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class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciaal:Zoeken"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Doorzoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Doorzoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Doorzoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Zoeken</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Gebruikersnavigatie"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dertigjarige Oorlog</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> 1618–1648 </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Taal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Taal</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Dertigjarige+Oorlog&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Volgen</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Bewerken</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p>De <b>Dertigjarige Oorlog</b> (1618–1648) was een grootschalig conflict waar de meeste Europese mogendheden bij betrokken waren. De hoofdoorzaken waren de spanningen tussen <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katholicisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katholicisme">katholieke</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reformatie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reformatie">protestante</a> staten, maar voor Frankrijk speelden ook geostrategische motieven een belangrijke rol.</p> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">Dertigjarige Oorlog</th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Sack_of_Magdeburg_1631.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kopergravure uit het Theatrum Europaeum. De inname van Maagdenburg in 1631 staat symbool voor de verwoestingen tijdens de oorlog." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sack_of_Magdeburg_1631.jpg/266px-Sack_of_Magdeburg_1631.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sack_of_Magdeburg_1631.jpg/399px-Sack_of_Magdeburg_1631.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Sack_of_Magdeburg_1631.jpg/532px-Sack_of_Magdeburg_1631.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="1527"></a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"> <div style="font-size:90%"> Kopergravure uit het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Theatrum_Europaeum&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Theatrum Europaeum (de pagina bestaat niet)">Theatrum Europaeum</a>. De <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Maagdenburg_(1630-1631)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Maagdenburg (1630-1631)">inname van Maagdenburg</a> in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1631?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1631">1631</a> staat symbool voor de verwoestingen tijdens de oorlog. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Datum</th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1618?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1618">1618</a>-<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1648?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1648">1648</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Locatie</th> <td colspan="2">Voornamelijk het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heilige_Roomse_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heilige Roomse Rijk">Heilige Roomse Rijk</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Resultaat</th> <td colspan="2">Keizerlijke nederlaag</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Casus_belli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Casus belli">Casus belli</a></th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tweede_Praagse_Defenestratie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tweede Praagse Defenestratie">Praagse Defenestratie</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Verdrag</th> <td colspan="2"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrede_van_Westfalen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrede van Westfalen">Vrede van Westfalen</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3">Strijdende partijen</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><span> <table style="width:100%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#E4F0FE; color:inherit;">Boheems-Paltische fase (1618–1625)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Banner_of_the_Bohemian_Coat_of_Arms.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Banner_of_the_Bohemian_Coat_of_Arms.svg/25px-Banner_of_the_Bohemian_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Banner_of_the_Bohemian_Coat_of_Arms.svg/38px-Banner_of_the_Bohemian_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Banner_of_the_Bohemian_Coat_of_Arms.svg/50px-Banner_of_the_Bohemian_Coat_of_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Bohemen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Bohemen">Koninkrijk Bohemen</a><br><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/22px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/33px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg/44px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="550"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vorstendom_Transsylvani%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vorstendom Transsylvanië">Transsylvanië</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Banner_of_the_Palatinate.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Banner_of_the_Palatinate.svg/25px-Banner_of_the_Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Banner_of_the_Palatinate.svg/38px-Banner_of_the_Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Banner_of_the_Palatinate.svg/50px-Banner_of_the_Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palts_(keurvorstendom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Palts (keurvorstendom)">De Palts</a><br><b>Gesteund door:</b><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Prinsenvlag.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/25px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/38px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/50px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden">Republiek</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_England.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/25px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/38px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/50px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Engeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Engeland">Engeland</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%25281844%25E2%2580%25931922%2529.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%25281844%25E2%2580%25931922%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%25281844%25E2%2580%25931922%2529.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%25281844%25E2%2580%25931922%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottomaanse_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottomaanse Rijk">Ottomaanse Rijk</a></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_(1400-1806).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/25px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg/38px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg/50px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keizerlijke_leger_(Heilige_Roomse_Rijk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Keizerlijke leger (Heilige Roomse Rijk)">HRR</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/25px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/38px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/50px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaanse_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spaanse Rijk">Spaanse Rijk</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/25px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/38px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/50px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keurvorstendom_Saksen_(1547-1806)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keurvorstendom Saksen (1547-1806)">Saksen</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Catholic_League_(Germany).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Catholic_League_%28Germany%29.svg/25px-Catholic_League_%28Germany%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Catholic_League_%2528Germany%2529.svg/38px-Catholic_League_%2528Germany%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Catholic_League_%2528Germany%2529.svg/50px-Catholic_League_%2528Germany%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="858"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katholieke_Liga_(1609)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katholieke Liga (1609)">Katholieke liga</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#E4F0FE; color:inherit;">Deense fase (1625–1629)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Denmark.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/25px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/38px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/50px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denemarken-Noorwegen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Denemarken-Noorwegen">Denemarken</a><br><b>Gesteund door:</b><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Prinsenvlag.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/25px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/38px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/50px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden">Republiek</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_England.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/25px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/38px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/50px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Engeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Engeland">Engeland</a></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_(1400-1806).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/25px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg/38px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg/50px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keizerlijke_leger_(Heilige_Roomse_Rijk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Keizerlijke leger (Heilige Roomse Rijk)">HRR</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Catholic_League_(Germany).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Catholic_League_%28Germany%29.svg/25px-Catholic_League_%28Germany%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Catholic_League_%2528Germany%2529.svg/38px-Catholic_League_%2528Germany%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Catholic_League_%2528Germany%2529.svg/50px-Catholic_League_%2528Germany%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="858"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katholieke_Liga_(1609)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katholieke Liga (1609)">Katholieke liga</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#E4F0FE; color:inherit;">Zweedse fase (1630–1635)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Sweden_(1562%E2%80%931650).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Sweden_%281562%E2%80%931650%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_Sweden_%281562%E2%80%931650%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Sweden_%25281562%25E2%2580%25931650%2529.svg/41px-Flag_of_Sweden_%25281562%25E2%2580%25931650%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Sweden_%25281562%25E2%2580%25931650%2529.svg/54px-Flag_of_Sweden_%25281562%25E2%2580%25931650%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="350"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Zweden_(1523-1814)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Zweden (1523-1814)">Zweden</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/25px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/38px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/50px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keurvorstendom_Saksen_(1547-1806)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keurvorstendom Saksen (1547-1806)">Saksen</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg/25px-Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg/38px-Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg/50px-Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburg-Pruisen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburg-Pruisen">Brandenburg</a></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_(1400-1806).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/25px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg/38px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg/50px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keizerlijke_leger_(Heilige_Roomse_Rijk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Keizerlijke leger (Heilige Roomse Rijk)">HRR</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/25px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/38px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/50px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaanse_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spaanse Rijk">Spaanse Rijk</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Catholic_League_(Germany).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Catholic_League_%28Germany%29.svg/25px-Catholic_League_%28Germany%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Catholic_League_%2528Germany%2529.svg/38px-Catholic_League_%2528Germany%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Catholic_League_%2528Germany%2529.svg/50px-Catholic_League_%2528Germany%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="858"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katholieke_Liga_(1609)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katholieke Liga (1609)">Katholieke liga</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background-color:#E4F0FE; color:inherit;">Franse fase (1635–1648)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width:50%; border-right:1px dotted var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Royal_flag_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/25px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/38px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/50px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Frankrijk_(1589-1792)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninkrijk Frankrijk (1589-1792)">Frankrijk</a><br><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Sweden_(1562%E2%80%931650).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Sweden_%281562%E2%80%931650%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_Sweden_%281562%E2%80%931650%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Sweden_%25281562%25E2%2580%25931650%2529.svg/41px-Flag_of_Sweden_%25281562%25E2%2580%25931650%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Sweden_%25281562%25E2%2580%25931650%2529.svg/54px-Flag_of_Sweden_%25281562%25E2%2580%25931650%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="350"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Zweden_(1523-1814)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Zweden (1523-1814)">Zweden</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Prinsenvlag.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/25px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/38px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Prinsenvlag.svg/50px-Prinsenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden">Republiek</a></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_(1400-1806).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/25px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg/38px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg/50px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%25281400-1806%2529.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keizerlijke_leger_(Heilige_Roomse_Rijk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Keizerlijke leger (Heilige Roomse Rijk)">HRR</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/25px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/38px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/50px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaanse_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spaanse Rijk">Spaanse Rijk</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/25px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/38px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg/50px-Flag_of_Electoral_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keurvorstendom_Saksen_(1547-1806)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keurvorstendom Saksen (1547-1806)">Saksen</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg/25px-Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg/38px-Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg/50px-Kriegsflagge_Kur-Brandenburgische_Flotte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburg-Pruisen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburg-Pruisen">Brandenburg</a><br><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Denmark.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/25px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/38px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/50px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></a></span> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denemarken-Noorwegen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Denemarken-Noorwegen">Denemarken</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:270px; text-align:center;"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; text-align:center; border:0"> <div style="padding-left:0em; text-align:center; font-size:100%; background-color:lightsteelblue; padding-bottom:2px;"> <b>Gevechten in de <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dertigjarige Oorlog</a></b> </div> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <div style="background:lightsteelblue"> <b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boheemse_Opstand_(1618-1620)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boheemse Opstand (1618-1620)">Boheemse Opstand</a> (1618 - 1620)</b> </div><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Pilsen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Pilsen">Pilsen</a>· <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Lomnice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Lomnice">Lomnice</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Z%C3%A1blati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Záblati">Záblati</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Sitzendorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Sitzendorf">Sitzendorf</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Hadersdorf_am_Kamp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Hadersdorf am Kamp">Hadersdorf am Kamp</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_op_de_Witte_Berg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag op de Witte Berg">Witte Berg</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Loket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Loket">Loket</a> <div style="background:lightsteelblue"> <b>Paltsische fase (1620 - 1624)</b> </div><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Mingolsheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Mingolsheim">Mingolsheim</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Wimpfen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Slag_bij_H%C3%B6chst&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Slag bij Höchst (de pagina bestaat niet)">Höchst</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Slag_bij_Fleurus_(1622)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Slag bij Fleurus (1622) (de pagina bestaat niet)">Fleurus</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Stadtlohn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Stadtlohn">Stadtlohn</a> <div style="background:lightsteelblue"> <b>Deense fase (1625 - 1629)</b> </div><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Dessau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Dessau">Dessau</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Lutter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Lutter">Lutter</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Stralsund_(1628)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Stralsund (1628)">Stralsund</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Slag_bij_Wolgast&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Slag bij Wolgast (de pagina bestaat niet)">Wolgast</a> <div style="background:lightsteelblue"> <b>Zweedse fase (1630 - 1635)</b> </div><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Maagdenburg_(1630-1631)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Maagdenburg (1630-1631)">Maagdenburg</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Slag_bij_Werben&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Slag bij Werben (de pagina bestaat niet)">Werben</a><br><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Breitenfeld_(1631)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Breitenfeld (1631)">1ste Breitenfeld</a></span> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_om_Bamberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag om Bamberg">Bamberg</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Rain_am_Lech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Rain am Lech">Rain</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Wiesloch_(1632)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Wiesloch (1632)">Wiesloch</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Slag_bij_de_Alte_Veste&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Slag bij de Alte Veste (de pagina bestaat niet)">Alte Veste</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Lützen (1632)">Lützen</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Oldendorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Oldendorf">Oldendorf</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_N%C3%B6rdlingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a> <div style="background:lightsteelblue"> <b>Zweeds-Franse fase (1635 - 1648)</b> </div><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Wittstock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Wittstock">Wittstock</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Rheinfelden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Rheinfelden">Rheinfelden</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Sint-Omaars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Sint-Omaars">Sint-Omaars</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Breisach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Breisach">Breisach</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_La_Marf%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij La Marfée">La Marfée</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Slag_bij_Honnecourt&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Slag bij Honnecourt (de pagina bestaat niet)">Honnecourt</a> <span class="nowrap"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Breitenfeld_(1642)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Breitenfeld (1642)">2de Breitenfeld</a></span> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Rocroi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Rocroi">Rocroi</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Slag_bij_Tuttlingen&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Slag bij Tuttlingen (de pagina bestaat niet)">Tuttlingen</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Freiburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Freiburg">Freiburg</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Slag_bij_J%C3%BCterbog&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Slag bij Jüterbog (de pagina bestaat niet)">Jüterbog</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Slag_bij_Jankau&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Slag bij Jankau (de pagina bestaat niet)">Jankau</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Slag_bij_Mergentheim&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Slag bij Mergentheim (de pagina bestaat niet)">Mergentheim</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Allerheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Allerheim">Allerheim</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Zusmarshausen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Zusmarshausen">Zusmarshausen</a> · <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_om_Praag_(1648)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag om Praag (1648)">Praag</a> </div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>De oorlog woedde voornamelijk in het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heilige_Roomse_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heilige Roomse Rijk">Heilige Roomse Rijk</a>, de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaanse_Nederlanden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spaanse Nederlanden">Spaanse Nederlanden</a>, Noord-Spanje en Noord-Italië met gevechten in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrika_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrika (hoofdbetekenis)">Afrika</a> en het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amerika_(continent)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerika (continent)">Amerikaanse</a> continent. Ook waren er zeeslagen op de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middellandse_Zee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middellandse Zee">Middellandse Zee</a> en in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golf_van_Biskaje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golf van Biskaje">Golf van Biskaje</a>. Wegens de sterke geografische spreiding van de grootschalige vijandelijkheden kan men spreken van het eerste langdurige wereldomspannende conflict of een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wereldoorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wereldoorlog">wereldoorlog</a>.</p> <p>Het conflict begon toen de katholieke staten <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaanse_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spaanse Rijk">Spanje</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgse_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgse Rijk">Oostenrijk</a> de protestante staten in het noorden van het Heilige Roomse Rijk veroverden (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Bohemen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Bohemen">Boheems</a>-<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palts_(keurvorstendom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Palts (keurvorstendom)">Paltse</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noord-Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noord-Duitsland">Noord-Duitse</a>/<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deense?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Deense">Deense</a> fase). <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Zweden_(1523-1814)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Zweden (1523-1814)">Zweden</a> maakte dit ongedaan (Zweedse fase). <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Frankrijk_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninkrijk Frankrijk (hoofdbetekenis)">Frankrijk</a> greep actief in (Franse fase) om Spanje en Oostenrijk te verzwakken, wat ruimschoots lukte (Spaanse en eindfase). De <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrede_van_Westfalen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrede van Westfalen">Vrede van Westfalen</a> maakte een einde aan de oorlog.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="nl" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhoud</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aanloop_(1604-1618)"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Aanloop (1604-1618)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Overzicht_van_de_strijdende_partijen"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Overzicht van de strijdende partijen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Boheems-Paltse_fase_(1618-1622)"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Boheems-Paltse fase (1618-1622)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ferdinand_II_herovert_Bohemen"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ferdinand II herovert Bohemen</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1617%E2%80%931618"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">1617–1618</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1619"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">1619</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1620%E2%80%931621"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">1620–1621</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#De_Republiek_steunt_de_Palts,_Bohemen_en_de_protestantse_Unie"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">De Republiek steunt de Palts, Bohemen en de protestantse Unie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Spanje_valt_de_Republiek_aan_en_verovert_de_Palts"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Spanje valt de Republiek aan en verovert de Palts</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Noord-Duitse/Deense_fase_(1622-1630)"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Noord-Duitse/Deense fase (1622-1630)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ferdinand_II,_campagne_in_Noord-Duitsland"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Ferdinand II, campagne in Noord-Duitsland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ferdinand_II,_campagne_in_Denemarken"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ferdinand II, campagne in Denemarken</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Anglo-Spaanse_Oorlog_(1625-1630)"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Anglo-Spaanse Oorlog (1625-1630)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zweeds-Franse_coalitie_(1630-1648)"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Zweeds-Franse coalitie (1630-1648)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zweedse_fase_(1630-1635)"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Zweedse fase (1630-1635)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zweden_slaat_Ferdinand_II_terug_in_Noord-Duitsland"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Zweden slaat Ferdinand II terug in Noord-Duitsland</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zweden_verzwakt_de_Habsburgse_greep_op_Frankrijk"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Zweden verzwakt de Habsburgse greep op Frankrijk</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Franse_fase_(1635-1643)"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Franse fase (1635-1643)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Frankrijk_en_de_Republiek_vallen_Spanje_in_de_Zuidelijke_Nederlanden_aan"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Frankrijk en de Republiek vallen Spanje in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden aan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#De_keizer_en_Spanje_vertonen_de_eerste_tekenen_van_zwakte"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">De keizer en Spanje vertonen de eerste tekenen van zwakte</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Spanje_verliest_Portugal_en_moet_Cataloni%C3%AB_verdedigen"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Spanje verliest Portugal en moet Catalonië verdedigen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#De_keizer_wankelt,_Spanje_verliest_zijn_militaire_overwicht"><span class="tocnumber">6.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">De keizer wankelt, Spanje verliest zijn militaire overwicht</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Slotfase_(1643-1648)"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Slotfase (1643-1648)</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zweden_en_Frankrijk_winnen_in_het_Duitse_Rijk"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Zweden en Frankrijk winnen in het Duitse Rijk</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Spanje_bestrijdt_Frankrijk,_vooral_in_Itali%C3%AB_en_Cataloni%C3%AB"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Spanje bestrijdt Frankrijk, vooral in Italië en Catalonië</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Frankrijk_en_Zweden_winnen_de_oorlog"><span class="tocnumber">6.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Frankrijk en Zweden winnen de oorlog</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vrede_van_Westfalen_(1648)"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Vrede van Westfalen (1648)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gevolgen"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Gevolgen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Parallel"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Parallel</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literatuur"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Literatuur</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Noten"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Noten</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Externe_link"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Externe link</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Aanloop_(1604-1618)"><span id="Aanloop_.281604-1618.29"></span>Aanloop (1604-1618)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Aanloop (1604-1618)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg/260px-Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="355" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1446"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 355px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg/260px-Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="355" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg/390px-Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg/520px-Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keizer_Ferdinand_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keizer Ferdinand II">Keizer Ferdinand II</a>, onder wiens bewind de dertigjarige oorlog zich afspeelde. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Aan de basis lagen de gevolgen van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contrareformatie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Contrareformatie">contrareformatie</a> en het compromis bereikt in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Godsdienstvrede_van_Augsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Godsdienstvrede van Augsburg">godsdienstvrede van Augsburg</a> (1555). Men ging uit van het principe <i><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a></i> (<i>wiens gebied, diens religie; de regionale politieke heerser bepaalde de godsdienst</i>). De keizers <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keizer_Rudolf_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keizer Rudolf II">Rudolf</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keizer_Matthias?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keizer Matthias">Matthias</a> bestreden het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam (hoofdbetekenis)">islamitische</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottomaanse_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottomaanse Rijk">Ottomaanse Rijk</a> en waren voor religieuze tolerantie tussen de christenen, onder invloed van kardinaal <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Melchior_Khlesl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Melchior Khlesl">Melchior Khlesl</a>.</p> <p>De <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vijftienjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vijftienjarige Oorlog">Vijftienjarige Oorlog</a> tussen het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgse_monarchie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgse monarchie">Habsburgse rijk</a> en het Ottomaanse Rijk over <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transsylvani%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transsylvanië">Transsylvanië</a>, veroorzaakt door het wanbeheer van gouverneur <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Giorgio_Basta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Giorgio Basta">Giorgio Basta</a>, leidde tot een opstand van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantisme">protestantse</a> Transsylvaanse elite onder leiding van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Bocskai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="István Bocskai">István Bocskai</a>. Keizer Rudolf reageerde door de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hussieten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hussieten">hussieten</a> in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Bohemen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Bohemen">Bohemen</a> en in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silezi%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silezië">Silezië</a> voor zich te winnen met meer godsdienstvrijheid (juli–augustus 1609). Uiteindelijk zette Matthias zijn broer keizer Rudolf in Bohemen en ook in Silezië af (maart 1611) en werd hij na diens dood verkozen tot nieuwe keizer van het Heilige Roomse Rijk (juni 1612).</p> <p>Maar ook in Duitsland namen de godsdienstige spanningen toe. Het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calvinistische?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistische">calvinistische</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paltsgraafschap_aan_de_Rijn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paltsgraafschap aan de Rijn">Paltsgraafschap aan de Rijn</a> stichtte met de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lutheranisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lutheranisme">lutheranen</a> uit Noord-Duitsland een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantse_Unie_(alliantie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantse Unie (alliantie)">Protestantse Unie</a> (mei 1608). Als reactie verenigde <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Beieren_(1505-1623)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Beieren (1505-1623)">Beieren</a> de katholieke vorsten van vooral Zuid-Duitsland in een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katholieke_Liga_(1609)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katholieke Liga (1609)">Katholieke Liga</a> (juli 1609).</p> <p>Ondertussen bestreed aartshertog <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keizer_Ferdinand_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keizer Ferdinand II">Ferdinand</a> de lutheranen in Oostenrijk te vuur en te zwaard. Toen hij acht jaar later ook de hussieten in Bohemen hun godsdienstvrijheid wilde ontnemen (1617), die ze nog niet zo lang geleden hadden verkregen, barstte de Dertigjarige Oorlog los (mei 1618). De verkiezing van Ferdinand na Matthias' dood (maart 1619) tot keizer Ferdinand II maakte van hem in deze oorlog de onbetwiste leider van het katholieke kamp.</p> <p>'Het was een oorlog waarin velen van de belangrijkste katholieke mededingers - Ferdinand van Bohemen en de katholieke generaals <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albrecht von Wallenstein">Wallenstein</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johan_t%27Serclaes_van_Tilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johan t'Serclaes van Tilly">Tilly</a> - bij de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jezu%C3%AFeten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jezuïeten">jezuïeten</a> waren opgeleid, en tijdens het hele conflict kwamen de jezuïeten regelmatig met uitgesproken oorlogszuchtige adviezen op de proppen.'<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Overzicht_van_de_strijdende_partijen">Overzicht van de strijdende partijen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Overzicht van de strijdende partijen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Thirty_Years_War_involvement_graph_nl.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Thirty_Years_War_involvement_graph_nl.svg/400px-Thirty_Years_War_involvement_graph_nl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="431" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="433"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 431px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Thirty_Years_War_involvement_graph_nl.svg/400px-Thirty_Years_War_involvement_graph_nl.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="431" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Thirty_Years_War_involvement_graph_nl.svg/600px-Thirty_Years_War_involvement_graph_nl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Thirty_Years_War_involvement_graph_nl.svg/800px-Thirty_Years_War_involvement_graph_nl.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <table cellpadding="5" style="margin:auto"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="background:#f00; width:20px;"></td> <td>Anti-Habsburg direct</td> <td style="background:#000; width:20px;"></td> <td>Pro-Habsburg direct</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff8080; width:20px"></td> <td><span class="nowrap">Anti-Habsburg indirect</span></td> <td style="background:#999; width:20px;"></td> <td><span class="nowrap">Pro-Habsburg indirect</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Boheems-Paltse_fase_(1618-1622)"><span id="Boheems-Paltse_fase_.281618-1622.29"></span>Boheems-Paltse fase (1618-1622)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Boheems-Paltse fase (1618-1622)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ferdinand_II_herovert_Bohemen">Ferdinand II herovert Bohemen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ferdinand II herovert Bohemen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg/260px-Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="485"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 195px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg/260px-Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg/390px-Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg/520px-Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> De Tweede Praagse Defenestratie, het startschot voor de oorlog </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Saint_Empire_1620_fr.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Saint_Empire_1620_fr.svg/260px-Saint_Empire_1620_fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Saint_Empire_1620_fr.svg/260px-Saint_Empire_1620_fr.svg.png" data-width="260" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Saint_Empire_1620_fr.svg/390px-Saint_Empire_1620_fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Saint_Empire_1620_fr.svg/520px-Saint_Empire_1620_fr.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johan_t%27Serclaes_van_Tilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johan t'Serclaes van Tilly">Johan t'Serclaes van Tilly</a> helpt de keizer vanuit Beieren en wint de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_op_de_Witte_Berg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag op de Witte Berg">Slag op de Witte Berg</a> (1620), de Slag bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bad Wimpfen">Bad Wimpfen</a> (1622) en de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Stadtlohn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Stadtlohn">Slag bij Stadtlohn</a> (1623) </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="1617–1618"><span id="1617.E2.80.931618"></span>1617–1618</h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: 1617–1618" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG/260px-Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1140"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG/260px-Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG" data-width="260" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG/390px-Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG/520px-Hinrichtung_auf_dem_Altst%C3%A4dter_Ring.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Praag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Praag">Praag</a>, 21 juni 1621: de terechtstelling van hussitische edelen leidt tot het einde van het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hussieten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hussieten">hussitisme</a> en het begin van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culturele_assimilatie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culturele assimilatie">culturele assimilatie</a> voor de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsjechi%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsjechië">Tsjechen</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Toen de zeer katholieke Ferdinand in juni 1617 werd gekozen tot koning van het hussitische <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Bohemen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Bohemen">Bohemen</a>, gooiden de hussieten in het kasteel te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Praag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Praag">Praag</a> twee van zijn vertegenwoordigers in mei 1618 uit het raam. Deze zogenaamde <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tweede_Praagse_Defenestratie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tweede Praagse Defenestratie">Tweede Praagse Defenestratie</a> was de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Casus_belli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a>, het startschot van de Dertigjarige Oorlog. De hussieten vielen aan en overwonnen de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keizerlijk_leger_(Heilige_Roomse_Rijk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keizerlijk leger (Heilige Roomse Rijk)">keizerlijke troepen</a> bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Pilsen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Pilsen">Pilsen</a> en bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lomnice_nad_Lu%C5%BEnic%C3%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lomnice nad Lužnicí">Lomnice nad Lužnicí</a> (september en november 1618).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="1619">1619</h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: 1619" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Boheemse troepen trokken in 1619 tweemaal op naar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wenen_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenen (hoofdbetekenis)">Wenen</a>, zonder tot een echte belegering te kunnen komen, maar boekten in augustus elders successen. De staten van Bohemen riepen in november de calvinistische Paltsgraaf <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederik_V_van_de_Palts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederik V van de Palts">Frederik V</a> uit tot koning.</p> <p>In oktober viel <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gabri%C3%ABl_Bethlen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gabriël Bethlen">Gabriël Bethlen</a>, de calvinistische vorst van Transsylvanië, Habsburgs <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slowakije?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slowakije">Slowakije</a> binnen en veroverde <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bratislava?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, maar Ferdinand II verbond zich in dezelfde maand met Beieren en het lutherse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keurvorstendom_Saksen_(1547-1806)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keurvorstendom Saksen (1547-1806)">Saksen</a>. In november moest Bethlen zijn positie voor Wenen opgeven toen hij in Slowakije werd aangevallen door <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polen-Litouwen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polen-Litouwen">Polen-Litouwen</a>, dat de katholieke keizer te hulp schoot.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="1620–1621"><span id="1620.E2.80.931621"></span>1620–1621</h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: 1620–1621" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Door de benoeming van de keurvorst van de Palts tot koning van Bohemen had de strijd een bovenregionaal karakter gekregen. Zo vielen legereenheden van het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaanse_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spaanse Rijk">Spaanse Rijk</a> de Palts binnen. De Beierse generaal <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johan_t%27Serclaes_van_Tilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johan t'Serclaes van Tilly">Johan t'Serclaes van Tilly</a> kon de Boheemse hussieten verpletterend verslaan in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_op_de_Witte_Berg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag op de Witte Berg">Slag op de Witte Berg</a> (november 1620). Deze slag was beslissend. De <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tsjechi%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tsjechië">Tsjechen</a> en het hussitisme verdwenen voor 300 jaar uit de geschiedenis: keizer Ferdinand II verjoeg de hussitische predikers, herverdeelde 50% van het grootgrondbezit aan buitenlanders en verplaatste de Boheemse kanselarij naar Wenen. Van de 3 miljoen Bohemers weken er 2,2 miljoen uit. Het was niet alleen een godsdienstige, maar ook een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etnische_zuivering?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etnische zuivering">etnische zuivering</a>. De ontvolking en de grote instroom van etnische Duitsers drukte een stempel op de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_Tsjechische_landen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geschiedenis van de Tsjechische landen">geschiedenis van de Tsjechische landen</a>, zelfs tot in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog">Tweede Wereldoorlog</a> toe. Hitler rechtvaardigde er zijn <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a>-politiek mee.</p> <p><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederik_V_van_de_Palts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederik V van de Palts">Frederik V</a> nam de wijk naar zijn thuisbasis, de Palts. En Ferdinand II kon in mei 1621 Bratislava heroveren op Bethlen, waarop deze vrede moest sluiten (december 1621). Ferdinand II kreeg zo zijn Oostenrijks-Boheemse thuislanden terug en had de handen vrij voor andere zaken.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="De_Republiek_steunt_de_Palts,_Bohemen_en_de_protestantse_Unie"><span id="De_Republiek_steunt_de_Palts.2C_Bohemen_en_de_protestantse_Unie"></span>De Republiek steunt de Palts, Bohemen en de protestantse Unie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De Republiek steunt de Palts, Bohemen en de protestantse Unie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Koning <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacobus_I_van_Engeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacobus I van Engeland">Jacobus I van Engeland</a> had zijn schoonzoon Frederik van de Palts afgeraden het koningschap van Bohemen te aanvaarden. Maar zijn neef <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurits_van_Oranje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurits van Oranje">Maurits van Oranje</a>, de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stadhouder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stadhouder">stadhouder</a> van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden">Republiek</a>, had hem hiertoe aangemoedigd,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> omdat die wist dat deze calvinist op de Boheemse troon onaanvaardbaar zou zijn voor de Habsburgers. Hij wilde de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaanse_Habsburgers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spaanse Habsburgers">Spaanse Habsburgers</a>, die de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oostenrijkse_Habsburgers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oostenrijkse Habsburgers">Oostenrijkse Habsburgers</a> steunden, een extra probleem geven voor het geval dat het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twaalfjarig_Bestand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twaalfjarig Bestand">Twaalfjarig Bestand</a> niet zou worden verlengd. Maurits bood zowel Frederik als de Noord-Duitsers, de protestantse Unie, militaire en financiële steun. Tijdens de slag op de Witte Berg was zeker een achtste van de troepen Nederlands of betaald door de Nederlandse Republiek.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_V._von_der_Pfalz_als_K%C3%B6nig_von_B%C3%B6hmen.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_V._von_der_Pfalz_als_K%C3%B6nig_von_B%C3%B6hmen.jpg/180px-Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_V._von_der_Pfalz_als_K%C3%B6nig_von_B%C3%B6hmen.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 261px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_V._von_der_Pfalz_als_K%C3%B6nig_von_B%C3%B6hmen.jpg/180px-Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_V._von_der_Pfalz_als_K%C3%B6nig_von_B%C3%B6hmen.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="261" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_V._von_der_Pfalz_als_K%C3%B6nig_von_B%C3%B6hmen.jpg/270px-Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_V._von_der_Pfalz_als_K%C3%B6nig_von_B%C3%B6hmen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_V._von_der_Pfalz_als_K%C3%B6nig_von_B%C3%B6hmen.jpg/360px-Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_V._von_der_Pfalz_als_K%C3%B6nig_von_B%C3%B6hmen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> De calvinistische keurvorst <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederik_V_van_de_Palts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederik V van de Palts">Frederik V van de Palts</a>, koning van Bohemen (1619-1623) </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Spanje_valt_de_Republiek_aan_en_verovert_de_Palts">Spanje valt de Republiek aan en verovert de Palts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Spanje valt de Republiek aan en verovert de Palts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In de Nederlanden liep het Twaalfjarig Bestand af in 1621; aartshertog <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albrecht_van_Oostenrijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albrecht van Oostenrijk">Albrecht van Oostenrijk</a>, landvoogd van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuidelijke_Nederlanden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuidelijke Nederlanden">Zuidelijke Nederlanden</a>, stierf in juli van datzelfde jaar. Spanje heropende de vijandelijkheden op de Republiek met een verrassingsaanval op een Staatse vloot bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaap_Sint-Vincent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaap Sint-Vincent">Kaap Sint-Vincent</a> aan de zuidkust van Zuid-<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portugal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.</p> <p>Spanje had in juli 1620 al de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valtellina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valtellina">Valtellina</a>-bergpas en het Zwitserse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graub%C3%BCnden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graubünden">Graubünden</a> veroverd, als verbinding tussen het eigen <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Milaan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Milaan">hertogdom Milaan</a>/<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lombardije?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lombardije">Lombardije</a> en het Oostenrijkse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Innsbruck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>. Spanje beheerste de westelijke <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middellandse_Zee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middellandse Zee">Middellandse Zee</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sardini%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sardinië">Sardinië</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Sicili%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Sicilië">Koninkrijk Sicilië</a> en Zuid-<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itali%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italië">Italië</a> (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Napels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Napels">Koninkrijk Napels</a>), alsook Milaan en Lombardije en indirect de rest van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noord-Itali%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noord-Italië">Noord-Italië</a>. Bovendien hield het de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pauselijke_Staat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauselijke Staat">Pauselijke Staat</a> in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Midden-Itali%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Midden-Italië">Midden-Italië</a> tussen Zuid- en Noord-Italië omsingeld.</p> <p>Spanje bevocht de Republiek ook vanuit de Zuidelijke Nederlanden, maar kon dat gebied niet over zee bereiken. De Republiek blokkeerde de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vlaamse_kust?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlaamse kust">Vlaamse kust</a> en Spanjes zeemacht was te zwak om dat te verhelpen. Maar Spaanse troepen uit Italië konden nu via de Valtellina-bergpas, Oostenrijk en het Duitse Rijk de Zuidelijke Nederlanden te voet bereiken. Katholiek Spanje en Oostenrijk stelden zo hun verbindingen zeker. Dat dit nodig bleek, gaf aan hoe zwak Spanje was bij het begin van de oorlog. Dat belette niet dat toen de vredelievende <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filips_III_van_Spanje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filips III van Spanje">Filips III van Spanje</a> in maart 1621 stierf, zijn opvolger <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filips_IV_van_Spanje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filips IV van Spanje">Filips IV</a> onmiddellijk inzette op oorlog.</p> <p>Ferdinand II kon zo in Duitsland alles op alles zetten en de hulp van Spanje inroepen. Spanje liep in september 1620 vanuit de Zuidelijke Nederlanden de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paltsgraafschap_aan_de_Rijn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paltsgraafschap aan de Rijn">Palts</a> van Frederik V onder de voet, nog voor Ferdinand II met hem afrekende in Bohemen (november 1620). De Palts strekte zich toen uit van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> over <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Worms_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Worms (stad)">Worms</a> naar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spiers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiers">Spiers</a> aan beide zijde van de Midden-<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rijn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rijn">Rijn</a>, met als voornaamste steden <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mannheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heidelberg_(Duitsland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heidelberg (Duitsland)">Heidelberg</a>. De enige calvinistische staat naast <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landgraafschap_Hessen-Kassel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landgraafschap Hessen-Kassel">Hessen-Kassel</a> van Duitsland werd opgedoekt. De lutheranen hielpen die calvinistische staat niet en vervulden hun verplichtingen binnen de protestantse Unie niet. De calvinistische Nederlanders werden daardoor erg terughoudend om de Noord-Duitse lutheranen nog te helpen.</p> <p>Na hun overwinningen op de Witte Berg en op Bethlen snelde nu ook Tilly met het keizerlijke leger toe. Ditmaal reageerden de lutheranen wél en hielden Tilly tegen in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wiesloch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wiesloch">Wiesloch</a> (april 1622) onder Heidelberg. Maar Tilly vond aansluiting bij een Spaans leger uit de Zuidelijke Nederlanden, en versloeg de lutheranen bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bad_Wimpfen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bad Wimpfen">Bad Wimpfen</a>, ten oosten van Heidelberg (mei 1622). En noordelijker, in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfort</a>, belette Tilly de lutheranen om de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Main">Main</a> over te steken (juni 1622). Frederik V moest de Palts opgeven (juli 1622). Hij vluchtte naar de Republiek, waar hij bekend werd als de Winterkoning, omdat hij slechts een winter lang over Bohemen had geregeerd. De Palts werd door Ferdinand II aan Beieren overgedragen.</p> <p>De lutheranen vielen nu ook de Zuidelijke Nederlanden binnen, om de Republiek te steunen, maar toegesnelde Spaanse troepen weerden hen af bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charleroi_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Charleroi (hoofdbetekenis)">Charleroi</a> (augustus 1622). Desalniettemin moest <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ambrogio Spinola">Spinola</a> in de Republiek omwille van deze lutheranen in oktober 1622 het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1622)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Bergen op Zoom (1622)">beleg van Bergen op Zoom</a> opbreken. Spanje en de keizer moesten vervolgens de lutheranen in hun Noord-Duitse thuislanden bestrijden.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Noord-Duitse/Deense_fase_(1622-1630)"><span id="Noord-Duitse.2FDeense_fase_.281622-1630.29"></span>Noord-Duitse/Deense fase (1622-1630)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Noord-Duitse/Deense fase (1622-1630)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ferdinand_II,_campagne_in_Noord-Duitsland"><span id="Ferdinand_II.2C_campagne_in_Noord-Duitsland"></span>Ferdinand II, campagne in Noord-Duitsland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ferdinand II, campagne in Noord-Duitsland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Johann_Tserclaes_Tilly.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Johann_Tserclaes_Tilly.jpg/150px-Johann_Tserclaes_Tilly.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="2040"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Johann_Tserclaes_Tilly.jpg/150px-Johann_Tserclaes_Tilly.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Johann_Tserclaes_Tilly.jpg/225px-Johann_Tserclaes_Tilly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Johann_Tserclaes_Tilly.jpg/300px-Johann_Tserclaes_Tilly.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johan_t%27Serclaes_van_Tilly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johan t'Serclaes van Tilly">Johan t'Serclaes van Tilly</a>, Zuid-Nederlands veldheer van keizer Ferdinand II </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg/150px-Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1133"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg/150px-Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg" data-width="150" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg/225px-Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg/300px-Albrecht_Wallenstein.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albrecht von Wallenstein">Albrecht von Wallenstein</a>, Tsjechisch veldheer van keizer Ferdinand II </figcaption> </figure> <p>In de Palts verloren de lutheranen in 1622 nog Heidelberg en Mannheim (september resp. november 1622). Spaanse en keizerlijke troepen achtervolgden hen tot in Noord-Duitsland. Hertog <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christiaan_van_Brunswijk-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christiaan van Brunswijk-Wolfenbüttel">Christiaan van Brunswijk-Wolfenbüttel</a> kreeg geen steun van de andere lutheranen; hun staatjes waren klein. Van de twee grotere lutherse staten was de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mark_Brandenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mark Brandenburg">mark Brandenburg</a> neutraal en het keurvorstendom Saksen (1596-1633)| zelfs keizersgezind. Tilly versloeg de hertog van Brunswijk te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stadtlohn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stadtlohn">Stadtlohn</a>, aan de grens met de Republiek, ter hoogte van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Münster (stad)">Münster</a> (augustus 1623).</p> <p>Vervolgens viel de campagne even stil doordat <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gabri%C3%ABl_Bethlen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gabriël Bethlen">Bethlen Gábor</a> van Transsylvanië na een eerste poging in 1620 opnieuw Habsburgs Slowakije veroverde en Ferdinand II hem opnieuw moest terugdrijven (1623-mei 1624). Spanje maakte van deze adempauze gebruik om in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden de Republiek aan te vallen en na een lang beleg <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Breda_(1624-1625)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Breda (1624-1625)">Breda</a> in te nemen (augustus 1624-juni 1625). En op zee sloeg Spanje nog een tegenaanval van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Engeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Engeland">koninkrijk Engeland</a> en de Republiek af bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cádiz (stad)">Cádiz</a> (november 1625).</p> <p>Na afwikkeling van de tweede Transsylvaanse tussenkomst werd de keizerlijke zegetocht in Noord-Duitsland opnieuw voortgezet. Omdat Beieren niet meer meedeed, had de keizer <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albrecht_von_Wallenstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albrecht von Wallenstein">Wallenstein</a> in dienst genomen. Beieren liet zich belonen voor de hulp. Op de Regensburger deputatendag van 1623 kreeg de hertog voorlopig de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keurvorstendom_Beieren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keurvorstendom Beieren">keurvorstelijke waardigheid</a>, die tot dan toe met het Paltsgraafschap aan de Rijn was verbonden.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ferdinand_II,_campagne_in_Denemarken"><span id="Ferdinand_II.2C_campagne_in_Denemarken"></span>Ferdinand II, campagne in Denemarken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ferdinand II, campagne in Denemarken" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Belagerung_Stralsunds_durch_Wallenstein_3.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Belagerung_Stralsunds_durch_Wallenstein_3.jpg/260px-Belagerung_Stralsunds_durch_Wallenstein_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="338" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="2578"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 338px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Belagerung_Stralsunds_durch_Wallenstein_3.jpg/260px-Belagerung_Stralsunds_durch_Wallenstein_3.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="338" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Belagerung_Stralsunds_durch_Wallenstein_3.jpg/390px-Belagerung_Stralsunds_durch_Wallenstein_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Belagerung_Stralsunds_durch_Wallenstein_3.jpg/520px-Belagerung_Stralsunds_durch_Wallenstein_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Wallenstein belegert tevergeefs <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Stralsund_(1628)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Stralsund (1628)">Stralsund</a> (mei-augustus 1628) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Wallenstein versloeg de lutheranen in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Dessau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Dessau">Slag bij Dessau</a> ten noorden van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leipzig_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig (hoofdbetekenis)">Leipzig</a> (april 1626). Toen luthers <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denemarken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denemarken">Denemarken</a> de Noord-Duitse lutheranen te hulp snelde, versloeg Tilly hen bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Lutter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Lutter">Slag bij Lutter</a> (augustus 1626), ten zuidwesten van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hannover_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hannover (stad)">Hannover</a> en het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Brunswijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Brunswijk">hertogdom Brunswijk</a>.</p> <p>Toch viel alles weer stil omdat Bethlen Gábor voor de derde keer opmarcheerde in Habsburgs Slowakije, tot Wallenstein hem definitief kon terugslaan (1626-december 1626). In de zomer van 1627 keerde Wallenstein naar Noord-Duitsland terug terwijl de Denen er afdropen. Wallenstein bezette nu niet alleen Noord-Duitsland, het Deense <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Holstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Holstein">hertogdom Holstein</a> en het eveneens Deense <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Sleeswijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Sleeswijk">hertogdom Sleeswijk</a> aldaar, maar zelfs het Deense schiereiland <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jutland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>.</p> <p>De Denen vielen terug op de Deense eilanden met hun hoofdstad <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kopenhagen_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopenhagen (hoofdbetekenis)">Kopenhagen</a>. Bij gebrek aan een vloot kon Wallenstein hen daar niet bereiken. Wallenstein palmde vervolgens onder andere het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Pommeren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Pommeren">hertogdom Pommeren</a> in, maar liep vast voor de Pommerse Oostzeehaven Stralsund (het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Stralsund_(1628)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Stralsund (1628)">Beleg van Stralsund</a>) in mei-augustus 1628. Want de Denen en de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Zweden_(1523-1814)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Zweden (1523-1814)">Zweden</a> legerden daar garnizoenen die ze vanuit zee bevoorraadden. Vlakbij, in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolgast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wolgast">Wolgast</a>, kon Wallenstein evenwel de gelande Denen toch terugslaan (september 1628). Uiteindelijk kregen de Denen toch zowel Holstein, Sleeswijk als Jutland terug toen ze met Wallenstein de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrede_van_L%C3%BCbeck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrede van Lübeck">Vrede van Lübeck</a> (mei 1629) sloten. Alleen moesten ze zich voortaan van tussenkomsten in het Duitse Rijk onthouden.</p> <p>Keizer Ferdinand II verplichtte de lutheranen in Noord-Duitsland middels zijn <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Restitutie-edict?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitutie-edict">Restitutie-edict</a> om de in de 16de eeuw genaaste bezittingen aan de katholieke Kerk terug te geven (maart 1629). De verwoestingen in Noord-Duitsland waren enorm. Vooral Wallenstein deed zijn troepen leven van het land. In heel Noord-Duitsland werd de reformatie teruggedraaid. De keizer had met Spaanse ondersteuning Bohemen, de Palts en vervolgens de kleine staten van Noord-Duitsland onder de voet gelopen.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Anglo-Spaanse_Oorlog_(1625-1630)"><span id="Anglo-Spaanse_Oorlog_.281625-1630.29"></span>Anglo-Spaanse Oorlog (1625-1630)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Anglo-Spaanse Oorlog (1625-1630)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>De Republiek was in het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cara%C3%AFben?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caraïben">Caribische gebied</a> wel succesvol tegen de Spanjaarden, maar geraakte in de knel tussen de Spaanse Zuidelijke Nederlanden en keizerlijk Noord-Duitsland. Vandaar dat de Republiek in haar bondgenootschap met Frankrijk zover ging om met <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kardinaal_de_Richelieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kardinaal de Richelieu">Richelieu</a> in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Rochelle_(Charente-Maritime)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Rochelle (Charente-Maritime)">La Rochelle</a> Franse calvinisten te onderdrukken.</p> <p>De Republiek veroverde <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groenlo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groenlo">Groenlo</a> (augustus 1627) aan de Duitse grens op de Spanjaarden en vervolgens ook het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Brabant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Brabant">Brabantse</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="'s-Hertogenbosch (hoofdbetekenis)">'s-Hertogenbosch</a> (september 1629). Het toonde aan hoe weinig Spanje zich nog bekommerde om de Zuidelijke Nederlanden.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Zweeds-Franse_coalitie_(1630-1648)"><span id="Zweeds-Franse_coalitie_.281630-1648.29"></span>Zweeds-Franse coalitie (1630-1648)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zweeds-Franse coalitie (1630-1648)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Zweedse_fase_(1630-1635)"><span id="Zweedse_fase_.281630-1635.29"></span>Zweedse fase (1630-1635)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zweedse fase (1630-1635)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Zweden_slaat_Ferdinand_II_terug_in_Noord-Duitsland">Zweden slaat Ferdinand II terug in Noord-Duitsland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zweden slaat Ferdinand II terug in Noord-Duitsland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Gustav_II_Adolf_landstiger_i_Tyskland.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gustav_II_Adolf_landstiger_i_Tyskland.jpg/260px-Gustav_II_Adolf_landstiger_i_Tyskland.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="342"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gustav_II_Adolf_landstiger_i_Tyskland.jpg/260px-Gustav_II_Adolf_landstiger_i_Tyskland.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Gustav_II_Adolf_landstiger_i_Tyskland.jpg/390px-Gustav_II_Adolf_landstiger_i_Tyskland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Gustav_II_Adolf_landstiger_i_Tyskland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> De Zweedse koning <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustaaf_II_Adolf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaaf II Adolf">Gustaaf II Adolf</a> landt te Wolgast bij Stralsund, Zweden betreedt de oorlog (juli 1630) </figcaption> </figure> <p>De opmars van keizer Ferdinand II in het lutherse noorden van het Duitse Rijk bedreigde de eveneens lutherse staten Denemarken en het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Zweden_(1523-1814)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Zweden (1523-1814)">Zweedse koninkrijk</a>. Bovendien vond zelfs de door Beieren geleide Zuid-Duitse, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katholieke_Liga_(1609)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katholieke Liga (1609)">Katholieke Liga</a> dat de keizer, die absolutistisch heerste in zijn Oostenrijks-Boheemse thuisland, te sterk werd. De Katholieke Liga liet de keizer daarom Wallenstein ontslaan en de getalsterkte van zijn leger verminderen (juli-november 1630). Dat diens legers ook Duits katholiek gebied hadden geteisterd speelde tevens een rol. En juist op dat cruciale moment mengde Zweden zich in oorlog, met stevige financiële steun van Frankrijk, dat toen onder politieke leiding van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kardinaal_de_Richelieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kardinaal de Richelieu">Kardinaal de Richelieu</a> stond. Frankrijk had al in januari 1630 een geheim verbond gesloten met de Nederlandse Republiek en Zweden.</p> <p>Zweden landde bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolgast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wolgast">Wolgast</a> op de Duitse Oostzeekust (juli 1630), versloeg de keizerlijke troepen en kreeg vervolgens <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Pommeren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Pommeren">Pommeren</a> in september 1630 volledig onder controle.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Thirtywar.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thirtywar.gif/260px-Thirtywar.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="301"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thirtywar.gif/260px-Thirtywar.gif" data-width="260" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thirtywar.gif/390px-Thirtywar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Thirtywar.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Gustaaf II Adolf overwint Tilly in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Breitenfeld_(1631)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Breitenfeld (1631)">Slag bij Breitenfeld</a> (17 september 1631), het keerpunt van de oorlog </figcaption> </figure> <p>Zweden nam vervolgens Brandenburgs <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfort aan de Oder</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski (stad)">Landsberg aan de Warthe</a> in (april 1631) en dwong zo de mark Brandenburg in het lutherse kamp. De stad <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maagdenburg_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maagdenburg (stad)">Maagdenburg</a> verbond zich ook met Zweden, waarop Tilly <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Maagdenburg_(1630-1631)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Maagdenburg (1630-1631)">de stad belegerde (juli 1630-september 1631)</a> en veroverde. Zijn leger slachtte na de verovering 25.000 van de 30.000 inwoners af en verwoestte de stad. In de volksmond ontstond naar aanleiding hiervan de term 'maagdenburgiseren'. Heel Saksen liet hierop de keizer in de steek en voegde zich eveneens bij het lutherse kamp. Zweden had daarmee de twee grootste Noord-Duitse lutherse staten aan zijn kant gekregen.</p> <p>Tilly bleek te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Werben_(Elbe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Werben (Elbe)">Werben</a> aan de Elbe in juli 1631 nog steeds een geduchte tegenstander, maar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustaaf_II_Adolf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustaaf II Adolf">Gustaaf II Adolf</a> en de verenigde lutheranen brachten hem een verpletterende nederlaag toe in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Breitenfeld_(1631)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Breitenfeld (1631)">Slag bij Breitenfeld</a> nabij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leipzig_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig (hoofdbetekenis)">Leipzig</a> (september 1631). De krijgskansen waren toen volledig gekeerd. Zweden en de lutheranen konden Tilly dwars door Duitsland achtervolgen tot in Zuid-Beieren, waar Gustaaf II hem overwon bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rain_(Lech)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rain (Lech)">Rain</a> aan de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lech_(rivier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lech (rivier)">Lech</a>. Tilly raakte daarbij zwaargewond; hij stierf aan zijn verwondingen in april 1632.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Zweden_verzwakt_de_Habsburgse_greep_op_Frankrijk">Zweden verzwakt de Habsburgse greep op Frankrijk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zweden verzwakt de Habsburgse greep op Frankrijk" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Zweden werd een belangrijke militaire mogendheid, mede dankzij zijn lichtere en gemakkelijk vervoerbare <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geschut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geschut">geschut</a>, dat geproduceerd werd door <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_de_Geer_(ondernemer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis de Geer (ondernemer)">Louis de Geer</a>, een Nederlander van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walloni%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wallonië">Waalse</a> afkomst. Hij bracht de Waalse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hoogoven?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hoogoven">hoogovens</a> naar Zweden (1627) en trok van 1620 tot 1640 zo’n 5.000 Waalse en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lotharings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lotharings">Lotharingse</a> ambachtslui aan. Ook het feit dat Zweden niet met <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huurling?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Huurling">huurlingen</a> maar met <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dienstplicht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dienstplicht">dienstplichtigen</a> vocht, gemotiveerd door hun Zweedse nationalisme en hun lutherse geloof, maakte het kleine Zweden buitenproportioneel sterk.</p> <p>Voor de Republiek was het nu levensbelangrijk dat Zweden de katholieke bezetting van Noord-Duitsland teniet deed, want ze beschikte over onvoldoende troepen om een nieuwe vijand in het oosten het hoofd te bieden, vermits er sinds 1620 hoofdzakelijk was geïnvesteerd in de uitbreiding van de marine. In de Zuidelijke Nederlanden maakte de samenzwering van de hoge adel (1632) het mogelijk dat de Republiek van Zwedens opmars kon gebruikmaken om langs de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maas_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maas (hoofdbetekenis)">Maas</a> stroomopwaarts op de Zuidelijke Nederlanden <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roermond_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roermond (stad)">Roermond</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sittard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sittard">Sittard</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venlo_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venlo (stad)">Venlo</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Maastricht_(1632)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Maastricht (1632)">Maastricht</a> (december 1632) te veroveren.</p> <p>In het Duitse Rijk kon de in allerijl teruggeroepen Wallenstein (april 1632) de Zweden evenwel terugslaan bij het Noord-Beierse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neurenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neurenberg">Neurenberg</a> (september 1632).</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(Carl_Wahlbom)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-260px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5779" data-file-height="3923"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-260px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-390px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif/lossy-page1-520px-Death_of_King_Gustav_II_Adolf_of_Sweden_at_the_Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_%28Carl_Wahlbom%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_18031.tif.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Gustaaf II Adolf overwint Wallenstein bij Lützen, maar sneuvelt </figcaption> </figure> <p>De Zweden wonnen de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Lützen (1632)">Slag bij Lützen</a>, bij Leipzig (november 1632), maar de Zweedse koning sneuvelde er. Het wegvallen van deze strateeg remde Zweden af. Regeringsleider <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Axel_Oxenstierna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Axel Oxenstierna">Axel Oxenstierna</a> nam het regentschap waar voor de minderjarige <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christina_I_van_Zweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christina I van Zweden">Christina I van Zweden</a>. Zweden won nog te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hessisch_Oldendorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hessisch Oldendorf">Oldendorf</a> en te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pfaffenhoffen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pfaffenhoffen">Pfaffenhofen</a> (juli-augustus 1633) maar verloor bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steinau_(Nedersaksen)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steinau (Nedersaksen)">Steinau</a> (oktober 1633).</p> <p>Wallenstein, een verduitste Tsjech, hussitisch opgevoed, rijk geworden met in beslag genomen hussitisch bezit, begon zonder medeweten van de keizer te onderhandelen, maar werd als verrader op bevel van Ferdinand II vermoord (februari 1634). Daarop kon Zweden opnieuw winnen bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legnica_(plaats)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legnica (plaats)">Liegnitz</a> en bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regensburg_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regensburg (stad)">Regensburg</a> (mei resp. juli 1634). Doch de Spanjaard <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_van_Oostenrijk_(1609-1641)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand van Oostenrijk (1609-1641)">Ferdinand van Oostenrijk</a>, zoon van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filips_III_van_Spanje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filips III van Spanje">Filips III</a>, die vanuit Lombardije naar de Zuidelijke Nederlanden oprukte, versloeg Zweden verpletterend te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a> in Noord-Beieren (september 1634) met hulp van eenheden van het keizerlijk leger. Door bebost terrein geraakten veel Zweedse eenheden afgezonderd en werden afgeslacht. Spanje was in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1634?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1634">1634</a> nog steeds een macht om rekening mee te houden.</p> <p>Beide partijen waren daarop moegestreden en sloten de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrede_van_Praag_(1635)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrede van Praag (1635)">Vrede van Praag</a> (juni 1635). Alles in het Duitse Rijk bleef bij het oude, maar Brandenburg verwierf <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Pommeren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Pommeren">Pommeren</a>; en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keurvorstendom_Saksen_(1547-1806)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keurvorstendom Saksen (1547-1806)">Saksen</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beieren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beieren">Beieren</a> breidden wat uit.</p> <p>Zweden vrijwaarde zo het lutheranisme in Noord-Europa en belette onder meer dat de Habsburgse omsingeling van Frankrijk nog werd versterkt met Noord-Duitsland. De dreiging uit het oosten was grotendeels weggevallen voor de jonge Republiek.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Franse_fase_(1635-1643)"><span id="Franse_fase_.281635-1643.29"></span>Franse fase (1635-1643)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Franse fase (1635-1643)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frans-Spaanse_Oorlog_(1635-1659)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frans-Spaanse Oorlog (1635-1659)">Frans-Spaanse Oorlog</a> voor de strijd tussen Spanje en Frankrijk (1635–1659)</i> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Frankrijk_en_de_Republiek_vallen_Spanje_in_de_Zuidelijke_Nederlanden_aan">Frankrijk en de Republiek vallen Spanje in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden aan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Frankrijk en de Republiek vallen Spanje in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden aan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Cardinal_de_Richelieu_mg_0053.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cardinal_de_Richelieu_mg_0053.jpg/150px-Cardinal_de_Richelieu_mg_0053.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2694" data-file-height="3441"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cardinal_de_Richelieu_mg_0053.jpg/150px-Cardinal_de_Richelieu_mg_0053.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cardinal_de_Richelieu_mg_0053.jpg/225px-Cardinal_de_Richelieu_mg_0053.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cardinal_de_Richelieu_mg_0053.jpg/300px-Cardinal_de_Richelieu_mg_0053.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> De Franse regeringsleider (1624-1642) <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kardinaal_de_Richelieu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kardinaal de Richelieu">Kardinaal de Richelieu</a> startte opnieuw de Dertigjarige Oorlog (1635) om de Habsburgse greep op Frankrijk te verzwakken </figcaption> </figure> <p>Het jaar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1635?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1635">1635</a> luidde de vierde, Franse fase van de Dertigjarige Oorlog (1635-1639) in. Frankrijk was katholiek, maar regeringsleider Richelieu had al geruime tijd de Zweedse lutheranen financieel gesteund, want hij had er veel voor over om het oude probleem van de Habsburgse omsingeling uit de wereld te helpen. Daarom verklaarde Richelieu Spanje openlijk de oorlog in februari 1635, al vóór de Vrede van Praag getekend was. Voor Richelieu prevaleerde het staatsbelang hier op godsdienstige overwegingen.</p> <p>Richelieu begon met een aanval op de Zuidelijke Nederlanden en tekende met de Republiek een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verdrag_van_Parijs_(1635)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verdrag van Parijs (1635)">offensief en defensief verdrag</a> in februari 1635. Franse troepen vielen binnen, versloegen Spanje bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hoei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hoei">Hoei</a> op de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maas_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maas (hoofdbetekenis)">Maas</a> (mei 1635) en maakten contact met de Nederlanders in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maastricht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>. Vervolgens brandschatten ze <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tienen_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tienen (hoofdbetekenis)">Tienen</a> (juni 1635) en belegerden <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leuven_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Leuven (hoofdbetekenis)">Leuven</a>.</p> <p>Tot ongenoegen van de Republiek en tegen alle afspraken in, maakten de Franse troepen zich schuldig aan diverse oorlogsmisdaden, waardoor medewerking en sympathie van de bevolking uitbleven. Bovendien kregen in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden de Spanjaarden versterking van keizerlijke troepen. Dezen vielen onder bevel van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ottavio_Piccolomini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ottavio Piccolomini">Ottavio Piccolomini</a> op hun beurt Frankrijk binnen, verwoestten de Champagne, Bourgondië en Picardië en wonnen te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corbie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corbie">Corbie</a> (augustus 1636) in Noord-Frankrijk.</p> <p>De Fransen heroverden evenwel Corbie (november 1636) en dwongen Spanje zo om Noord-Frankrijk te ontruimen. Frankrijk overwon <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Savoye_(land)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoye (land)">Savoye</a> en de Spanjaarden in het Noord-Italiaanse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tornavento?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tornavento">Tornavento</a> (juni 1636). De oorlog breidde zo uit naar Noord-Italië. Toch maakte het mislukken van de Fransen in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden duidelijk dat het Franse leger niet in topconditie was.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="De_keizer_en_Spanje_vertonen_de_eerste_tekenen_van_zwakte">De keizer en Spanje vertonen de eerste tekenen van zwakte</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De keizer en Spanje vertonen de eerste tekenen van zwakte" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg/260px-Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1975" data-file-height="1585"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg/260px-Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg/390px-Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg/520px-Reinier_Nooms_-_Before_the_Battle_of_the_Downs_-_c.1639.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeeslag_bij_Duins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeeslag bij Duins">Zeeslag bij Duins</a> waar de Republiek Spanje belet nieuwe troepen naar de Zuidelijke Nederlanden te verschepen (oktober 1639) </figcaption> </figure> <p>De keizer dacht onder die omstandigheden ook in Duitsland het initiatief te kunnen hernemen. Een keizerlijke achtervolging in het noorden van het Duitse Rijk werd door Zweden echter afgeslagen bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wittstock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittstock">Wittstock</a> in Noord-Brandenburg (oktober 1636). De Republiek kon in oktober 1637 <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Breda_(1637)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Breda (1637)">Breda</a> op Spanje heroveren en daarmee heel Noord-Brabant. Doch bij een aanval op <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antwerpen_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antwerpen (stad)">Antwerpen</a> werd de Republiek bij de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Kallo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Kallo">slag bij Kallo</a> door <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_van_Oostenrijk_(1609-1641)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand van Oostenrijk (1609-1641)">Ferdinand van Oostenrijk</a> verpletterend verslagen (juni 1638). Toch begonnen de Habsburgers, vooral in Duitsland, het momentum te verliezen. Het keurvorstendom Saksen, nu bondgenoot van Frankrijk, overwon Beieren en imperiale legereenheden te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rheinfelden_(Zwitserland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rheinfelden (Zwitserland)">Rheinfelden</a> bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bazel_(Zwitserland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bazel (Zwitserland)">Bazel</a>, beneden aan de Midden-Rijn (maart 1638).</p> <p>Daarop kon Frankrijk na een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Breisach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Breisach">beleg</a> (augustus-december 1638) <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breisach?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Breisach">Breisach</a> hoger op de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rijn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rijn">Rijn</a> als uitvalsbasis naar Duitsland veroveren. Het tij keerde, maar nog niet definitief. Frankrijk viel Spanje aan in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Golf_van_Biskaje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Golf van Biskaje">Golf van Biskaje</a> en won er te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guetaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Guetaria">Guetaria</a> vóór de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baskisch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baskisch">Baskische</a> kust (augustus 1638). Franse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galei_(schip)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galei (schip)">galeien</a> versloegen ook Spaanse galeien bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genua_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genua (stad)">Genua</a> (september 1638) in de Middellandse Zee. Maar toen Frankrijk ook Spanje zelf binnenviel, werd het teruggeslagen bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fuenterrabia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuenterrabia">Fuenterrabia</a> (september 1638). Piccolomini overwon de Fransen toen ze in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden het Luxemburgse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thionville?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thionville">Diedenhofen</a> belegerden (juni 1639). Spanjes beruchte <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tercio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tercio">tercio</a>’s behaalden hier een van hun laatste overwinningen. Het Franse leger moest zich terugtrekken: het Spaans leger was nog te duchten.</p> <p>Maar in Duitsland verloor de keizer wél terrein. Zweden overwon het keizerlijk leger met de hulp van het opnieuw van kamp veranderde Saksen in het Zuid-Saksische <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chemnitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a> (april 1639) en bezette daarop Silezië, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Markgraafschap_Moravi%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Markgraafschap Moravië">Moravië</a> en Bohemen. De keizer beklaagde het zich bitter dat hij in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1634?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1634">1634</a> Wallenstein had laten vermoorden.</p> <p>Spanje wilde met een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tweede_Spaanse_Armada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tweede Spaanse Armada">Tweede Spaanse Armada</a> 24.000 soldaten naar de Zuidelijke Nederlanden overbrengen. De Nederlandse bevelhebber <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maarten_Tromp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarten Tromp">Maarten Tromp</a> vernietigde voor een groot deel die vloot, eerst bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duinkerke?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duinkerke">Duinkerken</a> en daarna in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeeslag_bij_Duins?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeeslag bij Duins">Zeeslag bij Duins</a> (voor de Engelse zuidkust) in oktober 1639. Het neutrale Engeland hielp na afloop het op haar kusten gestrande deel van de Spaanse troepenmacht hun bestemming te bereiken. De Republiek had slechts één schip verloren, Spanje 60 van de 77. De <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duinkerker_kapers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duinkerker kapers">West-Vlaamse kapers</a>, die Spanje steunden, bleven in de zeeslag overeind. Spanjes <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeemacht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeemacht">zeemacht</a> was voortaan te zwak om zelfs maar Spanjes <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koloni%C3%ABn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Koloniën">koloniën</a> te verdedigen.</p> <p>Hoe onvoorbereid <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankrijk_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankrijk (hoofdbetekenis)">Frankrijk</a> ook was geweest om oorlog te voeren, toch wist het de overhand te halen op de verzwakte katholieke coalitie. Hoewel de keizer aanvankelijk de Habsburgse klem rond Frankrijk met zijn verovering van Noord-Duitsland nog had versterkt, slaagde Richelieu er met Zweedse hulp in om dit ongedaan te maken, en hij probeerde vervolgens om die wurggreep, die al sinds 1516 Frankrijk in toom hield en de Nederlanden (met hun lange grens met Frankrijk) beschermde, voorgoed te verbreken. Geopolitiek gesproken zouden de Nederlanden zo erg kwetsbaar worden, zoals later zou blijken (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devolutieoorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devolutieoorlog">Devolutieoorlog</a> 1667).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Spanje_verliest_Portugal_en_moet_Catalonië_verdedigen"><span id="Spanje_verliest_Portugal_en_moet_Cataloni.C3.AB_verdedigen"></span>Spanje verliest Portugal en moet Catalonië verdedigen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Spanje verliest Portugal en moet Catalonië verdedigen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Koning <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filips_IV_van_Spanje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filips IV van Spanje">Filips IV van Spanje</a> voerde een schitterende <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hofhouding?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hofhouding">hofhouding</a> en een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supermacht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermacht">supermacht</a>-beleid. Maar zijn rijk verarmde zienderogen en regeringsleider <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Pimentel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel">Olivares</a> haalde <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kroon_van_Castili%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kroon van Castilië">Castilië</a> met belastingen leeg. Catalonië en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koninkrijk_Portugal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koninkrijk Portugal">Portugal</a> verzetten zich tegen hun bijdrage aan de hoge lasten, maar Olivares negeerde dit.</p> <p>De Franse doorbraak volgde in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1640?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1640">1640</a> toen Spanje plots leek te bezwijken: <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cataloni%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catalonië">Catalonië</a> kwam in opstand (mei 1640) en stelde zich onder de Franse kroon (september 1640), waarop Fransen en Catalanen Spanje versloegen bij de Catalaanse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc_(berg)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montjuïc (berg)">Montjuic</a> (januari 1641). Portugal met zijn hele koloniale rijk verklaarde zich na zestig jaar opnieuw onafhankelijk van Spanje (december 1640) en verbond zich met Frankrijk (juni 1641). Spanje was financieel zo uitgeput dat het onvoldoende troepen had om hieraan het hoofd te bieden.</p> <p>In de Nederlanden verloor Ferdinand van Oostenrijk nu <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atrecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrecht">Atrecht</a> aan de Fransen (augustus 1640). De Habsburgers waren echter nog niet geheel uitgeteld: de keizer overwon de Fransen nog in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_La_Marf%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij La Marfée">Slag bij La Marfée</a> (juli 1641) bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sedan_(Frankrijk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sedan (Frankrijk)">Sedan</a> (nu Noordoost-Frankrijk) maar toch wist Frankrijk die stad aan te hechten. Spanje won ook nog een slag te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Honnecourt-sur-Escaut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Honnecourt-sur-Escaut">Honnecourt-sur-Escaut</a> op de Noord-Franse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schelde_(rivier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schelde (rivier)">Schelde</a> (mei 1642). Spanje won een zeeslag vóór de rede van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barcelona_(Spanje)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Barcelona (Spanje)">Barcelona</a> (juni-juli 1642) tegen de Fransen en controleerde zo Catalonië. Frankrijk sloeg terug bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lerida_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lerida (stad)">Lerida</a> (oktober 1642) maar moest vervolgens zich terugtrekken.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="De_keizer_wankelt,_Spanje_verliest_zijn_militaire_overwicht"><span id="De_keizer_wankelt.2C_Spanje_verliest_zijn_militaire_overwicht"></span>De keizer wankelt, Spanje verliest zijn militaire overwicht</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De keizer wankelt, Spanje verliest zijn militaire overwicht" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:La_Bataille_de_Rocroi.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/La_Bataille_de_Rocroi.jpg/260px-La_Bataille_de_Rocroi.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/La_Bataille_de_Rocroi.jpg/260px-La_Bataille_de_Rocroi.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/La_Bataille_de_Rocroi.jpg/390px-La_Bataille_de_Rocroi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/La_Bataille_de_Rocroi.jpg/520px-La_Bataille_de_Rocroi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Frankrijk overwint Spanje te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Rocroi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Rocroi">Rocroi</a> (19 mei 1643) wat na 150 jaar de Habsburgse prang verbreekt, een geopolitieke ramp voor de Zuidelijke Nederlanden </figcaption> </figure> <p>Zweden overwon de keizerlijke troepen opnieuw te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breitenfeld_(Altmark)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Breitenfeld (Altmark)">Breitenfeld</a> bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leipzig_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig (hoofdbetekenis)">Leipzig</a> (november 1642) en bezette na Silezië en Bohemen nu ook Saksen. Het was een rampzalige nederlaag voor de Habsburgers. Veel van hun soldaten liepen over (naderhand werden veel hogere officieren en soldaten wegens verraad terechtgesteld).</p> <p>Richelieu breidde het Franse leger ondertussen uit van 60.000 naar 150.000 man (1642). De bom barstte met de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Rocroi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Rocroi">Slag bij Rocroi</a>, bij <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dinant">Dinant</a>. Frankrijk overwon in mei 1643 onder leiding van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lodewijk_II_van_Bourbon-Cond%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lodewijk II van Bourbon-Condé">Lodewijk II van Bourbon-Condé</a> verrassend van Spanjes elite-troepen uit de Zuidelijke Nederlanden, de 'tercios de Flandes'. De Franse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cavalerie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cavalerie">ruiterij</a> verjoeg de Spaanse, waarop de Duitse, Italiaanse en Waalse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tercio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tercio">tercios</a> wegvluchtten; alleen de Spaanse tercios hielden stand, maar onderhandelden vervolgens toch over een terugtocht.</p> <p>Spanjes tercios waren vierkantopstellingen van zo’n 3000 <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piekenier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piekenier">piekeniers</a>, gecombineerd met <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haakbus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haakbus">haakbusschutters</a>, later <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musketier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musketier">musketiers</a>. De opkomst van ruiters met <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pistool?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pistool">pistolen</a> die de vierkantopstelling van op afstand beschoten en de opkomst van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musket?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musket">musketten</a> die sneller vuurden dan haakbussen maakte lange, ondiepe linies met musketiers die tegelijk vuurden veel doelmatiger. Gustaaf II Adolf nam die lichtere, beter manoeuvreerbare eenheden van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maurits_van_Oranje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maurits van Oranje">Maurits van Nassau</a> over. Gustaaf Adolf voegde er licht <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Artillerie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Artillerie">veldgeschut</a> per eenheid aan toe en deed talrijker musketiers in drie rijen geknield, gehurkt en staand tegelijkertijd vuren.</p> <p>Frankrijk verloor te Rocroi 4000 man, Spanje 15.000. Frankrijk was sinds deze slag voor geruime tijd de grootste <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landmacht_(algemeen)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landmacht (algemeen)">landmacht</a> van Europa, wat rampzalig was voor Spanjes Zuidelijke Nederlanden. De Fransen wonnen verder de zeeslag voor <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carthagena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthagena">Carthagena</a> in Zuid-Spanje (september 1643), waar 20 van de 25 Spaanse schepen West-Vlaamse kapers waren. Dat West-Vlaamse kapers een Spaanse Middellandse Zeehaven moesten verdedigen, sprak boekdelen over de aftakeling van Spanje.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Bev%C3%B6lkerkungsr%C3%BCckgang_im_HRRDN_nach_dem_Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hrigen_Krieg.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bev%C3%B6lkerkungsr%C3%BCckgang_im_HRRDN_nach_dem_Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hrigen_Krieg.PNG/260px-Bev%C3%B6lkerkungsr%C3%BCckgang_im_HRRDN_nach_dem_Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hrigen_Krieg.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="682"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 257px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bev%C3%B6lkerkungsr%C3%BCckgang_im_HRRDN_nach_dem_Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hrigen_Krieg.PNG/260px-Bev%C3%B6lkerkungsr%C3%BCckgang_im_HRRDN_nach_dem_Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hrigen_Krieg.PNG" data-width="260" data-height="257" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bev%C3%B6lkerkungsr%C3%BCckgang_im_HRRDN_nach_dem_Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hrigen_Krieg.PNG/390px-Bev%C3%B6lkerkungsr%C3%BCckgang_im_HRRDN_nach_dem_Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hrigen_Krieg.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bev%C3%B6lkerkungsr%C3%BCckgang_im_HRRDN_nach_dem_Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hrigen_Krieg.PNG/520px-Bev%C3%B6lkerkungsr%C3%BCckgang_im_HRRDN_nach_dem_Drei%C3%9Figj%C3%A4hrigen_Krieg.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 1648, minstens 6 miljoen van de 20 miljoen Duitsers kwamen om. In sommige delen van het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heilige_Roomse_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heilige Roomse Rijk">Heilige Roomse Rijk</a> stierf meer dan 66% van de bevolking (donker), in andere meer dan 33% (oranje). </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Slotfase_(1643-1648)"><span id="Slotfase_.281643-1648.29"></span>Slotfase (1643-1648)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Slotfase (1643-1648)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Zweden_en_Frankrijk_winnen_in_het_Duitse_Rijk">Zweden en Frankrijk winnen in het Duitse Rijk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zweden en Frankrijk winnen in het Duitse Rijk" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Beieren en de keizer verzwakten verder. En dat leidde de zesde fase of slotfase van de Dertigjarige Oorlog (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1643?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1643">1643</a>-<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1648?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1648">1648</a>) in. Keizer <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_III_van_het_Heilige_Roomse_Rijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand III van het Heilige Roomse Rijk">Ferdinand III</a> werd zo zwak dat zelfs een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deens-Zweedse_Oorlog_(1643-1645)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deens-Zweedse Oorlog (1643-1645)">Deens-Zweedse Oorlog</a> (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1643?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1643">1643</a>-<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1645?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1645">1645</a>) hem tegen Zweden niet kon beschermen. Want Zweden viel Denemarken vanuit Noord-Duitsland aan en veroverde <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jutland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> (december 1643-januari 1644). Zweden was duidelijk veel sterker dan Denemarken. Wel kon Denemarken op zijn westkust nog een Staatse hulpvloot terugslaan (mei 1644). Maar Denemarken verloor op zijn zuidoostelijke kust (oktober 1644) met 17 schepen tegen de 37 schepen van de Republiek en Zweden en moest vrede sluiten. De Republiek hielp hier zijn Zweedse bondgenoot in de Dertigjarige Oorlog. Denemarken verloor in de Vrede van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Br%C3%B6msebro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brömsebro">Brömsebro</a> (augustus 1645) aan Zweden in Noord-Duitsland <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bremen_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bremen (stad)">Bremen</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Verden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Verden">Hertogdom Verden</a>, in Midden-<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noorwegen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noorwegen">Noorwegen</a> het grensgebied, en in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oostzee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oostzee">Oostzee</a> de eilanden <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gotland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> en Ösel/<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saaremaa_(eiland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saaremaa (eiland)">Saaremaa</a>. Zweden hoefde geen <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sonttol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sonttol">Sonttol</a> meer betalen en kreeg bovendien <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Halland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Halland">Halland</a>, in Zuidwest-Zweden in pand.</p> <p>En de keizerlijken wilden die afleiding gebruiken. Maar de Zweden keerden in allerijl terug naar Noord-Duitsland en versloegen de keizerlijken in het Brandenburgse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%BCterbog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jüterbog">Jüterbog</a> onder <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlijn_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlijn (hoofdbetekenis)">Berlijn</a> (november 1644) en dan in het Boheemse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jankov_(okres_Bene%C5%A1ov)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jankov (okres Benešov)">Jankov</a> (maart 1645) waarna ze zelfs tot vóór <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wenen_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenen (hoofdbetekenis)">Wenen</a> geraakten (april 1645). De keizer behield wel Wenen, maar stond nu strategisch nergens meer. Na <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rocroi_(plaats)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rocroi (plaats)">Rocroi</a> in 1643 en Jankov in 1645 hadden noch Spanje noch hij ook maar een kans om ooit nog te winnen.</p> <p>En ook aan de Frans-Duitse grens begonnen de keizerlijken het te begeven. Wel konden ze nog een Franse inval vanuit de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elzas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elzas">Elzas</a> te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tuttlingen_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tuttlingen (stad)">Tuttlingen</a> boven het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodenmeer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodenmeer">Bodenmeer</a> terugslaan (november 1643). Eén grote zegetocht voor Frankrijk werd 1643 dan ook weer niet. Maar toen Frankrijk terugkeerde naar <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg</a> moesten Beieren en de keizerlijken er toch wijken (augustus 1644). En nóg een jaar later kon Beieren de Fransen nog eens tegenhouden te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bad_Mergentheim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bad Mergentheim">Bad Mergentheim</a> in Noord-<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Zwaben?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Zwaben">Zwaben</a> (mei 1645). Doch Frankrijk overwon Beieren en de keizerlijken te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%B6rdlingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nördlingen">Nördlingen</a> in Noordwest-Beieren (augustus 1645). De Beier Mercy sneuvelde er. Frankrijk was Duitsland dieper aan het binnendringen. Toch was het nog niet de beslissende slag omdat door de ziekte van bevelhebber Condé zijn troepen zich terugtrokken. Maar dit bracht slechts drie jaar respijt. Uiteindelijk zou niemand Frankrijk nog kunnen beletten om naar Oostenrijk op te rukken en aansluiting met de Zweden te maken.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg/260px-Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="337" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="927"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 337px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg/260px-Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg.png" data-width="260" data-height="337" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg/390px-Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg/520px-Map_Thirty_Years_War-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Het oorlogsverloop: de keizer verovert Bohemen (1) en dan de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paltsgraafschap_aan_de_Rijn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paltsgraafschap aan de Rijn">Palts</a> (1) en rukt door <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noord-Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noord-Duitsland">Noord-Duitsland</a> op tot in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denemarken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denemarken">Denemarken</a> (2) waarop <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zweden">Zweden</a> de keizer terugslaat (3). <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankrijk_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankrijk (hoofdbetekenis)">Frankrijk</a> valt <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> aan in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zuidelijke_Nederlanden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zuidelijke Nederlanden">Zuidelijke Nederlanden</a> (4) en in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cataloni%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catalonië">Catalonië</a> (4) en dan de keizer in Beieren (5), terwijl de Franse bondgenoot Zweden keizerlijk Bohemen bezet (5), waarop de Dertigjarige Oorlog eindigt </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Spanje_bestrijdt_Frankrijk,_vooral_in_Italië_en_Catalonië"><span id="Spanje_bestrijdt_Frankrijk.2C_vooral_in_Itali.C3.AB_en_Cataloni.C3.AB"></span>Spanje bestrijdt Frankrijk, vooral in Italië en Catalonië</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Spanje bestrijdt Frankrijk, vooral in Italië en Catalonië" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Spanjes aftakeling, eenmaal ingezet, bleek onstuitbaar. Spanje mislukte in zijn heroveringspoging van Portugal te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montijo_(Portugal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montijo (Portugal)">Montijo</a> (mei 1644) alsook in zijn belegering van het Portugese <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elvas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elvas">Elvas</a> (november 1644).</p> <p>In de Spaanse Zuidelijke Nederlanden verloor het aan de Republiek met 3000 man tegen 15.000 <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_Hulst_(1645)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van Hulst (1645)">Hulst</a> (november 1645) en zo het oosten van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeeuws-Vlaanderen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeeuws-Vlaanderen">Zeeuws-Vlaanderen</a>. Met nu de gehele zuidoever van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schelde_(rivier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schelde (rivier)">Scheldemonding</a> in Staatse handen was de blokkering ervan volledig. En Spanje boerde wel in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden achteruit, maar veel minder in eigen land, in Italië of in zijn koloniën. Het was duidelijk dat Spanje de Zuidelijke Nederlanden nu verwaarloosde, en voor zover er nog naar omgekeken werd alle aandacht toegespitst op Frankrijk, niet op de Republiek. Frankrijk en de Republiek namen nu ook <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mardijk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mardijk">Mardijk</a> in (augustus 1646) en de Fransen vervolgens nog Duinkerke (oktober 1646).</p> <p>Daarentegen mislukte Frankrijks belegering van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lerida_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lerida (stad)">Lerida</a> in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cataloni%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catalonië">Catalonië</a> (mei-november 1646). Voor de Toscaanse kust bleef een Frans-Spaanse zeeslag onbeslist, waarop Frankrijks bondgenoot Savoye zijn beleg van het Zuid-Toscaanse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orbetello?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orbetello">Orbetello</a> opgaf (juni 1646). Frankrijk mislukte alweer in de belegering van het Catalaanse Lerida (mei-juni 1647).</p> <p>Spanje geraakte in Azië aan de Republiek wel Noord-<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formosa_(Taiwan)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa (Taiwan)">Formosa</a> kwijt (1646) maar sloeg in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filipijnen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filipijnen">Filipijnen</a>, in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baai_van_Manilla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baai van Manilla">Baai van Manilla</a>, toch een Staats <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smaldeel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Smaldeel">smaldeel</a> terug (juni 1647).</p> <p>Spanje, Beieren en de keizer waren uitgeput, maar Frankrijk en Zweden eveneens. In het Duitse Rijk werd er in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1646?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1646">1646</a> nog maar weinig gevochten en in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1647?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1647">1647</a> lag de oorlog buiten Lerida en Manila op bijna alle fronten stil. <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oorlog">Oorlogen</a> sleepten destijds zo lang aan omdat <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soldaten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldaten">soldaten</a> bijeenhouden zo duur was. <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geschut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geschut">Geschut</a> en tros konden immers slechts in de droge seizoenen oprukken. Daarbuiten maakte de neerslag de aarden wegen onbruikbaar. Veel steden waren versterkt, en vormden <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forten?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Forten">forten</a> die stuk voor stuk veroverd moesten worden. Geldgebrek, de slechte belastingheffing en legers die leefden van het land, herleidden de oorlogen uiteindelijk tot afmattingsoperaties. Wanneer de tegenpartij het eerst uitgeput raakte, was succes verzekerd; dat was wat er in het Duitse Rijk gebeurde.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Frankrijk_en_Zweden_winnen_de_oorlog">Frankrijk en Zweden winnen de oorlog</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Frankrijk en Zweden winnen de oorlog" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>De langverwachte genadeslag volgde, toen de Franse legers van Condé en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_de_La_Tour_d%E2%80%99Auvergne_(Turenne)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de La Tour d’Auvergne (Turenne)">Turenne</a> zich met de Zweden konden verenigen, en in het West-Beierse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zusmarshausen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zusmarshausen">Zusmarshausen</a> (mei 1648) tussen <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulm_(Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulm (Baden-Württemberg)">Ulm</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augsburg_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augsburg (stad)">Augsburg</a>, verpletterden wat er nog over was van de keizerlijke en Beierse legers; hun opperbevelhebbers waren het oneens en vochten bovendien met 18.000 tegen 30.000 man. Zweden nam in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Praag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Praag">Praag</a> ook nog de kasteelburcht in (juni 1648), maar niet de stad (oktober-november 1648). Diezelfde zomer overwonnen de Fransen onder Condé het Spaans/Zuid-Nederlandse leger dat in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vlaanderen_(Franse_provincie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vlaanderen (Franse provincie)">Frans-Vlaanderen</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slag_bij_Lens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slag bij Lens">Lens</a> (augustus 1648) heroverde.</p> <p>Het waren die drie laatste krachtmetingen die de Dertigjarige Oorlog ten langen leste beëindigden. De Oostenrijkse Habsburgers, de Spaanse Habsburgers en Beieren gaven op. Frankrijk, Zweden en de Republiek waren de overwinnaars.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_(Gerard_Terborch_1648).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg/260px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4649"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg/260px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg/390px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg/520px-Westfaelischer_Friede_in_Muenster_%28Gerard_Terborch_1648%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrede_van_M%C3%BCnster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrede van Münster">Verdrag van Münster</a> tussen <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spanje?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> en de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republiek_der_Zeven_Verenigde_Nederlanden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden">Republiek</a> wordt beëdigd (mei 1648) </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Vrede_van_Westfalen_(1648)"><span id="Vrede_van_Westfalen_.281648.29"></span>Vrede van Westfalen (1648)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Vrede van Westfalen (1648)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>De <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrede_van_Westfalen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrede van Westfalen">Vrede van Westfalen</a> bestond uit meerdere verdragen, waaronder de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrede_van_M%C3%BCnster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrede van Münster">Vrede van Münster</a> tussen de Republiek en Spanje (januari 1648), en de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrede_van_Osnabr%C3%BCck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrede van Osnabrück">Vrede van Osnabrück</a> tussen Zweden en het Duitse Rijk (oktober 1648) en het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verdrag_van_M%C3%BCnster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Verdrag van Münster">Verdrag van Münster</a> tussen Frankrijk en het Duitse Rijk (oktober 1648). Voor het eerst onderhandelden alle Europese staten samen. De voorbereidingen begonnen in 1637, de procedures werden in 1641 vastgelegd te <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg (hoofdbetekenis)">Hamburg</a>, en vanaf 1645 begon het onderhandelen in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_(stad)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Münster (stad)">Münster</a> en in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a>. De oorlog tussen Frankrijk en Spanje is niet opgenomen in de verdragen.</p> <p>De Westfaalse verdragen beschrijven en initiëren de behoefte aan een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politiek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politiek">politiek</a> evenwicht "opererend door en tussen de veelheid van staten".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vanaf nu zullen de beginselen van bestuur steeds meer gebaseerd zijn op het primaat van de natie of staatsbelang (Raison d’état). Deze verdragen zijn een geleidelijk overgang van een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autoritarisme_(politicologie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autoritarisme (politicologie)">autoritaire</a> orde van pastorale macht<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> naar een gouvernementele macht gebaseerd op een politieke rationaliteit die de politieke economie van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soevereine_staat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soevereine staat">soevereine staat</a> begunstigt, de laatste zelf een fundament van het moderne en hedendaagse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internationaal_recht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internationaal recht">internationaal recht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De verdragen bepaalden dus de diplomatieke relaties tussen de Europese staten voor de komende 150 jaar, onder andere met de erkenning van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soevereiniteit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soevereiniteit">soevereiniteit</a> en het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-interventie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-interventie">niet-inmengingsbeginsel</a>.</p> <p>Inzake godsdienst keerde men terug naar de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Status_quo_(politiek)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Status quo (politiek)">status quo ante</a>, Bohemen uitgezonderd.</p> <p>De Italiaanse staten Savoye, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republiek_Genua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republiek Genua">Genua</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Mantua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Mantua">Mantua</a>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republiek_Lucca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republiek Lucca">Lucca</a>, het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Modena_en_Reggio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Modena en Reggio">hertogdom Modena en Reggio</a>, het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hertogdom_Parma_en_Piacenza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hertogdom Parma en Piacenza">Hertogdom Parma en Piacenza</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toscane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toscane">Toscane</a> werden onafhankelijk van het Duitse Rijk, alsmede <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oude_Eedgenootschap?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oude Eedgenootschap">Zwitserland</a> en de Republiek.</p> <p>Zweden en Frankrijk kregen Duitse gebieden en konden zo beide in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rijksdag_(Heilige_Roomse_Rijk)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rijksdag (Heilige Roomse Rijk)">Rijksdag</a> zetelen. Zweden verkreeg in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Noord-Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Noord-Duitsland">Noord-Duitsland</a> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/West-Pommeren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="West-Pommeren">West-Pommeren</a> én de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oder">Odermonding</a>, alsook het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vorstendom_Verden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorstendom Verden">vorstendom Verden</a> en de stad Bremen met de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wezer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wezer">Wezer</a>- en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elbe_(rivier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elbe (rivier)">Elbemondingen</a>. Frankrijk behield wat Elzasgebieden, alsook <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippsburg_(Karlsruhe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippsburg (Karlsruhe)">Philippsburg</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breisach_am_Rhein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Breisach am Rhein">Breisach am Rhein</a>, steden ten oosten van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rijn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rijn">Rijn</a> als uitvalsbases om het Heilige Roomse Rijk mee te bedreigen. En Frankrijk verwierf de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sundgau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundgau">Sundgau</a> rond <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mulhouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mulhouse">Muhlhausen</a>, wat de Spaanse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrijgraafschap_Bourgondi%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrijgraafschap Bourgondië">Franche-Comté</a> bedreigde. Bovendien bleef Frankrijk tien steden bezetten in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elzas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elzas">Elzas</a>, zodat het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opper-Lotharingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Opper-Lotharingen">hertogdom Lotharingen</a> omsingeld werd.</p> <p><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburg-Pruisen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburg-Pruisen">Brandenburg-Pruisen</a> kreeg Oost-Pommeren/<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voor-Pommeren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voor-Pommeren">Voor-Pommeren</a> en vier aanliggende bisdommen. De zoon van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederik_V_van_de_Palts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederik V van de Palts">Frederik V</a> kreeg de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paltsgraafschap_aan_de_Rijn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paltsgraafschap aan de Rijn">Palts</a> terug, doch Beieren behield de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vorstendom_Opper-Palts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vorstendom Opper-Palts">Opper-Palts</a>.</p> <p>Het Heilige Roomse Rijk verbrokkelde verder in meer dan 360 quasi-onafhankelijke staten. Het gezag van de keizer werd er grotendeels symbolisch.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:Europe_map_1648.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Europe_map_1648.PNG/300px-Europe_map_1648.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="1367"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Europe_map_1648.PNG/300px-Europe_map_1648.PNG" data-width="300" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Europe_map_1648.PNG/450px-Europe_map_1648.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Europe_map_1648.PNG/600px-Europe_map_1648.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Europa in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1648?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1648">1648</a> ná de Dertigjarige Oorlog. Maar Frankrijk bleef omsingeld door Spanje (rood) en diens (in tegenwijzerzin) <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balearen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balearen">Balearen</a>, Sardinië, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sicili%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sicilië">Sicilië</a>, Zuid-Italië, Lombardije/hertogdom Milaan, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a> en Zuidelijke Nederlanden </figcaption> </figure> <p>Frankrijk verzwakte aldus de Habsburgse houdgreep. Het stond nu wel sterker aan de grenzen van het Heilige Roomse Rijk, maar Spaans Habsburg bleef met Zuid-Italië, Lombardije, de Franche-Comté en de Zuidelijke Nederlanden Frankrijk gedeeltelijk omsingelen. Frankrijk sloot daarom met Spanje geen vrede en zou het in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaans-Franse_Oorlog_(1635-1659)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaans-Franse Oorlog (1635-1659)">Spaans-Franse Oorlog (1635-1659)</a> nog elf jaar bestrijden. Ook Spanjes Zuidelijke Nederlanden bleven zo in oorlog met Frankrijk.</p> <p>En toen Frankrijk Spanje in <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1659?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1659">1659</a> klein kreeg met de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrede_van_de_Pyrenee%C3%ABn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrede van de Pyreneeën">Vrede van de Pyreneeën</a>, kon het zijn Rijn-Alpen-Pyreneeëndoctrine verder nastreven.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Gevolgen">Gevolgen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Gevolgen" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li>De oorlog veranderde de geopolitieke situatie in Europa voorgoed. De omsingeling van Frankrijk door Habsburgse bezittingen (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koning_van_Duitsland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koning van Duitsland">koningschap over het Heilige Roomse Rijk</a>, heerschappij over Oostenrijk en Spanje) werd doorbroken. De Habsburgers verloren hun dominante positie in Europa; de banden tussen de 360 staten in het Heilige Roomse Rijk werden nog losser, Spanje verloor Portugal en delen van de Zuidelijke Nederlanden. Er werd een <b>Franse dominantie</b> gevestigd die standhield tot in de 19e eeuw. Frankrijk zou nu bijna veertig jaar lang (1648-85) Europa overheersen. <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frans_(hoofdbetekenis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frans (hoofdbetekenis)">Frans</a> verving tijdens die onderhandelingen het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latijn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latijn">Latijn</a> als diplomatieke taal. In Europa zou het Frans als diplomatieke taal aanhouden tot aan de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog">Tweede Wereldoorlog</a>. Engeland kon door de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Engelse_Burgeroorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Engelse Burgeroorlog">Engelse Burgeroorlog</a> amper deelnemen.</li> <li>Tegelijkertijd was de oorlog een <b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diplomatiek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatiek">diplomatieke</a></b> mijlpaal. Ze begon als de laatste <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Godsdienstoorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Godsdienstoorlog">godsdienstoorlog</a> in Europa, maar diende ook het streven naar een <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Machtsevenwicht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Machtsevenwicht">machtsevenwicht</a> (in dit geval door de inperking van de Habsburgse macht). Voortaan speelde in de Europese oorlogen het principe "machtsevenwicht" een grote rol. Ook diplomatieke onderhandelingen en gebruiken, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soevereiniteit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soevereiniteit">soevereiniteit</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Non-interventie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Non-interventie">niet-inmengingsbeginsel</a> werden gemeengoed.</li> <li>Ook op militair vlak had de oorlog grote invloed. Er werd immers vooral met <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Huursoldaat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Huursoldaat">huurlegers</a> gevochten, die voornamelijk door plunderingen aan de kost kwamen. Tegelijkertijd werd echter de ontwikkeling naar <b>staande legers</b> ingezet, wat bevoorrading, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scholing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholing">scholing</a> en <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Militaire_politie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Militaire politie">militaire politie</a> vereiste. Soldaten moesten gedisciplineerd zijn en op beschaafdere wijze omgaan met de bevolking.</li> <li>Volgens de laagste schattingen kostte deze oorlog aan 6 van de ongeveer 20 miljoen <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duitsers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duitsers">Duitsers</a> het leven, wat 30% van de bevolking was. Andere schattingen gaan tot 12 miljoen slachtoffers.</li> <li>De oorlog stond ook in het teken van de neiging der Europese vorsten om in hun land het <b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Absolutisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolutisme">absolutisme</a></b> op te leggen. De staten in het Heilige Roomse Rijk beletten hun keizer dit door mee te vechten tegen hem, zelfs de katholieke staten (het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keurvorstendom_Beieren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keurvorstendom Beieren">keurvorstendom Beieren</a> voorop). De Franse <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regent_(bestuurder)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regent (bestuurder)">regent</a> Richelieu slaagde er wel in dit in Frankrijk door te drukken. Het Engelse absolutisme eindigde daarentegen met de onthoofding van <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karel_I_van_Engeland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karel I van Engeland">koning Karel</a> van Engeland, in 1649.</li> <li>Ten slotte ontstonden toen oorzaken voor <b>latere oorlogen in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spaanse_Nederlanden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spaanse Nederlanden">Nederlanden</a></b>. Spanje kon de Zuidelijke Nederlanden niet meer voldoende verdedigen, zeker niet tegen het oppermachtige Frankrijk. Om de Franse oostgrens te verschuiven tot aan de Rijn (Rijn-Alpen-Pyreneeën<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doctrine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>) zou Frankrijk meermaals binnenvallen (Devolutieoorlog, Hollandse Oorlog, Tweede Frans-Spaanse Oorlog, Negenjarige Oorlog, Spaanse Successieoorlog). Bovendien groeide Engeland tijdens de Dertigjarige Oorlog uit tot <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marine_(strijdmacht)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marine (strijdmacht)">maritieme</a> grootmacht, waardoor het eveneens in botsing zou komen met de Republiek (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eerste_Engels-Nederlandse_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eerste Engels-Nederlandse Oorlog">Engels-Nederlandse Oorlogen</a>).</li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bestand:HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png/260px-HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4005" data-file-height="3964"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 257px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png/260px-HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png" data-width="260" data-height="257" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png/390px-HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png/520px-HolyRomanEmpire_1618.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> De godsdienstige verdeeldheid in het Heilige Roomse Rijk en in de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Habsburgse_Nederlanden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Habsburgse Nederlanden">Habsburgse Nederlanden</a> bij het begin van de Dertigjarige Oorlog </figcaption> </figure> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Parallel">Parallel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Parallel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tachtigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hervatting_van_de_strijd_(1621-1648)" title="Tachtigjarige Oorlog">Tachtigjarige Oorlog</a> voor de strijd tussen Spanje en de Republiek (1621–1648)</i> </div> <p>Een deel van de Dertigjarige Oorlog speelde zich af in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden. De Republiek hervatte meteen na het Twaalfjarig Bestand de vijandelijkheden tegen Spanje (1621); voor de Republiek was de Dertigjarige Oorlog de voortzetting van de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tachtigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tachtigjarige Oorlog">Tachtigjarige Oorlog</a>. Net zoals andere protestantse staten sloot ze zich aan bij Frankrijk, nochtans een katholieke staat. Spanje sloeg het beleg rond Bergen-op-Zoom en rond Breda op; de Republiek hielp bij het <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beleg_van_La_Rochelle_(1627-1628)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beleg van La Rochelle (1627-1628)">beleg van het calvinistische La Rochelle</a>. De Republiek heeft verder enkel in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden gevochten. De aldaar gelegerde Spaanse troepen en de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duinkerker_kapers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duinkerker kapers">Duinkerker kapers</a> verzetten zich tegen deze invasies, maar verloren belangrijke steunpunten: Maastricht (1632), Breda (1637) en Hulst (1645).</p> <p>Frankrijk viel vanuit het zuiden binnen en veroverde o.a. <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graafschap_Artesi%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graafschap Artesië">Artesië</a>, Duinkerke en delen van Frans-Vlaanderen. Pas in 1658 beëindigde Frankrijk hier zijn veldtochten (<a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vrede_van_de_Pyrenee%C3%ABn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vrede van de Pyreneeën">Vrede van de Pyreneeën</a>). Frankrijks aanvallen leidden tot de <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ontstedelijking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ontstedelijking">ontstedelijking</a> en het economische verval van dit deel van de Nederlanden (tot ca. 1960!).</p> <p>De Republiek hield aan de Dertigjarige Oorlog definitieve erkenning als onafhankelijke staat door Spanje over. Tezelfdertijd kwam echter ook een einde aan de droom van hereniging met de Zuidelijke Nederlanden.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Dertigjarige_Oorlog&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>bewerken</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li>Peter H. Wilson, <i>Europe's Tragedy. A New History of the Thirty Years War</i>, 2009, <span class="ISBN"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780713995923?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780713995923">ISBN 9780713995923</a></span></li> <li>Dick Harrison, <i>De Dertigjarige Oorlog. De allereerste wereldoorlog (1618-1648)</i>, Omniboek, 2018, <span class="ISBN"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9789401911184?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9789401911184">ISBN 9789401911184</a></span> (vertaling)</li> </ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div> <div style="margin-top:-16px"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"> <h2 id="Noten">Noten</h2> </div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, J. (2004), <i>De Jerzuïeten</i>, p. 41</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>De Republiek 1477-1806</i>, <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jonathan_Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jonathan Israel">J.I. Israel</a>, Franeker, 1996, p. 516</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Malette, <i>La « gouvernementalité » <a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michel_Foucault?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a></i>, M. A., Faculté de Philosophie, Université Laval - Québec, 2006, 115 p., p. 78, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23836/23836.pdf">PDF</a><sup><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Onbereikbare_externe_links?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe links">[dode link]</a></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sécurité, territoire, population : cours au Collège de France. 1977-1978</i>, analyse van « pouvoir pastoral », Michel Foucault, Gallimard, Hautes Études, Paris, 2004 p. 131</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dit artikel of een eerdere versie ervan is een (gedeeltelijke) vertaling van het artikel <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_Trente_Ans?oldid%3D142298144">Guerre de Trente Ans</a> op de Franstalige Wikipedia, dat onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a> valt. Zie de <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_Trente_Ans?offset%3D20171112235959%26action%3Dhistory">bewerkingsgeschiedenis</a></span> aldaar.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r66936091">.mw-parser-output .error-bronvermelding{color:#ff0000;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .error-bronvermelding span{font-size:larger}</style></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"> <h2 id="Externe_link">Externe link</h2> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.westfaelischer-frieden.de/">Projekt „Westfälischer Friede“ (u.a. mit den Textbänden der 26. Europaratsausstellung „1648: Krieg und Frieden in Europa“, 1998/99)</a></li> </ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie 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style="column-width:36em"> <li><b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action%3Ddisplay%26authority_id%3DXX529044">XX529044</a></span></li> <li><b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119385761">cb119385761</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119385761">(data)</a></span></li> <li><b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://d-nb.info/gnd/4012985-8">4012985-8</a></span></li> <li><b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historisch_woordenboek_van_Zwitserland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historisch woordenboek van Zwitserland">Historisch woordenboek van Zwitserland</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008907">008907</a></span></li> <li><b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KulturNav?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="KulturNav">KulturNav</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://kulturnav.org/f0a37482-3736-4dd0-b56c-c7d26fb32a95">f0a37482-3736-4dd0-b56c-c7d26fb32a95</a></span></li> <li><b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85134910">sh85134910</a></span></li> <li><b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibliotheek_van_het_Japanse_parlement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibliotheek van het Japanse parlement">Bibliotheek van het Japanse parlement</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570202">00570202</a></span></li> <li><b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Tsjechi%C3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië">Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func%3Dfind-c%26local_base%3Daut%26ccl_term%3Dica%3Dph126846%26CON_LNG%3DENG">ph126846</a></span></li> <li><b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Isra%C3%ABl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël">Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func%3Dfind-b%26local_base%3DNLX10%26find_code%3DUID%26request%3D987007534009205171">987007534009205171</a></span></li> <li><b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virtual International Authority File">Virtual International Authority File</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://viaf.org/viaf/3712154387210930970006">3712154387210930970006</a></span></li> <li><b></b> <b><a href="https://nl-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/WorldCat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></b> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/3712154387210930970006">3712154387210930970006</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r63829521">.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten{padding:0;font-size:90%;clear:both;margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-klein{padding-bottom:5px;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-kop{vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-lijst{display:inline;margin-left:0;padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-kop,.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten li,.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-klein li{display:inline-block;margin:0.4em 0.6em;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.4em;width:12.5em}.mw-parser-output .zusterprojecten-klein li{width:17.5em;max-height:20px}.mw-parser-output .zuster-logo{display:inline-block;text-align:center;width:34px}.mw-parser-output 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class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Talen</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dertigjarige_Oorlog" title="Dertigjarige Oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dertigjarige Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drei%25C3%259Figj%25C3%25A4hriger_Krieg" title="Dreißigjähriger Krieg – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dreißigjähriger Krieg" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%2527as_Trenta_Anyadas" title="Guerra d'as Trenta Anyadas – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Guerra d'as Trenta Anyadas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259Erittigg%25C4%2593ara_Orlege" title="Þrittiggēara Orlege – Oudengels" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þrittiggēara Orlege" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Oudengels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AB%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AB%25D9%258A%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7" title="حرب الثلاثين عاما – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب الثلاثين عاما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A8_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25D9%258A%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%25D9%2587" title="حرب التلاتين سنه – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرب التلاتين سنه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_los_Trenta_A%25C3%25B1os" title="Guerra de los Trenta Años – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra de los Trenta Años" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otuzillik_m%25C3%25BCharib%25C9%2599" title="Otuzillik müharibə – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Otuzillik müharibə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B2_%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4" title="اوتوز ایللیک ساواش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوتوز ایللیک ساواش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D2%2599_%25D0%25B9%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D2%25A1_%25D2%25BB%25D1%2583%25D2%2593%25D1%258B%25D1%2588" title="Утыҙ йыллыҡ һуғыш – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Утыҙ йыллыҡ һуғыш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drei%25C3%259Fgjaariga_Kriag" title="Dreißgjaariga Kriag – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Dreißgjaariga Kriag" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%25C4%2597sde%25C5%25A1immet%25C4%2597_vaina" title="Trėsdešimmetė vaina – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Trėsdešimmetė vaina" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2586%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Трыццацігадовая вайна – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трыццацігадовая вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%2586%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Трыццацігадовая вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трыццацігадовая вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%2588%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Тридесетгодишна война – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тридесетгодишна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B6_%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%259B%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B0_%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A7%2581%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A7" title="ত্রিশ বছরের যুদ্ধ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ত্রিশ বছরের যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_Tregont_Vloaz" title="Brezel Tregont Vloaz – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel Tregont Vloaz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridesetogodi%25C5%25A1nji_rat" title="Tridesetogodišnji rat – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tridesetogodišnji rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2583%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B6%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB%25D1%258D%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD" title="Гушан жэлэй дайн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гушан жэлэй дайн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_dels_Trenta_Anys" title="Guerra dels Trenta Anys – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra dels Trenta Anys" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B4%25DB%2595%25DA%2595%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25DA%25B5%25DB%2595" title="شەڕی سی ساڵە – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی سی ساڵە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C5%2599icetilet%25C3%25A1_v%25C3%25A1lka" title="Třicetiletá válka – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Třicetiletá válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Deng_Mlynedd_ar_Hugain" title="Rhyfel Deng Mlynedd ar Hugain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel Deng Mlynedd ar Hugain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredive%25C3%25A5rskrigen" title="Trediveårskrigen – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trediveårskrigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drei%25C3%259Figj%25C3%25A4hriger_Krieg" title="Dreißigjähriger Krieg – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dreißigjähriger Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C5%259Bi%25C5%25BAas%25C4%2587al%25C4%259Btna_w%25C3%25B3jna" title="Tśiźasćalětna wójna – Nedersorbisch" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tśiźasćalětna wójna" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Nedersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A4%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BA%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CE%25B1%25CE%25B5%25CF%2584%25CE%25AE%25CF%2582_%25CE%25A0%25CF%258C%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BC%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582" title="Τριακονταετής Πόλεμος – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τριακονταετής Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%2527_War" title="Thirty Years' War – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thirty Years' War" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridekjara_Milito" title="Tridekjara Milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tridekjara Milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_los_Treinta_A%25C3%25B1os" title="Guerra de los Treinta Años – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de los Treinta Años" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmek%25C3%25BCmneaastane_s%25C3%25B5da" title="Kolmekümneaastane sõda – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kolmekümneaastane sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogeita_Hamar_Urteko_Gerra" title="Hogeita Hamar Urteko Gerra – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hogeita Hamar Urteko Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF_%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2587" title="جنگ سی‌ساله – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ سی‌ساله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmikymmenvuotinen_sota" title="Kolmikymmenvuotinen sota – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolmikymmenvuotinen sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretivu%25C3%25A1rakr%25C3%25ADggi%25C3%25B0" title="Tretivuárakríggið – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tretivuárakríggið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_Trente_Ans" title="Guerre de Trente Ans – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de Trente Ans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25B6rtigjuarig_Krich" title="Dörtigjuarig Krich – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Dörtigjuarig Krich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuere_dai_trente_agns" title="Vuere dai trente agns – Friulisch" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vuere dai trente agns" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritichjierrige_Oarloch" title="Tritichjierrige Oarloch – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tritichjierrige Oarloch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_Tr%25C3%25ADocha_Bliain" title="Cogadh Tríocha Bliain – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh Tríocha Bliain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_dos_Trinta_Anos" title="Guerra dos Trinta Anos – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra dos Trinta Anos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%259E%25D7%259C%25D7%2597%25D7%259E%25D7%25AA_%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C%25D7%2595%25D7%25A9%25D7%2599%25D7%259D_%25D7%2594%25D7%25A9%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="מלחמת שלושים השנים – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת שלושים השנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25AF_%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7" title="तीसवर्षीय युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तीसवर्षीय युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years_War" title="Thirty Years War – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Thirty Years War" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridesetogodi%25C5%25A1nji_rat" title="Tridesetogodišnji rat – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tridesetogodišnji rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C5%2599ice%25C4%2587il%25C4%259Btna_w%25C3%25B3jna" title="Třicećilětna wójna – Oppersorbisch" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Třicećilětna wójna" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harminc%25C3%25A9ves_h%25C3%25A1bor%25C3%25BA" title="Harmincéves háború – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harmincéves háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B5%25D6%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BD%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B4%25D5%25B5%25D5%25A1_%25D5%25BA%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A6%25D5%25B4" title="Երեսնամյա պատերազմ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երեսնամյա պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_Trenta_Annos" title="Guerra de Trenta Annos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra de Trenta Annos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Tiga_Puluh_Tahun" title="Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubat_ti_Tallopulo_a_Tawen" title="Gubat ti Tallopulo a Tawen – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gubat ti Tallopulo a Tawen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_di_Triadek_Yari" title="Milito di Triadek Yari – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito di Triadek Yari" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259Erj%25C3%25A1t%25C3%25ADu_%25C3%25A1ra_str%25C3%25AD%25C3%25B0i%25C3%25B0" title="Þrjátíu ára stríðið – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þrjátíu ára stríðið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_dei_trent%2527anni" title="Guerra dei trent'anni – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra dei trent'anni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%2588%25A6%25E4%25BA%2589" title="三十年戦争 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="三十年戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25AA%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%25AC%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598" title="ოცდაათწლიანი ომი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოცდაათწლიანი ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C9%25A9nz%25C9%25A9_hi%25C5%258B_niitozo_you" title="Pɩnzɩ hiŋ niitozo you – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩnzɩ hiŋ niitozo you" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D0%25B7_%25D0%25B6%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D2%259B_%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D2%2593%25D1%258B%25D1%2581" title="Отыз жылдық соғыс – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Отыз жылдық соғыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/30%25EB%2585%2584_%25EC%25A0%2584%25EC%259F%2581" title="30년 전쟁 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="30년 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%259Eer%25C3%25AA_S%25C3%25AEh_Salan" title="Şerê Sîh Salan – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Sîh Salan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresel_Deg_Bledhen_warn_Ugens" title="Bresel Deg Bledhen warn Ugens – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bresel Deg Bledhen warn Ugens" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D0%25B7_%25D0%25B6%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA_%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2583%25D1%2588" title="Отуз жылдык согуш – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Отуз жылдык согуш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_triginta_annorum" title="Bellum triginta annorum – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum triginta annorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%25C3%25ABssegj%25C3%25A4rege_Krich" title="Drëssegjärege Krich – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Drëssegjärege Krich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D1%258A%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D3%2580%25D1%2583%25D0%25B4_%25D0%25B9%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B4%25D1%258F%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5" title="КъанницӀуд йисан дяве – Lezgisch" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="КъанницӀуд йисан дяве" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dertigj%25C3%25A4%25C3%25B6rige_Krieg" title="Dertigjäörige Krieg – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Dertigjäörige Krieg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%25C3%25A6ra_di_trent%2527agni" title="Goæra di trent'agni – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Goæra di trent'agni" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_di_Trent%2527Agn" title="Guerra di Trent'Agn – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Guerra di Trent'Agn" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisde%25C5%25A1imtmetis_karas" title="Trisdešimtmetis karas – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trisdešimtmetis karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%25C4%25ABsdesmitgadu_kar%25C5%25A1" title="Trīsdesmitgadu karš – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trīsdesmitgadu karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%2588%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D1%2598%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Триесетгодишна војна – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Триесетгодишна војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25B7_%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%2581%25E0%25B4%25A6%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A7%25E0%25B4%2582" title="മുപ്പതുവർഷ യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുപ്പതുവർഷ യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D1%2583%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B6%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD" title="Гучин жилийн дайн – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гучин жилийн дайн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%25B8_%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%259A%25E0%25A5%2587_%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7" title="तीस वर्षांचे युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तीस वर्षांचे युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Tiga_Puluh_Tahun" title="Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BE%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%259E%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%25B6%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2586%25E1%2580%259A%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%2585%25E1%2580%25BA" title="နှစ်သုံးဆယ်စစ် – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နှစ်သုံးဆယ်စစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartigj%25C3%25B6hrigen_Krieg" title="Dartigjöhrigen Krieg – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dartigjöhrigen Krieg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartigj%25C3%25B6%25C3%25A4rigen_Oorlog" title="Dartigjöärigen Oorlog – Nederduits" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Dartigjöärigen Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A5%25A9%25E0%25A5%25A6_%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A5%2587_%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A5%2581%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A7" title="३० वर्षे युद्ध – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="३० वर्षे युद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretti%25C3%25A5rskrigen" title="Trettiårskrigen – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trettiårskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tredve%25C3%25A5rskrigen" title="Tredveårskrigen – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tredveårskrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%25C3%25A8rra_de_Trenta_Ans" title="Guèrra de Trenta Ans – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra de Trenta Ans" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25A4%25E0%25A9%2580%25E0%25A8%25B9-%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A8%25BE_%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A9%25B0%25E0%25A8%2597" title="ਤੀਹ-ਸਾਲਾ ਜੰਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੀਹ-ਸਾਲਾ ਜੰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dg%25C3%25A8re_ed_Trinte_Ains" title="Dgère ed Trinte Ains – Picardisch" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Dgère ed Trinte Ains" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_trzydziestoletnia" title="Wojna trzydziestoletnia – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna trzydziestoletnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25DB%2581%25DB%2581_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%2581_%25D8%25AC%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF" title="تیہہ سالہ جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تیہہ سالہ جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25DB%2590%25D9%2580%25D8%25B1%25D8%25B4_%25DA%25A9%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D9%2587_%25D8%25AC%25DA%25AB%25DA%2593%25D9%2587" title="دېـرش کلنه جګړه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="دېـرش کلنه جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_dos_Trinta_Anos" title="Guerra dos Trinta Anos – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra dos Trinta Anos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_da_trent%2527onns" title="Guerra da trent'onns – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Guerra da trent'onns" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C4%2583zboiul_de_Treizeci_de_Ani" title="Războiul de Treizeci de Ani – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul de Treizeci de Ani" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D1%2586%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F%25D1%258F_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Тридцатилетняя война – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тридцатилетняя война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D1%2586%25D1%258F%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Тридцятирочна война – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тридцятирочна война" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2582_%25D1%2581%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585_%25D1%2581%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8" title="Отут сыллаах сэрии – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Отут сыллаах сэрии" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gherra_de_sos_Trinta_Annos" title="Gherra de sos Trinta Annos – Sardijns" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gherra de sos Trinta Annos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardijns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridesetogodi%25C5%25A1nji_rat" title="Tridesetogodišnji rat – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tridesetogodišnji rat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%2527_War" title="Thirty Years' War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thirty Years' War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridsa%25C5%25A5ro%25C4%258Dn%25C3%25A1_vojna" title="Tridsaťročná vojna – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tridsaťročná vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridesetletna_vojna" title="Tridesetletna vojna – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tridesetletna vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_Tridhjet%25C3%25ABvje%25C3%25A7are" title="Lufta Tridhjetëvjeçare – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta Tridhjetëvjeçare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D1%2588%25D1%259A%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582" title="Тридесетогодишњи рат – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тридесетогодишњи рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCtichjierigen_Kriech" title="Trüütichjierigen Kriech – Saterfries" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Trüütichjierigen Kriech" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterfries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trettio%25C3%25A5riga_kriget" title="Trettioåriga kriget – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trettioåriga kriget" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_ya_miaka_30" title="Vita ya miaka 30 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita ya miaka 30" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D" title="முப்பதாண்டுப் போர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முப்பதாண்டுப் போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25AA%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25B5" title="สงครามสามสิบปี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามสามสิบปี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otuz%25C3%25BDyllyk_uru%25C5%259F" title="Otuzýyllyk uruş – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Otuzýyllyk uruş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatlumpung_Taong_Digmaan" title="Tatlumpung Taong Digmaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tatlumpung Taong Digmaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otuz_Y%25C4%25B1l_Sava%25C5%259F%25C4%25B1" title="Otuz Yıl Savaşı – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otuz Yıl Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D0%25B7_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA_%25D1%2581%25D1%2583%25D0%25B3%25D1%258B%25D1%2588" title="Утыз еллык сугыш – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Утыз еллык сугыш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4%25D1%2586%25D1%258F%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D1%2596%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F_%25D0%25B2%25D1%2596%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Тридцятилітня війна – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тридцятилітня війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF_%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25DB%2581" title="جنگ تیس سالہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنگ تیس سالہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%25CA%25BBttiz_yillik_urush" title="Oʻttiz yillik urush – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻttiz yillik urush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%25E1%25BA%25BFn_tranh_Ba_M%25C6%25B0%25C6%25A1i_N%25C4%2583m" title="Chiến tranh Ba Mươi Năm – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Ba Mươi Năm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guere_di_trinte_ans" title="Guere di trinte ans – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Guere di trinte ans" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katloan_ka_tuig_nga_gyera" title="Katloan ka tuig nga gyera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katloan ka tuig nga gyera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%2588%2598%25E4%25BA%2589" title="三十年战争 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="三十年战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A9%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%25AC%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%25B7%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590" title="ეჩდოვითწანიანი ლჷმა – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეჩდოვითწანიანი ლჷმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2593%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%25A1%25D7%2599%25D7%2592_%25D7%2599%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2592%25D7%25A2%25D7%25A8_%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2592" title="דרייסיג יעריגער קריג – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרייסיג יעריגער קריג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%2588%25B0%25E7%2588%25AD" title="三十年戰爭 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="三十年戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%2589%25E5%258D%2581%25E5%25B9%25B4%25E6%2588%25B0%25E7%2588%25AD" title="三十年戰爭 – Klassiek Chinees" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="三十年戰爭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Klassiek 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