CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Andean civilizations - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2ea70e48-faf5-4458-85fb-2a4b52f02e1c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Andean_civilizations","wgTitle":"Andean civilizations","wgCurRevisionId":1258694135,"wgRevisionId":1258694135,"wgArticleId":26980756,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from October 2022","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Andean civilizations","Pre-Columbian civilizations","Hill people"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Andean_civilizations","wgRelevantArticleId":26980756,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3122657","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP" ,"ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG/1200px-MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1634"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG/800px-MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1090"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG/640px-MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="872"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Andean civilizations - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_civilizations"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_civilizations"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Andean_civilizations rootpage-Andean_civilizations skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Andean+civilizations" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Andean+civilizations" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Andean+civilizations" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Andean+civilizations" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniqueness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniqueness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uniqueness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniqueness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archaeological cultures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeological_cultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaeological cultures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Caral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Caral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valdivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valdivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Valdivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valdivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chavín" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chavín"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Chavín</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chavín-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Nazca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Moche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chachapoyas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chachapoyas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Chachapoyas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chachapoyas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Wari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tiwanaku" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiwanaku"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Tiwanaku</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiwanaku-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical cultures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_cultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical cultures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chimú" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chimú"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Chimú</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chimú-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aymara_kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aymara_kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Aymara kingdoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aymara_kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inca_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inca_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Inca Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inca_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaguita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaguita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Diaguita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaguita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muisca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muisca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Muisca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muisca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timoto-Cuica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timoto-Cuica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Timoto-Cuica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timoto-Cuica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Andean civilizations</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesbeskawings" title="Andesbeskawings – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Andesbeskawings" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="حضارات الأنديز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حضارات الأنديز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaciones_andines" title="Civilizaciones andines – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Civilizaciones andines" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_m%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99ti" title="And mədəniyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="And mədəniyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="আন্দীয় সভ্যতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্দীয় সভ্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilitzacions_andines" title="Civilitzacions andines – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Civilitzacions andines" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andsk%C3%A9_civilizace" title="Andské civilizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Andské civilizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andenzivilisation" title="Andenzivilisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Andenzivilisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaciones_andinas" title="Civilizaciones andinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Civilizaciones andinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andeetako_zibilizazioak" title="Andeetako zibilizazioak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Andeetako zibilizazioak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF" title="تمدن‌های آند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمدن‌های آند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisations_andines" title="Civilisations andines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Civilisations andines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EB%8D%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AC%B8%EB%AA%85" title="안데스 문명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안데스 문명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peradaban-peradaban_Andes" title="Peradaban-peradaban Andes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peradaban-peradaban Andes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="תרבויות האנדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבויות האנדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivilt%C3%A9s_andines" title="Ziviltés andines – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ziviltés andines" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ആന്തിയൻ നാഗരികതകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആന്തിയൻ നാഗരികതകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesbeschavingen" title="Andesbeschavingen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Andesbeschavingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="एन्दियन लहनात – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एन्दियन लहनात" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="アンデス文明 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンデス文明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliza%C3%A7%C3%B5es_andinas" title="Civilizações andinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Civilizações andinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Андские цивилизации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Андские цивилизации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Андске цивилизације – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Андске цивилизације" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97" title="Андські цивілізації – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Андські цивілізації" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_Andes" title="Nền văn minh Andes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nền văn minh Andes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%AC%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="安第斯文明 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安第斯文明" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%AC%AC%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="安第斯文明 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安第斯文明" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3122657#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Andean_civilizations" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Andean_civilizations"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Andean_civilizations" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Andean_civilizations" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&oldid=1258694135" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Andean_civilizations&id=1258694135&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAndean_civilizations"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAndean_civilizations"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Andean_civilizations&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Andean_civilizations" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3122657" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Civilizations of South America's Andes Mountains</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Andean_civilizations" title="Special:EditPage/Andean civilizations">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Andean+civilizations%22">"Andean civilizations"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Andean+civilizations%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Andean+civilizations%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Andean+civilizations%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Andean+civilizations%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Andean+civilizations%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:20.0em;border-spacing:0;padding:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:World_history" title="Category:World history">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <span style="font-size:120%">↑</span> <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>) <span class="nowrap">  </span>(<small><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene epoch</a></b></i></small>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timelines_of_world_history" title="Timelines of world history">Timelines</a><br /><small><b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic</a> – <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary</a></b></small><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/10,000_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="10,000 BCE">10,000 BCE</a> – <a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Present</a>)</small></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_human_antiquity" title="Discovery of human antiquity">Age of the human race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">Recorded history</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>)</li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">Earliest records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">Proto-writing</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axial_Age" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#Antiquity" title="History of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">North America</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South America</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceania#Prehistory" title="History of Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">South Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">West Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Postclassical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Middle Ages">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#500_to_1800" title="History of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Americas</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceania" title="History of Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">East Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">South Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Medieval_history" title="History of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East#Medieval_Near_East" title="History of the Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Africa#Modern" title="History of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America#Modern" title="History of North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America#Modern" title="History of South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oceania#Modern_age" title="History of Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia#Modern" title="History of East Asia">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history#Modern" title="Outline of South Asian history">South Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Modern" title="History of Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Middle East">West Asia</a></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe#From_revolution_to_imperialism_(1789–1914)" title="History of Europe">Europe</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernity" title="Postmodernity">Postmodernity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futures_studies" title="Futures studies">Futurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span style="font-size:120%">↓</span> <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a> <span class="nowrap">  </span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_history" title="Template:Human history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_history" title="Template talk:Human history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Peru" title="Category:History of Peru">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History of <span class="fn org label">Peru</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Perou. Das Königreich Perou, from Description de l'Univers, contenant les différents systèmes du monde"><img alt="Perou. Das Königreich Perou, from Description de l'Univers, contenant les différents systèmes du monde" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG/150px-MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG/225px-MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG/300px-MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="2284" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By chronology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Pre-Columbian Peru">Pre-Columbian Peru</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 12000 BCE–1532</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient civilizations</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 3500 BCE–1470</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1438–1533/1572</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1532–1572</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1542–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1809–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1821%E2%80%931842)" title="History of Peru (1821–1842)">Foundational Period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1842</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorate of Peru">Protectorate of Peru</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1821–1822</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governing_Junta" title="Supreme Governing Junta">Supreme Governing Junta</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1822–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Peru–Bolivian Confederation">Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Confederation" title="War of the Confederation">War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1836–1839</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Peru)" title="Restoration (Peru)">Restoration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1839–1841</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1841%E2%80%931845)" title="History of Peru (1841–1845)">Military Anarchy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1841–1845</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1845%E2%80%931866)" title="History of Peru (1845–1866)">Guano Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1845–1866</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Chincha_Islands_War" title="Chincha Islands War">Chincha Islands War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1879</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879–1883</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Chilean_occupation_of_Peru" title="Chilean occupation of Peru">Occupation of Peru</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1879–1883</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Lima" title="Occupation of Lima">Occupation of Lima</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1881–1883</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_resistance_movement_in_the_War_of_the_Pacific" title="Peruvian resistance movement in the War of the Pacific">Peruvian Resistance</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1881–1883</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/National_Reconstruction_(Peru)" title="National Reconstruction (Peru)">National Reconstruction</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1884–1895</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Aristocratic_Republic_(Peru)" title="Aristocratic Republic (Peru)">Aristocratic Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1919%E2%80%931930)" title="History of Peru (1919–1930)">New Motherland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1930</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1948%E2%80%931956)" title="History of Peru (1948–1956)">Odría Dictatorship</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1956%E2%80%931968)" title="History of Peru (1956–1968)">Moderate civil reform</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1956–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1968–1980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru_(1980%E2%80%932000)" title="History of Peru (1980–2000)">Return to democracy and terrorism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Internal conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980–2000, 2002–</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Lost_Decade_(Peru)" title="Lost Decade (Peru)">Economic crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1980s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:4px"> <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)">Peruvian political crisis</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2016–</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By political entity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">History of the Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru#History" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">History of the Viceroyalty of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru#Republic_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History of the Republic of Peru</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Peru" title="Demographic history of Peru">Demographic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional history of Peru">Constitutional history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Peru" title="List of wars involving Peru">Peruvian wars</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Peruvian_history" title="Timeline of Peruvian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Peru" title="List of years in Peru">Years in Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Peruvian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="List of Peruvian coups d'état">Coups d'état</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/16px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/24px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/32px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Peru portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Peru" title="Template:History of Peru"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Peru" title="Template talk:History of Peru"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Peru" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Peru"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inca_roads-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Inca_roads-en.svg/250px-Inca_roads-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="439" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Inca_roads-en.svg/375px-Inca_roads-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Inca_roads-en.svg/500px-Inca_roads-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1187" data-file-height="2085" /></a><figcaption>The Inca Empire and its road system encompassed most of the Andean civilization.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Andean civilizations</b> were South American <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">complex societies</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">indigenous people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They stretched down the spine of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> for 4,000 km (2,500 miles) from southern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, including the deserts of coastal Peru, to north <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and northwest <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Archaeologists believe that Andean <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilizations</a> first developed on the narrow coastal plain of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Chico civilization">Caral or Norte Chico civilization</a> of coastal Peru is the oldest known civilization in the Americas, dating back to 3500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Caral_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caral-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andean civilizations are one of at least five civilizations in the world deemed by scholars to be "pristine." The concept of a <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">"pristine" civilization</a> refers to a civilization that has developed independently of external influences and is not a derivative of other civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the severe environmental challenges of high mountains and hyper-arid desert, the Andean civilizations domesticated a wide variety of crops, some of which, such as <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manioc" class="mw-redirect" title="Manioc">manioc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a>, became of worldwide importance. The Andean civilizations were noteworthy for monumental architecture, an extensive <a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">road system</a>, textile weaving, and many unique characteristics of the societies they created.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less than a century prior to the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> conquerors, the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a>, from their homeland centered on the city of <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, united most Andean cultures into one single empire that encompassed nearly all of what is usually called Andean civilization. The <a href="/wiki/Timoto-Cuica_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Timoto-Cuica people">Timoto Cuica</a> of Venezuela remained outside the Inca orbit. The Inca Empire was a patchwork of languages, cultures and peoples. Spanish rule ended or transformed many elements of the Andean civilizations, notably influencing religion and architecture. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Andean_South_America" title="History of Andean South America">History of Andean South America</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aspero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aspero.jpg/300px-Aspero.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aspero.jpg/450px-Aspero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Aspero.jpg/600px-Aspero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of one of the pyramids of <a href="/wiki/Aspero" title="Aspero">Aspero</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the first humans — who were then arranged into <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> tribal groups — arrived in South America via the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>, they spread out across the continent, with the earliest evidence for settlement in the Andean region dating to circa 15,000 BCE, in what archaeologists call the Lithic Period. In the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Andean_preceramic" title="Andean preceramic">Andean preceramic</a> period, plants began to be widely cultivated, and first complex society, <a href="/wiki/Caral-Supe_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Caral-Supe civilization">Caral-Supe civilization</a>, emerged at 3500 BCE, and lasted until 1800 BCE. Also, distinct religious centres emerged, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kotosh_Religious_Tradition" title="Kotosh Religious Tradition">Kotosh Religious Tradition</a> in the highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca,_Nazca,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_49.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_49.JPG/300px-L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_49.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_49.JPG/450px-L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_49.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_49.JPG/600px-L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_49.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6894" data-file-height="4587" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photograph of one of the Nazca lines, taken in July 2015, that shows the design known as "The monkey"</figcaption></figure> <p>This was followed by the Ceramic Period. Various complex societies developed at this time, such as <a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín culture</a>, lasting from 900 BCE to 200 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Paracas_culture" title="Paracas culture">Paracas culture</a>, lasting from 800 BCE to 200 BCE, its successor <a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca culture</a>, lasting from 200 BCE to 800 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche</a> civilisation, lasting from 100 to 700, <a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku Empires</a>, with both lasting from 600 to 1000, and <a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimor</a>, lasting from 900 to 1470. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80_-_Machu_Picchu_-_Juin_2009_-_edit.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/80_-_Machu_Picchu_-_Juin_2009_-_edit.2.jpg/300px-80_-_Machu_Picchu_-_Juin_2009_-_edit.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/80_-_Machu_Picchu_-_Juin_2009_-_edit.2.jpg/450px-80_-_Machu_Picchu_-_Juin_2009_-_edit.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/80_-_Machu_Picchu_-_Juin_2009_-_edit.2.jpg/600px-80_-_Machu_Picchu_-_Juin_2009_-_edit.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10000" data-file-height="9760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>, a mountainous settlement that was inhabited during the time of Tahuantinsuyu.</figcaption></figure> <p>In later periods, much of the Andean region was conquered by the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Incas</a>, who in 1438 founded the largest empire that the Americas had ever seen, named <a href="/wiki/Tahuantinsuyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahuantinsuyu">Tahuantinsuyu</a>, but usually called the Inca Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Inca governed their empire from the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a>, administering it along traditional Andean lines. The Inca Empire rose from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cuzco">Kingdom of Cuzco</a>, founded around 1230. </p><p>In the 16th century, Spanish colonisers from Europe arrived in the Andes, eventually subjugating the indigenous kingdoms and incorporating the Andean region into the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uniqueness">Uniqueness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Uniqueness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inca_Quipu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inca_Quipu.jpg/250px-Inca_Quipu.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inca_Quipu.jpg/375px-Inca_Quipu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Inca_Quipu.jpg/500px-Inca_Quipu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>A quipu</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coastal_Andean_Men%E2%80%99s_tunic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Coastal_Andean_Men%E2%80%99s_tunic.jpg/330px-Coastal_Andean_Men%E2%80%99s_tunic.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Coastal_Andean_Men%E2%80%99s_tunic.jpg/495px-Coastal_Andean_Men%E2%80%99s_tunic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Coastal_Andean_Men%E2%80%99s_tunic.jpg/660px-Coastal_Andean_Men%E2%80%99s_tunic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Coastal Andean Men's tunic, 13th–15th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The civilization of the Andes was <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">one of six in the world deemed by scholars to be "pristine"</a>, that is indigenous and not derived from other civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its isolation from other civilizations, the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">indigenous people of the Andes</a> had to come up with their own, often unique solutions to environmental and societal challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20065_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20065-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andean civilization lacked several characteristics distinguishing it from the pristine civilizations in the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> and from the Mesoamerican cultures. First, and perhaps most important, Andean civilizations did not have a written language. Instead, their societies used the <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">quipu</a>, a system of knotted and colored strings, to convey information. Few quipus survive and they have never been fully deciphered. Scholars differ on whether the knotted cords of the quipu were able only to record numerical data or could also be used for narrative communication, a true system of writing. If it is true writing, it is still unique because it is not a set of symbols, but rather knotted strings.<sup id="cite_ref-McEwan_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEwan-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the quipu dates back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari Empire</a> (600–1000 CE) and possibly to the much earlier civilization of <a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Chico civilization">Caral/Norte Chico</a> of the third millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Hirst_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirst-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andean civilizations also lacked wheeled vehicles and draft animals. People on land traveled only by foot and the transport of goods was accomplished by humans or <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a>, pack animals which could carry loads of up to one-fourth of their weight, a maximum of 45 kilograms (99 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Llamas were not big or strong enough to be used for <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">plowing</a> or as <a href="/wiki/Riding_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Riding animal">riding</a> animals for adults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20065_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20065-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, Andean civilizations faced severe environmental challenges. The earliest civilizations were on the hyper-arid desert coast of Peru. Agriculture was possible only with irrigation in valleys crossed by rivers coming from the high Andes, plus in a few fog oases called <a href="/wiki/Lomas" title="Lomas">lomas</a>. In the Andes, agriculture was limited by thin soils, cold climate, low or seasonal precipitation, and a scarcity of flat land. Freezing temperatures may occur in every month of the year at altitudes of more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), the homeland of many of the highland Andean civilizations.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, the Andean civilizations lacked money. Copper <a href="/wiki/Axe-monies" title="Axe-monies">axe-monies</a> (also called "naipes")<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus</a></i> shells<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> functioned as mediums of exchange in some areas, especially coastal <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, but most of the Andes area had economies organized on reciprocity and redistribution rather than money and markets. These characteristics were especially notable during the Inca Empire but originated in much earlier times.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisac006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pisac006.jpg/250px-Pisac006.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pisac006.jpg/375px-Pisac006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pisac006.jpg/500px-Pisac006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Agricultural terraces (<a href="/wiki/And%C3%A9n" title="Andén">andenes</a>) were widely built and used for agriculture in the Andes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Agriculture in South America may have begun in coastal Ecuador with the domestication of <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squash</a> about 8000 BCE by the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas culture">Las Vegas culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars believe that the earliest civilizations on the Peruvian coast initially relied more upon maritime resources than agriculture during the formative period of their societies.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as in all civilizations until the late 19th century, agriculture was the principal occupation of the great majority of the people. The greatest contribution of Andean civilization to the modern world has been the plants its people domesticated. Crops grown by the Andeans were often unique to the region. <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a>, which found its way to the Andes from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, was often the most important crop at lower and intermediate elevations. The Andeans cultivated an estimated 70 different plants, almost as many as were cultivated in all of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these plants are no longer cultivated, or are minor crops, but important plants which were domesticated in or near the Andes include <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">quinoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile_peppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chile peppers">chile peppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, and several varieties of <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals domesticated in the Andes were llamas and <a href="/wiki/Guinea_pigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea pigs">guinea pigs</a>. </p><p>The challenges of the environment required sophisticated agricultural technology.<sup id="cite_ref-D'Altroy_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D'Altroy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, the Andes lacked easily domesticated and large-seeded plants such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> and large and easily domesticated animals such as <a href="/wiki/Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Horses">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agriculture on the desert coast required the development of irrigation. In the mountains, the elevation, cold climate and steep terrain required a range of technological solutions such as terraces (<a href="/wiki/And%C3%A9n" title="Andén">andén</a>), exploitation of microclimates, and <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>. Due to the climatic uncertainties, farmers traditionally farmed several crops at several elevations and exposures. At a macro level, societies and states did the same with the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_archipelago" title="Vertical archipelago">vertical archipelago</a>, establishing colonies at different elevations and locations to increase the possibilities of agricultural success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy200327–35_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy200327–35-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200623–27,_83–85_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200623–27,_83–85-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_cultures">Archaeological cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Archaeological cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_periods_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural periods of Peru">Cultural periods of Peru</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caral">Caral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Caral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caral-Supe_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Caral-Supe civilization">Caral-Supe civilization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PeruCaral01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PeruCaral01.jpg/220px-PeruCaral01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PeruCaral01.jpg/330px-PeruCaral01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/PeruCaral01.jpg/440px-PeruCaral01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The Caral pyramids in the arid Supe Valley, some 20 km from the Pacific coast</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Chico civilization">Norte Chico civilization</a>, also called Caral,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a complex <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> society that included as many as 30 major population centers in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico_(Peruvian_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norte Chico (Peruvian region)">Norte Chico region</a> of north-central coastal <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>. It is the oldest known civilization in the Americas and one of the <a href="/wiki/Cradles_of_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cradles of civilization">Cradles of civilization</a> where civilization separately originated in the ancient world. It flourished between the 30th century BCE and the 18th century BCE. The alternative name, Caral-Supe, is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_City_of_Caral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred City of Caral">Sacred City of Caral</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Supe Valley, a large and well-studied Norte Chico site. Complex society in Norte Chico arose a millennium after <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, was contemporaneous with the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>, and predated the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican">Mesoamerican</a> <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> by nearly two millennia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valdivia">Valdivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Valdivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valdivia_culture" title="Valdivia culture">Valdivia culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MORTERO_JAGUAR_VALDIVIA_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MORTERO_JAGUAR_VALDIVIA_2.JPG/220px-MORTERO_JAGUAR_VALDIVIA_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MORTERO_JAGUAR_VALDIVIA_2.JPG/330px-MORTERO_JAGUAR_VALDIVIA_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/MORTERO_JAGUAR_VALDIVIA_2.JPG/440px-MORTERO_JAGUAR_VALDIVIA_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Mortar, Jaguar Valdivia, South Coast (4000 BCE to 1500 BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Valdivia_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdivia Culture">Valdivia Culture</a> is one of the oldest settled cultures recorded in the Americas. It emerged from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas culture">Las Vegas culture</a> and thrived on the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Elena,_Ecuador" title="Santa Elena, Ecuador">Santa Elena</a> peninsula near the modern-day town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valdivia,_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valdivia, Ecuador (page does not exist)">Valdivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> between 3500 BCE and 1800 BCE. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chavín"><span id="Chav.C3.ADn"></span>Chavín</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chavín"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chavinmuseolarco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Chavinmuseolarco.jpg/220px-Chavinmuseolarco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Chavinmuseolarco.jpg/330px-Chavinmuseolarco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Chavinmuseolarco.jpg/440px-Chavinmuseolarco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>Chavín Gold Crown <a href="/wiki/Cultural_periods_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural periods of Peru">Formative Epoch</a> 1200–300 BCE (<a href="/wiki/Larco_Museum" title="Larco Museum">Larco Museum Collection</a>, Lima)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín culture</a> is thought to have been primarily a religious movement. The culture apparently began in the Peruvian highlands and then spread outward throughout the country. The Chavín culture has very distinctive art styles, particularly in effigy pots, a number of which were in feline shapes. <a href="/wiki/Chavin_de_Huantar" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavin de Huantar">Chavin de Huantar</a> was an important ritual centre for Chavin Culture, dating to around 1,500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazca">Nazca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nazca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca culture</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca,_Nazca,_Per%C3%BA,_2015-07-29,_DD_55.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_55.JPG/200px-L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_55.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_55.JPG/300px-L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_55.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_55.JPG/400px-L%C3%ADneas_de_Nazca%2C_Nazca%2C_Per%C3%BA%2C_2015-07-29%2C_DD_55.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7202" data-file-height="4622" /></a><figcaption>The Condor, <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Lines">Nazca Lines</a>, created by the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca culture</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca culture</a> (also Nasca) was the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> that flourished from 100 to 800 CE beside the dry southern coast of Peru in the river valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Nazca" title="Nazca">Rio Grande de Nazca</a> drainage and the <a href="/wiki/Ica_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ica Region">Ica Valley</a> (Silverman and Proulx, 2002). Having been heavily influenced by the preceding <a href="/wiki/Paracas_culture" title="Paracas culture">Paracas culture</a>, which was known for extremely complex textiles, the Nazca produced an array of beautiful crafts and technologies such as ceramics, textiles, and <a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">geoglyphs</a> (most commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Lines">Nazca lines</a>). They also built an impressive system of underground <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueducts</a>, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Puquios" title="Puquios">puquios</a></i>, that still function today. The <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Province">Nazca Province</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ica_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Ica Region">Ica Region</a> was named for this people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moche">Moche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Moche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Condormuseolarco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Condormuseolarco.jpg/200px-Condormuseolarco.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Condormuseolarco.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>The Moche culture is world-renowned for its pottery, in picture a <a href="/wiki/Andean_condor" title="Andean condor">Condor</a> from about 300 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Moche_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moche (culture)">Moche</a> civilization (alternately, the Mochica culture, Early <a href="/wiki/Chimu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimu">Chimu</a>, Pre-Chimu, Proto-Chimu, etc.) flourished in northern Peru from about 100 CE to 800 CE, during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_periods_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural periods of Peru">Regional Development Epoch</a>. While this issue is the subject of some debate, many scholars contend that the Moche were not politically organized as a monolithic empire or state. Rather, they were likely a group of autonomous polities that shared a common elite culture, as seen in the rich <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monumental</a> architecture that survive today. They are particularly noted for their elaborately painted <a href="/wiki/Ceramics_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics (art)">ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> work, monumental constructions (<i><a href="/wiki/Huaca" title="Huaca">huacas</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moche history may be broadly divided into three periods – the emergence of the Moche culture in Early Moche (CE 100–300), its expansion and florescence during Middle Moche (CE 300–600), and the urban nucleation and subsequent collapse in Late Moche (CE 500–750).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chachapoyas">Chachapoyas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chachapoyas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chachapoya_culture" title="Chachapoya culture">Chachapoya culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruinas-soloco_chachapoyas_amazonas_peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ruinas-soloco_chachapoyas_amazonas_peru.jpg/220px-Ruinas-soloco_chachapoyas_amazonas_peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ruinas-soloco_chachapoyas_amazonas_peru.jpg/330px-Ruinas-soloco_chachapoyas_amazonas_peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ruinas-soloco_chachapoyas_amazonas_peru.jpg/440px-Ruinas-soloco_chachapoyas_amazonas_peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Walls of Soloco fortress, Chachapoyas, Peru.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chachapoyas, or the 'Cloud People', were an Andean civilization living in cloud forests of the Amazonas region of present-day northern Peru. The Incas conquered the Chachapoyas shortly before the arrival of the Spanish in Peru. The first firm evidence of their existence dates back to around 700 CE, although it is possible that they built a settlement called Gran Pajáten where some ceramics have been dated to 200 BCE. The largest Chacapoyan site discovered so far is <a href="/wiki/Kuelap" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuelap">Kuelap</a>. A number of mummified burial sites have also been discovered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wari">Wari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piquillacta_Archaeological_site_-_street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Piquillacta_Archaeological_site_-_street.jpg/200px-Piquillacta_Archaeological_site_-_street.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Piquillacta_Archaeological_site_-_street.jpg/300px-Piquillacta_Archaeological_site_-_street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Piquillacta_Archaeological_site_-_street.jpg/400px-Piquillacta_Archaeological_site_-_street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Pikillaqta administrative center, built by the Wari civilization in <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Huari</i>) were a <a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Middle Horizon</a> civilization that flourished in the south-central <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> and coastal area of Peru, from about CE 500 to 1000. (The Wari culture is not to be confused with the modern <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> group and language known as <i><a href="/wiki/Wari%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wari'">Wari'</a></i>, with which it has no known link.) <a href="/wiki/Wari_ruins" class="mw-redirect" title="Wari ruins">Wari</a>, as the former capital city was called, is located 11 km (6.8 mi) north-east of the city of <a href="/wiki/Ayacucho" title="Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a>. This city was the center of a civilization that covered much of the highlands and coast of Peru. The best-preserved remnants, beside the <a href="/wiki/Wari_ruins" class="mw-redirect" title="Wari ruins">Wari Ruins</a>, are the recently discovered <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wari_ruins" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Wari ruins">Northern Wari ruins</a> near the city of <a href="/wiki/Chiclayo,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiclayo, Peru">Chiclayo</a>, and Cerro Baul in <a href="/wiki/Moquegua" title="Moquegua">Moquegua</a>. Also well-known are the Wari ruins of <i>Pikillaqta</i> ("Flea Town"), a short distance south-east of <a href="/wiki/Cuzco" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco">Cuzco</a> <i>en route</i> to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tiwanaku"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg/220px-Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg/330px-Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg/440px-Zonnepoort_tiwanaku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Gate_of_the_Sun" title="Gate of the Sun">Gate of the Sun</a>" built by the Tiwanaku culture</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> (Spanish: Tiahuanaco and Tiahuanacu) is an important <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</a> archaeological site in western <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, South America. Tiwanaku is recognized by Andean scholars as one of the most important precursors to the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>, flourishing as the ritual and administrative capital of a major state power for approximately five hundred years. The ruins of the ancient city state are near the south-eastern shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Titicaca" title="Lake Titicaca">Lake Titicaca</a> in the <a href="/wiki/La_Paz_Department,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Paz Department, Bolivia">La Paz Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingavi_Province" title="Ingavi Province">Ingavi Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Municipality" title="Tiwanaku Municipality">Tiwanaku Municipality</a>, about 72 km (45 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/La_Paz,_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Paz, Bolivia">La Paz</a>. The site was first recorded in written history by Spanish conquistador and self-acclaimed "first chronicler of the Indies" <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cieza_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Cieza de León">Pedro Cieza de León</a>. Leon stumbled upon the remains of Tiwanaku in 1549 while searching for the Inca capital <a href="/wiki/Qullasuyu" title="Qullasuyu">Qullasuyu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolata_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolata-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have hypothesized that Tiwanaku's modern name is related to the <a href="/wiki/Aymara_language" title="Aymara language">Aymara</a> term <i>taypiqala</i>, meaning "stone in the center", alluding to the belief that it lay at the center of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Skies_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Skies-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the name by which Tiwanaku was known to its inhabitants may have been lost, as the people of Tiwanaku had no written language.<sup id="cite_ref-Frommers_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frommers-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Genographic_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genographic-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_cultures">Historical cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Historical cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chimú"><span id="Chim.C3.BA"></span>Chimú</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chimú"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimor</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasija_chim%C3%BA_caballito_de_totora_(M._Am%C3%A9rica_10788)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vasija_chim%C3%BA_caballito_de_totora_%28M._Am%C3%A9rica_10788%29_01.jpg/200px-Vasija_chim%C3%BA_caballito_de_totora_%28M._Am%C3%A9rica_10788%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vasija_chim%C3%BA_caballito_de_totora_%28M._Am%C3%A9rica_10788%29_01.jpg/300px-Vasija_chim%C3%BA_caballito_de_totora_%28M._Am%C3%A9rica_10788%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vasija_chim%C3%BA_caballito_de_totora_%28M._Am%C3%A9rica_10788%29_01.jpg/400px-Vasija_chim%C3%BA_caballito_de_totora_%28M._Am%C3%A9rica_10788%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1931" data-file-height="1814" /></a><figcaption>Chimú vessel representing a fisherman on a <a href="/wiki/Caballitos_de_totora" class="mw-redirect" title="Caballitos de totora">caballitos de totora</a> (1100–1400 CE)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chim%C3%BA_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimú culture">Chimú</a> were the residents of <a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimor</a>, with its capital at the city of <a href="/wiki/Chan_Chan" title="Chan Chan">Chan Chan</a>, a large adobe city in the <a href="/wiki/Moche_Valley" title="Moche Valley">Moche Valley</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru" title="Trujillo, Peru">Trujillo, Peru</a>. The culture arose about 900 CE. The Inca ruler <a href="/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Topa Inca Yupanqui">Topa Inca Yupanqui</a> led a campaign which conquered the Chimú around 1470 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was just fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region. Consequently, Spanish chroniclers were able to record accounts of Chimú culture from individuals who had lived before the Inca conquest. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological">archaeological</a> evidence suggest Chimor grew out of the remnants of <a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche culture</a>; early Chimú pottery had some resemblance to that of the Moche. Their ceramics are all black, and their work in precious metals is very detailed and intricate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aymara_kingdoms">Aymara kingdoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aymara kingdoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara kingdoms</a></div> <p>The Aymara kingdoms were a group of lordships located in the <a href="/wiki/Altiplano" title="Altiplano">Altiplano</a>. The kingdoms were established around 1151 after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku Empire</a> until they were absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> in 1477. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inca_Empire">Inca Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Inca Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Over_Machu_Picchu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Over_Machu_Picchu.jpg/220px-Over_Machu_Picchu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Over_Machu_Picchu.jpg/330px-Over_Machu_Picchu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Over_Machu_Picchu.jpg/440px-Over_Machu_Picchu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2987" /></a><figcaption>View of <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a> built by the Incas</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a>, or Incan Empire<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a>: <i>Tawantinsuyu</i>), was the largest empire in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca civilization</a> arose from the Peruvian highlands sometime in the early 13th century, and the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">last Inca stronghold</a> was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. From 1438 to 1533 CE, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> mountain ranges, including Peru, southwest <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, western and south central <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, northwest <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and a small part of southwest <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> into a state comparable to the historical <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empires</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaguita">Diaguita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diaguita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a> culture formed in 1000 CE after emerging from the <a href="/wiki/Las_%C3%81nimas_complex" title="Las Ánimas complex">Las Ánimas culture</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Calchaqu%C3%AD" title="Calchaquí">Calchaquí</a> tribe fought against expansion by both the <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> until they surrendered to Spanish rule after their defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Calchaqu%C3%AD_Wars" title="Calchaquí Wars">Calchaquí Wars</a> in 1665. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muisca">Muisca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Muisca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muisca_and_pre-Muisca_sites" title="List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites">List of Muisca and pre-Muisca sites</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Museum,_Bogota_(36145671394).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg/200px-Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg/300px-Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg/400px-Gold_Museum%2C_Bogota_%2836145671394%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><i>La balsa Muisca</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Muisca_raft" title="Muisca raft">Muisca raft</a>), a pre-Columbian gold sculpture representing the Muisca's offerings of gold in the <a href="/wiki/Guatavita_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatavita Lake">Guatavita Lake</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Muisca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muisca people">Muisca</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Chibcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chibcha">Chibcha</a>-speaking people that formed the <a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca Confederation</a> in the central highlands of present-day <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. They were encountered by the troops of <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a>, in name of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">conquest</a> in the spring of 1537. The Muisca comprised two confederations: <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Hunza</a> (present-day Tunja) was located in the northern area, whose sovereign was the <i><a href="/wiki/Zaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaque">zaque</a></i>; and <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bacatá</a> the southern area, whose sovereign was the <i><a href="/wiki/Zipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zipa">zipa</a></i>. Both confederations were located in the highlands of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department" title="Cundinamarca Department">Cundinamarca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department" title="Boyacá Department">Boyacá</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense" title="Altiplano Cundiboyacense">Altiplano Cundiboyacense</a></i>) in the central area of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Oriental_(Colombia)" title="Cordillera Oriental (Colombia)">Eastern Ranges</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timoto-Cuica">Timoto-Cuica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Timoto-Cuica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timoto%E2%80%93Cuica_people" title="Timoto–Cuica people">Timoto–Cuica people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campo_de_M%C3%A9rida.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Campo_de_M%C3%A9rida.JPG/220px-Campo_de_M%C3%A9rida.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Campo_de_M%C3%A9rida.JPG/330px-Campo_de_M%C3%A9rida.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Campo_de_M%C3%A9rida.JPG/440px-Campo_de_M%C3%A9rida.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Timoto-Cuica territory in present-day <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Mérida State">Mérida, Venezuela</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Timoto–Cuica people was composed primarily of two tribes, the <b>Timotes</b> and the <b>Cuicas</b>, that inhabited in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> region of western <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. They were closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Muisca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muisca people">Muisca people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, who spoke a <a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Chibcha language</a>. The Timoto-Cuicas were not only composed of the Timoto and the Cuica tribes, but also the Mucuchíes, the Migures, the Tabares, and the Mucuñuques. Timoto-Cuica society was complex with pre-planned permanent villages, surrounded by irrigated, terraced fields. They also stored water in tanks.Their houses were made primarily of stone and wood with thatched roofs.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahoney_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahoney-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were peaceful, for the most part, and depended on growing crops. Regional crops included potatoes and <a href="/wiki/Ulluco" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulluco">ullucos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-art_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They left behind works of art, particularly anthropomorphic ceramics, but no major monuments. They spun vegetable fibers to weave into textiles and mats for housing. They are credited with having invented the <a href="/wiki/Arepa" title="Arepa">arepa</a>, a staple in <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian cuisine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu%C3%A1nuco_Pampa_Archaeological_site_-_doorway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cover of Huánuco Pampa"><img alt="Cover of Huánuco Pampa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hu%C3%A1nuco_Pampa_Archaeological_site_-_doorway.jpg/120px-Hu%C3%A1nuco_Pampa_Archaeological_site_-_doorway.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hu%C3%A1nuco_Pampa_Archaeological_site_-_doorway.jpg/180px-Hu%C3%A1nuco_Pampa_Archaeological_site_-_doorway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hu%C3%A1nuco_Pampa_Archaeological_site_-_doorway.jpg/240px-Hu%C3%A1nuco_Pampa_Archaeological_site_-_doorway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1901" data-file-height="1373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cover of Huánuco Pampa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friso_antropomorfo_en_el_Gran_Pajat%C3%A9n.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lithic decorations in the Gran Pajatén"><img alt="Lithic decorations in the Gran Pajatén" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Friso_antropomorfo_en_el_Gran_Pajat%C3%A9n.jpg/120px-Friso_antropomorfo_en_el_Gran_Pajat%C3%A9n.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Friso_antropomorfo_en_el_Gran_Pajat%C3%A9n.jpg/180px-Friso_antropomorfo_en_el_Gran_Pajat%C3%A9n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Friso_antropomorfo_en_el_Gran_Pajat%C3%A9n.jpg/240px-Friso_antropomorfo_en_el_Gran_Pajat%C3%A9n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lithic decorations in the Gran Pajatén</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fachada_del_templo_de_Cerro_Sech%C3%ADn_(2021).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Facade of the main temple of Cerro Sechín"><img alt="Facade of the main temple of Cerro Sechín" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fachada_del_templo_de_Cerro_Sech%C3%ADn_%282021%29.jpg/120px-Fachada_del_templo_de_Cerro_Sech%C3%ADn_%282021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fachada_del_templo_de_Cerro_Sech%C3%ADn_%282021%29.jpg/180px-Fachada_del_templo_de_Cerro_Sech%C3%ADn_%282021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Fachada_del_templo_de_Cerro_Sech%C3%ADn_%282021%29.jpg/240px-Fachada_del_templo_de_Cerro_Sech%C3%ADn_%282021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Facade of the main temple of Cerro Sechín</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleo_de_Willkawa%C3%ADn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mausoleum in Huilcahuaín"><img alt="Mausoleum in Huilcahuaín" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mausoleo_de_Willkawa%C3%ADn.jpg/120px-Mausoleo_de_Willkawa%C3%ADn.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mausoleo_de_Willkawa%C3%ADn.jpg/180px-Mausoleo_de_Willkawa%C3%ADn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Mausoleo_de_Willkawa%C3%ADn.jpg/240px-Mausoleo_de_Willkawa%C3%ADn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mausoleum in Huilcahuaín</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentina" title="History of Argentina">History of Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia" title="History of Bolivia">History of Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chile" title="History of Chile">History of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colombia" title="History of Colombia">History of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ecuador" title="History of Ecuador">History of Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">History of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History of Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Periodization of Pre-Columbian Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_before_the_Inca_Empire" title="Amazonas before the Inca Empire">Amazonas before the Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaman_Poma" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaman Poma">Guaman Poma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pambokancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pambokancha">Pambokancha</a> (religious site)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_American_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of American indigenous peoples">Population history of American indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumi" title="Tumi">Tumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechua_people" title="Quechua people">Quechua people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogi_people" title="Kogi people">Kogi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations/Andean-civilization">"Pre-Columbian civilizations - Andean, Inca, Moche | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Pre-Columbian+civilizations+-+Andean%2C+Inca%2C+Moche+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpre-Columbian-civilizations%2FAndean-civilization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caral-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caral_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShady_SolisJonathan_HaasWinifred_Creamer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Shady Solis, Ruth; Jonathan Haas; Winifred Creamer (27 April 2001). "Dating Caral, a Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru". <i>Science</i>. <b>292</b> (5517): 723–726. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...292..723S">2001Sci...292..723S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1059519">10.1126/science.1059519</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11326098">11326098</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10172918">10172918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Dating+Caral%2C+a+Preceramic+Site+in+the+Supe+Valley+on+the+Central+Coast+of+Peru&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=5517&rft.pages=723-726&rft.date=2001-04-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1059519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10172918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11326098&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Sci...292..723S&rft.aulast=Shady+Solis&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft.au=Jonathan+Haas&rft.au=Winifred+Creamer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Upton, Gary and von Hagen, Adriana (2015), <i>Encyclopedia of the Incas</i>, New York: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 2. Some scholars cite 6 or 7 pristine civilizations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804715165" title="Special:BookSources/0804715165">0804715165</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/pre-Columbian-civilizations/Andean-civilization">"Pre-Columbian civilizations - Andean, Inca, Moche | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 2024-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Pre-Columbian+civilizations+-+Andean%2C+Inca%2C+Moche+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpre-Columbian-civilizations%2FAndean-civilization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2001" class="citation book cs1">Moseley, Michael E. (2001-06-01). <i>The Incas and Their Ancestors: The Archaeology of Peru</i> (Revised Second ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28277-9"><bdi>978-0-500-28277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incas+and+Their+Ancestors%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Peru&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised+Second&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28277-9&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/inca-civilization">"Inca civilization facts and history"</a>. <i>History</i>. 2023-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Inca+civilization+facts+and+history&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkids.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Finca-civilization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Upton, Gary and von Hagen, Adriana (2015), <i>Encyclopedia of the Incas</i>, New York: Rowand & Littlefield, p. 2. Some scholars cite 6 or 7 pristine civilizations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20065-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20065_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan20065_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEwan2006">McEwan 2006</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McEwan-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McEwan_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEwan2006" class="citation book cs1">McEwan, Gordon F. (2006). <i>The Incas: New Perspectives</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 183–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33301-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33301-5"><bdi>978-0-393-33301-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incas%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=183-185&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33301-5&rft.aulast=McEwan&rft.aufirst=Gordon+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirst-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hirst_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirst" class="citation web cs1">Hirst, K. Kris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/introduction-to-quipu-inca-writing-system-172285">"Quipu – South America's Ancient Undeciphered Writing System"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Quipu+%E2%80%93+South+America%27s+Ancient+Undeciphered+Writing+System&rft.aulast=Hirst&rft.aufirst=K.+Kris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fintroduction-to-quipu-inca-writing-system-172285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170818210244/http://www.llamapack.com/text/packanimals.html">"Llamas as Pack Animals"</a>. <i>Buckhorn Llama Co</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llamapack.com/text/packanimals.html">the original</a> on August 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buckhorn+Llama+Co.&rft.atitle=Llamas+as+Pack+Animals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llamapack.com%2Ftext%2Fpackanimals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guillet, David and others (1987), "Terracing and Irrigation in the Peruvian Highlands," <i>Current Anthropology</i>, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 409–410. Downloaded from <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, M.E. (1993). "Axe-Monies and Their Relatives" by Dorothy Hosler; Heather Lechtman; Olaf Holm. (Review). <i>Ethnohistory</i>, 40(1), pp. 148–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, Benjamin. "Spondylus in South American Prehistory" in <i>Spondylus in Prehistory: New Data and Approaches.</i> Ed. Fotis Ifantidis and Marianna Nikolaidou. BAR International Series 2216. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2011: 63–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fagan, Brian M. (1996), <i>The Oxford Guide to Archaeology</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Domestication History of the Squash Plant", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/domestication-history-of-the-squash-plant-172698">https://www.thoughtco.com/domestication-history-of-the-squash-plant-172698</a>, accessed 19 Jun 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley" class="citation web cs1">Moseley, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150818070331/http://www.hallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&file=article&sid=85">"The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization: An Evolving Hypothesis"</a>. The Hall of Ma'at. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hallofmaat.com/modules.php?name=Articles&file=article&sid=85">the original</a> on 2015-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Maritime+Foundations+of+Andean+Civilization%3A+An+Evolving+Hypothesis&rft.pub=The+Hall+of+Ma%27at&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hallofmaat.com%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DArticles%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley1975" class="citation book cs1">Moseley, Michael (1975). <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Foundations_of_Andean_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization"><i>The Maritime Foundations of Andean Civilization</i></a>. Menlo Park: Cummings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8465-4800-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8465-4800-3"><bdi>978-0-8465-4800-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maritime+Foundations+of+Andean+Civilization&rft.place=Menlo+Park&rft.pub=Cummings&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8465-4800-3&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stevens, William K., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/31/science/rediscovering-the-lost-crops-of-the-incas.html">Rediscovering the Lost Crops of the Inca</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, October 31, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piperno, Dolores r. (2011), "The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and new Developments," <i>Current Anthropology</i>, Vol. 52, No. 54, pp. S457–S459 Downloaded from <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D'Altroy-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D'Altroy_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Altroy2003" class="citation book cs1">D'Altroy, Terence N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incasthepeopleso00tere/page/28"><i>The Incas</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incasthepeopleso00tere/page/28">28–32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17677-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-17677-0"><bdi>978-0-631-17677-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Incas&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=28-32&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-17677-0&rft.aulast=D%27Altroy&rft.aufirst=Terence+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fincasthepeopleso00tere%2Fpage%2F28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamond, Jared (1999), <i>Guns. Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies</i>, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., pp. 83–113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED'Altroy200327–35-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED'Altroy200327–35_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFD'Altroy2003">D'Altroy 2003</a>, pp. 27–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200623–27,_83–85-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwan200623–27,_83–85_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcEwan2006">McEwan 2006</a>, pp. 23–27, 83–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name is disputed. English-language sources use Norte Chico (Spanish: "Little North") per Haas <i>et al.</i> (2004). Caral or Caral-Supe are more likely to be found in Spanish language sources per Shady. This article follows usage in recent English-language sources and employs Norte Chico, but the title is not definitive. Peruvian Norte Chico should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Norte_Chico,_Chile" title="Norte Chico, Chile">the same name</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269">"Sacred City of Caral-Supe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615010519/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1269">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+City+of+Caral-Supe&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007065455/http://globalheritagefund.org/what_we_do/overview/current_projects/chavin_de_huantar_peru">"Chavín de Huántar, Peru – A Pre-Columbian World Heritage Treasure"</a>. Global Heritage Fund. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalheritagefund.org/what_we_do/overview/current_projects/chavin_de_huantar_peru">the original</a> on 7 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chav%C3%ADn+de+Hu%C3%A1ntar%2C+Peru+%E2%80%93+A+Pre-Columbian+World+Heritage+Treasure&rft.pub=Global+Heritage+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalheritagefund.org%2Fwhat_we_do%2Foverview%2Fcurrent_projects%2Fchavin_de_huantar_peru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckBlackKriegerNaylor1999" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C.; Ibo Shabaka, Dahia (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mcdougallittellw00beck"><i>World History: Patterns of Interaction</i></a></span>. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-87274-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-87274-1"><bdi>978-0-395-87274-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History%3A+Patterns+of+Interaction&rft.place=Evanston%2C+IL&rft.pub=McDougal+Littell&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-395-87274-1&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Roger+B.&rft.au=Black%2C+Linda&rft.au=Krieger%2C+Larry+S.&rft.au=Naylor%2C+Phillip+C.&rft.au=Ibo+Shabaka%2C+Dahia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmcdougallittellw00beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bawden, G. 2004. "The Art of Moche Politics", in <i>Andean Archaeology</i>. (ed. H. Silverman). Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolata-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kolata_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolata1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Kolata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Kolata (page does not exist)">Kolata, Alan L.</a> (1993). <i>The Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55786-183-2"><bdi>978-1-55786-183-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tiwanaku%3A+Portrait+of+an+Andean+Civilization&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-55786-183-2&rft.aulast=Kolata&rft.aufirst=Alan+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_Skies-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_Skies_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleyMilone2004" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, David H.; Milone, Eugene F. (2004). <i>Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95310-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95310-6"><bdi>978-0-387-95310-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Ancient+Skies%3A+An+Encyclopedic+Survey+of+Archaeoastronomy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-387-95310-6&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Milone%2C+Eugene+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frommers-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frommers_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2008" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Holly (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470189863/page/266"><i>Frommers 500 Places to See Before They Disappear</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Frommers" class="mw-redirect" title="Frommers">Frommers</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470189863/page/266">266</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-18986-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-18986-3"><bdi>978-0-470-18986-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommers+500+Places+to+See+Before+They+Disappear&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Frommers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-18986-3&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780470189863%2Fpage%2F266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genographic-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Genographic_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110705161600/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/pi/santos_notes.html">"Profile: Fabricio R. Santos – The Genographic project"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Genographic_Project" title="Genographic Project">Genographic Project</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/pi/santos_notes.html">the original</a> on 2011-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genographic+Project&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Fabricio+R.+Santos+%E2%80%93+The+Genographic+project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenographic.nationalgeographic.com%2Fgenographic%2Fpi%2Fsantos_notes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubler, George. (1962). <i>The Art and Architecture of Ancient America</i>, Ringwoods: Penguin Books London Ltd., pp. 247–274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also Inka Empire; see <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_and_Aymaran_spelling_shift" title="Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift">Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift</a> for more information regarding this spelling difference</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terence D'Altroy, <i>The Incas</i>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahoney-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahoney_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahoney2010" class="citation book cs1">Mahoney, James (2010). <i>Colonialismo y Desarollo Poscolonial</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521116343" title="Special:BookSources/9780521116343"><bdi>9780521116343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonialismo+y+Desarollo+Poscolonial&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521116343&rft.aulast=Mahoney&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-art-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-art_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.amigosprecolombino.es/cultures/central-america-and-intermedia/venezuela">"Venezuela."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110904200841/http://en.amigosprecolombino.es/cultures/central-america-and-intermedia/venezuela">Archived</a> 2011-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Friends of the Pre-Columbian Art Museum.</i> (retrieved 9 July 2011)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Besom, Thomas. <i>Of Summits and Sacrifice: An Ethnohistoric Study of Inka Religious Practices</i> (University of Texas Press; 2010) 230 pages; combines archaeological and textual data in study of practices of human sacrifice and mountain worship. <a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Burger" title="Richard L. Burger">Burger, Richard L.</a> <i>Machu Picchu; Unveling the Mystery of the Inca.</i> Yale University Press, 2004.</li> <li>Cobo, F.B. <i>Inca Religion and Customs.</i> 1609</li> <li>Conrad, Geoffery. <i>Religion and Empire; The Dynamics of Aztec and Inca Expansionism.</i> Cambridge University Press, 1984.</li> <li>Curl, John. <i>Ancient American Poets: The Sacred Hymns of Pachacutec.</i> Tempe AZ: Bilingual Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931010-21-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-931010-21-8">1-931010-21-8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://red-coral.net/Pach.html">Inca Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Dobyns" title="Henry F. Dobyns">Dobyns, Henry F.</a> and Paul L. <i>Peru: A Cultural History</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976.</li> <li>Eeckhout, Peter. <i>Ancient Peru's Power Elite.</i> National Geographic Research and Exploration. March 2005. pp. 52–56.</li> <li>Frost, Peter. <i>Lost Outpost of the Inca.</i> National Geographic. February 2004. pp. 66–69.</li> <li>Hyslop, John. <i>Inka settlement planning</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-73852-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-73852-8">0-292-73852-8</a></li> <li>MacQuarrie, Kim. <i>The Last Days of the Incas.</i> Simon & Schuster, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-6049-7">978-0-7432-6049-7</a>.</li> <li>Malpass, Michael A. <i>Daily life in the Inca Empire.</i> Greenwood Publishing Corp., 1996</li> <li>Malpass, Michael A. and Sonia Alconini, eds. <i>Distant Provinces in the Inka Empire: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Inka Imperialism</i> (University of Iowa Press; 2010) 355 pages; Research on Inca conquest in the central and northern coasts of Peru, in Ecuador, and in other regions far from Cuzco.</li> <li>Mancall, Peter C. (ed.). <i>Travel Narratives from the Age of Discovery</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Mann" title="Charles C. Mann">Mann, Charles. C</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1491newrevelatio00mann"><i>1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400040063" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400040063"><bdi>978-1400040063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1491%3A+New+Revelations+of+the+Americas+Before+Columbus&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1400040063&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Charles.+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1491newrevelatio00mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Prescott, William H. <i>Conquest of Peru.</i> The Book League of America. New York: 1976.</li> <li>Prescott, William H. <i>History of the Conquest of Mexico & History of the Conquest of Peru</i>. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000.</li> <li>Pugh, Helen 'Intrepid Dudettes of the Inca Empire' (2020) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1005592318" title="Special:BookSources/978-1005592318">978-1005592318</a></li> <li>Reinhard, Johan <i>The Ice Maiden: Inca Mummies, Mountain Gods, and Sacred Sites in the Andes</i>. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2005.</li> <li>Rostworowski de Diez Canseco, Maria. <i>History of the Inca Realm.</i> Cambridge University Press, 1999.</li> <li>Sullivan, L.E. <i>Native Religions and Cultures of Central and South America: Anthropology of the Sacred.</i> Continuum International Publishing Group, 2002.</li> <li>Steele, P.R. <i>Handbook of Inca mythology.</i> Santa Barbara ABC-CLIO, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Ward_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Ward (historian) (page does not exist)">Ward, Thomas</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oupress.com/books/15034350/the-formation-of-latin-american-nations"><i>The Formation of Latin American Nations: From Late Antiquity to Early Modernity</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-6150-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-6150-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-6150-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Latin+American+Nations%3A+From+Late+Antiquity+to+Early+Modernity&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-6150-1&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oupress.com%2Fbooks%2F15034350%2Fthe-formation-of-latin-american-nations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndean+civilizations" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter 3 and ss.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/32px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/48px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/64px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civilizations" title="Portal:Civilizations">Civilizations portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Andean_civilizations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discover-peru.org/category/history/history-inca-culture-civilization/">Peru Cultural Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100929164840/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/latinamerica/south/cultures/inca.html">Inca Emuseum @ Minnesota State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110416035911/http://museonacional.perucultural.org.pe/">Peruvian National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology, and History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peru_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peru_topics" title="Template:Peru topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peru_topics" title="Template talk:Peru topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peru_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peru topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peru_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Peru-related_articles" title="Index of Peru-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Peru" title="History of Peru">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Peruvian_history" title="Timeline of Peruvian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ancient cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Guano Era">Guano Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Peru_War" title="Colombia–Peru War">Colombia–Peru War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War" title="Ecuadorian–Peruvian War">Ecuadorian–Peruvian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian conflict">Internal conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_political_crisis_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)">Political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Peru" title="Demographic history of Peru">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Economic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Peru" title="Geography of Peru">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Peru" title="List of cities in Peru">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Peru" title="Climate of Peru">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Peru" title="List of earthquakes in Peru">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Peru" title="List of mountains in Peru">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_zones_of_Peru" title="Life zones of Peru">Natural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Peru" title="List of protected areas of Peru">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Peru" title="List of rivers of Peru">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Peru" title="Wildlife of Peru">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Peru" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Peru">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Peru" title="Politics of Peru">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Peru" title="Censorship in Peru">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Peru" title="Elections in Peru">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Peru" title="Government of Peru">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Peru" title="Foreign relations of Peru">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Peru" title="Human rights in Peru">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Peru">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Peru" title="Judiciary of Peru">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Peru" title="Law enforcement in Peru">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Armed_Forces" title="Peruvian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Peru" title="List of political parties in Peru">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Peru" title="Administrative divisions of Peru">Regions and provinces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Bank_of_Peru" title="Central Reserve Bank of Peru">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Peru" title="List of companies of Peru">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_sol" title="Peruvian sol">Sol <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Peru" title="Electricity sector in Peru">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_Stock_Exchange" title="Lima Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Peru" title="Taxation in Peru">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Peru" title="Tourism in Peru">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Peru" title="Transport in Peru">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Peru" title="Category:Society of Peru">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Peru" title="Crime in Peru">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Peru" title="Demographics of Peru">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Peru" title="Health in Peru">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Peru" title="Irrigation in Peru">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Peruvians" title="List of Peruvians">List of Peruvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Peru" title="Prostitution in Peru">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Peru" title="Public holidays in Peru">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Peru" title="Squatting in Peru">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Peru" title="Water resources management in Peru">Water resources management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Peru" title="Water supply and sanitation in Peru">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peru" title="Culture of Peru">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Peru" title="Architecture of Peru">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_art" title="Peruvian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Peru" title="Cinema of Peru">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Peru" title="Mass media in Peru">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Peru" title="Sport in Peru">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Peru" title="National symbols of Peru">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Peru" title="Outline of Peru">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Peru-related_articles" title="Index of Peru-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peru" title="Category:Peru">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peru" title="Portal:Peru">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_civilizations_and_cultures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;background: #FFDEAD"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_civilizations_and_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">Cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_America" title="History of North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_culture" title="Plum Bayou culture">Plum Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Mesoamerican chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acolhua" title="Acolhua">Acolhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacha" title="Capacha">Capacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcatzingo" title="Chalcatzingo">Chalcatzingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Cholula (Mesoamerican site)">Cholula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chup%C3%ADcuaro" title="Chupícuaro">Chupícuaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Cocl%C3%A9" title="Gran Coclé">Coclé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicuilco" title="Cuicuilco">Cuicuilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquis" title="Diquis">Diquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_culture" title="Epi-Olmec culture">Epi-Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_civilization" title="Huastec civilization">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcala_culture" title="Mezcala culture">Mezcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_Empire" title="Purépecha Empire">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelepa" title="Quelepa">Quelepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Mexico_shaft_tomb_tradition" title="Western Mexico shaft tomb tradition">Shaft tomb tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepanec" title="Tepanec">Tepanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuchitl%C3%A1n_culture" title="Teuchitlán culture">Teuchitlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlatilco_culture" title="Tlatilco culture">Tlatilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraguas_culture" title="Veraguas culture">Veraguas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochipala" title="Xochipala">Xochipala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;width:10em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_America" title="History of South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andean civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Cabraline_history_of_Brazil" title="Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil">Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Bolivia" title="Pre-Columbian Bolivia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehispanic_history_of_Chile" title="Prehispanic history of Chile">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Chile" title="List of archaeological sites in Chile">Archaeological sites in Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Colombia" title="List of archaeological sites in Colombia">Archaeological sites in Colombia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Cultural periods of Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Peru" title="List of archaeological sites in Peru">Archaeological sites in Peru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_period_in_Venezuela" title="Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela">Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Abra" title="El Abra">El Abra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amotape_complex" title="Amotape complex">Amotape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atacama_people" title="Atacama people">Atacameño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calima_culture" title="Calima culture">Calima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari" title="Cañari">Cañaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture" title="Capulí culture">Capulí</a>/<a href="/wiki/Capul%C3%AD_culture#Nariño" title="Capulí culture">Nariño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caral%E2%80%93Supe_civilization" title="Caral–Supe civilization">Caral–Supe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casma%E2%80%93Sechin_culture" title="Casma–Sechin culture">Casma–Sechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chachapoya_culture" title="Chachapoya culture">Chachapoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancay_culture" title="Chancay culture">Chancay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chango_people" title="Chango people">Chango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_culture" title="Chavín culture">Chavín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimor" title="Chimor">Chimú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchorro_culture" title="Chinchorro culture">Chinchorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiripa_culture" title="Chiripa culture">Chiripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorrera_culture" title="Chorrera culture">Chorrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupisnique" title="Cupisnique">Cupisnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaguita" title="Diaguita">Diaguita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Chaco_people" title="Gran Chaco people">Gran Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huetar_people" title="Huetar people">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalina_people" title="Kalina people">Kalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhikugu" title="Kuhikugu">Kuhikugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumaco-La_Tolita_culture" title="Tumaco-La Tolita culture">La Tolita (Tumaco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_culture_(archaeology)" title="Las Vegas culture (archaeology)">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauricocha_culture" title="Lauricocha culture">Lauricocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanos_de_Moxos_(archaeology)" title="Llanos de Moxos (archaeology)">Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lima_culture" title="Lima culture">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokono" title="Lokono">Lokono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">Lupaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante%C3%B1o-Huancavilca_culture" title="Manteño-Huancavilca culture">Manteño-Huancavilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollo_culture" title="Mollo culture">Mollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_culture" title="Nazca culture">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_people" title="Omagua people">Omagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paij%C3%A1n_culture" title="Paiján culture">Paiján</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa_people" title="Piaroa people">Piaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukara_culture" title="Pukara culture">Pucará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pucar%C3%A1_de_Tilcara" title="Pucará de Tilcara">Pucará de Tilcara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebrada_de_Humahuaca" title="Quebrada de Humahuaca">Quebrada de Humahuaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbaya" title="Quimbaya">Quimbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladoid" title="Saladoid">Saladoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Agust%C3%ADn_culture" title="San Agustín culture">San Agustín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuar" title="Shuar">Shuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sican_culture" title="Sican culture">Sican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tairona" title="Tairona">Tairona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierradentro" title="Tierradentro">Tierradentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoto%E2%80%93Cuica_people" title="Timoto–Cuica people">Timoto–Cuica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyop%C3%A1n" title="Toyopán">Toyopán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuncahu%C3%A1n" title="Tuncahuán">Tuncahuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdivia_culture" title="Valdivia culture">Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankarani_culture" title="Wankarani culture">Wankarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_culture" title="Wari culture">Wari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen%C3%BA" title="Zenú">Zenú</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;padding:0; background:transparent;"><div><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6;;background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Muisca_Confederation" title="Muisca Confederation">Muisca</a></th><th scope="col" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Capital</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_cities" title="Mayan cities">Multiple</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Tunja" title="Tunja">Hunza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacat%C3%A1" title="Bacatá">Bacatá</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Language</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan Languages</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Muysc Cubun</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechua</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Writing</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Script</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Script</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_numerals" title="Maya numerals">Numerals</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Numerals</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">Quipu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Religion</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Religion</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Aztec_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Aztec culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Religion</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_Maya_culture" title="Human sacrifice in Maya culture">Human Sacrifice</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Religion</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Religion</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_mythology" title="Maya mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Mythology</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Mythology</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Calendar</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Calendar</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Calendar</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Calendar</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Muisca_astronomy" title="Muisca astronomy">Astronomy</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_the_Incas" title="Mathematics of the Incas">Mathematics</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Society</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_society" title="Aztec society">Society</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_society" title="Maya society">Society</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Maya_civilization" title="Trade in Maya civilization">Trade</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Economy</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Society</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_warfare" title="Aztec warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_warfare" title="Maya warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_warfare" title="Muisca warfare">Warfare</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_army" title="Inca army">Army</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Women</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Aztec_civilization" title="Women in Aztec civilization">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Maya_society" title="Women in Maya society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Muisca_society" title="Women in Muisca society">Women</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Gender_roles" title="Inca Empire">Gender Roles</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_architecture" title="Aztec architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_architecture" title="Maya architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_architecture" title="Muisca architecture">Architecture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_architecture" title="Inca architecture">Architecture</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Inca_road_system" title="Inca road system">Road System</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Art</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Art_and_cultural_production" title="Aztecs">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Art</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire#Arts_and_technology" title="Inca Empire">Art</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Music</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs#Music_and_song" title="Aztecs">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_music" title="Maya music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_music" title="Muisca music">Music</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andean Music</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Chinampas</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_agriculture" title="Muisca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_agriculture" title="Inca agriculture">Agriculture</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Cuisine</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> History</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aztecs" title="History of the Aztecs">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maya_civilization" title="History of the Maya civilization">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Muisca" title="Template:History of the Muisca">History</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Incas" title="History of the Incas">Inca history</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca State</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Mayans</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Muisca" title="Muisca">Muisca</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Incas</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Notable Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_I" title="Moctezuma I">Moctezuma I</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cuitl%C3%A1huac" title="Cuitláhuac">Cuitláhuac</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Cuauhtémoc">Cuauhtémoc</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Uaxaclajuun_Ub%CA%BCaah_K%CA%BCawiil" title="Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil">Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Jasaw_Chan_K%CA%BCawiil_I" title="Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I">Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Nemequene" title="Nemequene">Nemequene</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quemuenchatocha" title="Quemuenchatocha">Quemuenchatocha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tisquesusa" title="Tisquesusa">Tisquesusa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tundama" title="Tundama">Tundama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zoratama" title="Zoratama">Zoratama</a></td><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <a href="/wiki/Manco_C%C3%A1pac" title="Manco Cápac">Manco Cápac</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Pachacuti" title="Pachacuti">Pachacuti</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Atahualpa" title="Atahualpa">Atahualpa</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui" title="Manco Inca Yupanqui">Manco Inca Yupanqui</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru" title="Túpac Amaru">Túpac Amaru</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" class="navbox-list navbox-even navbox-group" style="background: #FEEFD6; width:10em; border-bottom:1px #fff solid;"> Conquest</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish Conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Spanish Conquest</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish Conquest of Yucatán</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a>) <br /><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish Conquest of Guatemala</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Spanish Conquest</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">List of Conquistadors</a>)</td><td class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish Conquest</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div id="See_also"><b>See also</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_sites_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Archaeological sites in the Americas">Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mesoamerica" title="Portal:Mesoamerica">Portal:Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous cuisine of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems" title="Mesoamerican writing systems">Mesoamerican writing systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting in the Americas before European colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FEEFD6;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/32px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/48px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/64px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civilizations" title="Portal:Civilizations">Civilizations portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #FFDD99"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Pre-history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Classification of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean_hypothesis" title="Solutrean hypothesis">Solutrean hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Americas_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Mythology/Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Mythologies</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_deities" title="List of Native American deities">List of deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice_in_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="Human sacrifice in pre-Columbian cultures">Human sacrifice</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arborglyph" title="Arborglyph">Arborglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_World_(mythology)" title="Fifth World (mythology)">Fifth World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">Medicine man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_red_road" title="The red road">The red road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">Totem pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island" title="Turtle Island">Turtle Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Mesoamerica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Common</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_cosmovision" title="Mesoamerican cosmovision">Cosmovision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_creation_myths" title="Mesoamerican creation myths">Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_world_tree" title="Mesoamerican world tree">World tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Inca_Empire" title="Religion in the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_religion" title="Muisca religion">Muisca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Columbian_cultures" title="List of pre-Columbian cultures">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_cultures_of_Colombia" title="Pre-Columbian cultures of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Ecuador" title="Pre-Columbian Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization_of_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru">Peru</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Art" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_artists_of_the_Americas" title="List of Indigenous artists of the Americas">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_writers_of_the_Americas" title="List of Indigenous writers of the Americas">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">European<br />colonization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Modern groups<br />by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#Belize" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Costa_Rica" title="Indigenous peoples of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit" title="Greenlandic Inuit">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Honduras" title="Indigenous peoples of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Nicaragua" title="Indigenous peoples of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Panama" title="Indigenous peoples of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_First_Peoples_Community" title="Santa Rosa First Peoples Community">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;background:#FFDD99"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="List of Indigenous peoples of South America">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Argentina" title="Indigenous peoples in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Bolivia" title="Indigenous peoples in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Chile" title="Indigenous peoples in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia" title="Indigenous peoples in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Ecuador" title="Indigenous peoples in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Guyana" title="Indigenous peoples in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Suriname" title="Indigenous peoples in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Uruguay" title="Indigenous peoples in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFDD99;width:1%;line-height:1.3em;background:#FFDD99">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ethnobotany" title="Native American ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_ethnobotany" title="Cherokee ethnobotany">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_ethnobotany" title="Iroquois ethnobotany">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_ethnobotany" title="Navajo ethnobotany">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_ethnobotany" title="Zuni ethnobotany">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_identity_in_the_United_States" title="Native American identity in the United States">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_movements_in_the_Americas" title="Indigenous movements in the Americas">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_studies" title="Native American studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_trade" title="Native American trade">Trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deerskin_trade" title="Deerskin trade">Deerskin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_popular_culture" title="Native Americans in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #FFDD99"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&oldid=1258694135">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&oldid=1258694135</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Andean_civilizations" title="Category:Andean civilizations">Andean civilizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-Columbian_civilizations" title="Category:Pre-Columbian civilizations">Pre-Columbian civilizations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hill_people" title="Category:Hill people">Hill people</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2022">Articles needing additional references from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 02:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andean_civilizations&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6f5tb","wgBackendResponseTime":205,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.853","walltime":"1.176","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5213,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":275850,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9727,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":41,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":260663,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 937.241 1 -total"," 32.18% 301.594 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.31% 143.459 5 Template:ISBN"," 13.96% 130.879 5 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 12.05% 112.926 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.14% 95.071 1 Template:Peru_topics"," 9.98% 93.502 1 Template:Human_history"," 9.93% 93.073 1 Template:Country_topics"," 9.54% 89.402 1 Template:Langx"," 9.34% 87.504 9 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.462","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":27896894,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBeckBlackKriegerNaylor1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD\u0026#039;Altroy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirst\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelleyMilone2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolata1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahoney2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEwan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoseley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoseley1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoseley2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShady_SolisJonathan_HaasWinifred_Creamer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Commonscat\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Peru\"] = 1,\n [\"Human history\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 15,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Peru topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pre-Columbian era\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mczm2","timestamp":"20241123012804","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Andean civilizations","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andean_civilizations","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3122657","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3122657","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-02T07:52:03Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T02:21:10Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/26\/MapaPeruMannessonMallet1683.JPG","headline":"civilizations of the central Andean region of South America"}</script> </body> </html>