar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Celâl Bayar</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 October 1923 – 22 November 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ali Fethi Okyar <span style="font-size:85%;">(as Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Government of the Grand National Assembly</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ali Fethi Okyar</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Leader of the Republican People's Party">Leader of the Republican People's Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 November 1938 – 8 May 1972</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey#Composition" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Member of the Grand National Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />25 October 1961 – 20 November 1972</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malatya_(electoral_district)" title="Malatya (electoral district)">Malatya</a> (<a href="/wiki/1961_Turkish_general_election" title="1961 Turkish general election">1961</a>, <a href="/wiki/1965_Turkish_general_election" title="1965 Turkish general election">1965</a>, <a href="/wiki/1969_Turkish_general_election" title="1969 Turkish general election">1969</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 May 1950 – 27 May 1960</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data">Malatya (<a href="/wiki/1950_Turkish_general_election" title="1950 Turkish general election">1950</a>, <a href="/wiki/1954_Turkish_general_election" title="1954 Turkish general election">1954</a>, <a href="/wiki/1957_Turkish_general_election" title="1957 Turkish general election">1957</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 June 1923 – 10 November 1938</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edirne_(electoral_district)" title="Edirne (electoral district)">Edirne</a> (<a href="/wiki/1923_Turkish_general_election" title="1923 Turkish general election">1923</a>, <a href="/wiki/1927_Turkish_general_election" title="1927 Turkish general election">1927</a>, <a href="/wiki/1931_Turkish_general_election" title="1931 Turkish general election">1931</a>, <a href="/wiki/1935_Turkish_general_election" title="1935 Turkish general election">1935</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey">Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 October 1922 – 21 November 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Rauf Orbay</a></li><li>Ali Fethi Okyar</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Kemal_Tengir%C5%9Fenk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk">Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Kaya" title="Şükrü Kaya">Şükrü Kaya</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chiefs_Turkish_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chiefs Turkish General Staff">Chief of the General Staff of Turkey</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 May 1920 – 3 August 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Çakmak</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mustafa İsmet</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1884-09-24</span>)</span>24 September 1884<br /><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">Smyrna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1973<span style="display:none">(1973-12-25)</span> (aged 89)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Anıtkabir</a>, Ankara</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">Ottoman, Turkish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mevhibe_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Mevhibe İnönü">Mevhibe İnönü</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">Erdal İnönü</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_School_of_Military_Engineering" title="Imperial School of Military Engineering">Imperial School of Military Engineering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Military_College" title="Ottoman Military College">Ottoman Military College</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="İsmet İnönü's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Signature.svg/128px-%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Signature.svg/192px-%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Signature.svg/256px-%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="58" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <span class="nowrap">(1903–1920)</span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">State of Turkey</a> <span class="nowrap">(1920–1923)</span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> (1923–1926)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Ottoman Army</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces#War_of_Independence" title="Turkish Land Forces">Army of the GNA</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Army">Turkish Army</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">Orgeneral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts#Yemeni_rebellion_of_1911" title="Yemeni–Ottoman conflicts">Yemeni Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nablus_(1918)" title="Battle of Nablus (1918)">Nablus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buqqar_Ridge" title="Battle of Buqqar Ridge">Buqqar Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_at_Khan_Ayash" title="Charge at Khan Ayash">Khan Ayash</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)">Greco-Turkish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">İnönü I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">İnönü II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir">Kütahya-Eskişehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Offensive" title="Great Offensive">Great Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Dumlupınar</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim rebellion">Dersim rebellion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mustafa İsmet İnönü</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Turkish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[isˈmet<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈinœny]</a></span>; 24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish army officer and statesman who served as the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Turkey">president of Turkey</a> from 11 November 1938, to 22 May 1950, and as its <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">prime minister</a> three times: from 1923 to 1924, 1925 to 1937, and 1961 to 1965. </p><p>İnönü is acknowledged by many as <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>'s right-hand man, with their friendship going back to the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922</a>, he served as the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Turkish General Staff">chief of the General Staff</a> from 1922 to 1924 for the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">regular Turkish army</a>, during which he commanded forces during the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">Second Battles</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC,_Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="İnönü, Eskişehir">İnönü</a>. Atatürk bestowed İsmet with the surname İnönü, the site of the battles, when the 1934 <a href="/wiki/Surname_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Surname Law">Surname Law</a> was adopted. He was also chief negotiator in the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Mudanya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%931923" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923">Lausanne conferences</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Ankara government</a>, successfully negotiating away the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>. As his prime minister for most of his presidency, İnönü executed many of Atatürk's modernizing and nationalist <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">reforms</a>. İnönü gave the orders to carry out the <a href="/wiki/Zilan_massacre" title="Zilan massacre">Zilan Massacre</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>İnönü succeeded Atatürk as president of Turkey after his death in 1938 and was granted the official title of <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Millî Şef</i></span> (<i>"National Chief"</i>) by the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As president and chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> (CHP), İnönü initially continued <a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey's one party state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalist</a> style programs continued to make great strides in education by supporting projects such as <a href="/wiki/Village_Institutes" title="Village Institutes">Village Institutes</a>. His governments implemented notably heavy <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">statist economic policies</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a> was annexed in 1939, and Turkey was able to maintain an <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">armed neutrality</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, joining the Allied powers only three months before the end of the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European Theater</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a> prompted İnönü to build closer ties with the Western powers, with the country eventually joining <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in 1952, though by then he was no longer president.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Factionalism between statists and liberals in the CHP led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Turkey,_1946%E2%80%931961)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)">Democrat Party</a> in 1946. İnönü held the <a href="/wiki/1946_Turkish_general_election" title="1946 Turkish general election">first multiparty elections</a> in the Republic's history that year, beginning <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey's multiparty period</a>. <a href="/wiki/1950_Turkish_general_election" title="1950 Turkish general election">1950</a> saw a peaceful transfer of power to the Democrats when the CHP suffered defeat in the elections. For ten years, İnönü served as the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(parliamentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (parliamentary)">leader of the opposition</a> before returning to power as prime minister following the <a href="/wiki/1961_Turkish_general_election" title="1961 Turkish general election">1961 election</a>, held after the <a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 coup-d'état</a>. The 1960s saw İnönü reinvent the CHP as a political party, which was "<a href="/wiki/Left_of_Center_(Turkey)" title="Left of Center (Turkey)">Left of Center</a>" as a new party cadre led by <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a> became more influential. İnönü remained leader of the CHP until 1972, when he was defeated by Ecevit in a leadership contest. He died on December 25, 1973, of a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>, at the age of 89. He is interred opposite to Atatürk's mausoleum at <a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Anıtkabir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inonu_ailesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Inonu_ailesi.jpg/220px-Inonu_ailesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Inonu_ailesi.jpg/330px-Inonu_ailesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Inonu_ailesi.jpg/440px-Inonu_ailesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>President İnönü (far right) with his family, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1940s</span>; from left: his wife <a href="/wiki/Mevhibe_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Mevhibe İnönü">Mevhibe</a>, and their three children, Ömer, Özden (later Toker), and <a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">Erdal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>İsmet İnönü (born Mustafa İsmet) was born in 1884 in Smyrna (<a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Aidin_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidin Vilayet">Aidin Vilayet</a> to Hacı Reşit and Cevriye (later Cevriye Temelli). Hacı Reşit was retired after serving as director of the First Examinant Department of the Legal Affairs Bureau of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)">War Ministry</a> (<i>Harbiye Nezareti Muhakemat Dairesi Birinci Mümeyyizliği</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-TCGK185_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCGK185-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member of the Kürümoğlu family of <a href="/wiki/Bitlis" title="Bitlis">Bitlis</a>, İnönü's father was born in Malatya. According to its members studying the ancestral background of the family, Kürümoğlus were of Turkish<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> origin, while secondary sources refer to the family as of <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a> descent.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCderris" title="Müderris">Müderris</a> Hasan Efendi, who belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a><sup id="cite_ref-TCGK185_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCGK185-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Turkish</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Razgrad" title="Razgrad">Razgrad</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933 he visited Razgrad since the city's Turkish cemetery <a href="/wiki/Razgrad_incident" title="Razgrad incident">was attacked</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> İsmet was the family's second child; he had three brothers, including the family's first child, Ahmet Midhat, two younger brothers, Hasan Rıza and Hayri (Temelli), as well as a sister Seniha (Otakan).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his father's assignments, the family moved from one city to another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Ottoman_Empire">In the Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>İnönü completed his primary education in <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a> and graduated from Sivas Military Junior High School (<i>Sivas Askerî Rüştiyesi</i>) in 1894. He then studied at the Sivas School for Civil Servants (<i>Sivas Mülkiye İdadisi</i>) for a year. He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_School_of_Military_Engineering" title="Imperial School of Military Engineering">Imperial School of Military Engineering</a> in 1904 as a lieutenant gunnery officer and entered the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Military_Academy" title="Turkish Military Academy">Military Academy</a> to graduate as a first-rank staff captain on 26 September 1906. İnönü started his duty in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Second Army (Ottoman Empire)">Second Army</a> based in Adrianople (<a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>) on 2 October 1906, in the 3rd Battery Command of the 8th Field Artillery Regiment. As part of his platoon officer staff internship, he gave lessons in military strategy and artillery. Captain İsmet was also part of the Ottoman–Bulgarian commissions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fethi_Okyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Fethi Okyar">Ali Fethi (Okyar)</a>, he briefly joined the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> in 1907,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which wished to overthrow Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a>, he was on the staff of the Second Cavalry Division, which was mobilized to join the <a href="/wiki/Action_Army" title="Action Army">Action Army</a> and marched on Constantinople (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">İstanbul</a>) to depose Abdul Hamid II. Returning to Adrianople following the suppression of the mutiny, İnönü left the committee in the summer of 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> He won his first military victory by suppressing <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Muhammad_Hamid_ed-Din" title="Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din">Imam Yahya Muhammad Hamiddin</a>'s revolt in <a href="/wiki/Yemen_vilayet" title="Yemen vilayet">Yemen</a>. İsmet eventually became chief of staff of the force sent to suppress the rebellion and personally negotiated with Imam Yahya in Kaffet-ül-Uzer to bring Yemen back into the empire. For this, he was promoted to the rank of major. He returned to Constantinople in March 1913 to defend the capital from Bulgarian attack during the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>. İnönü was part of the Turkish delegation that negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a> with the Bulgarians as a military adviser. He held a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> and played an active role in the reformation of the army.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binbashi_Ismet_Bey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Binbashi_Ismet_Bey.jpg/220px-Binbashi_Ismet_Bey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Binbashi_Ismet_Bey.jpg/330px-Binbashi_Ismet_Bey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Binbashi_Ismet_Bey.jpg/440px-Binbashi_Ismet_Bey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>Captain İsmet Bey after returning from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H29994,_Liman_von_Sanders_mit_t%C3%BCrkischen_Offizieren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H29994%2C_Liman_von_Sanders_mit_t%C3%BCrkischen_Offizieren.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H29994%2C_Liman_von_Sanders_mit_t%C3%BCrkischen_Offizieren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H29994%2C_Liman_von_Sanders_mit_t%C3%BCrkischen_Offizieren.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H29994%2C_Liman_von_Sanders_mit_t%C3%BCrkischen_Offizieren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H29994%2C_Liman_von_Sanders_mit_t%C3%BCrkischen_Offizieren.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H29994%2C_Liman_von_Sanders_mit_t%C3%BCrkischen_Offizieren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3871" data-file-height="2717" /></a><figcaption>The Ottoman general staff of the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Campaign</a>, 1914. İsmet İnönü can be seen on the top row second from the right side.</figcaption></figure> <p>İnönü began climbing the ranks during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, becoming lieutenant colonel on 29 November 1914, and then being appointed as the First Branch Manager of the General Headquarters on 2 December. He was appointed chief of staff of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Second Army (Ottoman Empire)">Second Army</a> on 9 October 1915, and was promoted to the rank of colonel on 14 December December 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He married <a href="/wiki/Mevhibe_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Mevhibe İnönü">Emine Mevhibe Hanim</a> on 13 April 1917, three weeks before he left for the front to return home only after the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a> on 30 October 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of which she later bore his three sons and one daughter. He began working with <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) Pasha</a> as a corps commander on the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasian Front</a>. İnönü was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="IV Corps (Ottoman Empire)">IV Corps</a> Command on 12 January 1917, upon the recommendation of Atatürk. He was recalled to Constantinople after a while and returned to take part as a corps commander of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)">Seventh Army</a>. On 1 May, he was appointed to command <a href="/wiki/XX_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XX Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XX Corps</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Palestine Front</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="III Corps (Ottoman Empire)">III Corps</a> on 20 June. He once again came into contact with Atatürk when he assumed command of the Seventh Army. İnönü's forces received the brunt of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">Edmond Allenby</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1917)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1917)">attack on Beersheba</a> that ended the stalemate on the Sinai front. He was wounded in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a> and was sent back to Constantinople, where he held various administrative positions in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)">War Ministry</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">armistice period</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_War_of_Independence">Turkish War of Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Turkish War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></div><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople#Military_occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">military occupation of Constantinople</a> on 16 March 1920, İnönü decided to escape to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> to join the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankara government">Ankara government</a>. He and his chief of staff, Major <a href="/wiki/Saffet_Ar%C4%B1kan" title="Saffet Arıkan">Saffet (Arıkan)</a> escaped <a href="/wiki/Maltepe,_Istanbul" title="Maltepe, Istanbul">Maltepe</a> in the evening of 19 March and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> on 9 April. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a> (GNA), which was opened on 23 April 1920, as a deputy of <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>. Like many others in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a>, he was sentenced to death <i><a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_late_Ottoman_Empire" title="Government of the late Ottoman Empire">Ottoman government</a> on 6 June 1920. In May 1920, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces">chief of the general staff</a>. The next year, he was appointed commander of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Western Front</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Army#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Army">Army</a> of the GNA, a position in which he remained during the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>. He was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Mirliva" title="Mirliva">Mirliva</a> (to that extent, <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a>) after winning the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="First Battle of İnönü">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">Second Battle of İnönü</a>. When the 1934 <a href="/wiki/Surname_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Surname Law">Surname Law</a> was adopted Atatürk bestowed İsmet Pasha with the surname <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC,_Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="İnönü, Eskişehir">İnönü</a>, where the battles took place.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lausanne_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lausanne_2.jpg/220px-Lausanne_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lausanne_2.jpg/330px-Lausanne_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Lausanne_2.jpg/440px-Lausanne_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Turkish delegation after having signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>. The delegation was led by İsmet İsmet (in the middle) and <a href="/wiki/R%C4%B1za_Nur" title="Rıza Nur">Rıza Nur</a> (on the left wearing the top hat).</figcaption></figure> <p>İnönü was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Fevzi_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Fevzi Pasha">Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak)</a>, who was also the prime minister and minister of defense at the time, as the chief of staff after the Turkish forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%BCtahya%E2%80%93Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Battle of Kütahya–Eskişehir">lost major battles</a> against the advancing Greek Army in July 1921, as a result of which the cities of <a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar" title="Afyonkarahisar">Afyonkarahisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya" title="Kütahya">Kütahya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a> were temporarily lost. During the war, İnönü's infant son İzzet died before his victory in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sakarya" title="Battle of the Sakarya">Sakarya</a> and this news was only delivered to him in the spring of 1922. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Mevhibe_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Mevhibe İnönü">Emine Mevhibe</a> hid the news and the severity of his son's sickness due to the intensity of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He participated as a staff officer (with the rank Brigadier General) in the later battles, including <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Dumlupınar</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_negotiator_in_Mudanya_and_Lausanne">Chief negotiator in Mudanya and Lausanne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chief negotiator in Mudanya and Lausanne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></div><p>After the War of Independence was won, İnönü was appointed as the chief negotiator of the Turkish delegation, both for the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudanya" title="Armistice of Mudanya">Armistice of Mudanya</a> and for the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1922%E2%80%931923" title="Lausanne Conference of 1922–1923">Lausanne conference</a> convened in late 1922 to settle the terms of a new treaty that would take the place of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>. İnönü became famous for his stubborn resolve in determining the position of Ankara as the legitimate, sovereign government of Turkey. After delivering his position, İsmet turned off his hearing aid during the speeches of British foreign secretary <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a>. When Curzon had finished, İnönü reiterated his position as if Curzon had never said a word.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_ministry">Prime ministry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prime ministry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">One-party period of the Republic of Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a></div> <p>İsmet İnönü served as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">prime minister of Turkey</a> throughout Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's presidency, stepping down as prime minister for three months during <a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a>'s premiership and in the last year of Atatürk's presidency when he was replaced by Celal Bayar. He therefore helped to execute most of <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reformist programs</a>. It was his suggestion to make Ankara the capital of Turkey, which was approved by the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> İnönü was also an important factor in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Turkey)" title="Republic Day (Turkey)">proclamation of the Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Caliphate" title="Abolition of the Caliphate">abolition of the Caliphate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Evkaf" title="Ministry of Evkaf">Evkaf Ministry</a>. He resigned from the premiership for health reasons on 22 November 1924 for Fethi Okyar, but since Okyar lost a vote of confidence from parliament due to the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a>, İnönü returned to the prime ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>İnönü immediately banned all opposition parties (including the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Republican_Party_(Turkey)" title="Progressive Republican Party (Turkey)">Progressive Republican Party</a>) and the press. <a href="/wiki/Independence_Tribunal" title="Independence Tribunal">Independence Tribunals</a> were reestablished to prosecute the Kurdish rebels. In 1926, it allegedly came out that former members of the CUP attempted to assassinate Atatürk in the <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_plot" title="İzmir plot">İzmir plot</a>, which resulted in the remaining CUP leaders being executed. İnönü retired his military command in 1927. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalist_policy">Nationalist policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nationalist policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While dealing with the Sheikh Said revolt, İnönü proclaimed a Turkish nationalist policy and encouraged the <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> of the non-Turkish population.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the suppression of the Sheikh Said rebellion, he presided over the Reform Council for the East, which prepared the <a href="/wiki/1925_Report_for_Reform_in_the_East_(Turkey)" title="1925 Report for Reform in the East (Turkey)">Report for Reform in the East</a>, which recommended impede the establishment of a Kurdish elite, forbid non-Turkish languages, and create regional administrative units called <a href="/wiki/Inspectorates-General_(Turkey)" title="Inspectorates-General (Turkey)">Inspectorates-General</a>, which were to be governed by <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated the following in regards to the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>; "We're frankly nationalists, and nationalism is our only factor of cohesion. Before the Turkish majority, other elements had no kind of influence. At any price, we must Turkify the inhabitants of our land, and we will annihilate those who oppose."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this report, three Inspectorates-General were established in the Kurdish areas, which comprise several provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the direct order of İnönü,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Zilan_massacre" title="Zilan massacre">Zilan massacre</a><sup id="cite_ref-Houston_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Free_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Free-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kat_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kat-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish civilians</a> was perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces" title="Turkish Land Forces">Turkish Land Forces</a> in the Zilan Valley of <a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van Province</a> on 12 and 13 July 1930, during the <a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nation building was codified into law when a <a href="/wiki/1934_Turkish_Resettlement_Law" title="1934 Turkish Resettlement Law">new settlement regime was enacted in 1934</a>, resettling <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey" title="Albanians in Turkey">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhazians_in_Turkey" title="Abkhazians in Turkey">Abkhazians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Turkey" title="Circassians in Turkey">Circassians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds</a> in new areas in order to create a homogeneous Turkish state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_policy">Social policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Social policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1937.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1937.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1937.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Atatürk and İnönü observing the <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trakya_Manevralar%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Trakya Manevraları">Thracian Maneuvers</a></figcaption></figure> <p>İnönü was responsible for most of the reformist legislation promulgated during <a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey's one party period</a>. The Hat Law and the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms#Religious_organizations" title="Atatürk's reforms">closure of Dervish lodges</a> were enacted in 1925; in 1928, the Turkish alphabet switched to being written <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">with Latin characters</a>, and in 1934, titles such as <a href="/wiki/Effendi" title="Effendi">Efendi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Bey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a> were abolished; and certain articles of religious clothing were banned, though İnönü was and still is popularly known as İsmet Pasha. 1934 was also the year that the <a href="/wiki/Surname_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Surname Law">Surname Law</a> was adopted, with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk bestowing İsmet with the surname <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC,_Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="İnönü, Eskişehir">İnönü</a>, the location where İsmet won the battles against the Greek army in 1921. He was also a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Replacement_of_loanwords_in_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Replacement of loanwords in Turkish">replacing foreign loan words</a> with "Pure Turkish" words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy">Economic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Economic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>İnönü managed the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">economy</a> with heavy-handed <a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">government intervention</a>, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, by implementing an economic plan inspired by the <i><a href="/wiki/First_five-year_plan_(Soviet_Union)" title="First five-year plan (Soviet Union)">Five Year Plan</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In doing so, he took much private property under government control. Due to his efforts, to this day, more than 70% of land in Turkey is still owned by the state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Desiring a more liberal economic system, Atatürk dissolved the <a href="/wiki/8th_government_of_Turkey" title="8th government of Turkey">government of İnönü</a> in 1937<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appointed <a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a>, the founder of the first Turkish commercial bank, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_%C4%B0%C5%9F_Bankas%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Türkiye İş Bankası">Türkiye İş Bankası</a>, as prime minister, thus beginning a decades long rivalry between Bayar and İnönü. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1938–1950)"><span id="Presidency_.281938.E2.80.931950.29"></span>Presidency (1938–1950)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Presidency (1938–1950)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prewar">Prewar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prewar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inonu_Bayar_Factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Inonu_Bayar_Factory.jpg/220px-Inonu_Bayar_Factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Inonu_Bayar_Factory.jpg/330px-Inonu_Bayar_Factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Inonu_Bayar_Factory.jpg/440px-Inonu_Bayar_Factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a> and İnönü visiting the Bakırköy Cloth Factory</figcaption></figure><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Death and state funeral of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">death of Atatürk</a> on 10 November 1938,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> İnönü was viewed as the most appropriate candidate to succeed him and was unanimously elected<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Turkey">president</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> (CHP). He attempted to build himself a cult of personality by receiving the official title of <i>Millî Şef</i>, i.e., "National Chief". </p><p>One of his first actions was to annex in 1939 the <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a>, which declared independence from <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French Syria</a>. İnönü also wished to move on from one-party rule by taking incremental steps to multiparty politics. He hoped to accomplish this by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Group_(Turkey)" title="Independent Group (Turkey)">Independent Group</a> as a force of opposition in the parliament, but they fell short of expectations under wartime conditions. İnönü dismissed Bayar's government because of differences between the two on economic policy in 1939. İnönü was an avowed statist, while Bayar wished for a more liberal economy. Turkey's early industrialization accelerated under İnönü but the onset of World War II disrupted economic growth. </p><p>Much reform in education was accomplished during İnönü's presidency through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_%C3%82li_Y%C3%BCcel" title="Hasan Âli Yücel">Hasan Âli Yücel</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Education (Turkey)">minister of education</a> throughout İnönü's governments. 1940 saw the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Village_Institutes" title="Village Institutes">Village Institutes</a>, in which well-performing students from the country were selected to train as teachers and return to their hometown to run community development programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._D%C3%BCnya_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1%27nda_T%C3%BCrkiye" class="extiw" title="tr:II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Türkiye">tr:II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Türkiye</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg/220px-MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg/330px-MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg/440px-MG08_on_the_minaret_of_the_Ayasofya_Museum_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>MG08 machine gun on the minaret of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> 1941</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out in the first year of his presidency, and both the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis</a> pressured İnönü to bring Turkey into the war on their side.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans sent <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a> to Ankara in April 1939, while the British sent <a href="/wiki/Hughe_Knatchbull-Hugessen" title="Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen">Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Massigli" title="René Massigli">René Massigli</a>. On 23 April 1939, Turkish Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu">Şükrü Saracoğlu</a> told Knatchbull-Hugessen of his nation's fears of Italian claims to the Mediterranean as <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum">Mare Nostrum</a></i> and German control of the Balkans and suggested an Anglo-Soviet-Turkish alliance as the best way of countering the Axis.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1939, during the visit of <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Weygand" title="Maxime Weygand">Maxime Weygand</a> to Turkey, İnönü told the French Ambassador René Massigli that he believed that the best way of stopping Germany was an alliance of Turkey, the Soviet Union, France and Britain; that if such an alliance came into being, the Turks would allow Soviet ground and air forces onto their soil; and that he wanted a major programme of French military aid to modernize the Turkish armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_World_War_Two_cartoon_Turkish_Smoke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Egyptian_World_War_Two_cartoon_Turkish_Smoke.jpg/220px-Egyptian_World_War_Two_cartoon_Turkish_Smoke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Egyptian_World_War_Two_cartoon_Turkish_Smoke.jpg/330px-Egyptian_World_War_Two_cartoon_Turkish_Smoke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Egyptian_World_War_Two_cartoon_Turkish_Smoke.jpg/440px-Egyptian_World_War_Two_cartoon_Turkish_Smoke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>31 March 1941 Egyptian political cartoon showing Hitler being rebuffed by Turkish President İsmet İnönü.</figcaption></figure> <p>The signing of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> on 23 August 1939, drew Turkey away from the Allies; the Turks always believed that it was essential to have the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as an ally to counter Germany, and thus the signing of the German-Soviet pact undercut completely the assumptions behind Turkish security policy.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, İnönü chose to be neutral in World War II as taking on Germany and the Soviet Union at the same time would be too much for Turkey, though he signed a tripartite treaty of alliance with Britain and France on 19 October 1939, obligating Turkey's entry into the war if fighting spread to the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_78_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_78-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">France's defeat</a> in June 1940 İnönü abandoned the pro-Allied neutrality that he had followed since the beginning of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_78_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_78-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major embarrassment for the Turks occurred in July 1940 when the Germans captured and published documents from the <a href="/wiki/Quai_d%27Orsay" title="Quai d'Orsay">Quai d'Orsay</a> in Paris showing the Turks were aware of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pike" title="Operation Pike">Operation Pike</a>—as the Anglo-French plan in the winter of 1939–40 to bomb the oil fields in the Soviet Union from Turkey was codenamed—which was intended by Berlin to worsen relations between Ankara and Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, worsening relations between the Soviet Union and Turkey were intended to drive Turkey into the arms of the <i>Reich</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_78_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_78-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the publication of the French documents relating to Operation Pike, İnönü pulled out of the tripartide pact signed with Britain and France and signed the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship">German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship#Clodius_Agreement" title="German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship">Clodius Agreement</a>, which placed Turkey within the German economic sphere of influence, but İnönü went no further towards the Axis.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_78_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_78-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German-Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Non-Aggression.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/German-Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Non-Aggression.jpg/220px-German-Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Non-Aggression.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/German-Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Non-Aggression.jpg/330px-German-Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Non-Aggression.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/German-Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Non-Aggression.jpg/440px-German-Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Non-Aggression.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Pappen</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu">Şükrü Saraçoğlu</a> signing the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship">Turkish-German friendship treaty</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the first half of 1941, Germany, which was intent on invading the Soviet Union, went out of its way to improve relations with Turkey as the <i>Reich</i> hoped for benevolent Turkish neutrality when the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">German-Soviet war</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the British had great hopes in the spring of 1941 when they dispatched an expeditionary force to Greece that İnönü could be persuaded to enter the war on the Allied side as the British leadership had high hopes of creating a Balkan front that would tie down German forces, which thus led to a major British diplomatic offensive with <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> visiting Ankara several times to meet with İnönü.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> İnönü always told Eden that the Turks would not join the British forces in Greece, and the Turks would only enter the war if Germany attacked Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_219_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_219-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his part, Papen offered İnönü parts of Greece if Turkey were to enter the war on the Axis side, an offer İnönü declined.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_219_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_219-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1941 when the Germans dispatched an expeditionary force to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a> to fight against the British, İnönü refused Papen's request that the German forces be allowed transit rights to Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_226_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_226-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another attempt by Hitler to woo Turkey came in February 1943, when <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a>'s remains were returned to Turkey for a state burial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann202076_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann202076-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Internal opposition to Turkish neutrality came from ultra-nationalist circles and factions of the military that wished to incorporate the Turkic-populated areas of the Soviet Union by allying with Germany. This almost erupted into a coup d'état against the government. Leading <a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">pan-Turkists</a> including <a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Alparslan Türkeş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nihal_Ats%C4%B1z" title="Nihal Atsız">Nihal Atsız</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orhan_%C5%9Eaik_G%C3%B6kyay" title="Orhan Şaik Gökyay">Şaik Gökyay</a> were arrested and sentenced to time in prison in the <a href="/wiki/Racism-Turanism_trials" title="Racism-Turanism trials">Racism-Turanism trials</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg/220px-Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg/330px-Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg/440px-Roosevelt_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC_and_Churchill_in_Cairo_cph.3b15312.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>, İnönü and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Cairo_Conference" title="Second Cairo Conference">Second Cairo Conference</a> on 4–6 December 1943</figcaption></figure><p>British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> traveled to Ankara in January 1943 for a conference with President İnönu to urge Turkey's entry into the war on the allied side.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill met secretly with İnönü <a href="/wiki/Adana_Conference" title="Adana Conference">inside a railroad car at the Yenice Station</a> near <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>. By 4–6 December 1943, İnönü felt confident enough about the outcome of the war that he met openly with <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and Winston Churchill at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Cairo_Conference" title="Second Cairo Conference">Second Cairo Conference</a>. Until 1941, both Roosevelt and Churchill thought that Turkey's continued neutrality would serve the interests of the Allies by blocking the Axis from reaching the strategic oil reserves of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. But the early victories of the Axis up to the end of 1942 caused Roosevelt and Churchill to re-evaluate possible Turkish participation in the war on the side of the Allies. Turkey had maintained a decently-sized army and air force throughout the war, and Churchill wanted the Turks to open a new front in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Roosevelt, on the other hand, still believed that a Turkish attack would be too risky and an eventual Turkish failure would have disastrous effects for the Allies.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_and_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Churchill_and_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg/220px-Churchill_and_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Churchill_and_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg/330px-Churchill_and_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Churchill_and_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg/440px-Churchill_and_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and İsmet İnönü in conversation during a two-day <a href="/wiki/Adana_Conference" title="Adana Conference">secret conference in a train car</a> at <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a>, near the Turkish-Syrian border</figcaption></figure><p>İnönü knew very well the hardships that his country had suffered during decades of incessant war between 1908 and 1922 and was determined to keep Turkey out of another war as long as he could. The young Turkish Republic was still re-building, recovering from the losses due to earlier wars, and lacked any modern weapons and the infrastructure to enter a war to be fought along and possibly within its borders. İnönü based his neutrality policy during the Second World War on the premise that <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a> and the Soviet Union would sooner or later have a falling out after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_Mango_p._37_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_Mango_p._37-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, İnönu wanted assurances on financial and military aid for Turkey, as well as a guarantee that the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> would stand beside Turkey in the event of a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a> after the war. In August 1944, İnönü broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, and on 5 January 1945, İnönü severed diplomatic relations with Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterwards, İnönü allowed Allied shipping to use the Turkish Straits to send supplies to the Soviet Union, and on 25 February 1945, he declared war on Germany and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_226_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_226-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this Turkey became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p><p>The post-war tensions and arguments surrounding the Turkish Straits would come to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a>. The fear of Soviet invasion and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s unconcealed desire for Soviet military bases in the Turkish Straits<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew_Mango_p._37_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew_Mango_p._37-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually caused Turkey to give up its principle of neutrality in foreign relations and join <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in February 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maintaining an <a href="/wiki/Armed_Neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Neutrality">armed neutrality</a> proved to be disruptive for the young republic. The country existed in a practical state of war throughout the Second World War: military production was prioritized at the expense of peacetime goods, rationing and curfews were implemented, and high taxes were put in place, causing severe economic hardship for many. One such tax was the Wealth Tax (<a href="/wiki/Varl%C4%B1k_Vergisi" title="Varlık Vergisi">Varlık Vergisi</a>), a discriminatory tax that demanded very high one-time payments from Turkey's non-Muslim minorities. This tax is seen by many to be a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a> tax paid by <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmis</a> during <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> times, or <a href="/wiki/National_economy_(Turkey)" title="National economy (Turkey)"><i>Millî İktisat</i></a> (National Economy) economic policy implemented by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> regime three decades ago. It was only repealed in 1944 under American and British pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A famous story of İnönü happened in a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1969_Turkish_general_election" title="1969 Turkish general election">1969 general elections</a>. A young man yelled at him, "You let us go without food!" İnönü replied to him by saying, "Yes, I let you go without food, but I did not let you become fatherless," implying the death of millions of people from both sides of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-War_democratization">Post-War democratization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Post-War democratization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Multi-party period of the Republic of Turkey</a></div> <p>For the <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalists</a> there was always a desire for Turkey to develop into a democracy. Before the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Group_(Turkey)" title="Independent Group (Turkey)">Independent Group</a>, Atatürk experimented with opposition through the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(Turkey)" title="Liberal Republican Party (Turkey)">Liberal Republican Party</a>, which lasted three months before it had to be shut down when reactionaries threatened to hijack the party. In an opening speech to the Grand National Assembly on 1 November 1945, İnönü openly expressed the country's need for an opposition party. He welcomed <a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celal Bayar</a> establishing the <a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Turkey,_1946%E2%80%931961)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)">Democrat Party</a> (DP), which separated from the CHP. However, due to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-Communist</a> hysteria brought on by the new Soviet threat, new leftist parties were swiftly banned, and rural development initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Village_Institutes" title="Village Institutes">Village Institutes</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Room" title="People's Room">People's Rooms</a> were closed. Even with such pressure on the left, İnönü established the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_and_Social_Security_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Labour and Social Security (Turkey)">Ministry of Labour</a> in 1945 and signed into law important protections for workers. Universities were given autonomy,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and İnönü's title of "unchangeable chairman" of CHP was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>İnönü allowed for Turkey's first multiparty elections to be held in 1946; however, the <a href="/wiki/1946_Turkish_general_election" title="1946 Turkish general election">elections</a> were infamously not free and fair; voting was carried out under the gaze of onlookers who could determine which voters had voted for which parties, and secrecy prevailed as to the subsequent counting of votes. Instead of inviting Şükrü Saraçoğlu to form another government, he assigned CHP hardliner <a href="/wiki/Recep_Peker" title="Recep Peker">Recep Peker</a> to the task, who contributed to a polarizing atmosphere in the parliament. İnönü had to act as a mediator several times between Peker and Bayar, who threatened to have the DP walk from parliament if they didn't have some of their demands met, such as ensuring judicial review, <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballots</a>, and public counting for elections.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Temmuz_Beyannamesi" class="extiw" title="tr:12 Temmuz Beyannamesi">12 July 1947</a> İsmet İnönü gave a speech broadcast on radio and in newspapers that he would stand equal distance from the government and opposition, prompting Peker's resignation. </p><p>Free and fair national elections had to wait until 1950, and on that occasion, İnönü's government was defeated. In the <a href="/wiki/1950_Turkish_general_election" title="1950 Turkish general election">1950 election campaign</a>, the leading figures of the Democrat Party used the slogan <i>"Geldi İsmet, kesildi kısmet"</i> ("İsmet arrived, [our] fortune left"). CHP lost the election with 41% of the vote against DP's 55%, but due to the <a href="/wiki/Winner-takes-all_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Winner-takes-all voting">winner-takes-all</a> electoral system, DP received 85% of the seats in parliament. İnönü presided over the <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transfer of power</a> to the DP leaders, Bayar and <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes" title="Adnan Menderes">Adnan Menderes</a>. Bayar would serve as Turkey's third president, and Menderes would be its first prime minister not from the CHP.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_opposition_(1950–1960)"><span id="Leader_of_the_opposition_.281950.E2.80.931960.29"></span>Leader of the opposition (1950–1960)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Leader of the opposition (1950–1960)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For ten years, İnönü served as the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(parliamentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (parliamentary)">leader of the opposition</a>. In opposition, the CHP established its <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party_Youth" title="Republican People's Party Youth">youth</a> and women's branches. On 22 June June 1953, the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Trade_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade Union">trade unions</a> and vocational chambers was proposed, and the <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">right to strike</a> for workers was added to the party program. The CHP formed an electoral alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Nation_Party" title="Republican Nation Party">Republican Nation Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(Turkey)" title="Liberty Party (Turkey)">Liberty party</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1957_Turkish_general_election" title="1957 Turkish general election">1957 election</a>, which was blocked by the DP government. </p><p>In the lead-up to the elections prepared for 1960, İnönü and CHP members faced regular harassment from the authorities and DP supporters, to the point where he was almost lynched several times. In 1958, the DP mayor of <a href="/wiki/Zile" title="Zile">Zile</a> declared martial law and mobilized the gendarmerie to prevent İnönü from conducting a rally in the city; a similar event happened in the city of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1" title="Çankırı">Çankırı</a>. In 1959, İnönü began a campaign tour that followed the same path he took thirty years ago as a Pasha from <a href="/wiki/U%C5%9Fak" title="Uşak">Uşak</a> to İzmir and ended in victory for the Turkish nationalists. The DP minister of interior refused to promise protection to him. In Uşak, a crowd blocked İnönü from going to his podium, and he was hit in the head with a stone. Following his "Great Offensive," he flew to Istanbul, where he was almost lynched by a DP-organized mob on the way to <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>. He was also banned from speaking in rallies in <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filhisar" title="Yeşilhisar">Yeşilhisar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>İnönü was banned from 12 sessions of parliament. This coincided with an authoritarian turn of the Democrat Party, which culminated in a military coup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_(1961–1973)"><span id="Later_life_.281961.E2.80.931973.29"></span>Later life (1961–1973)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Later life (1961–1973)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levi_Eshkol_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Levi_Eshkol_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1964.jpg/220px-Levi_Eshkol_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Levi_Eshkol_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1964.jpg/330px-Levi_Eshkol_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Levi_Eshkol_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1964.jpg/440px-Levi_Eshkol_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="3066" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister İnönü and <a href="/wiki/Levi_Eshkol" title="Levi Eshkol">Levi Eshkol</a>, 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> overthrew the government as a result of the <a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">military coup</a> on 27 May 1960. After one year of junta rule in which the Democrat Party was banned and its top leaders executed in the <a href="/wiki/Yass%C4%B1ada_trials" title="Yassıada trials">Yassıada Trials</a>, elections were held once the military returned to their barracks. İnönü returned to power as Prime Minister after the <a href="/wiki/1961_Turkish_general_election" title="1961 Turkish general election">1961 election</a>, in which the CHP won the election. Right-wing parties have since continuously attacked İnönü and the CHP for their perceived involvement in the hanging of Prime minister Menderes,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though İnönü advocated for Menderes' pardoning. </p><p>İnönü's governments were defined by an effort to deescalate tensions between <a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Committee#The_Fourteen" title="National Unity Committee">radical forces in the Turkish army</a> wishing for extended junta rule and former Democrats that wished for amnesty. İnönü's CHP did not gain enough seats in the legislature to win a majority in the elections, so in an effort to create reconciliation, he formed coalition governments with the neo-Democrat <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice Party (Turkey)">Justice Party</a> the <a href="/wiki/New_Turkey_Party_(1961)" title="New Turkey Party (1961)">New Turkey Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Villagers_Nation_Party" title="Republican Villagers Nation Party">Republican Villagers Nation Party</a> until 1965. Forming coalitions with DP successor parties, however, provoked radical officers into action. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Tal%C3%A2t_Aydemir" title="Talât Aydemir">Talât Aydemir</a> twice attempted to overthrow the government in <a href="/wiki/1962_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Turkish coup d'état attempt">1962</a> and <a href="/wiki/1963_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="1963 Turkish coup attempt">1963 Turkish coup attempts</a>. Aydemir was later executed for conducting both coups. Aydemir's 1962 coup had the most potential to succeed when İnönü, President <a href="/wiki/Cemal_G%C3%BCrsel" title="Cemal Gürsel">Cemal Gürsel</a> and Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Cevdet_Sunay" title="Cevdet Sunay">Cevdet Sunay</a> were held up in <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya_Mansion" title="Çankaya Mansion">Çankaya Mansion</a> by the putschists. Aydemir decided to let the group go, which foiled the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-onedio_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onedio-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/27th_government_of_Turkey" title="27th government of Turkey">in coalition</a> with the far-right Republican Villagers Nation Party, İnönü renounced the Greco-Turkish Treaty of Friendship of 1930 and took actions against the <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Greek minority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_Aug_9_1964_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_Aug_9_1964-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish government also strictly enforced a long-overlooked law barring Greek nationals from 30 professions and occupations; for example, Greeks could not be doctors, nurses, architects, shoemakers, tailors, plumbers, cabaret singers, ironsmiths, cooks, tourist guides, etc.,<sup id="cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_Aug_9_1964_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_Aug_9_1964-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 50,000 more Greeks were <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Greeks_from_Istanbul" title="Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul">deported</a>. These actions were taken because of the growing anti-Greek sentiment in Turkey after the ethnic conflict in <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus flared up</a> again.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With an invasion of the island imminent, American President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> sent <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_Mektubu" class="extiw" title="tr:Johnson Mektubu">a memorandum to İnönü</a>, effectively vetoing Turkish intervention. A subsequent meeting at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> between İnönü and Johnson on 22 June 1964,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meant Cyprus' status quo continued for another ten years. An event a couple years earlier also strained the otherwise amicable relationship İnönü held with Washington, namely the withdrawal of the nuclear-armed <a href="/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter" title="PGM-19 Jupiter">PGM-19 Jupiter MRBMs</a> briefly stationed in Turkey, which was undertaken in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. While Washington withdrew the MRBMs, some <a href="/wiki/B61_nuclear_bomb" title="B61 nuclear bomb">B61 nuclear bombs</a> are still stored in <a href="/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base" title="Incirlik Air Base">İncirlik Air Base</a>. </p><p>İnönü's governments established the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Turkey)" title="National Security Council (Turkey)">National Security Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute" title="Turkish Statistical Institute">Turkish Statistical Institute</a>, and Turkey's leading research institute, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_and_Technological_Research_Council_of_Turkey" title="Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey">TÜBİTAK</a>. Turkey signed the <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Agreement" title="Ankara Agreement">Ankara agreement</a>, the first treaty of cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>, and also increased ties with <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The army was modernized, and the <a href="/wiki/Milli_Istihbarat_Teskilati" class="mw-redirect" title="Milli Istihbarat Teskilati">National Intelligence Organization</a> was founded. İnönü was instrumental in establishing CHP as "<a href="/wiki/Left_of_Center_(Turkey)" title="Left of Center (Turkey)">Left of Center</a>" on the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a> as a new left-wing party cadre led by his protégé <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a> became more influential. İnönü survived an assassination attempt from a Menderes supporter in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>İnönü returned to the opposition after losing both the <a href="/wiki/1965_Turkish_general_election" title="1965 Turkish general election">1965</a> and <a href="/wiki/1969_Turkish_general_election" title="1969 Turkish general election">1969 general elections</a> to a much younger man, Justice Party leader <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a>. He remained leader of the CHP until 1972, when an interparty crisis over his endorsement of the <a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 military memorandum</a> led to his defeat by Ecevit in the 5th extraordinary CHP convention. This was the first overthrow of a party leader in a leadership contest in the Republic's history. İnönü left his party and resigned his parliamentarianship afterward. Being a former president he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Turkey)" title="Senate of the Republic (Turkey)">Senate</a> in the last year of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey-1650_(2215849919).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Turkey-1650_%282215849919%29.jpg/220px-Turkey-1650_%282215849919%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Turkey-1650_%282215849919%29.jpg/330px-Turkey-1650_%282215849919%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Turkey-1650_%282215849919%29.jpg/440px-Turkey-1650_%282215849919%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>İnönü's tomb at <a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Anıtkabir</a></figcaption></figure><p>On 25 December 1973, İsmet İnönü died of a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> at the age of 87. The parliament declared national mourning until his burial. He was interred at <a href="/wiki/An%C4%B1tkabir" title="Anıtkabir">Anıtkabir</a> opposite Atatürk's mausoleum, on 28 December. Following the <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 coup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenan_Evren" title="Kenan Evren">Kenan Evren</a> transferred twelve graves from Anıtkabir, but kept İnönü's in place. İnönü's tomb took its present shape in January 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_University" title="İnönü University">İnönü University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malatya_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Stadium" title="Malatya İnönü Stadium">Malatya İnönü Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a> are named after him, as is the <a href="/wiki/BJK_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Stadium" title="BJK İnönü Stadium">İnönü Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Be%C5%9Fikta%C5%9F_J.K." title="Beşiktaş J.K.">Beşiktaş</a> football club. A highly educated man, İnönü was able to speak fluently in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> in addition to his native Turkish.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portrayal">Portrayal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Portrayal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australian actor <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kennedy_(actor)" title="Gerard Kennedy (actor)">Gerard Kennedy</a> played Colonel Ismet Bey in 1987's <a href="/wiki/The_Lighthorsemen_(film)" title="The Lighthorsemen (film)"><i>The Lighthorsemen</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Honours">National Honours</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: National Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Franz_Joseph_-_Ribbon_bar_(Knight).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Order_of_Franz_Joseph_-_Ribbon_bar_%28Knight%29.svg/80px-Order_of_Franz_Joseph_-_Ribbon_bar_%28Knight%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Order_of_Franz_Joseph_-_Ribbon_bar_%28Knight%29.svg/120px-Order_of_Franz_Joseph_-_Ribbon_bar_%28Knight%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Order_of_Franz_Joseph_-_Ribbon_bar_%28Knight%29.svg/160px-Order_of_Franz_Joseph_-_Ribbon_bar_%28Knight%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Independence_(Turkey)" title="Medal of Independence (Turkey)">Medal of Independence</a>, 21 November 1923<sup id="cite_ref-TPT1013-1014_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPT1013-1014-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="With Mustafa Kemal Atatürk near the front lines in the Turkish War of Independence"><img alt="With Mustafa Kemal Atatürk near the front lines in the Turkish War of Independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg/120px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg/180px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg/240px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="785" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">With Mustafa Kemal Atatürk near the front lines in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismet_and_Kiazim_Zeyrek.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="With Kazım Karabekir"><img alt="With Kazım Karabekir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ismet_and_Kiazim_Zeyrek.jpg/120px-Ismet_and_Kiazim_Zeyrek.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ismet_and_Kiazim_Zeyrek.jpg/180px-Ismet_and_Kiazim_Zeyrek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ismet_and_Kiazim_Zeyrek.jpg/240px-Ismet_and_Kiazim_Zeyrek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">With <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kazım Karabekir</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_16-06-1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="With Atatürk, 1936"><img alt="With Atatürk, 1936" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_16-06-1936.jpg/120px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_16-06-1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_16-06-1936.jpg/180px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_16-06-1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_16-06-1936.jpg/240px-Atat%C3%BCrk_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_16-06-1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2803" data-file-height="2017" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">With Atatürk, 1936</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahangir_bey_Novruzov_with_Ismet_Inonu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="With Jahangir Novruzov"><img alt="With Jahangir Novruzov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jahangir_bey_Novruzov_with_Ismet_Inonu.jpg/120px-Jahangir_bey_Novruzov_with_Ismet_Inonu.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jahangir_bey_Novruzov_with_Ismet_Inonu.jpg/180px-Jahangir_bey_Novruzov_with_Ismet_Inonu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jahangir_bey_Novruzov_with_Ismet_Inonu.jpg/240px-Jahangir_bey_Novruzov_with_Ismet_Inonu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="607" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">With <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cihangir_Berker" class="extiw" title="tr:Cihangir Berker">Jahangir Novruzov</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Hatay%27da_(1939).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In newly annexed Hatay"><img alt="In newly annexed Hatay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Hatay%27da_%281939%29.jpg/120px-%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Hatay%27da_%281939%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Hatay%27da_%281939%29.jpg/180px-%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Hatay%27da_%281939%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Hatay%27da_%281939%29.jpg/240px-%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Hatay%27da_%281939%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="362" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In newly annexed <a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benito_Mussolini_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_(1932).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="With Benito Mussolini, 1932"><img alt="With Benito Mussolini, 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Benito_Mussolini_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_%281932%29.jpg/120px-Benito_Mussolini_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_%281932%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Benito_Mussolini_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_%281932%29.jpg/180px-Benito_Mussolini_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_%281932%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Benito_Mussolini_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_%281932%29.jpg/240px-Benito_Mussolini_and_%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_%281932%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="615" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">With <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, 1932</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismet%27s_visit_to_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="At Moscow, 1932"><img alt="At Moscow, 1932" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ismet%27s_visit_to_Moscow.jpg/120px-Ismet%27s_visit_to_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ismet%27s_visit_to_Moscow.jpg/180px-Ismet%27s_visit_to_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ismet%27s_visit_to_Moscow.jpg/240px-Ismet%27s_visit_to_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="548" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">At Moscow, 1932</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismet_Inonu_at_the_congress_of_CHP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="At a CHP congress"><img alt="At a CHP congress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ismet_Inonu_at_the_congress_of_CHP.jpg/120px-Ismet_Inonu_at_the_congress_of_CHP.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ismet_Inonu_at_the_congress_of_CHP.jpg/180px-Ismet_Inonu_at_the_congress_of_CHP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ismet_Inonu_at_the_congress_of_CHP.jpg/240px-Ismet_Inonu_at_the_congress_of_CHP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">At a CHP congress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_ve_Refik_Saydam,_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="With Refik Saydam, 1939"><img alt="With Refik Saydam, 1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_ve_Refik_Saydam%2C_1939.jpg/120px-%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_ve_Refik_Saydam%2C_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_ve_Refik_Saydam%2C_1939.jpg/180px-%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_ve_Refik_Saydam%2C_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_ve_Refik_Saydam%2C_1939.jpg/240px-%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_ve_Refik_Saydam%2C_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">With <a href="/wiki/Refik_Saydam" title="Refik Saydam">Refik Saydam</a>, 1939</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk,_R%C4%B1za_%C5%9Eah_Pehlevi_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="With Atatürk and Reza Shah Pahlavi"><img alt="With Atatürk and Reza Shah Pahlavi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Atat%C3%BCrk%2C_R%C4%B1za_%C5%9Eah_Pehlevi_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg/120px-Atat%C3%BCrk%2C_R%C4%B1za_%C5%9Eah_Pehlevi_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Atat%C3%BCrk%2C_R%C4%B1za_%C5%9Eah_Pehlevi_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg/180px-Atat%C3%BCrk%2C_R%C4%B1za_%C5%9Eah_Pehlevi_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Atat%C3%BCrk%2C_R%C4%B1za_%C5%9Eah_Pehlevi_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg/240px-Atat%C3%BCrk%2C_R%C4%B1za_%C5%9Eah_Pehlevi_ve_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">With Atatürk and <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah Pahlavi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inspecting troops with Atatürk after the Second Battle of İnönü"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg/120px-Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg/180px-Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg/240px-Kemal_Pa%C5%9Fa_ve_%C4%B0smet_Pa%C5%9Fa_II._%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC_Muharebesi%27nden_sonra_askerleri_tefti%C5%9Fte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inspecting troops with Atatürk after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Second Battle of İnönü">Second Battle of İnönü</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aanslag_op_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC,_premier_van_Turkije,_Bestanddeelnr_916-0781.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Receiving an attack in parliament, 1964"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Aanslag_op_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC%2C_premier_van_Turkije%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-0781.jpg/120px-Aanslag_op_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC%2C_premier_van_Turkije%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-0781.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Aanslag_op_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC%2C_premier_van_Turkije%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-0781.jpg/180px-Aanslag_op_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC%2C_premier_van_Turkije%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-0781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Aanslag_op_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC%2C_premier_van_Turkije%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-0781.jpg/240px-Aanslag_op_In%C3%B6n%C3%BC%2C_premier_van_Turkije%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-0781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3153" data-file-height="2368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Receiving an attack in parliament, 1964</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard, Douglas Arthur (2001). <i>The History of Turkey</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 109. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-30708-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-30708-3">0-313-30708-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCGK185-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TCGK185_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCGK185_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, <i>Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri</i>, Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710011645/http://www.aksav.com/yazi/kurumlerin-soy-agaci/">"Kürüm'lerin Soy Ağacı"</a>. <i>aksav</i>. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aksav&rft.atitle=K%C3%BCr%C3%BCm%27lerin+Soy+A%C4%9Fac%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aksav.com%2Fyazi%2Fkurumlerin-soy-agaci%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopePope1998" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Nicole; Pope, Hugh (1998). <i>Turkey unveiled : a history of modern Turkey</i>. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-096-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-096-0"><bdi>1-58567-096-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45633281">45633281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+unveiled+%3A+a+history+of+modern+Turkey&rft.place=Woodstock%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Overlook+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45633281&rft.isbn=1-58567-096-0&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Pope%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Romano, David, <i>The Kurdish nationalist movement: opportunity, mobilization, and identity</i>, (Cambridge University Press, 2006), 118; <i>Despite his own Kurdish ancestry, Inonu had apparently embraced Ziya Gokalp's notions of Turkism, which allowed him to advance to the highest post of the new republic.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rıza Nur, <i>Hayat ve Hatıratım: Rıza Nur-İnönü kavgası, Lozan ve ötesi</i>, İşaret Yayınları, 1992, p. 235; "<i>Demek İsmet Kürttür. Hem de koyu Kürt! Biz bu heyetin başından Abaza diye Rauf'u attırdık. Türk diye bir halis Kürt getirmişiz, vah yazık</i>!"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nader Entessar, "The Kurdish Mosaic of Discord", Third World Foundation<i>, Third World Quarterly</i>, Vol. 11, No. 4, Ethnicity in World Politics (Oct. 1989), Carfax Publishing Co., 1989, p. 93; "<i>Even Ismet Inonu, Ataturk's long time ally and successor, was discouraged from revealing his Kurdish heritage.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Günvar Otmanbölük, <i>İsmet Paşa Dosyası</i>, Cilt 1, Yaylacık Matbaası, 1969, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DT0NAQAAIAAJ&q=Razgrad">p. 6.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231004173226/https://books.google.com/books?id=DT0NAQAAIAAJ&q=Razgrad">Archived</a> 4 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/inonunun-1933-bulgaristan-seyahati-uzerinden-turk-bulgar-iliskileri-ve-turkiyenin-balkan-politikasi/">"İnönü'nün 1933 Bulgaristan Seyahati Üzerinden Türk- Bulgar İlişkileri ve Türkiye'nin Balkan Politikası – İnönü Vakfı, İsmet İnönü, İsmet İnönü Kimdir, İsmet İnönü Hayatı, İsmet İnönü Resimleri"</a> (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206124820/https://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/inonunun-1933-bulgaristan-seyahati-uzerinden-turk-bulgar-iliskileri-ve-turkiyenin-balkan-politikasi/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn+1933+Bulgaristan+Seyahati+%C3%9Czerinden+T%C3%BCrk-+Bulgar+%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkileri+ve+T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+Balkan+Politikas%C4%B1+%E2%80%93+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Vakf%C4%B1%2C+%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC%2C+%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Kimdir%2C+%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Hayat%C4%B1%2C+%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Resimleri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ismetinonu.org.tr%2Finonunun-1933-bulgaristan-seyahati-uzerinden-turk-bulgar-iliskileri-ve-turkiyenin-balkan-politikasi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuran2003" class="citation book cs1">Turan, Şerafettin (2003). <i>İsmet İnönü - Yaşamı, Dönemi ve Kişiliği</i>. Bilgi Yayınevi. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789752200364" title="Special:BookSources/9789752200364"><bdi>9789752200364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+-+Ya%C5%9Fam%C4%B1%2C+D%C3%B6nemi+ve+Ki%C5%9Fili%C4%9Fi&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Bilgi+Yay%C4%B1nevi&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789752200364&rft.aulast=Turan&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Eerafettin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108095346/http://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/index.php/gelecegi-hazirlama-kurtulus-savasi-oncesi">"Kurtuluş Savaşı Öncesi"</a>. <i>İnönü Vakfı</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/gelecegi-hazirlama-kurtulus-savasi-oncesi">the original</a> on 8 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Vakf%C4%B1&rft.atitle=Kurtulu%C5%9F+Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1+%C3%96ncesi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ismetinonu.org.tr%2Fgelecegi-hazirlama-kurtulus-savasi-oncesi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erden; İsmet inönü, p.41, Yusuf Ziya Ortaç; ismet İnönü, İstanbul, 1946, p.23. Şevket Süreyya Aydemir; ikinci Adam, İstanbul, 1968, p.4 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/izzet-inonu-1919/">"İzzet (1919 – 1921) – İnönü Vakfı, İsmet İnönü, İsmet İnönü Kimdir, İsmet İnönü Hayatı, İsmet İnönü Resimleri"</a> (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225074043/https://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/izzet-inonu-1919/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C4%B0zzet+%281919+%E2%80%93+1921%29+%E2%80%93+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Vakf%C4%B1%2C+%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC%2C+%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Kimdir%2C+%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Hayat%C4%B1%2C+%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Resimleri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ismetinonu.org.tr%2Fizzet-inonu-1919%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cleveland, William L., and Martin P. Bunton. <i>A History of the Modern Middle East</i>. Boulder: Westview, 2013. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeroz2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Feroz_Ahmad" title="Feroz Ahmad">Feroz, Ahmad</a> (November 2002). <i>The Making of Modern Turkey</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-89891-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-89891-6"><bdi>978-1-134-89891-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Turkey&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-89891-6&rft.aulast=Feroz&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDag2017" class="citation book cs1">Dag, Rahman (23 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zVwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35"><i>Ideological Roots of the Conflict between Pro-Kurdish and Pro-Islamic Parties in Turkey</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7443-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7443-4"><bdi>978-1-4438-7443-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideological+Roots+of+the+Conflict+between+Pro-Kurdish+and+Pro-Islamic+Parties+in+Turkey&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-7443-4&rft.aulast=Dag&rft.aufirst=Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzVwpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDag2017" class="citation book cs1">Dag, Rahman (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zVwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35"><i>Ideological Roots of the Conflict between Pro-Kurdish and Pro-Islamic Parties in Turkey</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7443-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7443-4"><bdi>978-1-4438-7443-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119203148/https://books.google.com/books?id=zVwpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideological+Roots+of+the+Conflict+between+Pro-Kurdish+and+Pro-Islamic+Parties+in+Turkey&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-7443-4&rft.aulast=Dag&rft.aufirst=Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzVwpDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadirgi2017" class="citation book cs1">Yadirgi, Veli (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FJsqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169"><i>The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 169–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18123-6"><bdi>978-1-107-18123-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119203138/https://books.google.com/books?id=FJsqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+the+Kurds+of+Turkey&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-18123-6&rft.aulast=Yadirgi&rft.aufirst=Veli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFJsqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachelle.2014" class="citation book cs1">Rachelle., Dunn (4 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1033682339"><i>Turkey : issues and relations with the U.S. and the Kurds of Iraq</i></a>. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63321-274-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63321-274-9"><bdi>978-1-63321-274-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1033682339">1033682339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+%3A+issues+and+relations+with+the+U.S.+and+the+Kurds+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014-07-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1033682339&rft.isbn=978-1-63321-274-9&rft.aulast=Rachelle.&rft.aufirst=Dunn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1033682339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadirgi2017" class="citation cs2">Yadirgi, Veli, ed. (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/political-economy-of-the-kurds-of-turkey/introduction/C43D2CAA5035081BA1371DBB612473BB">"Introduction"</a>, <i>The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey: From the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–16, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316848579.003">10.1017/9781316848579.003</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18123-6"><bdi>978-1-107-18123-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Economy+of+the+Kurds+of+Turkey%3A+From+the+Ottoman+Empire+to+the+Turkish+Republic&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316848579.003&rft.isbn=978-1-107-18123-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fpolitical-economy-of-the-kurds-of-turkey%2Fintroduction%2FC43D2CAA5035081BA1371DBB612473BB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGökayAybak2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gökay, Bülent; Aybak, Tunç (3 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19448953.2016.1141575">"Identity, Race and Nationalism in Turkey—Introduction to the Special Issue"</a>. <i>Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 107–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19448953.2016.1141575">10.1080/19448953.2016.1141575</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8953">1944-8953</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147089578">147089578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Balkan+and+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Identity%2C+Race+and+Nationalism+in+Turkey%E2%80%94Introduction+to+the+Special+Issue&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-110&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147089578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1944-8953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19448953.2016.1141575&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6kay&rft.aufirst=B%C3%BClent&rft.au=Aybak%2C+Tun%C3%A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F19448953.2016.1141575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongerden2007" class="citation book cs1">Jongerden, Joost (28 May 2007). <i>The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War</i>. BRILL. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2011-8"><bdi>978-90-474-2011-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Settlement+Issue+in+Turkey+and+the+Kurds%3A+An+Analysis+of+Spatial+Policies%2C+Modernity+and+War&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007-05-28&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2011-8&rft.aulast=Jongerden&rft.aufirst=Joost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819223001/http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/zilan-katliami-143780.htm">"Zilan katliamı - Milli Gazete"</a>. 19 August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/zilan-katliami-143780.htm">the original</a> on 19 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zilan+katliam%C4%B1+-+Milli+Gazete&rft.date=2010-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milligazete.com.tr%2Fmakale%2Fzilan-katliami-143780.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houston-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Houston_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Houston, <i>Islam, Kurds and the Turkish nation state</i>, Berg Publishers, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-477-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-477-3">978-1-85973-477-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDwSVob0_gwC&dq=Zilan+massacre&pg=PA102">p. 102.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603164550/https://books.google.com/books?id=mDwSVob0_gwC&dq=Zilan+massacre&pg=PA102">Archived</a> 3 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Interview with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Pamak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet Pamak (page does not exist)">Mehmet Pamak</a>, who was the founder and president of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Party_(Turkey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Party (Turkey) (page does not exist)">Conservative Party</a> (Muhafazakâr Parti) that was founded in place of <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Action_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Action Party">Nationalist Action Party</a> (Milliyetçilik Hareket Partisi) banned by junta regime of <a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a>. Pamak is Kurdish origin and his family was exiled from Erciş to <a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale" title="Çanakkale">Çanakkale</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Free-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Free_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of the Press">Freedom of the Press</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fop10/TurkeyFOTP2010.pdf">Freedom of the Press 2010 Draft Report</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, p. 2. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anfkurdi.com/rojava-sUriye/dewlet-sopen-komkujiya-zilane-ji-hole-radike-116107">"Dewlet şopên komkujiya Zîlanê ji holê radike!"</a>. <i>ANF News</i> (in Kurdish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221183208/https://anfkurdi.com/rojava-sUriye/dewlet-sopen-komkujiya-zilane-ji-hole-radike-116107">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ANF+News&rft.atitle=Dewlet+%C5%9Fop%C3%AAn+komkujiya+Z%C3%AElan%C3%AA+ji+hol%C3%AA+radike%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanfkurdi.com%2Frojava-sUriye%2Fdewlet-sopen-komkujiya-zilane-ji-hole-radike-116107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kat-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kat_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* Ercan Öksüz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gundem-online.net/haber.asp?haberid=49833">"Zilan Katliamı'ndan 8 Mart Şehidi'ne"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i>Gündem</i>, 2 April 2008, Retrieved 4 September 2010. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span> <ul><li>Mehmet Şevket Eygi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/zilan-katliami-143780.htm">"Zilan katliamı"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819223001/http://www.milligazete.com.tr/makale/zilan-katliami-143780.htm">Archived</a> 19 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_Gazete" title="Millî Gazete">Millî Gazete</a></i>, 17 November 2009, Retrieved 16 August 2010. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li> <li>M. Kalman, <i>Belge, Tanık ve Yaşayanlarıyla Ağrı Direnişi 1926-1930</i>, Pêrî Yayınları, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-8245-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/975-8245-01-5">975-8245-01-5</a>, p. 105.</li> <li>Felit Özsoy, Tahsin Eriş, <i>Öncesi ve Sonrasıyla 1925 Kürt Direnişi (Palu-Hanî-Genç)</i>, Pêrî Yayınları, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-9010-57-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-9010-57-7">978-975-9010-57-7</a>, p. 271. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li> <li>Nazan Sala, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gundem-online.net/haber.asp?haberid=79603">"Devlet Zilan Katliamı ile yüzleşmeli"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091010001110/http://www.gundem-online.net/haber.asp?haberid=79603">Archived</a> 10 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCndem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gündem (page does not exist)">Gündem</a></i>, 8 October 2009, Retrieved 18 August 2010. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pınar Selek, <i>Barışamadık</i>, İthaki Yayınları, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-8725-95-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-8725-95-3">978-975-8725-95-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MIEmg86jO5kC&dq=%22Zilan+katliam%22&pg=PA109">p. 109.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603164556/https://books.google.com/books?id=MIEmg86jO5kC&dq=%22Zilan+katliam%22&pg=PA109">Archived</a> 3 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osman Pamukoğlu, <i>Unutulanlar dışında yeni bir şey yok: Hakkari ve Kuzey Irak dağlarındaki askerler</i>, Harmoni Yayıncılık, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-6340-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-6340-00-4">978-975-6340-00-4</a>, p. 16. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Kinross, <i>Atatürk: A biography of Mustafa Kemal, Father of Modern Turkey</i> (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1965) p. 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicole Pope and Hugh Pope, <i>Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey</i> (New York: The Overlook Press, 2004) p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaeroff1973" class="citation news cs1">Maeroff, Gene (25 December 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/26/archives/ismet-inonu-turkish-leader-dies-at-89-durable-administrator-broke.html">"Ismet Inonu, Turkish Leader, Dies at 89"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220425225647/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/26/archives/ismet-inonu-turkish-leader-dies-at-89-durable-administrator-broke.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ismet+Inonu%2C+Turkish+Leader%2C+Dies+at+89&rft.date=1973-12-25&rft.aulast=Maeroff&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F12%2F26%2Farchives%2Fismet-inonu-turkish-leader-dies-at-89-durable-administrator-broke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicole Pope and Hugh Pope, <i>Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey</i>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, D.C. <i>How War Came : The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939</i>, London: Heinemann, 1989 page 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, D.C. <i>How War Came : The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939</i>, London: Heinemann, 1989 page 282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt, D.C. <i>How War Came : The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939</i>, London: Heinemann, 1989 page 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_78-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_78_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_78_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_78_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_78_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, Gerhard <i>A World In Arms</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 page 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, Gerhard <i>A World In Arms</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 page 970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, Gerhard <i>A World In Arms</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 pages 196-197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, Gerhard <i>A World In Arms</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 pages 216-216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_219-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_219_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_219_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, Gerhard <i>A World In Arms</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 page 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_226-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_226_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_226_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, Gerhard <i>A World In Arms</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 page 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann202076-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHofmann202076_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHofmann2020">Hofmann 2020</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Mango, <i>The Turks Today</i>, (New York: The Overlook Press, 2004) p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrew_Mango_p._37-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_Mango_p._37_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrew_Mango_p._37_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Mango, <i>The Turks Today</i>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, Gerhard <i>A World In Arms</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 page 809.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Mango, <i>The Turks Today</i>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInce2012" class="citation book cs1">Ince, Basak (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ydpiawe35DwC"><i>Citizenship and Identity in Turkey: From Atatürk's Republic to the Present Day</i></a>. I. B. Tauris. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780760261" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780760261"><bdi>978-1780760261</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207090520/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ydpiawe35DwC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizenship+and+Identity+in+Turkey%3A+From+Atat%C3%BCrk%27s+Republic+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012-04&rft.isbn=978-1780760261&rft.aulast=Ince&rft.aufirst=Basak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdpiawe35DwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span>"The Wealth Tax was withdrawn in March 1944, under the pressure of criticism from Britain and the United States"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuran2017" class="citation web cs1">Turan, Rahmi (23 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2017/yazarlar/rahmi-turan/ama-sizi-babasiz-birakmadim-1637537/">"Ama sizi babasız bırakmadım"</a>. <i>Sözcü</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200314214036/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2017/yazarlar/rahmi-turan/ama-sizi-babasiz-birakmadim-1637537/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%B6zc%C3%BC&rft.atitle=Ama+sizi+babas%C4%B1z+b%C4%B1rakmad%C4%B1m&rft.date=2017-01-23&rft.aulast=Turan&rft.aufirst=Rahmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sozcu.com.tr%2F2017%2Fyazarlar%2Frahmi-turan%2Fama-sizi-babasiz-birakmadim-1637537%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdem" class="citation web cs1">Adem, Mahmut. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/ismet-inonunun-cumhurbaskanligi-doneminde-yuksekogretimdeki-gelismeler-1938-1950/">"İsmet İnönü'nün Cumhurbaşkanlığı Döneminde Yükseköğretimdeki Gelişmeler (1938-1950)"</a>. <i>İnönü Vakfı</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319101245/http://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/index.php/cumhurbaskanligi-yillari/universite-ozerkligi">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Vakf%C4%B1&rft.atitle=%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn+Cumhurba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1+D%C3%B6neminde+Y%C3%BCksek%C3%B6%C4%9Fretimdeki+Geli%C5%9Fmeler+%281938-1950%29&rft.aulast=Adem&rft.aufirst=Mahmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ismetinonu.org.tr%2Fismet-inonunun-cumhurbaskanligi-doneminde-yuksekogretimdeki-gelismeler-1938-1950%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkşin" class="citation web cs1">Akşin, Sina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/cok-partili-duzene-gecis/">"I. DEVRİM YOLU ve KARŞI-DEVRİM GİRİŞİMLERİ"</a>. <i>İnönü Vakfı</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507015734/http://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/index.php/cok-partili-duzene-gecis">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Vakf%C4%B1&rft.atitle=I.+DEVR%C4%B0M+YOLU+ve+KAR%C5%9EI-DEVR%C4%B0M+G%C4%B0R%C4%B0%C5%9E%C4%B0MLER%C4%B0&rft.aulast=Ak%C5%9Fin&rft.aufirst=Sina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ismetinonu.org.tr%2Fcok-partili-duzene-gecis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeydan2023" class="citation news cs1">Meydan, Sinan (10 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/sinan-meydan/ismet-inonuye-de-saldirmislardi-2079498">"İSMET İNÖNÜ'YE DE SALDIRMIŞLARDI"</a>. <i>Cumhuriyet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230511210712/https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/sinan-meydan/ismet-inonuye-de-saldirmislardi-2079498">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cumhuriyet&rft.atitle=%C4%B0SMET+%C4%B0N%C3%96N%C3%9C%27YE+DE+SALDIRMI%C5%9ELARDI&rft.date=2023-05-10&rft.aulast=Meydan&rft.aufirst=Sinan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cumhuriyet.com.tr%2Fyazarlar%2Fsinan-meydan%2Fismet-inonuye-de-saldirmislardi-2079498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensonhaber.com/inonunun-mbkye-gonderdigi-menderes-mektubu-2012-09-24.html">"İnönü'nün MBK'ye gönderdiği Menderes mektubu"</a>. <i>Ensonhaber</i>. 24 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120926013906/http://www.ensonhaber.com/inonunun-mbkye-gonderdigi-menderes-mektubu-2012-09-24.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ensonhaber&rft.atitle=%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn+MBK%27ye+g%C3%B6nderdi%C4%9Fi+Menderes+mektubu&rft.date=2012-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ensonhaber.com%2Finonunun-mbkye-gonderdigi-menderes-mektubu-2012-09-24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onedio-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onedio_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onedio.com/haber/turkiye-cumhuriyeti-tarihinin-basarisiz-ilk-darbe-girisimi-talat-aydemir-olayi-713818">"Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihinin Başarısız İlk Darbe Girişimi: Talat Aydemir Olayı"</a>. <i>onedio.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812070044/https://onedio.com/haber/turkiye-cumhuriyeti-tarihinin-basarisiz-ilk-darbe-girisimi-talat-aydemir-olayi-713818">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=onedio.com&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+Cumhuriyeti+Tarihinin+Ba%C5%9Far%C4%B1s%C4%B1z+%C4%B0lk+Darbe+Giri%C5%9Fimi%3A+Talat+Aydemir+Olay%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonedio.com%2Fhaber%2Fturkiye-cumhuriyeti-tarihinin-basarisiz-ilk-darbe-girisimi-talat-aydemir-olayi-713818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_Aug_9_1964-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_Aug_9_1964_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_Aug_9_1964_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/09/archives/turks-expelling-istanbul-greeks-communitys-plight-worsens-during.html">"TURKS EXPELLING ISTANBUL GREEKS; Community's Plight Worsens During Cyprus Crisis"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 9 August 1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009004904/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/09/archives/turks-expelling-istanbul-greeks-communitys-plight-worsens-during.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=TURKS+EXPELLING+ISTANBUL+GREEKS%3B+Community%27s+Plight+Worsens+During+Cyprus+Crisis&rft.date=1964-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F08%2F09%2Farchives%2Fturks-expelling-istanbul-greeks-communitys-plight-worsens-during.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoudometofAgadjanianPankhurst2006" class="citation book cs1">Roudometof, Victor; Agadjanian, Alexander; Pankhurst, Jerry (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQRtAAAAQBAJ"><i>Eastern Orthodoxy in a Global Age: Tradition Faces the 21st Century</i></a>. AltaMira Press. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0537-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0537-9"><bdi>978-0-7591-0537-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Orthodoxy+in+a+Global+Age%3A+Tradition+Faces+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0537-9&rft.aulast=Roudometof&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Agadjanian%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Pankhurst%2C+Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQRtAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/12/14/why-turkey-and-greece-cannot-reconcile">"Why Turkey and Greece cannot reconcile"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 14 December 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514133510/https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2017/12/14/why-turkey-and-greece-cannot-reconcile">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+Turkey+and+Greece+cannot+reconcile&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-economist-explains%2F2017%2F12%2F14%2Fwhy-turkey-and-greece-cannot-reconcile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/toasts-the-president-and-prime-minister-inonu-turkey">"Toasts of the President and Prime Minister Inonu of Turkey"</a>. <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. 22 June 1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220502025013/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/toasts-the-president-and-prime-minister-inonu-turkey">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Toasts+of+the+President+and+Prime+Minister+Inonu+of+Turkey.&rft.date=1964-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Ftoasts-the-president-and-prime-minister-inonu-turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-46062383">"BBC Arşivlerinde Türkiye – Yıl 1964: İsmet İnönü, suikast girişiminden birkaç saat sonra BBC'de"</a>. 9 November 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203180435/https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-46062383">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Ar%C5%9Fivlerinde+T%C3%BCrkiye+%E2%80%93+Y%C4%B1l+1964%3A+%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC%2C+suikast+giri%C5%9Fiminden+birka%C3%A7+saat+sonra+BBC%27de&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fturkce%2Fhaberler-turkiye-46062383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltındiş2011" class="citation journal cs1">Altındiş, Ceyla (November 2011). "İnönü". <i>NTV Tarih</i>: 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NTV+Tarih&rft.atitle=%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2011-11&rft.aulast=Alt%C4%B1ndi%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=Ceyla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/ankara-anitkabir-ismet-inonu-galerisi/">"Ankara Anıtkabir İsmet İnönü Galerisi"</a>. <i>İnönü Vakfı</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181028011318/http://www.ismetinonu.org.tr/ankara-anitkabir-ismet-inonu-galerisi/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Vakf%C4%B1&rft.atitle=Ankara+An%C4%B1tkabir+%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC+Galerisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ismetinonu.org.tr%2Fankara-anitkabir-ismet-inonu-galerisi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutturkey.com/ismet-inonu.html">"Ismet Inonu | All About Turkey"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116165348/https://www.allaboutturkey.com/ismet-inonu.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ismet+Inonu+%26%23124%3B+All+About+Turkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutturkey.com%2Fismet-inonu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TPT1013-1014-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TPT1013-1014_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Türk Parlamento Tarihi Araştırma Grubu, <i>Türk Parlamento Tarihi, Millî Mücadele ve T.B.M.B. I. Dönem 1919-1923 - III. Cilt: I. Dönem Milletvekillerin Özgeçmişleri</i>, Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Vakfı Yayınları, Ankara, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-7291-06-4" title="Special:BookSources/975-7291-06-4">975-7291-06-4</a>, pp. 1013–1014.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofmann2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tessa_Hofmann" title="Tessa Hofmann">Hofmann, Tessa</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agmipublications.asnet.am/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/IJAGS_Vol._5_N1_67-89.pdf">"A Hundred Years Ago: The Assassination of Mehmet Talaat (15 March 1921) and the Berlin Criminal Proceedings against Soghomon Tehlirian (2/3 June 1921): Background, Context, Effect"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Armenian_Genocide_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies">International Journal of Armenian Genocide Studies</a></i>. <b>5</b> (1): 67–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.51442%2Fijags.0009">10.51442/ijags.0009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1829-4405">1829-4405</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321091928/https://agmipublications.asnet.am/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/IJAGS_Vol._5_N1_67-89.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Armenian+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Hundred+Years+Ago%3A+The+Assassination+of+Mehmet+Talaat+%2815+March+1921%29+and+the+Berlin+Criminal+Proceedings+against+Soghomon+Tehlirian+%282%2F3+June+1921%29%3A+Background%2C+Context%2C+Effect&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-90&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.51442%2Fijags.0009&rft.issn=1829-4405&rft.aulast=Hofmann&rft.aufirst=Tessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagmipublications.asnet.am%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F03%2FIJAGS_Vol._5_N1_67-89.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C4%B0smet+%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="See_also">See also</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pembe_K%C3%B6%C5%9Fk" title="Pembe Köşk">Pembe Köşk</a> – Private home from 1925 to 1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ankaya_K%C3%B6%C5%9Fk%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Çankaya Köşkü">Çankaya Köşkü</a> – The Presidency of the Republic of Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-ranking_commanders_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence">List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>İsmet İnönü</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/İsmet İnönü">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="extiw" title="c:İsmet İnönü">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/İsmet İnönü">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="extiw" title="q:İsmet İnönü">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/İsmet İnönü">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/İsmet İnönü">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/İsmet İnönü">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Kinross, Lord, <i>Atatürk: A Biography of Mustafa Kemal, Father of Modern Turkey</i> (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1965).</li> <li>Liebmann, George W. <i>Diplomacy between the Wars: Five Diplomats and the Shaping of the Modern World</i> (London I. B. Tauris, 2008)</li> <li>Mango, Andrew, <i>The Turks Today</i> (New York: The Overlook Press, 2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-615-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-615-2">1-58567-615-2</a>.</li> <li>Pope, Nicole and Pope, Hugh, <i>Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey</i> (New York: The Overlook Press, 2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-581-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-581-4">1-58567-581-4</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">Office established</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chiefs_Turkish_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chiefs Turkish General Staff">Chief of Turkish General Staff</a> </b><br />1920–1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Çakmak</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Kemal_Tengir%C5%9Fenk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk">Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1922–1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Kaya" title="Şükrü Kaya">Şükrü Kaya</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Fethi_Okyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Fethi Okyar">Ali Fethi Okyar</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="List of prime ministers of Turkey">Prime Minister of Turkey</a> </b><br />1923–1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Fethi_Okyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Fethi Okyar">Ali Fethi Okyar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="List of prime ministers of Turkey">Prime Minister of Turkey</a> </b><br />1925–1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Celal_Bayar" class="mw-redirect" title="Celal Bayar">Celal Bayar</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Turkey" title="List of presidents of Turkey">President of Turkey</a> </b><br />1938–1950 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Emin_Fahrettin_%C3%96zdilek" class="mw-redirect" title="Emin Fahrettin Özdilek">Emin Fahrettin Özdilek</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="List of prime ministers of Turkey">Prime Minister of Turkey</a> </b><br />1961–1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Suat_Hayri_%C3%9Crg%C3%BCpl%C3%BC" title="Suat Hayri Ürgüplü">Suat Hayri Ürgüplü</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Leader of the Republican People's Party">Leader of the Republican People's Party</a> </b><br />1938–1972 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Presidents_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Turkey" title="Template:Presidents of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Presidents of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Presidents_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">Presidents of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Turkey" title="List of presidents of Turkey">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemal_G%C3%BCrsel" title="Cemal Gürsel">Cemal Gürsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cevdet_Sunay" title="Cevdet Sunay">Cevdet Sunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahri_Korut%C3%BCrk" title="Fahri Korutürk">Fahri Korutürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenan_Evren" title="Kenan Evren">Kenan Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Necdet_Sezer" title="Ahmet Necdet Sezer">Ahmet Necdet Sezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard of the President of Turkey"><img alt="Standard of the President of Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Presidency_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acting presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhalik_Renda" title="Abdülhalik Renda">Abdülhalik Renda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekin_Ar%C4%B1burun" title="Tekin Arıburun">Tekin Arıburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0hsan_Sabri_%C3%87a%C4%9Flayangil" title="İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil">İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsamettin_Cindoruk" title="Hüsamettin Cindoruk">Hüsamettin Cindoruk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Republican_People&#039;s_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CHP_Leaders" title="Template:CHP Leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CHP_Leaders" title="Template talk:CHP Leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CHP_Leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CHP Leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Republican_People&#039;s_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Leader of the Republican People's Party">Leaders of the Republican People's Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deniz_Baykal" title="Deniz Baykal">Deniz Baykal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmet_%C3%87etin" title="Hikmet Çetin">Hikmet Çetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deniz_Baykal" title="Deniz Baykal">Deniz Baykal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altan_%C3%96ymen" title="Altan Öymen">Altan Öymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deniz_Baykal" title="Deniz Baykal">Deniz Baykal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel" title="Özgür Özel">Özgür Özel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Prime_ministers_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="Template:Prime ministers of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Prime_ministers_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime ministers of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Government of the Grand <br />National Assembly</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1920–1923)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Çakmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Rauf Orbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–2018)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refik_Saydam" title="Refik Saydam">Refik Saydam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Fikri_T%C3%BCzer" title="Ahmet Fikri Tüzer">Ahmet Fikri Tüzer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu">Şükrü Saracoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Peker" title="Recep Peker">Recep Peker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Saka" title="Hasan Saka">Hasan Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eemsettin_G%C3%BCnaltay" title="Şemsettin Günaltay">Şemsettin Günaltay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes" title="Adnan Menderes">Adnan Menderes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemal_G%C3%BCrsel" title="Cemal Gürsel">Cemal Gürsel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fahri_%C3%96zdilek" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahri Özdilek">Fahri Özdilek</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suat_Hayri_%C3%9Crg%C3%BCpl%C3%BC" title="Suat Hayri Ürgüplü">Suat Hayri Ürgüplü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihat_Erim" title="Nihat Erim">Nihat Erim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferit_Melen" title="Ferit Melen">Ferit Melen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Talu" title="Naim Talu">Naim Talu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadi_Irmak" title="Sadi Irmak">Sadi Irmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ulusu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bülent Ulusu">Bülent Ulusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bozer" title="Ali Bozer">Ali Bozer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Akbulut" title="Yıldırım Akbulut">Yıldırım Akbulut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">Erdal İnönü</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Davutoğlu">Ahmet Davutoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Binali Yıldırım">Binali Yıldırım</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> denote acting prime ministers.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Foreign_ministers_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Turkey" title="Template:Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Foreign_ministers_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_foreign_affairs_of_Turkey" title="List of ministers of foreign affairs of Turkey">Foreign ministers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bekir_Sami_Kunduh" title="Bekir Sami Kunduh">Bekir Sami Kunduh</a> (1920–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Muhtar_Mollao%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Muhtar Mollaoğlu">Ahmet Muhtar Mollaoğlu</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Kemal_Bey" title="Yusuf Kemal Bey">Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk</a> (1921–22)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">İsmet İnönü</a> (1922–24)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Kaya" title="Şükrü Kaya">Şükrü Kaya</a>(1924–25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tevfik_R%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BC_Aras" title="Tevfik Rüştü Aras">Tevfik Rüştü Aras</a> (1925–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu">Şükrü Saracoğlu</a> (1938–42)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Numan_Menemencio%C4%9Flu" title="Hüseyin Numan Menemencioğlu">Hüseyin Numan Menemencioğlu</a> (1942–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Saka" title="Hasan Saka">Hasan Saka</a> (1944–47)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Sadak" title="Necmettin Sadak">Necmettin Sadak</a> (1947–50)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Fuat_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Mehmet Fuat Köprülü">Mehmet Fuat Köprülü</a> (1950–56)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes" title="Adnan Menderes">Adnan Menderes</a> (1956–57)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatin_R%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BC_Zorlu" title="Fatin Rüştü Zorlu">Fatin Rüştü Zorlu</a> (1957–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selim_Sarper" title="Selim Sarper">Selim Sarper</a> (1960–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feridun_Cemal_Erkin_(1899%E2%80%931980)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feridun Cemal Erkin (1899–1980)">Feridun Cemal Erkin</a> (1962–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Esat_I%C5%9F%C4%B1k" title="Hasan Esat Işık">Hasan Esat Işık</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0hsan_Sabri_%C3%87a%C4%9Flayangil" title="İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil">İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil</a> (1965–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Olcay" class="mw-redirect" title="Osman Olcay">Osman Olcay</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_Haluk_Bay%C3%BClken" title="Ümit Haluk Bayülken">Ümit Haluk Bayülken</a> (1971–74)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turan_G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turan Güneş (politician)">Turan Güneş</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melih_Esenbel" title="Melih Esenbel">Melih Esenbel</a> (1974–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0hsan_Sabri_%C3%87a%C4%9Flayangil" title="İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil">İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil</a> (1975–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnd%C3%BCz_%C3%96k%C3%A7%C3%BCn" class="mw-redirect" title="Gündüz Ökçün">Gündüz Ökçün</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0hsan_Sabri_%C3%87a%C4%9Flayangil" title="İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil">İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil</a> (1977–78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_G%C3%BCnd%C3%BCz_%C3%96k%C3%A7%C3%BCn" title="Ahmet Gündüz Ökçün">Ahmet Gündüz Ökçün</a> (1978–79)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayrettin_Erkmen" title="Hayrettin Erkmen">Hayrettin Erkmen</a> (1979–80)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lter_T%C3%BCrkmen" title="İlter Türkmen">İlter Türkmen</a> (1980–83)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahit_Melih_Halefo%C4%9Flu" title="Vahit Melih Halefoğlu">Vahit Melih Halefoğlu</a> (1983–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a> (1987–90)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bozer" title="Ali Bozer">Ali Bozer</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Kurtcebe_Alptemo%C3%A7in" title="Ahmet Kurtcebe Alptemoçin">Ahmet Kurtcebe Alptemoçin</a> (1990–91)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_Giray" title="Safa Giray">Safa Giray</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmet_%C3%87etin" title="Hikmet Çetin">Hikmet Çetin</a> (1991–94)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCmtaz_Soysal" title="Mümtaz Soysal">Mümtaz Soysal</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Karayal%C3%A7%C4%B1n" title="Murat Karayalçın">Murat Karayalçın</a> (1994–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">Erdal İnönü</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co%C5%9Fkun_K%C4%B1rca" title="Coşkun Kırca">Coşkun Kırca</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deniz_Baykal" title="Deniz Baykal">Deniz Baykal</a> (1995–96)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emre_G%C3%B6nensay" title="Emre Gönensay">Emre Gönensay</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a> (1996–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Cem_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i" class="mw-redirect" title="İsmail Cem İpekçi">İsmail Cem</a> (1997–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Sina_G%C3%BCrel" title="Şükrü Sina Gürel">Şükrü Sina Gürel</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Yak%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Yaşar Yakış">Yaşar Yakış</a> (2002–03)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a> (2003–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Babacan" title="Ali Babacan">Ali Babacan</a> (2007–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Davutoğlu">Ahmet Davutoğlu</a> (2009–14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevl%C3%BCt_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu" title="Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu">Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu</a> (2014–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feridun_Sinirlio%C4%9Flu" title="Feridun Sinirlioğlu">Feridun Sinirlioğlu</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevl%C3%BCt_%C3%87avu%C5%9Fo%C4%9Flu" title="Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu">Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu</a> (2015–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakan_Fidan" title="Hakan Fidan">Hakan Fidan</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/MfaLogoTR.svg/100px-MfaLogoTR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Turkish General Staff">Chiefs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish General Staff</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Çakmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Orbay" title="Kâzım Orbay">Kâzım Orbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Omurtak" title="Salih Omurtak">Salih Omurtak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafiz_G%C3%BCrman" title="Nafiz Gürman">Nafiz Gürman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_Yamut" title="Nuri Yamut">Nuri Yamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurettin_Baransel" title="Nurettin Baransel">Nurettin Baransel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C4%B1_Tunaboylu" title="Hakkı Tunaboylu">Hakkı Tunaboylu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feyzi_Meng%C3%BC%C3%A7" title="Feyzi Mengüç">Feyzi Mengüç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BC_Erdelhun" title="Rüştü Erdelhun">Rüştü Erdelhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag%C4%B1p_G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fpala" title="Ragıp Gümüşpala">Ragıp Gümüşpala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cevdet_Sunay" title="Cevdet Sunay">Cevdet Sunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemal_Tural" title="Cemal Tural">Cemal Tural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memduh_Ta%C4%9Fma%C3%A7" title="Memduh Tağmaç">Memduh Tağmaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faruk_G%C3%BCrler" title="Faruk Gürler">Faruk Gürler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semih_Sancar" title="Semih Sancar">Semih Sancar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenan_Evren" title="Kenan Evren">Kenan Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurettin_Ersin" title="Nurettin Ersin">Nurettin Ersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_%C3%9Cru%C4%9F" title="Necdet Üruğ">Necdet Üruğ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Torumtay" title="Necip Torumtay">Necip Torumtay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan_G%C3%BCre%C5%9F" title="Doğan Güreş">Doğan Güreş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Hakk%C4%B1_Karaday%C4%B1" title="İsmail Hakkı Karadayı">İsmail Hakkı Karadayı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_K%C4%B1vr%C4%B1ko%C4%9Flu" title="Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu">Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilmi_%C3%96zk%C3%B6k" title="Hilmi Özkök">Hilmi Özkök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkan%C4%B1t" title="Yaşar Büyükanıt">Yaşar Büyükanıt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lker_Ba%C5%9Fbu%C4%9F" title="İlker Başbuğ">İlker Başbuğ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Ko%C5%9Faner" title="Işık Koşaner">Işık Koşaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_%C3%96zel" title="Necdet Özel">Necdet Özel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulusi_Akar" title="Hulusi Akar">Hulusi Akar</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_D%C3%BCndar" title="Ümit Dündar">Ümit Dündar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_G%C3%BCler" title="Yaşar Güler">Yaşar Güler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Avsever" title="Musa Avsever">Musa Avsever</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metin_G%C3%BCrak" title="Metin Gürak">Metin Gürak</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Standard_of_General_staff_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces.svg/100px-Standard_of_General_staff_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Standard_of_General_staff_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces.svg/150px-Standard_of_General_staff_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Standard_of_General_staff_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces.svg/200px-Standard_of_General_staff_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li>* Acting</li> <li><i>Italics</i> indicates Acting Chief during the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">2016 Turkish coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leader_of_the_Main_Opposition_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leader_of_the_Main_Opposition_of_Turkey" title="Template:Leader of the Main Opposition of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekrem_Alican" title="Ekrem Alican">Ekrem Alican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag%C4%B1p_G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fpala" title="Ragıp Gümüşpala">Ragıp Gümüşpala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_Calp" title="Necdet Calp">Necdet Calp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_G%C3%BCven_G%C3%BCrkan" title="Aydın Güven Gürkan">Aydın Güven Gürkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">Erdal İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recai_Kutan" title="Recai Kutan">Recai Kutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deniz_Baykal" title="Deniz Baykal">Deniz Baykal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel" title="Özgür Özel">Özgür Özel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Party_leaders_in_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_Leaders_in_Turkey" title="Template:Party Leaders in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_Leaders_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Party Leaders in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_Leaders_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party Leaders in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Party_leaders_in_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_leaders_in_Turkey" title="List of party leaders in Turkey">Party leaders in Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before 1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_Demira%C4%9F" title="Nuri Demirağ">Nuri Demirağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmet_Bayur" title="Hikmet Bayur">Hikmet Bayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes" title="Adnan Menderes">Adnan Menderes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_B%C3%B6l%C3%BCkba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Osman Bölükbaşı">Osman Bölükbaşı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekrem_Hayri_%C3%9Cst%C3%BCnda%C4%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ (page does not exist)">Ekrem Hayri Üstündağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_L%C3%BCtfi_Karaosmano%C4%9Flu" title="Fevzi Lütfi Karaosmanoğlu">Fevzi Lütfi Karaosmanoğlu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960–80</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekrem_Alican" title="Ekrem Alican">Ekrem Alican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag%C4%B1p_G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fpala" title="Ragıp Gümüşpala">Ragıp Gümüşpala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_O%C4%9Fuz_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet Oğuz (politician) (page does not exist)">Ahmet Oğuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_Aybar" title="Mehmet Ali Aybar">Mehmet Ali Aybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Alparslan Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turhan_Feyzio%C4%9Flu" title="Turhan Feyzioğlu">Turhan Feyzioğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCseyin_Balan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hüseyin Balan (page does not exist)">Hüseyin Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Timisi" title="Mustafa Timisi">Mustafa Timisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruh_Bozbeyli" title="Ferruh Bozbeyli">Ferruh Bozbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behice_Boran" title="Behice Boran">Behice Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Sat%C4%B1r" title="Kemal Satır">Kemal Satır</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turgut_Sunalp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turgut Sunalp (page does not exist)">Turgut Sunalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_Calp" title="Necdet Calp">Necdet Calp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">Erdal İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_Nusret_Tuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet Nusret Tuna (page does not exist)">Ahmet Nusret Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezmi_Kartay" title="Cezmi Kartay">Cezmi Kartay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Avc%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yıldırım Avcı (page does not exist)">Yıldırım Avcı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_Tekdal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet Tekdal (page does not exist)">Ahmet Tekdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsamettin_Cindoruk" title="Hüsamettin Cindoruk">Hüsamettin Cindoruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_G%C3%BCven_G%C3%BCrkan" title="Aydın Güven Gürkan">Aydın Güven Gürkan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Clk%C3%BC_S%C3%B6ylemezo%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ülkü Söylemezoğlu (page does not exist)">Ülkü Söylemezoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rah%C5%9Fan_Ecevit" title="Rahşan Ecevit">Rahşan Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Yazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet Yazar (page does not exist)">Mehmet Yazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_Karababa" title="Necdet Karababa">Necdet Karababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Akbulut" title="Yıldırım Akbulut">Yıldırım Akbulut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Perin%C3%A7ek" title="Doğu Perinçek">Doğu Perinçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Karayal%C3%A7%C4%B1n" title="Murat Karayalçın">Murat Karayalçın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deniz_Baykal" title="Deniz Baykal">Deniz Baykal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmet_%C3%87etin" title="Hikmet Çetin">Hikmet Çetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Devlet Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recai_Kutan" title="Recai Kutan">Recai Kutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altan_%C3%96ymen" title="Altan Öymen">Altan Öymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_T%C3%BCrk" title="Ahmet Türk">Ahmet Türk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Cem_%C4%B0pek%C3%A7i" class="mw-redirect" title="İsmail Cem İpekçi">İsmail Cem İpekçi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Sezer" title="Zeki Sezer">Zeki Sezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Nuri_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Yaşar Nuri Öztürk">Yaşar Nuri Öztürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masum_T%C3%BCrker" title="Masum Türker">Masum Türker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Soylu" title="Süleyman Soylu">Süleyman Soylu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7daro%C4%9Flu" title="Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu">Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F" title="Numan Kurtulmuş">Numan Kurtulmuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selahattin_Demirta%C5%9F" title="Selahattin Demirtaş">Selahattin Demirtaş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Davutoğlu">Ahmet Davutoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Binali Yıldırım">Binali Yıldırım</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temel_Karamollao%C4%9Flu" title="Temel Karamollaoğlu">Temel Karamollaoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meral_Ak%C5%9Fener" title="Meral Akşener">Meral Akşener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatih_Erbakan" title="Fatih Erbakan">Fatih Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Babacan" title="Ali Babacan">Ali Babacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muharrem_%C4%B0nce" title="Muharrem İnce">Muharrem İnce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_%C3%96zda%C4%9F" title="Ümit Özdağ">Ümit Özdağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCr_%C3%96zel" title="Özgür Özel">Özgür Özel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Turkey" title="Template:Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Speakers of the Parliament of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Speaker of the Grand National Assembly">Speakers of the Parliament of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Grand National Assembly<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Büyük Millet Meclisi</span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1920–1960)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_%C3%96zalp" title="Kâzım Özalp">Kâzım Özalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhalik_Renda" title="Abdülhalik Renda">Abdülhalik Renda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat Cebesoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu">Şükrü Saracoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refik_Koraltan" title="Refik Koraltan">Refik Koraltan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_Turkish_Parliament_%28T%C3%BCrkiye_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Millet_Meclisi%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">House of Representatives<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Temsilciler Meclisi</span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Orbay" title="Kâzım Orbay">Kâzım Orbay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Grand National Assembly<br />in period of Bicameralism<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Büyük Millet Meclisi<br />Çift Meclisli Dönemde</span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1961–1980)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate of the Republic<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Cumhuriyet Senatosu</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suat_Hayri_%C3%9Crg%C3%BCpl%C3%BC" title="Suat Hayri Ürgüplü">Suat Hayri Ürgüplü</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enver_Aka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enver Aka (page does not exist)">Enver Aka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eevki_Atasagun" class="mw-redirect" title="Şevki Atasagun">Şevki Atasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekin_Ar%C4%B1burun" title="Tekin Arıburun">Tekin Arıburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%B1rr%C4%B1_Atalay" title="Sırrı Atalay">Sırrı Atalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0hsan_Sabri_%C3%87a%C4%9Flayangil" title="İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil">İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National Assembly<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Millet Meclisi</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuat_Sirmen" title="Fuat Sirmen">Fuat Sirmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruh_Bozbeyli" title="Ferruh Bozbeyli">Ferruh Bozbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabit_Osman_Avc%C4%B1" title="Sabit Osman Avcı">Sabit Osman Avcı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_G%C3%BCven" title="Kemal Güven">Kemal Güven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahit_Karaka%C5%9F" title="Cahit Karakaş">Cahit Karakaş</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Consultative Assembly<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Danışma Meclisi</span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1981–1983)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadi_Irmak" title="Sadi Irmak">Sadi Irmak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Grand National Assembly<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Büyük Millet Meclisi</span><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1983)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Karaduman" title="Necmettin Karaduman">Necmettin Karaduman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Akbulut" title="Yıldırım Akbulut">Yıldırım Akbulut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_Erdem" title="Kaya Erdem">İsmet Kaya Erdem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsamettin_Cindoruk" title="Hüsamettin Cindoruk">Hüsamettin Cindoruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_Sezgin" title="İsmet Sezgin">İsmet Sezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kalemli" title="Mustafa Kalemli">Mustafa Kalemli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmet_%C3%87etin" title="Hikmet Çetin">Hikmet Çetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_%C4%B0zgi" title="Ömer İzgi">Ömer İzgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ar%C4%B1n%C3%A7" title="Bülent Arınç">Bülent Arınç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ksal_Toptan" title="Köksal Toptan">Köksal Toptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Ali_%C5%9Eahin" title="Mehmet Ali Şahin">Mehmet Ali Şahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemil_%C3%87i%C3%A7ek" title="Cemil Çiçek">Cemil Çiçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="İsmet Yılmaz">İsmet Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Kahraman" title="İsmail Kahraman">İsmail Kahraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Binali Yıldırım">Binali Yıldırım</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_%C5%9Eentop" title="Mustafa Şentop">Mustafa Şentop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F" title="Numan Kurtulmuş">Numan Kurtulmuş</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Interim speakers of the parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eerif_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şerif Bey (page does not exist)">Şerif Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdurrahman_%C5%9Eeref&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdurrahman Şeref 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Karaosmanoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orhan_Seyfi_Orhon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orhan Seyfi Orhon (page does not exist)">Orhan Seyfi Orhon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinyas_Kartal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinyas Kartal (page does not exist)">Kinyas Kartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrettin_%C3%96zdilek" title="Fahrettin Özdilek">Fahrettin Özdilek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamil_Tu%C4%9Frul_Co%C5%9Fkuno%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamil Tuğrul Coşkunoğlu (page does not exist)">Kamil Tuğrul Coşkunoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_R%C4%B1za_Septio%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Rıza Septioğlu (page does not exist)">Ali Rıza Septioğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCleyman_Arif_Emre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Süleyman Arif Emre (page does not exist)">Süleyman 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183297#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183297#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121389519">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71565655">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/170607/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx8BBKTGrB3CxqyDMR7pP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118896067">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85039604">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13605357m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13605357m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35396632">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20020307004&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071406743">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/97001375">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=84864">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/159526">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007271352805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09686239?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/938170">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118896067.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118896067">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050677071">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569011">NARA</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/76060343">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6322jd6">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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