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id="toc-Positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Social </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitude_to_EU_tax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_to_EU_tax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Attitude to EU tax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_to_EU_tax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analyses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analyses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Analyses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analyses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Analyses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Analyses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Groups_cohesion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups_cohesion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Groups cohesion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups_cohesion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proportion_of_female_MEPs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proportion_of_female_MEPs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Proportion of female MEPs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proportion_of_female_MEPs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Party relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Group_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Group cooperation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breaking_coalitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breaking_coalitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Breaking coalitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breaking_coalitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_switching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_switching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Group switching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_switching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compositions_of_past_European_Parliaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compositions_of_past_European_Parliaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Compositions of past European Parliaments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compositions_of_past_European_Parliaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fifth_European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Fifth European Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixth_European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixth_European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Sixth European Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixth_European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh_European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh_European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Seventh European Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh_European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eighth_European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighth_European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Eighth European Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighth_European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ninth_European_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ninth_European_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Ninth European Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ninth_European_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_according_to_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_according_to_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 History according to group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_according_to_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian_democrats_and_conservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_democrats_and_conservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Christian democrats and conservatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_democrats_and_conservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_democrats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_democrats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Social democrats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_democrats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberals_and_centrists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberals_and_centrists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Liberals and centrists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberals_and_centrists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurosceptic_conservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurosceptic_conservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Eurosceptic conservatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurosceptic_conservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greens_and_regionalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greens_and_regionalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 Greens and regionalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greens_and_regionalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communists_and_socialists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communists_and_socialists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 Communists and socialists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communists_and_socialists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right-wing_nationalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right-wing_nationalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.7 Right-wing nationalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right-wing_nationalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurosceptics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurosceptics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.8 Eurosceptics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurosceptics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heterogeneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heterogeneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.9 Heterogeneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heterogeneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.10 Independents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Political groups of the European Parliament</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="الكتل السياسية في البرلمان الأوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكتل السياسية في البرلمان الأوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupos_pol%C3%ADticos_del_Parllamentu_Europ%C3%A9u" title="Grupos políticos del Parllamentu Européu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grupos políticos del Parllamentu Européu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Парламентарни групи в Европейския парламент – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парламентарни групи в Европейския парламент" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grups_pol%C3%ADtics_del_Parlament_Europeu" title="Grups polítics del Parlament Europeu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grups polítics del Parlament Europeu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%A1_skupina_Evropsk%C3%A9ho_parlamentu" title="Politická skupina Evropského parlamentu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politická skupina Evropského parlamentu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiske_grupper_i_Europa-Parlamentet" title="Politiske grupper i Europa-Parlamentet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Politiske grupper i Europa-Parlamentet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraktion_im_Europ%C3%A4ischen_Parlament" title="Fraktion im Europäischen Parlament – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fraktion im Europäischen Parlament" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_pol%C3%ADtico_del_Parlamento_Europeo" title="Grupo político del Parlamento Europeo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grupo político del Parlamento Europeo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakcio_(E%C5%ADropa_Parlamento)" title="Frakcio (Eŭropa Parlamento) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frakcio (Eŭropa Parlamento)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europako_Parlamentuko_talde_politikoak" title="Europako Parlamentuko talde politikoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Europako Parlamentuko talde politikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_politique_du_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en" title="Groupe politique du Parlement européen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe politique du Parlement européen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BApa%C3%AD_polait%C3%ADochta_i_bParlaimint_na_hEorpa" title="Grúpaí polaitíochta i bParlaimint na hEorpa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grúpaí polaitíochta i bParlaimint na hEorpa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD_%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EA%B7%B8%EB%A3%B9" title="유럽 의회의 정치그룹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽 의회의 정치그룹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klubovi_zastupnika_u_Europskom_parlamentu" title="Klubovi zastupnika u Europskom parlamentu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Klubovi zastupnika u Europskom parlamentu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3par_%C3%A1_Evr%C3%B3pu%C3%BEinginu" title="Hópar á Evrópuþinginu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hópar á Evrópuþinginu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppi_politici_al_Parlamento_europeo" title="Gruppi politici al Parlamento europeo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gruppi politici al Parlamento europeo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99" title="מפלגות בפרלמנט האירופי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפלגות בפרלמנט האירופי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politikai_k%C3%A9pvisel%C5%91csoportok_az_Eur%C3%B3pai_Parlamentben" title="Politikai képviselőcsoportok az Európai Parlamentben – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Politikai képviselőcsoportok az Európai Parlamentben" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_fracties_in_het_Europees_Parlement" title="Lijst van fracties in het Europees Parlement – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijst van fracties in het Europees Parlement" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%B7%9E%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A%E3%81%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E4%BC%9A%E6%B4%BE" title="欧州議会の政治会派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="欧州議会の政治会派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiske_grupper_i_Europaparlamentet" title="Politiske grupper i Europaparlamentet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politiske grupper i Europaparlamentet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupy_polityczne_w_Parlamencie_Europejskim" title="Grupy polityczne w Parlamencie Europejskim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grupy polityczne w Parlamencie Europejskim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Фракции Европейского парламента – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фракции Европейского парламента" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Groups of aligned legislators in European Parliament</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about parliamentary political groups of legislators in the European Parliament. For pan-European political parties, see <a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political party</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Category:Politics of the European Union">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/125px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/188px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/250px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> (27)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Candidate countries</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Georgia–European Union relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">Ukraine</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Countries with suspended accession negotiations</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Turkey</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Applicant countries</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Kosovo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_states_participating_in_the_European_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Special territories of states participating in the European integration">Special territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Belgium–Germany relations">Belgium–Germany relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">France–Germany relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Germany–Netherlands relations">Germany–Netherlands relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_three" title="EU three">EU 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal from the European Union</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties and Declarations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schuman_Declaration" title="Schuman Declaration">Schuman Declaration</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_Declaration" title="Europe Declaration">Europe Declaration</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaak_Report" title="Spaak Report">Spaak Report</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euratom_Treaty" title="Euratom Treaty">Euratom Treaty</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merger_Treaty" title="Merger Treaty">Merger Treaty</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_Declaration_on_European_Union" title="Solemn Declaration on European Union">Solemn Declaration</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amsterdam" title="Treaty of Amsterdam">Treaty of Amsterdam</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nice" title="Treaty of Nice">Treaty of Nice</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Declaration_(2007)" title="Berlin Declaration (2007)">Berlin Declaration</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lisbon" title="Treaty of Lisbon">Treaty of Lisbon</a> (2007) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_7_of_the_Treaty_on_European_Union" title="Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union">Article 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Article 50</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">Opt-outs</a></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Treaties of accession</div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">1972</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1979" title="Treaty of Accession 1979">1979</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1985" title="Treaty of Accession 1985">1985</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1994" title="Treaty of Accession 1994">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2003" title="Treaty of Accession 2003">2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2005" title="Treaty of Accession 2005">2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_2011" title="Treaty of Accession 2011">2011</a></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Treaties of succession</div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brexit_withdrawal_agreement" title="Brexit withdrawal agreement">2020</a></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Other treaties</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area Agreement</a> (1992)</li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Abandoned treaties and agreements</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitution</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_United_Kingdom_renegotiation_of_European_Union_membership" title="2015–2016 United Kingdom renegotiation of European Union membership">UK membership renegotiation</a> (2015–2016)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Executive institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Michel</a> (ALDE) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Council#Political_parties" title="European Council">Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Council_meetings" title="List of European Council meetings">List of meetings</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission" title="Von der Leyen Commission">Von der Leyen Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Von der Leyen</a> (EPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner">College of Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Service" title="European Civil Service">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Commission" title="Secretary-General of the European Commission">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ilze_Juhansone" title="Ilze Juhansone"> Juhansone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative institutions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the EU</a> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/2024_Hungarian_Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="2024 Hungarian Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Hungary</a></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">(<a href="/wiki/2024_Hungarian_Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="2024 Hungarian Presidency of the Council of the European Union">July–December 2024</a>) </div></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Configurations</div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Affairs_Council" title="General Affairs Council">GAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Council" title="Foreign Affairs Council">FAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Affairs_Council" title="Economic and Financial Affairs Council">ECOFIN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Fisheries_Council" title="Agriculture and Fisheries Council">AGRIFISH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment,_Social_Policy,_Health_and_Consumer_Affairs_Council" title="Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council">EPSCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitiveness_Council_(COMPET)" title="Competitiveness Council (COMPET)">COMPET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport,_Telecommunications_and_Energy_Council" title="Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council">TTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Council" title="Environment Council">ENVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Home_Affairs_Council" title="Justice and Home Affairs Council">JHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education,_Youth,_Culture_and_Sport_Council" title="Education, Youth, Culture and Sport Council">EYC</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting_in_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Voting in the Council of the European Union">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">Secretariat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Secretary-General of the Council of the European Union">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Blanchet" title="Thérèse Blanchet">Thérèse Blanchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_directorates-general_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of directorates-general of the Council of the European Union">Directorates-general</a></li></ul></li> <li>Council preparatory bodies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Permanent_Representatives" title="Committee of Permanent Representatives">COREPER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_Working_Party" title="Council Working Party">Council Working Parties</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_(2024%E2%80%932029)" title="List of members of the European Parliament (2024–2029)">Members</a>)</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roberta_Metsola" title="Roberta Metsola">Metsola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Largest groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_group" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party group">EPP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Manfred Weber</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">S&D</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iratxe_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Iratxe García">Iratxe García</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">Member of the European Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_European_Parliament" title="Tenth European Parliament">10th session</a> (2024–2029)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Bureau of the European Parliament">Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_(European_Parliament)" title="Quaestor (European Parliament)">Quaestor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Conference of Presidents of the European Parliament">Conference</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/National_parliaments_of_the_European_Union" title="National parliaments of the European Union">National parliaments</a></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Judicial institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the EU</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Court_of_Justice" title="List of members of the European Court of Justice">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocate_General_(European_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocate General (European Union)">Advocates General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Court_of_Justice_rulings" title="List of European Court of Justice rulings">Rulings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Auditory institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Other auditory bodies</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Audit_Service_(European_Commission)" title="Internal Audit Service (European Commission)">Internal Audit Service of the Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_Budgetary_Control" title="European Parliament Committee on Budgetary Control"> Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Financial_Affairs_Council" title="Economic and Financial Affairs Council">Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">Anti-Fraud Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office" title="European Public Prosecutor's Office">Public Prosecutor's Office</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Christine_Lagarde" title="Christine Lagarde">Lagarde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">ESCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">EMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_banknotes" title="Euro banknotes">Euro banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_coins" title="Euro coins">Euro coins</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Other bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">European Investment Bank Group</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">Investment Fund</a></li> <li>EIB Institute</li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">European Stability Mechanism</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">European University Institute</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Unified Patent Court</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Agencies,_decentralised_independent_bodies_and_joint_undertakings_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings of the European Union and the Euratom">Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings</a></div> <ul><li>Decentralised agencies of the EU <ul><li>Single market agencies</li> <li>CFSP agencies</li> <li>AFSC agencies</li> <li>ESFS <a href="/wiki/European_Supervisory_Authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="European Supervisory Authorities">European Supervisory Authorities</a></li> <li>SRM bodies</li></ul></li> <li>Executive agencies of the EU</li> <li>Euratom agencies</li> <li>Decentralised independent bodies of the EU <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Institute_of_Innovation_and_Technology" title="European Institute of Innovation and Technology">European Institute of Innovation and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Public_Prosecutor%27s_Office" title="European Public Prosecutor's Office">European Public Prosecutor's Office</a></li></ul></li> <li>Corporate bodies of the EU <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Board" title="European Data Protection Board">European Data Protection Board</a></li> <li>Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations</li></ul></li> <li>Joint undertakings <ul><li>of the EU</li> <li>of the Euratom</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Other independent bodies</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Advisory_bodies_to_the_European_Union" title="Advisory bodies to the European Union">Advisory bodies</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Inter-institutional bodies</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publications_Office_of_the_European_Union" title="Publications Office of the European Union">Publications Office of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">European External Action Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Personnel_Selection_Office" title="European Personnel Selection Office">European Personnel Selection Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">Anti-Fraud Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Administrative_School" class="mw-redirect" title="European Administrative School">European Administrative School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">Euratom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Euratom members</div> <div><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Associated states</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_European_Union" title="Nuclear power in the European Union">Nuclear power in the European Union</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Euratom.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Euratom since 1 January 2021"><img alt="Euratom since 1 January 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Euratom.svg/200px-Euratom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Euratom.svg/300px-Euratom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Euratom.svg/400px-Euratom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Euratom since 1 January 2021</figcaption></figure></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone members</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></div> <ul><li>President <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Paschal_Donohoe" title="Paschal Donohoe">Paschal Donohoe</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Other currencies in use</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Bulgarian lev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">Danish krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Hungarian forint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_z%C5%82oty" title="Polish złoty">Polish złoty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">Romanian leu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish krona</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Exchange_Rate_Mechanism" title="European Exchange Rate Mechanism">ERM II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_eurozone" title="Enlargement of the eurozone">Enlargement of the eurozone</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Non Euro countries relationship to Euro</div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_and_the_euro" title="Bulgaria and the euro">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_and_the_euro" title="Czech Republic and the euro">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_and_the_euro" title="Denmark and the euro">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_and_the_euro" title="Hungary and the euro">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_and_the_euro" title="Poland and the euro">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_euro" title="Sweden and the euro">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_and_the_euro" title="Romania and the euro">Romania</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurozone.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eurozone since 2015"><img alt="Eurozone since 2015" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eurozone.svg/200px-Eurozone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eurozone.svg/300px-Eurozone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Eurozone.svg/400px-Eurozone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Eurozone since 2015</figcaption></figure></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Non-EU members</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Convention" title="Prüm Convention">Prüm Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Information_System" title="Schengen Information System">Schengen Information System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_Information_System" title="Visa Information System">Visa Information System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy of the Schengen Area</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Non-Schengen area EU member states</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a> (Opt-out)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Schengen Area from January 2023"><img alt="Schengen Area from January 2023" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/200px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg/400px-Map_of_the_Schengen_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Schengen Area from January 2023</figcaption></figure></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">EEA members</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (provisional member)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Non-EU members</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Topics</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">EEA National Identity cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">Microstates and the European Union</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EEA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="European Economic Area"><img alt="European Economic Area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/EEA.svg/200px-EEA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/EEA.svg/300px-EEA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/EEA.svg/400px-EEA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>European Economic Area</figcaption></figure></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections to the European Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European foundations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political groups of the European Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzenkandidat" title="Spitzenkandidat">Spitzenkandidat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_in_the_European_Parliament" title="Apportionment in the European Parliament">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_related_to_the_European_Union" title="Referendums related to the European Union">Referendums related to the EU</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">European elections</div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election" title="1979 European Parliament election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election" title="1984 European Parliament election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election" title="1989 European Parliament election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election" title="1994 European Parliament election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election" title="1999 European Parliament election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election" title="2004 European Parliament election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election" title="2009 European Parliament election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election" title="2014 European Parliament election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election" title="2019 European Parliament election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election" title="2024 European Parliament election">2024 (latest election)</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Elections in EU member states</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Austria" title="Elections in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Belgium" title="Elections in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bulgaria" title="Elections in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Croatia" title="Elections in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Cyprus" title="Elections in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Elections in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Denmark" title="Elections in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Estonia" title="Elections in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Finland" title="Elections in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Elections in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Latvia" title="Elections in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Lithuania" title="Elections in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Luxembourg" title="Elections in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malta" title="Elections in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Poland" title="Elections in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Romania" title="Elections in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovakia" title="Elections in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovenia" title="Elections in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sweden" title="Elections in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_European_Union_law" title="Primacy of European Union law">Primacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Costa_v_ENEL" title="Costa v ENEL">ECJ Case 6/64</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(European_Union)" title="Subsidiarity (European Union)">Subsidiarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_(European_Union)" title="Decision (European Union)">Decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recommendation_(European_Union)" title="Recommendation (European Union)">Recommendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Fundamental Rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies and issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free Trade Agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of FS&J</a></li></ul></li> <li>Policies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">Passports of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">European Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Union_for_Foreign_Affairs_and_Security_Policy" title="High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy">High Representative</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Borrell" title="Josep Borrell">Josep Borrell</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_External_Action_Service" title="European External Action Service">Ext. Action Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Foreign Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence Policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Foreign relations of EU member states</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Austria" title="Foreign relations of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Belgium" title="Foreign relations of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bulgaria" title="Foreign relations of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Croatia" title="Foreign relations of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Denmark" title="Foreign relations of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Estonia" title="Foreign relations of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Finland" title="Foreign relations of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Greece" title="Foreign relations of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Latvia" title="Foreign relations of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Lithuania" title="Foreign relations of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Luxembourg" title="Foreign relations of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malta" title="Foreign relations of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Netherlands" title="Foreign relations of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Poland" title="Foreign relations of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Portugal" title="Foreign relations of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Romania" title="Foreign relations of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Slovakia" title="Foreign relations of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Slovenia" title="Foreign relations of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Spain" title="Foreign relations of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sweden" title="Foreign relations of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Argentina–European Union relations">Argentina–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Armenia–European Union relations">Armenia–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Australia–European Union relations">Australia–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Brazil–European Union relations">Brazil–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Canada–European Union relations">Canada–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">China–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="European Union–NATO relations">European Union–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Georgia–European Union relations">Georgia–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">Iceland–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Kazakhstan–European Union relations">Kazakhstan–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Japan–European Union relations">Japan–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Mexico–European Union relations">Mexico–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Moldova–European Union relations">Moldova–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">Norway–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">Russia–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">Switzerland–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">Turkey–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">Ukraine–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">United Kingdom–European Union relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Union" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Union">History</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Brexit_United_Kingdom_relations_with_the_European_Union" title="Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union">Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–European Union relations">United States–European Union relations</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microstates_and_the_European_Union" title="Microstates and the European Union">Microstates and the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">European Union and the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Defunct bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top: 0; text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (1958–1993) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Future_of_Europe" title="Convention on the Future of Europe">Convention on the Future of Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Politics of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Politics of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The political groups of the European Parliament are the officially recognised <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">parliamentary groups</a> consisting of legislators of aligned ideologies in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. The European Parliament is unique among supranational assemblies in that <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">its members</a> (MEPs) organise themselves into ideological groups, rather than national <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(politics)" title="Cleavage (politics)">cleavages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hines2003-1">[1]</a> Each political group is assumed to have a set of core principles, and political groups that cannot demonstrate this may be disbanded (see <a href="#Heterogeneous">below</a>). A political group of the EP usually constitutes the formal parliamentary representation of one or two of the <a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a> (Europarty), sometimes supplemented by members from other national political parties or independent politicians. In contrast to the European political parties, it is strictly forbidden for political groups to organise or finance the political campaign during the European elections since this is the exclusive responsibility of the parties.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> But there are other incentives for MEPs to organise in parliamentary Groups: besides the political advantages of working together with like-minded colleagues, Groups have some procedural privileges within the Parliament (such as Group spokespersons speaking first in debates, Group leaders representing the Group in the Parliament's Conference of Presidents), and Groups receive a staff allocation and financial subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-IHT_ITS-3">[3]</a> Majorities in the Parliament depend on how Groups vote and what deals are negotiated among them. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Status">edit</a>]</div> Although most of the political groups in the European Parliament correlate to a corresponding political party, there are cases where members from two political parties come together in a shared political group: for example, the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance" title="European Free Alliance">European Free Alliance</a> (half a dozen MEPs in the ninth Parliament) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a> (over 50 MEPs in the ninth Parliament) have, since 1999, felt they are stronger by working together in the <a href="/wiki/The_Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greens–European Free Alliance">European Greens–European Free Alliance</a> Group than they would have as stand-alone groups (especially for the EFA, which would not otherwise have enough members to constitute a group). The same is true of the <a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew Europe</a> Group, most of whose members are from the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a>, but also includes a dozen from the small <a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a>. Both have also had independents and MEPs from minor parties also join their Group. For a Group to be formally recognised in the Parliament, it must fulfil the conditions laid down in the relevant European Parliament Rule of Procedure.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> This lays down the minimum criteria a Group must meet to qualify as a Group. The numerical criteria are 23 MEPs (at 3.3 percent, a lower threshold than in most national parliaments) but they must come from at least one-quarter of Member States (so currently at least seven). They must also share a political affinity and submit a political declaration, setting out the purpose of the group, the values that it stands for and the main political objectives which its members intend to pursue together. The requirement of political affinity was put to the test in July 1999, when a varied group of non-attached members, ranging from the liberal <a href="/wiki/Bonino_List" title="Bonino List">Bonino List</a> in Italy to the French <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Front</a>, tried to create a new “Technical Group”, but Parliament decided that the new Group did not, by its own admission, meet the requirement for political affinity. This decision was challenged at the <a href="/wiki/CJEU" class="mw-redirect" title="CJEU">CJEU</a>, which found in Parliament's favour. Further questions were asked when MEPs attempted to create a far-right Group called "<a href="/wiki/Identity,_Tradition,_Sovereignty" title="Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty">Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty</a>" (ITS). This generated controversy and there were concerns about public funds going towards a far-right Group.<a href="#cite_note-IHT_ITS-3">[3]</a> Attempts to block the formation of ITS were unsuccessful, but ITS were blocked from leading positions on committees, when members from other Groups declined to vote for their candidates, despite a previous tradition of sharing such posts among members from all Groups.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> These events spurred MEPs, mainly from the largest two groups, to approve a rise in the threshold for groups to its current levels, having previously been even lower. This was opposed by many MEPs, notably from smaller Groups but also from the Liberal Group, arguing that it would be detrimental to democracy, whilst supporters argued that the change made it harder for a small number of members, possibly on the extremes (including the far right), to claim public funds.<a href="#cite_note-EUO_rise-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Internal structure">edit</a>]</div> Groups may be based around a single <a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political party</a> (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a>) or they can include more than one European party as well as national parties and independents, such as the <a href="/wiki/Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance" title="Greens–European Free Alliance">Greens–European Free Alliance</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Each group appoints a leader, referred to as a "president", "co-ordinator" or "chair". The chairs of each Group meet in the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Presidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference of Presidents">Conference of Presidents</a> to decide what issues will be dealt with at the <a href="/wiki/Plenary_session" title="Plenary session">plenary session</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. Groups can table motions for resolutions and table amendments to reports. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectrum">Spectrum</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spectrum">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition_of_the_10th_European_Parliament">Composition of the 10th European Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition of the 10th European Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tenth_European_Parliament" title="Tenth European Parliament">Tenth European Parliament</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political groups</a> and affiliated <a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a> </th> <th>MEPs </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#3399FF"> </td> <td>EPP Group </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">Group of the European People's Party</a> <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 8em;">188 / 720 (26%)<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #3399FF; width: 26%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0001C"> </td> <td>S&D </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament</a> <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 8em;">136 / 720 (19%)<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F0001C; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#253082"> </td> <td>PfE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriots_for_Europe" title="Patriots for Europe">Patriots for Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriots.eu" title="Patriots.eu">Patriots.eu</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 8em;">86 / 720 (12%)<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #253082; width: 12%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#196CA8"> </td> <td>ECR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 8em;">78 / 720 (11%)<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #196CA8; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFD700"> </td> <td>Renew </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew Europe Group</a> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 8em;">77 / 720 (11%)<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFD700; width: 11%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#57B45F"> </td> <td>Greens/EFA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance" title="Greens–European Free Alliance">Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance" title="European Free Alliance">European Free Alliance</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 8em;">53 / 720 (7%)<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #57B45F; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#B71C1C"> </td> <td>The Left </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Left_in_the_European_Parliament_%E2%80%93_GUE/NGL" class="mw-redirect" title="The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL">The Left group in the European Parliament - GUE/NGL</a> <a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_European_Left" title="Party of the European Left">Party of the European Left</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 8em;">46 / 720 (6%)<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #B71C1C; width: 6%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#13517E"> </td> <td>ESN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Sovereign_Nations_Group" title="Europe of Sovereign Nations Group">Europe of Sovereign Nations Group</a> <a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Sovereign_Nations_(party)" title="Europe of Sovereign Nations (party)">Europe of Sovereign Nations</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 8em;">25 / 720 (3%)<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #13517E; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#999999"> </td> <td>NI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">Non-attached Members</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 8em;">30 / 720 (4%)<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #999999; width: 4%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#ffffff"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_European_Parliament_(2024%E2%80%932029)#Vacancies" title="List of members of the European Parliament (2024–2029)">Vacant</a> </td> <td><div style="width: 8em;">1 / 720<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #ffffff; width: 0.1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition_of_the_9th_European_Parliament">Composition of the 9th European Parliament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Composition of the 9th European Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ninth_European_Parliament" title="Ninth European Parliament">Ninth European Parliament</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Group<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </th> <th>Parties </th> <th>Leader(s) </th> <th><abbr title="Established">Est.</abbr> </th> <th>MEPs 2019<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </th> <th>Brexit change </th> <th>MEPs 2022<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td width="5px" style="color:inherit;background-color:#3399FF"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party</a> (EPP) </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (EPP)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Manfred Weber</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">2009 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">182 / 751<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #3399FF; width: 24%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−0 +5 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">176 / 703<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #3399FF; width: 25%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#F0001C"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a> (S&D) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> (PES)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iratxe_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Iratxe García">Iratxe García</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[12]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">2009 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">154 / 751<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F0001C; width: 21%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−10 +3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">144 / 703<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #F0001C; width: 20%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD700"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew Europe</a> (Renew)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a> (ALDE)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a> (EDP)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_S%C3%A9journ%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Séjourné">Stéphane Séjourné</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">2019 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">108 / 751<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFD700; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−17 +7 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">101 / 703<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #FFD700; width: 14%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#57B45F"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance" title="Greens–European Free Alliance">Greens–European Free Alliance</a> (Greens–EFA) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a> (EGP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance" title="European Free Alliance">European Free Alliance</a> (EFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Pirate_Party" title="European Pirate Party">European Pirate Party</a> (PPEU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volt_Europa" title="Volt Europa">Volt Europa</a> (Volt)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Reintke" title="Terry Reintke">Terry Reintke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lamberts" title="Philippe Lamberts">Philippe Lamberts</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">1999 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">72 / 751<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #57B45F; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−11 +4 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">73 / 703<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #57B45F; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#196CA8"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a> (ECR) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a> (ECR Party)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a> (ECPM)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Fitto" title="Raffaele Fitto">Raffaele Fitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Legutko" title="Ryszard Legutko">Ryszard Legutko</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">2009 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">62 / 751<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #196CA8; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−4 +3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">66 / 703<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #196CA8; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#0E408A"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a> (ID)<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Identity and Democracy Party">Identity and Democracy Party</a> (ID Party)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Zanni" title="Marco Zanni">Marco Zanni</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">2019 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">73 / 751<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0E408A; width: 10%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−0 +3 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">62 / 703<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #0E408A; width: 9%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#B71C1C"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/The_Left_in_the_European_Parliament_%E2%80%93_GUE/NGL" class="mw-redirect" title="The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL">The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL</a> (GUE-NGL) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_European_Left" title="Party of the European Left">Party of the European Left</a> (PEL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Green_Left_Alliance" title="Nordic Green Left Alliance">Nordic Green Left Alliance</a> (NGLA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Capitalist_Left" title="European Anti-Capitalist Left">European Anti-Capitalist Left</a> (EACL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_the_People" title="Now the People">Now the People!</a> (NTP!)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (APEU)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manon_Aubry" title="Manon Aubry">Manon Aubry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schirdewan" title="Martin Schirdewan">Martin Schirdewan</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">1995 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">41 / 751<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #B71C1C; width: 5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−1 +0 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">38 / 703<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #B71C1C; width: 5%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#999999"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Non-inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-inscrits">Non-inscrits</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Alliance for Peace and Freedom">Alliance for Peace and Freedom</a> (APF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Communist_Action" title="European Communist Action">European Communist Action</a> (ECA)</li></ul> </div> </td> <td>– </td> <td style="text-align:left;">– </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">57 / 751<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #999999; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">−30 +2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">46 / 703<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #999999; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">The 73 UK MEPs <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">left in January 2020</a>, and 36 additional MEPs were drawn from the remaining member states bringing the total to 705. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positions">Positions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Positions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social">Social</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social">edit</a>]</div> EUL/NGL and G/EFA were the most left-wing groups, UEN and EDD the most right-wing, and that was mirrored in their attitudes towards taxation, homosexual equality, abortion, euthanasia and controlling migration into the EU. The groups fell into two distinct camps regarding the further development of EU authority, with UEN and EDD definitely against and the rest broadly in favour. Opinion was wider on the <a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">CFSP</a>, with different divisions on different issues. Unsurprisingly, G/EFA was far more in favour of Green issues compared to the other groups. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attitude_to_EU_tax">Attitude to EU tax</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attitude to EU tax">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinemann_2007_Support_for_hypothetical_EU_tax_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Heinemann_2007_Support_for_hypothetical_EU_tax_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG/220px-Heinemann_2007_Support_for_hypothetical_EU_tax_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Heinemann_2007_Support_for_hypothetical_EU_tax_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG/330px-Heinemann_2007_Support_for_hypothetical_EU_tax_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Heinemann_2007_Support_for_hypothetical_EU_tax_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG/440px-Heinemann_2007_Support_for_hypothetical_EU_tax_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>2007 Group attitude to EU tax (see <a href="/wiki/File:Heinemann_2007_Support_for_hypothetical_EU_tax_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG" title="File:Heinemann 2007 Support for hypothetical EU tax by European Parliament group.PNG">description</a> for sources). </figcaption></figure> Table 1<a href="#cite_note-ZEW0802701-19">[19]</a> of an April 2008 discussion paper<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> from the Centre for European Economic Research by Heinemann et al. analysed each Group's stance on a hypothetical generalised EU tax. The results for each Group are given in the adjacent diagram with the horizontal scale scaled so that −100% = totally against and 100% = totally for. The results are also given in the table below, rescaled so that 0% = totally against, 100% = totally for. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Group attitude to EU tax (2008) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Group </th> <th>Attitude to a hypothetical EU tax </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#090;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greens/EFA" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens/EFA">G/EFA</a></td> <td>97.5%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ZEW0802701-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f00;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">PES</a></td> <td>85.1%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ZEW0802701-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#000;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Identity,_Tradition,_Sovereignty" title="Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty">ITS</a></td> <td>62.5%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ZEW0802701-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#900;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EUL/NGL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUL/NGL">EUL/NGL</a></td> <td>55.0%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ZEW0802701-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff0;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew</a></td> <td>53.5%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ZEW0802701-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#39f;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EPP-ED" class="mw-redirect" title="EPP-ED">EPP-ED</a></td> <td>53.5%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ZEW0802701-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">UEN</a></td> <td>34.8%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ZEW0802701-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f90;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IND/DEM" class="mw-redirect" title="IND/DEM">IND/DEM</a></td> <td>0.0%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ZEW0802701-19">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#999;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">NI</a></td> <td>0.0%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ZEW0802701-19">[19]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> G/EFA and PES were in favour of such a tax, IND/DEM and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">Independents</a> were definitely against, the others had no clear position. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analyses">Analyses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Analyses">edit</a>]</div> National media focus on the MEPs and national parties of their own member state, neglecting the group's activities and poorly understanding their structure or even existence. Transnational media coverage of the groups per se is limited to those organs such as the Parliament itself, or those news media (e.g. <a href="/wiki/EUObserver" class="mw-redirect" title="EUObserver">EUObserver</a> or <a href="/wiki/TheParliament.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheParliament.com">theParliament.com</a>) that specialise in the Parliament. These organs cover the groups in detail but with little overarching analysis. So although such organs make it easy to find out how a group acted on a specific vote, they provide little information on the voting patterns of a specific group. As a result, the only bodies providing analysis of the voting patterns and <a href="/wiki/Weltanschauung" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltanschauung">Weltanschauung</a> of the groups are academics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Academics analysing the European political groups include <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hix" title="Simon Hix">Simon Hix</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics_and_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="London School of Economics and Political Science">London School of Economics and Political Science</a>), <a href="/wiki/Amie_Kreppel" title="Amie Kreppel">Amie Kreppel</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Noury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Noury (page does not exist)">Abdul Noury</a> (<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles" title="Université libre de Bruxelles">Free University of Brussels</a>), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Roland_(economist)" title="Gérard Roland (economist)">Gérard Roland</a>, (<a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gail_McElroy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gail McElroy (page does not exist)">Gail McElroy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, Department of Political Science), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Benoit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Benoit (page does not exist)">Kenneth Benoit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> – Institute for International Integration Studies (IIIS)<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Heinemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Heinemann (page does not exist)">Friedrich Heinemann</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipp_Mohl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipp Mohl (page does not exist)">Philipp Mohl</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steffen_Osterloh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steffen Osterloh (page does not exist)">Steffen Osterloh</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Mannheim" title="University of Mannheim">University of Mannheim</a> – <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_European_Economic_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for European Economic Research">Centre for European Economic Research</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groups_cohesion">Groups cohesion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Groups cohesion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faas_2002_Group_cohesion_in_the_European_Parliament.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Faas_2002_Group_cohesion_in_the_European_Parliament.PNG/220px-Faas_2002_Group_cohesion_in_the_European_Parliament.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Faas_2002_Group_cohesion_in_the_European_Parliament.PNG/330px-Faas_2002_Group_cohesion_in_the_European_Parliament.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Faas_2002_Group_cohesion_in_the_European_Parliament.PNG/440px-Faas_2002_Group_cohesion_in_the_European_Parliament.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>2002 Group cohesion (see <a href="/wiki/File:Faas_2002_Group_cohesion_in_the_European_Parliament.PNG" title="File:Faas 2002 Group cohesion in the European Parliament.PNG">description</a> for sources). </figcaption></figure> Cohesion is the term used to define whether a Group is united or divided amongst itself. Figure 1<a href="#cite_note-EIOP200200201-22">[22]</a> of a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2002-002.htm">2002 paper</a> from European Integration online Papers (EIoP) by Thorsten Faas analysed the Groups as they stood in 2002. The results for each Group are given in the adjacent diagram with the horizontal scale scaled so that 0% = totally split, 100% = totally united. The results are also given in the table below. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Group cohesion (2002) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Group </th> <th>Cohesion </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f00;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">PES</a></td> <td>approx 90%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EIOP200200201-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff0;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (European Parliament group)">ELDR</a></td> <td>approx 90%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EIOP200200201-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#090;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greens/EFA" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens/EFA">G/EFA</a></td> <td>approx 90%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EIOP200200201-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#39f;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EPP-ED" class="mw-redirect" title="EPP-ED">EPP-ED</a></td> <td>approx 80%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EIOP200200201-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">UEN</a></td> <td>approx 70%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EIOP200200201-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#900;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EUL/NGL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUL/NGL">EUL/NGL</a></td> <td>approx 65%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EIOP200200201-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#999;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Technical_Group_of_Independents_(1999%E2%80%932001)" title="Technical Group of Independents (1999–2001)">TGI</a></td> <td>approx 50%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EIOP200200201-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#999;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">NI</a></td> <td>approx 45%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EIOP200200201-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f90;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Democracies_and_Diversities" title="Europe of Democracies and Diversities">EDD</a></td> <td>approx 35%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-EIOP200200201-22">[22]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> G/EFA, PES and ELDR were the most united groups, with EDD the most disunited. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proportion_of_female_MEPs">Proportion of female MEPs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Proportion of female MEPs">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokes_2006_Gender_balance_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Stokes_2006_Gender_balance_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG/220px-Stokes_2006_Gender_balance_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Stokes_2006_Gender_balance_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG/330px-Stokes_2006_Gender_balance_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Stokes_2006_Gender_balance_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG/440px-Stokes_2006_Gender_balance_by_European_Parliament_group.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>2006 Group gender balance (see <a href="/wiki/File:Faas_2002_Group_cohesion_in_the_European_Parliament.PNG" title="File:Faas 2002 Group cohesion in the European Parliament.PNG">description</a> for sources). </figcaption></figure> The March 2006 edition of <a href="/wiki/Social_Europe:_the_Journal_of_the_European_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Europe: the Journal of the European Left">Social Europe: the Journal of the European Left</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> included a chapter called "Women and Social Democratic Politics" by Wendy Stokes. That chapter<a href="#cite_note-SE200603-24">[24]</a> gave the proportion of female MEPs in each Group in the European Parliament. The results for each Group are given in the adjacent diagram. The horizontal scale denotes gender balance (0% = totally male, 100% = totally female, but no Group has a female majority, so the scale stops at 50%). The results are also given in the table below. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Group percentage female (2006) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Group </th> <th>Percentage female </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#090;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greens/EFA" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens/EFA">G/EFA</a></td> <td>47.6%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SE200603-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff0;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">ALDE</a></td> <td>41%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SE200603-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f00;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">PES</a></td> <td>38%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SE200603-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#900;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EUL/NGL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUL/NGL">EUL/NGL</a></td> <td>29%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SE200603-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#39f;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EPP-ED" class="mw-redirect" title="EPP-ED">EPP-ED</a></td> <td>23%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SE200603-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">UEN</a></td> <td>16.8%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SE200603-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f90;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IND/DEM" class="mw-redirect" title="IND/DEM">IND/DEM</a></td> <td>9%</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-SE200603-24">[24]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> G/EFA, PES and ALDE were the most balanced groups in terms of gender, with IND/DEM being the most unbalanced. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_relations">Party relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Party relations">edit</a>]</div> The Parliament does not form a government in the traditional sense and its politics have developed over consensual rather than adversarial lines as a form of <a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">consociationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Settembri-25">[25]</a> No single group has ever held a majority in Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Kreppel-26">[26]</a> Historically, the two largest parliamentary formations have been the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">EPP Group</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">PES Group</a>, which are affiliated to their respective <a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (EPP) and the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> (PES). These two groups have dominated the Parliament for much of its life, continuously holding between 50 and 70 per cent of the seats together. The PES were the largest single party grouping up to 1999, when they were overtaken by the centre-right EPP.<a href="#cite_note-SOC_history-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-EPP_history-28">[28]</a> In 1987 the <a href="/wiki/Single_European_Act" title="Single European Act">Single European Act</a> came into force and, under the new <a href="/wiki/Cooperation_procedure" title="Cooperation procedure">cooperation procedure</a>, the Parliament needed to obtain large majorities to make the most impact. So the EPP and PES came to an agreement to cooperate in the Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-EPP_History-29">[29]</a> This agreement became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">grand coalition</a>" and, aside from a break in the fifth Parliament,<a href="#cite_note-Watson_interview-30">[30]</a> it has dominated the Parliament for much of its life, regardless of necessity. The grand coalition is visible in the agreement between the two Groups to divide the five-year term of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President of the European Parliament</a> equally between them, with an EPP president for half the term and a PES president for the other half, regardless of the actual election result.<a href="#cite_note-Settembri-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Group_cooperation">Group cooperation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Group cooperation">edit</a>]</div> Table 3<a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> of 21 August 2008 version of working paper by Hix and Noury<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> gave figures for the level of cooperation between each group (how many times they vote with a group, and how many times they vote against) for the Fifth and Sixth Parliaments. The results are given in the tables below, where 0% = never votes with, 100% = always votes with. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Group cooperation (Sixth Parliament) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Group </th> <th colspan="8">Number of times voted with (%) </th> <th rowspan="2">Sources </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/EUL/NGL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUL/NGL">EUL/NGL</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greens/EFA" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens/EFA">G/EFA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">PES</a></td> <td>ALDE</td> <td><a href="/wiki/EPP-ED" class="mw-redirect" title="EPP-ED">EPP-ED</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">UEN</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/IND/DEM" class="mw-redirect" title="IND/DEM">IND/DEM</a></td> <td>NI </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#900;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EUL/NGL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUL/NGL">EUL/NGL</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>75.4</td> <td>62.0</td> <td>48.0</td> <td>39.6</td> <td>42.2</td> <td>45.5</td> <td>48.6</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#090;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greens/EFA" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens/EFA">G/EFA</a></td> <td>75.4</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>70.3</td> <td>59.2</td> <td>47.4</td> <td>45.1</td> <td>40.3</td> <td>43.0</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f00;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">PES</a></td> <td>62.0</td> <td>70.3</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>75.3</td> <td>68.4</td> <td>62.8</td> <td>42.9</td> <td>52.3</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff0;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_of_the_Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">ALDE</a></td> <td>48.0</td> <td>59.2</td> <td>75.3</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>78.0</td> <td>72.4</td> <td>48.0</td> <td>53.7</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#39f;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EPP-ED" class="mw-redirect" title="EPP-ED">EPP-ED</a></td> <td>39.6</td> <td>47.4</td> <td>68.4</td> <td>78.0</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>84.3</td> <td>54.0</td> <td>64.1</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">UEN</a></td> <td>42.2</td> <td>45.1</td> <td>62.8</td> <td>72.4</td> <td>84.3</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>56.8</td> <td>64.7</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f90;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IND/DEM" class="mw-redirect" title="IND/DEM">IND/DEM</a></td> <td>45.5</td> <td>40.3</td> <td>42.9</td> <td>48.0</td> <td>54.0</td> <td>56.8</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>68.1</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#999;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">NI</a></td> <td>48.6</td> <td>43.0</td> <td>52.3</td> <td>53.7</td> <td>64.1</td> <td>64.7</td> <td>68.1</td> <td>n/a</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Group cooperation (Fifth Parliament) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2">Group </th> <th colspan="8">Number of times voted with (%) </th> <th rowspan="2">Sources </th></tr> <tr> <td>EUL/NGL</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greens/EFA" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens/EFA">G/EFA</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">PES</a></td> <td>ELDR</td> <td><a href="/wiki/EPP-ED" class="mw-redirect" title="EPP-ED">EPP-ED</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">UEN</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Democracies_and_Diversities" title="Europe of Democracies and Diversities">EDD</a></td> <td>NI </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#900;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EUL/NGL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUL/NGL">EUL/NGL</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>79.3</td> <td>69.1</td> <td>55.4</td> <td>42.4</td> <td>45.9</td> <td>59.2</td> <td>52.4</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#090;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greens/EFA" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens/EFA">G/EFA</a></td> <td>79.3</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>72.0</td> <td>62.3</td> <td>47.1</td> <td>45.2</td> <td>55.5</td> <td>51.0</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f00;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">PES</a></td> <td>69.1</td> <td>72.0</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>72.9</td> <td>64.5</td> <td>52.6</td> <td>52.6</td> <td>56.8</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff0;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (European Parliament group)">ELDR</a></td> <td>55.4</td> <td>62.3</td> <td>72.9</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>67.9</td> <td>55.0</td> <td>52.3</td> <td>60.0</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#39f;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EPP-ED" class="mw-redirect" title="EPP-ED">EPP-ED</a></td> <td>42.4</td> <td>47.1</td> <td>64.5</td> <td>67.9</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>71.2</td> <td>52.0</td> <td>68.2</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">UEN</a></td> <td>45.9</td> <td>45.2</td> <td>52.6</td> <td>55.0</td> <td>71.2</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>62.6</td> <td>73.8</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f90;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Democracies_and_Diversities" title="Europe of Democracies and Diversities">EDD</a></td> <td>59.2</td> <td>55.5</td> <td>52.6</td> <td>52.3</td> <td>52.0</td> <td>62.6</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>63.8</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#999;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">NI</a></td> <td>52.4</td> <td>51.0</td> <td>56.8</td> <td>60.0</td> <td>68.2</td> <td>73.8</td> <td>63.8</td> <td>n/a</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008082103-31">[31]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> EUL/NGL and G/EFA voted closely together, as did PES and ALDE, and EPP-ED and UEN. Surprisingly, given that PES and EPP-ED are partners in the Grand Coalition, they were not each other's closest allies, although they did vote with each other about two-thirds of the time. IND/DEM did not have close allies within the political groups, preferring instead to cooperate most closely with the <a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">Non-Inscrits</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breaking_coalitions">Breaking coalitions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Breaking coalitions">edit</a>]</div> During the fifth term the ELDR Group were involved in a break in the grand coalition when they entered into an alliance with the European People's Party, to the exclusion of the Party of European Socialists.<a href="#cite_note-Watson_interview-30">[30]</a> This was reflected in the Presidency of the Parliament with the terms being shared between the EPP and the ELDR, rather than the EPP and PES as before.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> However, ELDR intervention was not the only cause for a break in the grand coalition. There have been specific occasions where real left-right party politics have emerged, notably the <a href="/wiki/Santer_Commission#Budget_controversy" title="Santer Commission">resignation of the Santer Commission</a>. When the initial allegations against the Commission Budget emerged, they were directed primarily against the PES <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Cresson" title="Édith Cresson">Édith Cresson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Manuel Marín">Manuel Marín</a>. PES supported the commission and saw the issue as an attempt by the EPP to discredit their party ahead of the 1999 elections. EPP disagreed. Whilst the Parliament was considering rejecting the <a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Community budget</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Santer" title="Jacques Santer">Jacques Santer</a> argued that a "No" vote would be tantamount to a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a>. PES leader <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Green" title="Pauline Green">Pauline Green</a> MEP attempted a vote of confidence and the EPP put forward countermotions. During this period the two Groups adopted a government-<a href="/wiki/Opposition_(parliamentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (parliamentary)">opposition</a> dynamic, with PES supporting the executive and EPP renouncing its previous coalition support and voting it down.<a href="#cite_note-Ringe-34">[34]</a> In 2004 there was another notable break in the grand coalition. It occurred over the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Buttiglione" title="Rocco Buttiglione">Rocco Buttiglione</a> as <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Justice,_Freedom_and_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security">European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security</a>. The EPP supported the appointment of Buttiglione, while the PES, who were also critics of the President-designate <a href="/wiki/Jose_Manuel_Barroso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Manuel Barroso">Jose Manuel Barroso</a>, led the parties seeking Buttiglione's removal following his rejection (the first in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">EU history</a>) by a <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Committees of the European Parliament">Parliamentary committee</a>. Barroso initially stood by his team and offered only small concessions, which were rejected by the PES. The EPP demanded that if Buttiglione were to go, then a PES commissioner must also be sacrificed for balance.<a href="#cite_note-B_reject-35">[35]</a> In the end, Italy withdrew Buttiglione and put forward <a href="/wiki/Franco_Frattini" title="Franco Frattini">Franco Frattini</a> instead. Frattini won the support of the PES and the <a href="/wiki/Barroso_Commission" title="Barroso Commission">Barroso Commission</a> was finally approved, albeit behind schedule.<a href="#cite_note-F_instead-36">[36]</a> Politicisation such as the above has been increasing, with Simon Hix of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> noting in 2007 that<a href="#cite_note-Farrell_Powerful-37">[37]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Our work also shows that politics in the European Parliament is becoming increasingly based around party and ideology. Voting is increasingly split along left-right lines, and the cohesion of the party groups has risen dramatically, particularly in the fourth and fifth parliaments. So there are likely to be policy implications here too.</blockquote> The dynamical coalitions in the European Parliament show year-to-year changes.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Group_switching">Group switching</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Group switching">edit</a>]</div> Party group switching in the European Parliament is the phenomenon where parliamentarians individually or collectively switch from one party group to the other. The phenomenon of EP party group switching is a well-known contributor to the volatility of the EP party system and highlights the fluidity that characterizes the composition of European political groups. On average 9% of MEPs switch during legislative terms. Party group switching is a phenomenon that gained force especially in the legislatures during the 1990s, up to a maximum of 18% for the 1989–1994 term, with strong prevalence among representatives from France and Italy, though by no means limited to those two countries. There is a clear tendency of party group switches from the ideological extremes, both left and right, toward the center. Most switching takes place at the outset of legislative terms, with another peak around the half-term moment, when responsibilities rotate within the EP hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Improve_images plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-cat_improve" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional or more specific <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Images" title="Wikipedia:Images">images</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit">help out</a> by <a href="/wiki/MOS:IMAGES" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:IMAGES">adding images</a> to it so that it can be better illustrated. (July 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table align="right" border="0" style="background:none"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="thumbinner" style="width:620px"> <table style="background: transparent; border: 0; padding: 0; margin: 0; width:620px" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:620px; background:white; height:200px; padding: 0; margin: 0;" class="thumbimage"><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_pben1kxghgml6ngbzxzp8cjc2tp8jst"></map><img usemap="#timeline_pben1kxghgml6ngbzxzp8cjc2tp8jst" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/pben1kxghgml6ngbzxzp8cjc2tp8jst.png" /></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; border: 0;"><div class="thumbcaption">The composition of the European Parliament with regard to percentage share of deputies for each political group, 1979 to 2024. Left to right:<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <table style="background:none; width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="European United Left–Nordic Green Left">Left-wing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Social democrats</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/European_Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="European Greens–European Free Alliance">Greens and regionalists</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Liberals and centrists</a></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">Christian democrats and conservatives</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Freedom_and_Direct_Democracy" title="Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy">Eurosceptics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">Eurosceptic conservatives</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Right-wing_nationalists">Right-wing nationalists</a></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Technical_Group_of_Independents_(1999%E2%80%932001)" title="Technical Group of Independents (1999–2001)">Heterogeneous</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">Non-Inscrits</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:EP_election_results_graph_(percentage)" title="Template:EP election results graph (percentage)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:EP_election_results_graph_(percentage)" title="Template talk:EP election results graph (percentage)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EP_election_results_graph_(percentage)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:EP election results graph (percentage)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Development_of_political_groups_in_the_European_Parliament.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="graph of development of political groups in the European Parliament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Development_of_political_groups_in_the_European_Parliament.png/220px-Development_of_political_groups_in_the_European_Parliament.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Development_of_political_groups_in_the_European_Parliament.png/330px-Development_of_political_groups_in_the_European_Parliament.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Development_of_political_groups_in_the_European_Parliament.png/440px-Development_of_political_groups_in_the_European_Parliament.png 2x" data-file-width="7280" data-file-height="5600" /></a><figcaption>Development of political groups in the European Parliament</figcaption></figure> The political groups of the European Parliament have been around in one form or another since September 1952 and the first meeting of the Parliament's predecessor, the Common Assembly. The groups are coalitions of <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Member of the European Parliament">MEPs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European parties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">national parties</a> that those MEPs belong to. The groups have coalesced into representations of the dominant schools of European political thought and are the primary actors in the Parliament. The first three Groups were established in the earliest days of the Parliament. They were the "Socialist Group" (which eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">S&D group</a>), the "Christian Democrat Group" (later <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">EPP group</a>) and the "Liberals and Allies Group" (later <a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew Europe</a>). As the Parliament developed, other Groups emerged. <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullists</a> from France founded the <a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Union" title="European Democratic Union">European Democratic Union</a> Group.<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a> When Conservatives from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and the United Kingdom joined, they created the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives" title="European Conservatives">European Conservatives</a> Group, which (after some name changes) eventually merged with the Group of the European People's Party.<a href="#cite_note-t1s7-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election" title="1979 European Parliament election">1979 first direct election</a> established further groups and the establishment of European political parties such as the European People's Party.<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compositions_of_past_European_Parliaments">Compositions of past European Parliaments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Compositions of past European Parliaments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fifth_European_Parliament">Fifth European Parliament</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fifth European Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Group positions (end of Fifth Parliament) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Group </th> <th colspan="9">Issue on which position was analysed </th></tr> <tr> <th>Left-Right </th> <th>Tax </th> <th><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Deeper Europe</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">Federal Europe</a> </th> <th>Deregulation </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fortress_Europe" title="Fortress Europe">Fortress Europe</a> (immigration) </th> <th>Green issues </th> <th>Homosexual equality, abortion, euthanasia </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#900;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EUL/NGL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUL/NGL">EUL/NGL</a></td> <td>18.0%</td> <td>75.5%</td> <td>52.5%</td> <td>46.0%</td> <td>20.0%</td> <td>39.0%</td> <td>30.5%</td> <td>65.5%</td> <td>78.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#090;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greens/EFA" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens/EFA">G/EFA</a></td> <td>25.5%</td> <td>71.5%</td> <td>63.5%</td> <td>58.0%</td> <td>33.5%</td> <td>44.0%</td> <td>32.5%</td> <td>85.5%</td> <td>80.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f00;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats#History" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">PES</a></td> <td>37.0%</td> <td>68.0%</td> <td>68.5%</td> <td>69.5%</td> <td>37.0%</td> <td>71.5%</td> <td>36.5%</td> <td>57.0%</td> <td>72.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff0;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew</a></td> <td>59.0%</td> <td>34.5%</td> <td>62.5%</td> <td>68.5%</td> <td>71.0%</td> <td>68.5%</td> <td>37.0%</td> <td>45.5%</td> <td>78.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#39f;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EPP-ED" class="mw-redirect" title="EPP-ED">EPP-ED</a></td> <td>63.0%</td> <td>33.0%</td> <td>63.0%</td> <td>63.0%</td> <td>67.5%</td> <td>70.0%</td> <td>60.0%</td> <td>39.5%</td> <td>30.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">UEN</a></td> <td>82.5%</td> <td>30.5%</td> <td>11.5%</td> <td>17.0%</td> <td>65.0%</td> <td>16.0%</td> <td>87.5%</td> <td>36.0%</td> <td>24.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f90;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Democracies_and_Diversities" title="Europe of Democracies and Diversities">EDD</a></td> <td>85.5%</td> <td>29.5%</td> <td>5.5%</td> <td>5.5%</td> <td>73.0%</td> <td>7.5%</td> <td>87.5%</td> <td>35.5%</td> <td>24.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Source</th> <th><a href="#cite_note-IIIS92225301-45">[45]</a></th> <th><a href="#cite_note-IIIS92225302-46">[46]</a></th> <th><a href="#cite_note-IIIS92225302-46">[46]</a></th> <th><a href="#cite_note-IIIS92225302-46">[46]</a></th> <th><a href="#cite_note-IIIS92225301-45">[45]</a></th> <th><a href="#cite_note-IIIS92225302-46">[46]</a></th> <th><a href="#cite_note-IIIS92225301-45">[45]</a></th> <th><a href="#cite_note-IIIS92225302-46">[46]</a></th> <th><a href="#cite_note-IIIS92225302-46">[46]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sixth_European_Parliament">Sixth European Parliament</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sixth European Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sixth_European_Parliament" title="Sixth European Parliament">Sixth European Parliament</a></div> The mandate of the previous European Parliament ran from 2004 and 2009. It was composed of the following political groups. <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Group </th> <th>Parties </th> <th>Leader(s) </th> <th>Est. </th> <th>MEPs </th></tr> <tr> <td width="5px" style="color:inherit;background-color:#0047AB"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group#History" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party–European Democrats</a> (EPP–ED) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (EPP) <a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a> (ED) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Daul" title="Joseph Daul">Joseph Daul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">288 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#F0001C"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats#History" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Party of European Socialists</a> (PES) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> (PES) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1953 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">217 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:gold"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a> (ALDE) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party</a> (ELDR) <a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a> (EDP) + 2 unaffiliated national parties + 2 independent politicians </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graham_Watson" title="Graham Watson">Graham Watson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">104 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#4F6BA2"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">Union for Europe of the Nations</a> (UEN) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Alliance for Europe of the Nations">Alliance for Europe of the Nations</a> (AEN) + 6 unaffiliated national parties </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cristiana_Muscardini" title="Cristiana Muscardini">Cristiana Muscardini</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1994 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">40 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#57B45F"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/The_Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greens–European Free Alliance">The Greens–European Free Alliance</a> (Greens–EFA) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a> (EGP) <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance" title="European Free Alliance">European Free Alliance</a> (EFA) + 2 unaffiliated national parties </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monica_Frassoni" title="Monica Frassoni">Monica Frassoni</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cohn-Bendit" title="Daniel Cohn-Bendit">Daniel Cohn-Bendit</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">43 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#B71C1C"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="European United Left–Nordic Green Left">European United Left–Nordic Green Left</a> (GUE–NGL) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_European_Left" title="Party of the European Left">Party of the European Left</a> (PEL) <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Green_Left_Alliance" title="Nordic Green Left Alliance">Nordic Green Left Alliance</a> (NGLA) + 5 unaffiliated national parties </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wurtz" title="Francis Wurtz">Francis Wurtz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1994 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">41 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#F7AF20"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Independence/Democracy" title="Independence/Democracy">Independence/Democracy</a> (IND/DEM) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Independent_Democrats_in_Europe" title="Alliance of Independent Democrats in Europe">Alliance of Independent Democrats in Europe</a> (AIDE) <a href="/wiki/EUDemocrats" class="mw-redirect" title="EUDemocrats">EUDemocrats</a> (EUD) + 2 unaffiliated national parties </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Sinnott" title="Kathy Sinnott">Kathy Sinnott</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">22 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#999999"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">Non-Inscrits</a> (NI) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Euronat" title="Euronat">Euronat</a> + 11 unaffiliated national parties + 3 independent politicians </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">N/A </td> <td style="text-align:center;">30 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Source for MEPs: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/expert.do?language=EN">European Parliament</a> </th> <th style="text-align:right;" colspan="2">Total </th> <th style="text-align:center;">785 </th></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hix-Lord_model_for_EP_6_(June_2004_to_December_2006_period)_by_roll-call_votes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hix-Lord_model_for_EP_6_%28June_2004_to_December_2006_period%29_by_roll-call_votes.png/220px-Hix-Lord_model_for_EP_6_%28June_2004_to_December_2006_period%29_by_roll-call_votes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hix-Lord_model_for_EP_6_%28June_2004_to_December_2006_period%29_by_roll-call_votes.png/330px-Hix-Lord_model_for_EP_6_%28June_2004_to_December_2006_period%29_by_roll-call_votes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hix-Lord_model_for_EP_6_%28June_2004_to_December_2006_period%29_by_roll-call_votes.png/440px-Hix-Lord_model_for_EP_6_%28June_2004_to_December_2006_period%29_by_roll-call_votes.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Hix-Lord model for first half of the Sixth Parliament (see <a href="/wiki/File:Hix-Lord_model_for_EP_6_(June_2004_to_December_2006_period)_by_roll-call_votes.png" title="File:Hix-Lord model for EP 6 (June 2004 to December 2006 period) by roll-call votes.png">description</a> for sources) </figcaption></figure> Table 3<a href="#cite_note-HN2008010303-47">[47]</a> of the 3 January 2008 version of a working paper<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> from the London School of Economics/Free University of Brussels by Hix and Noury considered the positions of the groups in the Sixth Parliament (2004–2009) by analysing their roll-call votes. The results for each group are shown in the adjacent diagram. The vertical scale is the anti-pro Europe spectrum, (0% = extremely anti-Europe, 100% = extremely pro), and the horizontal scale is the economic left-right spectrum, (0% = extremely economically left-wing, 100% = extremely economically right-wing). The results are also shown in the table below. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Group positions (Sixth Parliament) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Group </th> <th>Left-right spectrum </th> <th>Eurosceptic spectrum </th> <th>Sources </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#900;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EUL/NGL" class="mw-redirect" title="EUL/NGL">EUL/NGL</a></td> <td>very left-wing</td> <td>Eurosceptic</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008010303-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f00;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats#History" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">PES</a></td> <td>centre-left</td> <td>very Europhile</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008010303-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#090;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greens/EFA" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens/EFA">G/EFA</a></td> <td>left-wing</td> <td>Europhile</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008010303-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff0;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew</a></td> <td>centre</td> <td>Europhile</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008010303-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#39f;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EPP-ED" class="mw-redirect" title="EPP-ED">EPP-ED</a> (EPP subgroup)</td> <td>centre-right</td> <td>Europhile</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008010303-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#00f;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EPP-ED" class="mw-redirect" title="EPP-ED">EPP-ED</a> (ED subgroup)</td> <td>right-wing</td> <td>Eurosceptic</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008010303-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f90;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IND/DEM" class="mw-redirect" title="IND/DEM">IND/DEM</a> (reformist subgroup)</td> <td>centre</td> <td>very Eurosceptic</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008010303-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f90;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IND/DEM" class="mw-redirect" title="IND/DEM">IND/DEM</a> (secessionist subgroup)</td> <td>very right-wing</td> <td>Secessionist</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008010303-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#9ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">UEN</a></td> <td>centre-right</td> <td>Eurosceptic</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-HN2008010303-47">[47]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Two of the groups (EPP-ED and IND/DEM) were split. EPP-ED are split on Euroscepticism: the EPP subgroup ( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  ) were centre-right Europhiles, whereas the ED subgroup ( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  ) were right-wing Eurosceptics. IND/DEM was also split along its subgroups: the reformist subgroup ( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  , bottom-center) voted as centrist Eurosceptics, and the secessionist subgroup ( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  , middle-right) voted as right-wing Euroneutrals. The reformist subgroup was able to pursue a reformist agenda via the Parliament. The secessionist subgroup was unable to pursue a secessionist agenda there (it's out of the Parliament's purview) and pursued a right-wing agenda instead. This resulted in the secessionist subgroup being less Eurosceptic in terms of roll-call votes than other, non-eurosceptic parties. UKIP (the major component of the secessionist subgroup) was criticised for this seeming abandonment of its Eurosceptic core principles.<a href="#cite_note-Times1845227-49">[49]</a> Table 2<a href="#cite_note-IIIS92225301-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-IIIS92225302-46">[46]</a> of a 2005 discussion paper<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> from the Institute for International Integration Studies by Gail McElroy and Kenneth Benoit analysed the group positions between April and June 2004, at the end of the Fifth Parliament and immediately before the 2004 elections. The results are given below, with 0% = extremely against, 100% = extremely for (except for the left-right spectrum, where 0% = extremely left-wing, 100% = extremely right-wing) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh_European_Parliament">Seventh European Parliament</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Seventh European Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seventh_European_Parliament" title="Seventh European Parliament">Seventh European Parliament</a></div> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Group </th> <th>Parties </th> <th>Leader(s) </th> <th>Est. </th> <th>MEPs </th></tr> <tr> <td width="5px" style="color:inherit;background-color:#3399FF"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party</a> (EPP) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (EPP) +1 unaffiliated national party </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Daul" title="Joseph Daul">Joseph Daul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">274 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#F0001C"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a> (S&D) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> (PES) +3 unaffiliated national parties </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Swoboda" title="Hannes Swoboda">Hannes Swoboda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">195 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:gold"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a> (ALDE) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a> (ALDE) <a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a> (EDP) + 3 independent politicians </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Guy Verhofstadt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">85 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#57B45F"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/The_Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greens–European Free Alliance">The Greens–European Free Alliance</a> (Greens–EFA) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a> (EGP) <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance" title="European Free Alliance">European Free Alliance</a> (EFA) + 2 unaffiliated national parties + 2 independent politicians </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cohn-Bendit" title="Daniel Cohn-Bendit">Daniel Cohn-Bendit</a> <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Harms" title="Rebecca Harms">Rebecca Harms</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">58 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#196CA8"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a> (ECR) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_European_Conservatives_and_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists">Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists</a> (AECR) <a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a> (ECPM) + 1 unaffiliated national party + 2 independent politicians </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Callanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Callanan">Martin Callanan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">56 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#B71C1C"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="European United Left–Nordic Green Left">European United Left–Nordic Green Left</a> (GUE-NGL) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_European_Left" title="Party of the European Left">Party of the European Left</a> (PEL) <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Green_Left_Alliance" title="Nordic Green Left Alliance">Nordic Green Left Alliance</a> (NGLA) + 10 unaffiliated national parties </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabi_Zimmer" title="Gabi Zimmer">Gabi Zimmer</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">35 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#24B9B9"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="Europe of Freedom and Democracy">Europe of Freedom and Democracy</a> (EFD) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Europe_of_Liberties_and_Democracy" title="Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy">Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy</a> (MELD) + 2 unaffiliated national parties + 2 independent politicians </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Speroni" title="Francesco Speroni">Francesco Speroni</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">33 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#999999"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">Non-Inscrits</a> (NI) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_European_National_Movements" title="Alliance of European National Movements">Alliance of European National Movements</a> (AENM) +14 unaffiliated national parties + 3 independent politicians </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">N/A </td> <td style="text-align:center;">30 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Source for MEPs: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/search.html">European Parliament</a> </th> <th style="text-align:right;" colspan="2">Total </th> <th style="text-align:center;">766 </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eighth_European_Parliament">Eighth European Parliament</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Eighth European Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eighth_European_Parliament" title="Eighth European Parliament">Eighth European Parliament</a></div> Major changes compared to the period 2004–2009 were: <ul><li>The formation of a new political group, the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists</a> (ECR).<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> This conservative, Eurosceptic group was headed by 26 MEPs from the UK's Conservative Party.</li> <li>The Eurosceptic <a href="/wiki/Independence/Democracy" title="Independence/Democracy">Independence/Democracy</a> (IND/DEM) and <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">Union for Europe of the Nations</a> (UEN) groups suffered heavy losses in the election. On their own, they no longer had enough MEPs to form a separate group. MEPs formerly from these groups formed the <a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="Europe of Freedom and Democracy">Europe of Freedom and Democracy</a> (EFD) group on 1 July 2009.</li> <li>The centre-right <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party</a> now formed its own political group in its entirety, as the former members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a> left the group to join the ECR.</li> <li>The political group of the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> renamed itself to the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a> or Socialists and Democrats (S&D) to accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a> of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Viola2015-52">[52]</a> The Democratic Party did not become member of the Party of European Socialists until February 2014.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Group </th> <th>Parties </th> <th>Leader(s) </th> <th><abbr title="Established">Est.</abbr> </th> <th>MEPs </th></tr> <tr> <td width="5px" style="color:inherit;background-color:#3399FF"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_group" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party group">European People's Party</a> (EPP) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (EPP)</li> <li>+1 unaffiliated national party</li> <li>+4 independent politicians</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Manfred Weber</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">216 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#F0001C"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a> (S&D) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> (PES)</li> <li>+3 unaffiliated national parties</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Pittella" title="Gianni Pittella">Gianni Pittella</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">185 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#196CA8"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a> (ECR) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Conservatives_and_Reformists_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe">Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe</a> (ACRE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Movement" title="European Christian Political Movement">European Christian Political Movement</a> (ECPM)</li> <li>+ 1 unaffiliated national party</li> <li>+ 2 independent politicians</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syed_Kamall" title="Syed Kamall">Syed Kamall</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2009 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">77 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:gold"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_group" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a> (ALDE) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a> (ALDE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a> (EDP)</li> <li>+ 5 unaffiliated national parties</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Guy Verhofstadt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2004 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">69 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#B71C1C"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="European United Left–Nordic Green Left">European United Left–Nordic Green Left</a> (GUE-NGL) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_European_Left" title="Party of the European Left">Party of the European Left</a> (PEL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Capitalist_Left" title="European Anti-Capitalist Left">European Anti-Capitalist Left</a> (EACL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Green_Left_Alliance" title="Nordic Green Left Alliance">Nordic Green Left Alliance</a> (NGLA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenant_le_Peuple" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenant le Peuple">Maintenant le Peuple</a> (MLP)</li> <li>+ 10 unaffiliated national parties</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabi_Zimmer" title="Gabi Zimmer">Gabi Zimmer</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1995 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">52 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#57B45F"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance" title="Greens–European Free Alliance">Greens–European Free Alliance</a> (Greens–EFA) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a> (EGP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance" title="European Free Alliance">European Free Alliance</a> (EFA)</li> <li>+ 3 unaffiliated national parties</li> <li>+ 2 independent politicians</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Harms" title="Rebecca Harms">Rebecca Harms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lamberts" title="Philippe Lamberts">Philippe Lamberts</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">52 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#24B9B9"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Freedom_and_Direct_Democracy" title="Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy">Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy</a> (EFDD) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Direct_Democracy_in_Europe" title="Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe">Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe</a> (ADDE)</li> <li>+ 1 unaffiliated national party</li> <li>+ 1 independent politician</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2014 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">42 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#2B3856"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Nations_and_Freedom" title="Europe of Nations and Freedom">Europe of Nations and Freedom</a> (ENF) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Alliance_for_Freedom" title="European Alliance for Freedom">European Alliance for Freedom</a> (EAF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Europe_of_Nations_and_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom">Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom</a> (MENF)</li> <li>+ 2 unaffiliated national parties</li> <li>+ 2 independent politicians</li></ul> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_de_Graaff" title="Marcel de Graaff">Marcel de Graaff</a></li></ul> </div> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2015 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#999999"> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">Non-Inscrits</a> (NI) </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Peace_and_Freedom" title="Alliance for Peace and Freedom">Alliance for Peace and Freedom</a> (APF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_European_National_Movements" title="Alliance of European National Movements">Alliance of European National Movements</a> (AENM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="Initiative of Communist and Workers' Parties">Initiative of Communist and Workers' Parties</a> (INITIATIVE)</li> <li>+3 unaffiliated national parties</li> <li>+4 independent politicians</li></ul> </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">N/A </td> <td style="text-align:center;">20 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Source for MEPs: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meps/en/crosstable.html">Seats by Member State</a> </th> <th style="text-align:right;" colspan="2">Total </th> <th style="text-align:center;">749 </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ninth_European_Parliament">Ninth European Parliament</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ninth European Parliament">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ninth_European_Parliament" title="Ninth European Parliament">Ninth European Parliament</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Political group </th> <th colspan="2">Presidents </th> <th colspan="2">Vice Presidents </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="15" style="background-color:#3399FF"> </td> <td rowspan="15" align="center">EPP <a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td> <td rowspan="15" width="200pt"><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_group" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party group">Group of the European People's Party</a> </td> <td rowspan="15"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Weber" title="Manfred Weber">Manfred Weber</a> </td> <td rowspan="15"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">GER</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubravka_%C5%A0uica" title="Dubravka Šuica">Dubravka Šuica</a> until 30 November 2019 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">CRO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljana_Zovko" title="Željana Zovko">Željana Zovko</a> from 13 October 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">CRO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Pons" title="Esteban González Pons">Esteban González Pons</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">ESP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ewa_Kopacz" title="Ewa Kopacz">Ewa Kopacz</a> until 16 September 2019 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">POL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jan_Olbrycht" title="Jan Olbrycht">Jan Olbrycht</a> from 16 September 2019 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">POL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Mure%C8%99an" title="Siegfried Mureșan">Siegfried Mureșan</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">ROU</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mairead_McGuinness" title="Mairead McGuinness">Mairead McGuinness</a> until 12 October 2020 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">IRL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fitzgerald_(politician)" title="Frances Fitzgerald (politician)">Frances Fitzgerald</a> from 24 March 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">IRL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Esther_de_Lange" title="Esther de Lange">Esther de Lange</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">NED</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_Danjean" title="Arnaud Danjean">Arnaud Danjean</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">FRA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kovatchev" title="Andrey Kovatchev">Andrey Kovatchev</a> until 13 October 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">BUL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vangelis_Meimarakis" title="Vangelis Meimarakis">Vangelis Meimarakis</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">GRE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Rangel" title="Paulo Rangel">Paulo Rangel</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">POR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Kalniete" title="Sandra Kalniete">Sandra Kalniete</a> from 17 September 2019 until 13 October 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">LAT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rasa_Juknevi%C4%8Dien%C4%97" title="Rasa Juknevičienė">Rasa Juknevičienė</a> from 13 October 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">LIT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="16" style="background-color:#F0001C"> </td> <td rowspan="16" align="center">S&D <a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td> <td rowspan="16"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament</a> </td> <td rowspan="16"><a href="/wiki/Iratxe_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Iratxe García">Iratxe García</a> </td> <td rowspan="16"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">ESP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Andrieu" title="Éric Andrieu">Éric Andrieu</a> until 15 December 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">FRA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alex_Agius_Saliba" title="Alex Agius Saliba">Alex Agius Saliba</a> from 15 December 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">MLT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Biljana_Borzan" title="Biljana Borzan">Biljana Borzan</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">CRO</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Dalli" title="Miriam Dalli">Miriam Dalli</a> until 18 October 2020 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">MLT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Marques_(politician)" title="Pedro Marques (politician)">Pedro Marques</a> from 8 December 2020 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">POR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hel%C3%A9ne_Fritzon" title="Heléne Fritzon">Heléne Fritzon</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">SWE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kati_Piri" title="Kati Piri">Kati Piri</a> until 31 March 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">NED</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Chahim" title="Mohammed Chahim">Mohammed Chahim</a> from 22 April 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">NED</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rovana_Plumb" title="Rovana Plumb">Rovana Plumb</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">ROU</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Lange" title="Bernd Lange">Bernd Lange</a> until 11 September 2019 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">GER</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ertug" title="Ismail Ertug">Ismail Ertug</a> from 11 September 2019 until 15 December 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">GER</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Bischoff" title="Gabriele Bischoff">Gabriele Bischoff</a> from 15 December 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">GER</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Gualtieri" title="Roberto Gualtieri">Roberto Gualtieri</a> until 5 September 2019 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">ITA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Simona_Bonaf%C3%A9" title="Simona Bonafé">Simona Bonafé</a> from 11 September 2019 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">ITA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Claude_Moraes" title="Claude Moraes">Claude Moraes</a> until 31 January 2020 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marek_Belka" title="Marek Belka">Marek Belka</a> from 26 May 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">POL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="14" style="background-color:gold"> </td> <td rowspan="14" align="center">RE <a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </td> <td rowspan="14"><a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew Europe Group</a> </td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_Ciolo%C8%99" title="Dacian Cioloș">Dacian Cioloș</a> until 19 October 2021 </td> <td rowspan="7"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">ROU</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malik_Azmani" title="Malik Azmani">Malik Azmani</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">NED</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Cseh" title="Katalin Cseh">Katalin Cseh</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">HUN</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luis_Garicano" title="Luis Garicano">Luis Garicano</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">ESP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morten_L%C3%B8kkegaard" title="Morten Løkkegaard">Morten Løkkegaard</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">DEN</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iskra_Mihaylova" title="Iskra Mihaylova">Iskra Mihaylova</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">BUL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Ries" title="Frédérique Ries">Frédérique Ries</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">BEL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Riquet" title="Dominique Riquet">Dominique Riquet</a> until 19 October 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">FRA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9rie_Hayer" title="Valérie Hayer">Valérie Hayer</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> from 25 January 2024<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td> <td rowspan="7"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">FRA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Danti" title="Nicola Danti">Nicola Danti</a> from 19 October 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">ITA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_Brunet_(politician)" title="Sylvie Brunet (politician)">Sylvie Brunet</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">FRA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fredrick_Federley" title="Fredrick Federley">Fredrick Federley</a> until 11 December 2020 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">SWE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michal_%C5%A0ime%C4%8Dka" title="Michal Šimečka">Michal Šimečka</a> from 4 February 2021 until 19 October 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">SVK</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Drago%C8%99_Tudorache" title="Dragoș Tudorache">Dragoș Tudorache</a> from 19 October 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">ROU</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Horwood" title="Martin Horwood">Martin Horwood</a> until 31 January 2020 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Abir_Al-Sahlani" title="Abir Al-Sahlani">Abir Al-Sahlani</a> from 18 November 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">SWE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10" style="background-color:#57B45F"> </td> <td rowspan="10" align="center">G/EFA <a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </td> <td rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance" title="Greens–European Free Alliance">Group of the Greens/European Free Alliance</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ska_Keller" title="Ska Keller">Ska Keller</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">GER</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alyn_Smith" title="Alyn Smith">Alyn Smith</a> until 12 December 2019 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Sol%C3%A9_i_Ferrando" title="Jordi Solé i Ferrando">Jordi Solé</a><a href="#cite_note-EFA-61">[a 1]</a> from 8 September 2020 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">ESP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bah_Kuhnke" title="Alice Bah Kuhnke">Alice Bah Kuhnke</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">SWE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwendoline_Delbos-Corfield" title="Gwendoline Delbos-Corfield">Gwendoline Delbos-Corfield</a> until 14 December 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">FRA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marie_Toussaint" title="Marie Toussaint">Marie Toussaint</a> from 14 December 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">FRA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lamberts" title="Philippe Lamberts">Philippe Lamberts</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">BEL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bas_Eickhout" title="Bas Eickhout">Bas Eickhout</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">NED</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terry_Reintke" title="Terry Reintke">Terry Reintke</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">GER</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Urtasun" title="Ernest Urtasun">Ernest Urtasun</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">ESP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molly_Scott_Cato" title="Molly Scott Cato">Molly Scott Cato</a> until 31 January 2020 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kira_Marie_Peter-Hansen" title="Kira Marie Peter-Hansen">Kira Peter Hansen</a> from 14 December 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">DEN</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#0E408A"> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center">ID <a href="#cite_note-europarl.europa.eu-62">[61]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy Group</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Marco_Zanni" title="Marco Zanni">Marco Zanni</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">ITA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bay" title="Nicolas Bay">Nicolas Bay</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">FRA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Meuthen" title="Jörg Meuthen">Jörg Meuthen</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">GER</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color:#196CA8"> </td> <td rowspan="8" align="center">ECR <a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> </td> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Raffaele_Fitto" title="Raffaele Fitto">Raffaele Fitto</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">ITA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Z%C4%ABle" title="Roberts Zīle">Roberts Zīle</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">LAT</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assita_Kanko" title="Assita Kanko">Assita Kanko</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">BEL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lundgren_(politician)" title="Peter Lundgren (politician)">Peter Lundgren</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">SWE</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Derk_Jan_Eppink" title="Derk Jan Eppink">Derk Jan Eppink</a> until 31 March 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">NED</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Legutko" title="Ryszard Legutko">Ryszard Legutko</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">POL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roos" title="Rob Roos">Rob Roos</a> from 20 April 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">NED</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Tertsch" title="Hermann Tertsch">Hermann Tertsch</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">ESP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Daniel Hannan</a> until 31 January 2020 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beata_Szyd%C5%82o" title="Beata Szydło">Beata Szydło</a> from 10 March 2020 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">POL</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="background-color:#B71C1C"> </td> <td rowspan="5" align="center">GUE/NGL <a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="European United Left–Nordic Green Left">Confederal Group of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Manon_Aubry" title="Manon Aubry">Manon Aubry</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">FRA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Ferreira_(politician)" title="João Ferreira (politician)">João Ferreira</a> until 5 July 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">POR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pimenta_Lopes" title="João Pimenta Lopes">João Pimenta Lopes</a> from 6 July 2021 </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">POR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marisa_Matias" title="Marisa Matias">Marisa Matias</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">POR</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Schirdewan" title="Martin Schirdewan">Martin Schirdewan</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">GER</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sira_Rego" title="Sira Rego">Sira Rego</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">ESP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Villumsen" title="Nikolaj Villumsen">Nikolaj Villumsen</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">DEN</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_according_to_group">History according to group</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History according to group">edit</a>]</div> Some of the groups (such as the PES and S&D Group) have become homogeneous units coterminous with their European political party, some (such as IND/DEM) have not. But they are still coalitions, not parties in their own right, and do not issue <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifestos</a> of their own. It may therefore be difficult to discern how the groups intend to vote without first inspecting the <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">party platforms</a> of their constituent parties, and then with limited certainty. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_democrats_and_conservatives">Christian democrats and conservatives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Christian democrats and conservatives">edit</a>]</div> In European politics, the centre-right is usually occupied by <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatives</a>. These two ideological strands have had a tangled relationship in the Parliament. The first Christian Democrat Group was founded in 1953<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> and stayed with that name for a quarter of a century. Meanwhile, outside the Parliament, local Christian-democratic parties were organising and eventually formed the pan-national political party called the "<a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a>" on 29 April 1976. Since all the Christian-democratic MEPs were members of this pan-European party, the Group's name was changed to indicate this: first to the "Christian-Democratic Group (Group of the European People's Party)"<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s50-66">[65]</a> on 14 March 1978,<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a> then to "Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats)"<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s50-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s6-67">[66]</a> on 17 July 1979.<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a> Meanwhile, on 16 January 1973,<a href="#cite_note-t1s7-43">[43]</a> the "European Conservative Group"<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> was formed by the British and Danish Conservative parties, which had recently joined the EEC. This group was renamed to the "European Democratic Group"<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s49-68">[67]</a> on 17 July 1979.<a href="#cite_note-t1s7-43">[43]</a> The EPP Group grew during the 1980s, with conservative parties such as <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a> of Greece and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a> of Spain joining the Group. In contrast, the number of MEPs in the European Democratic Group fell over the same period and it eventually merged with the EPP Group on 1 May 1992.<a href="#cite_note-t1s7-43">[43]</a> This consolidation of the centre-right continued during the 1990s, with MEPs from the Italian centre-right party <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> being admitted into the EPP Group on 15 June 1998,<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> after spending nearly a year (19 July 1994<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> to 6 July 1995<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a>) in their own Group, self-referentially called "<a href="/wiki/Forza_Europa" title="Forza Europa">Forza Europa</a>", and nearly three years (6 July 1995<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> to 15 June 1998<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national-conservative</a> Group called "<a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe" title="Union for Europe">Union for Europe</a>". But the Conservatives were growing restless and on 20 July 1999<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> the EPP Group was renamed<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> to the "Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats"<a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a> (EPP-ED) to identify the Conservative parties within the Group. The Group remained under that name until after the <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election" title="2009 European Parliament election">2009 European elections</a>, when it reverted to the title "Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats)" upon the exit of the European Democrats subgroup and the formation of the "<a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists</a>" group in June 2009. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group name </th> <th>English abbr. </th> <th>French abbr. </th> <th>Formal European Parliament name </th> <th>From </th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td>Christian Democratic Group </td> <td>CD<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> </td> <td>DC<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a> </td> <td>Christian Democratic Group<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s50-66">[65]</a> </td> <td>23 June 1953<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a> </td> <td>14 March 1978<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christian Democratic Group </td> <td>CD<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> </td> <td>DC<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a> </td> <td>Christian Democratic Group (Group of the European People's Party)<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s50-66">[65]</a> </td> <td>14 March 1978<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a> </td> <td>17 July 1979<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives" title="European Conservatives">European Conservatives</a> </td> <td>C<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>European Conservative Group<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s49-68">[67]</a> </td> <td>16 January 1973<a href="#cite_note-t1s7-43">[43]</a> </td> <td>17 July 1979<a href="#cite_note-t1s7-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a> </td> <td>ED<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>DE<a href="#cite_note-t1s7-43">[43]</a> </td> <td>European Democratic Group<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s49-68">[67]</a> </td> <td>17 July 1979<a href="#cite_note-t1s7-43">[43]</a> </td> <td>1 May 1992<a href="#cite_note-t1s7-43">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European People's Party (European Parliament group)">European People's Party</a> </td> <td>EPP<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>PPE<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a> </td> <td>Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats)<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s50-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s6-67">[66]</a> </td> <td>17 July 1979<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a> </td> <td>1 May 1999<a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Forza_Europa" title="Forza Europa">Forza Europa</a> </td> <td>FE<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s26-72">[71]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Forza Europa </td> <td>19 July 1994<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>6 July 1995<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party–European Democrats</a> </td> <td>EPP-ED<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>PPE-DE<a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) and European Democrats<a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s51-73">[72]</a> </td> <td>20 July 1999<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> </td> <td>22 June 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party</a> </td> <td>EPP </td> <td>PPE </td> <td>Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) </td> <td>22 June 2009 </td> <td>present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_democrats">Social democrats</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Social democrats">edit</a>]</div> In Western Europe, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social-democratic</a> parties have been the dominant centre-left force since the dawn of modern European cooperation. The Socialist Group was one of the first Groups to be founded when it was created on 23 June 1953<a href="#cite_note-t1s28-74">[73]</a> in the European Parliament's predecessor, the Common Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, and continued through the creation of the appointed Parliament in 1958 and the elected Parliament in 1979. Meanwhile, the national parties making up the Group were also organising themselves on a European level outside the Parliament, with the parties creating the "Confederation of Socialist Parties of the European Community" in 1974<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s29-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s30-76">[75]</a> and its successor, the "<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Party of European Socialists</a>", in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-t1s29-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s30-76">[75]</a> As a result, the Group (which had kept its "Socialist Group" name all along) was renamed to the "Group of the Party of European Socialists" on 21 April 1993<a href="#cite_note-t1s28-74">[73]</a> and it became difficult to distinguish between the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> party and the political group. The Group reverted to (approximately) its former name of the "Socialist Group in the European Parliament".<a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a> on 20 July 2004<a href="#cite_note-t1s28-74">[73]</a> Despite all this, the Group was still universally referred to as "PES", notwithstanding the 2009 name change to the "<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a>" to accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a> of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group name </th> <th>English abbr. </th> <th>French abbr. </th> <th>Formal European Parliament name </th> <th>From </th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td>Socialist Group </td> <td>S<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Group of the Socialists<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> </td> <td>23 June 1953<a href="#cite_note-t1s28-74">[73]</a> </td> <td>1958<a href="#cite_note-t1s29-75">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Socialist Group </td> <td>SOC<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Socialist Group<a href="#cite_note-t1s29-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s41-78">[77]</a> </td> <td>1958<a href="#cite_note-t1s29-75">[74]</a> </td> <td>21 April 1993<a href="#cite_note-t1s28-74">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a> </td> <td>PES<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>PSE<a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>"Group of the Party of European Socialists"<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s42-79">[78]</a> (until 20 July 2004)<a href="#cite_note-t1s28-74">[73]</a> "Socialist Group in the European Parliament"<a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s43-80">[79]</a> (since 20 July 2004<a href="#cite_note-t1s28-74">[73]</a>) </td> <td>21 April 1993<a href="#cite_note-t1s28-74">[73]</a> </td> <td>23 June 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a> </td> <td>S&D </td> <td>S&D </td> <td>Group of the Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats in the European Parliament </td> <td>23 June 2009 </td> <td>present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberals_and_centrists">Liberals and centrists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Liberals and centrists">edit</a>]</div> In European politics, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> tends to be associated with ideas inspired by <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>, which advocates limited government intervention in society. However, the Liberal Group contains diverse parties, including <a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">conservative-liberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social-liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_agrarian_parties" title="Nordic agrarian parties">Nordic agrarian parties</a>. It has previously been home to parties such as the minor French <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullist</a> party <a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_New_Republic" title="Union for the New Republic">Union for the New Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Social Democratic Party (Portugal)">Social Democratic Party</a> of Portugal, which were not explicitly liberal parties, but who were not aligned with either the Socialist or the Christian Democratic Groups. The Liberal Group was founded on 23 June 1953<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> under the name of the "Group of Liberals and Allies".<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> As the Parliament grew, it changed its name to the "Liberal and Democratic Group"<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> (1976<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a>), then to the "Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group"<a href="#cite_note-t1s45-82">[81]</a> (13 December 1985<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a>), then to the "<a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (European Parliament group)">Group of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party</a>"<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s6-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> (19 July 1994<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a>) before settling on the name of the "<a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group">Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a>"<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> on 20 July 2004,<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> when the Group was joined by the centrist parties that formed the <a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (European Parliament group)">ELDR Group</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Graham_Watson" title="Graham Watson">Graham Watson</a> MEP denounced the grand coalition in 2007 and expressed a desire to ensure that the posts of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">Commission President</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">Council President</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">Parliament President</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_of_the_Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="High Representative of the Common Foreign and Security Policy">High Representative</a> were not divided based on agreement between the two largest groups to the exclusion of third parties.<a href="#cite_note-ALDE_formed-83">[82]</a> Between 1994 and 1999 there was a separate "<a href="/wiki/European_Radical_Alliance" title="European Radical Alliance">European Radical Alliance</a>", which consisted of MEPs of the French <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Energie Radicale</a>, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Bonino_List" title="Bonino List">Bonino List</a>, and regionalists aligned with the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Alliance" title="European Free Alliance">European Free Alliance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-t1s10-84">[83]</a> The current name as of 2020 is "Renew Europe". <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group name </th> <th>English abbr. </th> <th>French abbr. </th> <th>Formal European Parliament name </th> <th>From </th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td>Liberal Group </td> <td>L<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Group of Liberals and Allies<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>23 June 1953<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>1976<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liberal and Democratic Group </td> <td>LD<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Liberal and Democratic Group<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s44-85">[84]</a> </td> <td>1976<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>13 December 1985<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group </td> <td>LDR<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group<a href="#cite_note-t1s45-82">[81]</a> </td> <td>13 December 1985<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>19 July 1994<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_(European_Parliament_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (European Parliament group)">European Liberal Democratic and Reform Party</a> </td> <td>ELDR<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Group of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s6-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s46-86">[85]</a> </td> <td>19 July 1994<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>20 July 2004<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Radical_Alliance" title="European Radical Alliance">European Radical Alliance</a> </td> <td>ERA<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>ARE<a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> </td> <td>Group of the European Radical Alliance<a href="#cite_note-t1s6-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s58-88">[87]</a> </td> <td>1994<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a> </td> <td>1999<a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Group">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a> </td> <td>ALDE<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>ADLE<a href="#cite_note-t1s48-89">[88]</a> </td> <td>Group of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s47-90">[89]</a> </td> <td>20 July 2004<a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a> </td> <td>June 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew Europe</a> </td> <td>RE </td> <td>RE </td> <td>Renew Europe group </td> <td>20 June 2019 </td> <td>present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eurosceptic_conservatives">Eurosceptic conservatives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Eurosceptic conservatives">edit</a>]</div> Parties from certain European countries have been unwilling to join the centre-right <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a>. These parties generally have a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal conservative">liberal conservative</a> but <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">eurosceptic</a> agenda. The first such Group was formed when the French <a href="/wiki/Gaullist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaullist Party">Gaullists</a> split from the Liberal Group on 21 January 1965<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> and created a new Group called the "European Democratic Union"<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> (not to be confused with the association of conservative and Christian-democratic parties founded in 1978 called the <a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a> nor the Conservative Group called the "European Democratic Group" founded in 1979). The Group was renamed on 16 January 1973<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> to the "Group of European Progressive Democrats"<a href="#cite_note-t1s31-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s33-92">[91]</a> when the Gaullists were joined by the Irish <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a>, and renamed itself again on 24 July 1984<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> to the "Group of the European Democratic Alliance".<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s33-92">[91]</a> The European Democratic Alliance joined with MEPs from <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> to become the "<a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe" title="Union for Europe">Union for Europe</a>"<a href="#cite_note-t1s6-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s52-93">[92]</a> on 6 July 1995,<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> but it did not last and the Forza Italia MEPs left on 15 June 1998 to join the EPP,<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> leaving Union for Europe to struggle on until it split on 20 July 1999.<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> The French <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> members joined the EPP,<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> but <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> and the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (Portugal)">CDS–PP</a> members joined a new group called the "<a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">Union for Europe of the Nations</a>".<a href="#cite_note-t1s53-94">[93]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election" title="2009 European Parliament election">2009 Parliament elections</a> the Union for Europe of Nations was disbanded due to a lack of members, with the remaining members splitting into factions, with some joining with the remaining members of <a href="/wiki/Independence/Democracy" title="Independence/Democracy">Independence/Democracy</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="Europe of Freedom and Democracy">Europe of Freedom and Democracy</a>, a new <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Eurosceptic</a> group, and the remaining members joining with the former members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrat</a> subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">EPP-ED</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group name </th> <th>English abbr. </th> <th>French abbr. </th> <th>Formal European Parliament name </th> <th>From </th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Union" title="European Democratic Union">European Democratic Union</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>UDE<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>European Democratic Union Group<a href="#cite_note-t1s33-92">[91]</a> </td> <td>21 January 1965<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>16 January 1973<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Progressive_Democrats" title="European Progressive Democrats">European Progressive Democrats</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> </td> <td>EPD<a href="#cite_note-PolDatHandOECD1997-95">[94]</a> </td> <td>DEP<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>Group of European Progressive Democrats<a href="#cite_note-t1s31-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s33-92">[91]</a> </td> <td>16 January 1973<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>24 July 1984<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Alliance" title="European Democratic Alliance">European Democratic Alliance</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>EDA<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>RDE<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>Group of the European Democratic Alliance<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s33-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s52-93">[92]</a> </td> <td>24 July 1984<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>6 July 1995<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe" title="Union for Europe">Union for Europe</a> </td> <td>UFE<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>UPE<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>"Group Union for Europe"<a href="#cite_note-t1s6-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s52-93">[92]</a> </td> <td>6 July 1995<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td> <td>20 July 1999<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">Union for Europe of the Nations</a> </td> <td>UEN<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Union for Europe of the Nations Group<a href="#cite_note-t1s53-94">[93]</a> </td> <td>20 July 1999<a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s27-96">[95]</a> </td> <td>11 June 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists</a> </td> <td>ECR </td> <td>CRE </td> <td>European Conservatives and Reformists Group </td> <td>24 June 2009 </td> <td>present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greens_and_regionalists">Greens and regionalists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Greens and regionalists">edit</a>]</div> In European politics, there has been a coalition between the <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">greens</a> and the stateless nationalists or <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalists</a> (who also support <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a>). In 1984<a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> Greens and regionalists gathered into the "Rainbow Group",<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a> a coalition of Greens, regionalists and other parties of the left unaffiliated with any of the international organisations. In 1989,<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> the group split: the Greens went off to form the "Green Group", whilst the regionalists stayed in Rainbow. Rainbow collapsed in 1994<a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> and its members joined the "European Radical Alliance" under the French <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_of_the_Left" title="Radical Party of the Left">Energie Radicale</a>. The Greens and regionalists stayed separate until 1999,<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> when they reunited under the "Greens/European Free Alliance"<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a> banner. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group name </th> <th>English abbr. </th> <th>French abbr. </th> <th>Formal European Parliament name </th> <th>From </th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Group_(1984%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow Group (1984–89)">Rainbow Group</a> </td> <td>RBW<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>ARC<a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> </td> <td>Rainbow Group: Federation of the Green Alternative European Left, Agalev-Ecolo, the Danish People's Movement against Membership of the European Community and the European Free Alliance in the European Parliament<a href="#cite_note-t1s58-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s57-97">[96]</a> </td> <td>1984<a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> </td> <td>1989<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Group_(1989%E2%80%9394)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow Group (1989–94)">Rainbow Group</a> </td> <td>RBW<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>ARC<a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> </td> <td>Rainbow Group in the European Parliament<a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s58-88">[87]</a> </td> <td>1989<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> </td> <td>1994<a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Group_in_the_European_Parliament" title="The Green Group in the European Parliament">The Green Group</a> </td> <td>G<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>V<a href="#cite_note-t1s63-98">[97]</a> </td> <td>The Green Group in the European Parliament<a href="#cite_note-t1s6-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s59-99">[98]</a> </td> <td>1989<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> </td> <td>1999<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greens–European Free Alliance">The Greens–European Free Alliance</a> </td> <td>G/EFA,<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>Verts/ALE<a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>Group of the Greens–European Free Alliance<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s60-100">[99]</a> </td> <td>1999<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> </td> <td>present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communists_and_socialists">Communists and socialists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Communists and socialists">edit</a>]</div> The first communist group in the European Parliament was the "Communist and Allies Group"<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a> founded on 16 October 1973.<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> It stayed together until 25 July 1989<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> when it split into two groups, the "Left Unity" Group<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a> with 14<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a> members and the "Group of the European United Left"<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> (EUL) with 28<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a> members. EUL collapsed in January 1993<a href="#cite_note-t1s35-102">[101]</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left" title="Democratic Party of the Left">Democratic Party of the Left</a> and its MEPs joined the PES Group, leaving Left Unity as the only leftist group before the 1994 elections.<a href="#cite_note-t1s35-102">[101]</a> The name was resurrected immediately after the elections when the "Confederal Group of the European United Left"<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> was formed on 19 July 1994.<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> On 6 January 1995,<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> when parties from <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> joined, the Group was further renamed to the "Confederal Group of the <a href="/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="European United Left–Nordic Green Left">European United Left–Nordic Green Left</a>" and it has stayed that way to the present. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group name </th> <th>English abbr. </th> <th>French abbr. </th> <th>Formal European Parliament name </th> <th>From </th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_and_Allies_Group" title="Communist and Allies Group">Communists and Allies</a> </td> <td>COM<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Communist and Allies Group<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s37-103">[102]</a> </td> <td>16 October 1973<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> </td> <td>25 July 1989<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_United_Left_(1989%E2%80%931993)" title="European United Left (1989–1993)">European United Left</a> </td> <td>EUL<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>GUE<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> </td> <td>Group for the European United Left<a href="#cite_note-t1s39-104">[103]</a> </td> <td>25 July 1989<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> </td> <td>January 1993<a href="#cite_note-t1s35-102">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Left_Unity_(European_Parliament)" title="Left Unity (European Parliament)">Left Unity</a> </td> <td>LU<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>CG<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> </td> <td>Left Unity<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s38-105">[104]</a> </td> <td>25 July 1989<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> </td> <td>19 July 1994<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_United_Left_(1994%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="European United Left (1994–95)">European United Left</a> </td> <td>EUL<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>GUE<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a> </td> <td>Confederal Group of the European United Left<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s40-106">[105]</a> </td> <td>19 July 1994<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> </td> <td>6 January 1995<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Left_in_the_European_Parliament_%E2%80%93_GUE/NGL" class="mw-redirect" title="The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL">The Left in the European Parliament</a> </td> <td>EUL/NGL<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>GUE/NGL<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>Confederal Group of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left<a href="#cite_note-t1s6-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s40-106">[105]</a> </td> <td>6 January 1995<a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s40-106">[105]</a> </td> <td>present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right-wing_nationalists">Right-wing nationalists</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Right-wing nationalists">edit</a>]</div> In European politics, a grouping of nationalists has thus far found it difficult to cohere in a continuous Group. The first nationalist Group was founded by the French <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> in 1984<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s16-107">[106]</a> under the name of the "Group of the European Right",<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s16-107">[106]</a> and it lasted until 1989.<a href="#cite_note-t1s16-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s36-108">[107]</a> Its successor, the "Technical Group of the European Right",<a href="#cite_note-t1s16-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s15-109">[108]</a> existed from 1989<a href="#cite_note-t1s16-107">[106]</a> to 1994.<a href="#cite_note-t1s16-107">[106]</a> There was then a gap of thirteen years until "Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty"<a href="#cite_note-t1s17-110">[109]</a> was founded on 15 January 2007,<a href="#cite_note-t1s17-110">[109]</a> which lasted for nearly eleven months until it fell apart on 14 November 2007 due to in-fighting.<a href="#cite_note-t1s18-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laible2008-112">[111]</a> A new radical right group was formed during the 8th parliament on 16 June 2015 under the name "<a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Nations_and_Freedom" title="Europe of Nations and Freedom">Europe of Nations and Freedom</a>".<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group name </th> <th>English abbr. </th> <th>French abbr. </th> <th>Formal European Parliament name </th> <th>From </th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Right_(1984%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Right (1984–89)">European Right</a> </td> <td>ER<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Group of the European Right<a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s16-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s55-115">[114]</a> </td> <td>24 July 1984<a href="#cite_note-t1s55-115">[114]</a> </td> <td>24 July 1989<a href="#cite_note-t1s55-115">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Right_(1989%E2%80%9394)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Right (1989–94)">European Right</a> </td> <td>DR<a href="#cite_note-t1s15-109">[108]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Technical Group of the European Right<a href="#cite_note-t1s16-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s15-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s55-115">[114]</a> </td> <td>25 July 1989<a href="#cite_note-t1s55-115">[114]</a> </td> <td>18 July 1994<a href="#cite_note-t1s55-115">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Identity,_Tradition,_Sovereignty" title="Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty">Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty</a> </td> <td>ITS<a href="#cite_note-t1s17-110">[109]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Identity, Tradition and Sovereignty Group<a href="#cite_note-t1s55-115">[114]</a> </td> <td>15 January 2007<a href="#cite_note-t1s17-110">[109]</a> </td> <td>14 November 2007<a href="#cite_note-t1s18-111">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Nations_and_Freedom" title="Europe of Nations and Freedom">Europe of Nations and Freedom</a> </td> <td>ENF<a href="#cite_note-le_pen2-116">[115]</a> </td> <td>ENL </td> <td>Europe of Nations and Freedom Group<a href="#cite_note-le_pen2-116">[115]</a> </td> <td>16 June 2015<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> </td> <td>13 June 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a> </td> <td>ID </td> <td>ID </td> <td>Identity and Democracy Group </td> <td>13 June 2019 </td> <td>8 July 2024<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriots_for_Europe" title="Patriots for Europe">Patriots for Europe</a> </td> <td>PfE </td> <td>PfE </td> <td>Patriots for Europe Group </td> <td>8 July 2024 </td> <td>Present </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Sovereign_Nations_Group" title="Europe of Sovereign Nations Group">Europe of Sovereign Nations</a> </td> <td>ESN </td> <td>ENS </td> <td>Europe of Sovereign Nations Group </td> <td>10 July 2024 </td> <td>Present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eurosceptics">Eurosceptics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Eurosceptics">edit</a>]</div> The school of political thought that states that the competences of the European Union should be reduced or prevented from expanding further, is represented in the European Parliament by the <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">eurosceptics</a>. The first Eurosceptic group in the European Parliament was founded on 19 July 1994.<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a> It was called the "European Nations Group"<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a> and it lasted until 10 November 1996.<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a> Its successor was the "Group of Independents for a Europe of Nations",<a href="#cite_note-t1s6-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s13-120">[119]</a> founded on 20 December 1996.<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election" title="1999 European Parliament election">1999 European elections</a>, the Group was reorganised into the "Group for a Europe of Democracies and Diversities"<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a> on 20 July 1999,<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a> and similarly reorganised after the <a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election" title="2004 European Parliament election">2004 election</a> into the "Independence/Democracy Group"<a href="#cite_note-t1s14-121">[120]</a> on 20 July 2004.<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a> The group's leaders were <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a> (<a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UKIP</a>) and Kathy Sinnott (Independent, Ireland). After the 2009 European elections, a significant proportion of the IND/DEM members joined the "<a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="Europe of Freedom and Democracy">Europe of Freedom and Democracy</a>", which included parties formerly part of the Union for a Europe of Nations. The EFD group's leaders were Farage and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Speroni" title="Francesco Speroni">Francesco Speroni</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a> (Italy). With significant changes in membership after the 2014 European elections, the group was re-formed as "<a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Freedom_and_Direct_Democracy" title="Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy">Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy</a>", led by Farage and <a href="/wiki/David_Borrelli_(politician)" title="David Borrelli (politician)">David Borrelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a>, Italy). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group name </th> <th>English abbr. </th> <th>French abbr. </th> <th>Formal European Parliament name </th> <th>From </th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Nations" title="Europe of Nations">Europe of Nations</a> </td> <td>EN<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>EDN<a href="#cite_note-t1s63-98">[97]</a> </td> <td>Europe of Nations Group (Coordination Group)<a href="#cite_note-t1s61-122">[121]</a> </td> <td>19 July 1994<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s61-122">[121]</a> </td> <td>10 November 1996<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s61-122">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Independents_for_a_Europe_of_Nations" title="Independents for a Europe of Nations">Independents for a Europe of Nations</a> </td> <td>I-EN<a href="#cite_note-t1s13-120">[119]</a> </td> <td>I-EDN<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a> </td> <td>Group of Independents for a Europe of Nations<a href="#cite_note-t1s6-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s13-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s61-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s62-123">[122]</a> </td> <td>20 December 1996<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a> </td> <td>20 July 1999<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Democracies_and_Diversities" title="Europe of Democracies and Diversities">Europe of Democracies and Diversities</a> </td> <td>EDD<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Group for a Europe of Democracies and Diversities<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s62-123">[122]</a> </td> <td>20 July 1999<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a> </td> <td>20 July 2004<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Independence/Democracy" title="Independence/Democracy">Independence/Democracy</a> </td> <td>IND/DEM<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>Independence/Democracy Group<a href="#cite_note-t1s14-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s62-123">[122]</a> </td> <td>20 July 2004<a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a> </td> <td>11 June 2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="Europe of Freedom and Democracy">Europe of Freedom and Democracy</a> </td> <td>EFD </td> <td>ELD </td> <td>Europe of Freedom and Democracy Group<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> </td> <td>1 July 2009 </td> <td>24 June 2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Freedom_and_Direct_Democracy" title="Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy">Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy</a> </td> <td>EFDD </td> <td>ELDD </td> <td>Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy Group </td> <td>24 June 2014 </td> <td>26 June 2019 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heterogeneous">Heterogeneous</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Heterogeneous">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_Group_of_Independents_(1987)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technical Group of Independents (1987) (page does not exist)">Technical Group of Independents (1987)</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraktion_f%C3%BCr_die_technische_Koordinierung_und_Verteidigung_der_unabh%C3%A4ngigen_Gruppen_und_Mitglieder" class="extiw" title="de:Fraktion für die technische Koordinierung und Verteidigung der unabhängigen Gruppen und Mitglieder">de</a>]. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (July 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A Group is assumed to have a set of core principles ("affinities" or "complexion") to which the full members are expected to adhere. This throws up an anomaly: Groups get money and seats on Committees which Independent members do not get, but the total number of Independent members may be greater than the members of the smaller Groups. In 1979, MEPs got around this by forming a <a href="/wiki/Technical_group" title="Technical group">technical group</a> (formally called the "Group for the Technical Coordination and Defence of Independent Groups and Members",<a href="#cite_note-t1s56-125">[124]</a> or "CDI"<a href="#cite_note-t1s10-84">[83]</a> for short) as a coalition of parties ranging from centre-left to far-left, which were not aligned with any of the major international organizations.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> CDI lasted until 1984.<a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a> On 20 July 1999,<a href="#cite_note-t1s19-127">[126]</a> another technical group was formed, (formally called the "Technical Group of Independent Members – mixed group"<a href="#cite_note-t1s64-128">[127]</a> or "TGI"<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s19-127">[126]</a> for short). Since it contained far-right MEPs and centre-left MEPs, it could not possibly be depicted as having a common outlook. The Committee on Constitutional Affairs ruled<a href="#cite_note-t1s20-129">[128]</a> that TGI did not have a coherent political complexion, Parliament upheld (412 to 56 with 36 abstentions) the ruling,<a href="#cite_note-t1s21-130">[129]</a> and TGI was thus disbanded on 13 September 1999,<a href="#cite_note-t1s21-130">[129]</a> the first Group to be forcibly dissolved. However, the ruling was appealed to the <a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">European Court of First Instance</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s21-130">[129]</a> and the Group was temporarily resurrected on 1 December 1999<a href="#cite_note-t1s22-131">[130]</a> until the Court came to a decision.<a href="#cite_note-t1s22-131">[130]</a> On 3 October 2001, president Fontaine announced that the Court of First Instance had declared against the appeal<a href="#cite_note-t1s23-132">[131]</a> and that the disbandment was back in effect from 2 October 2001, the date of the declaration.<a href="#cite_note-t1s24-133">[132]</a> TGI appeared on the list of Political Groups in the European Parliament for the last time on 4 October 2001.<a href="#cite_note-t1s25-134">[133]</a> Since then the requirement that Groups have a coherent political complexion has been enforced (as <a href="/wiki/Identity,_Tradition,_Sovereignty" title="Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty">ITS</a> later found out), and "mixed" Groups are not expected to appear again. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Group name </th> <th>English abbr. </th> <th>French abbr. </th> <th>Formal European Parliament name </th> <th>From </th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Technical_Group_of_Independents_(1979%E2%80%9384)" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Group of Independents (1979–84)">Technical Group of Independents</a> </td> <td>n/a </td> <td>CDI<a href="#cite_note-t1s10-84">[83]</a> </td> <td>"Group for the Technical Coordination and Defence of Independent Groups and Members"<a href="#cite_note-t1s56-125">[124]</a> </td> <td>20 July 1979<a href="#cite_note-t1s19-127">[126]</a> </td> <td>24 July 1984<a href="#cite_note-t1s21-130">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Technical_Group_of_Independents_(1999%E2%80%932001)" title="Technical Group of Independents (1999–2001)">Technical Group of Independents</a> </td> <td>TGI<a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s19-127">[126]</a> </td> <td>TDI<a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a> </td> <td>"Technical Group of Independent Members – mixed group"<a href="#cite_note-t1s64-128">[127]</a> </td> <td>20 July 1999<a href="#cite_note-t1s19-127">[126]</a> </td> <td>4 October 2001<a href="#cite_note-t1s25-134">[133]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independents">Independents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Independents">edit</a>]</div> Independent MEPs that are not in a Group are categorised as "<a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">Non-Inscrits</a>" (the French term is universally used, even in English translations). This non-group has no group privileges or funding and is included here solely for completeness. <a href="#cite_note-Hines2003-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s3-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s7-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s34-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s50-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s6-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s49-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s8-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s5-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s1-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s26-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s51-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s28-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s29-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s30-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s41-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s42-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s43-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s9-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s45-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s10-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s44-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s46-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s11-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s58-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s48-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s47-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s31-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s33-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s52-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s53-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-PolDatHandOECD1997-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s27-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s57-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s63-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s59-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s60-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s4-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s35-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s37-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s39-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s38-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s40-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s16-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s36-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s15-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s17-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s18-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s55-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s12-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s13-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s14-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s61-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s62-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s56-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s19-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s64-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s20-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s21-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s22-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s23-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s24-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-t1s25-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_in_the_European_Parliament" title="Apportionment in the European Parliament">Apportionment in the European Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_organisations_at_European_Union_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Political organisations at European Union level">Political organisations at European Union level</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EFA-61"><a href="#cite_ref-EFA_61-0">^</a> Acting from 7 January 2020 for <a href="/wiki/Oriol_Junqueras" title="Oriol Junqueras">Oriol Junqueras</a> who has been prevented from travelling to the European Parliament due to his detention by Spanish authorities following <a href="/wiki/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum" title="2017 Catalan independence referendum">Catalonia's independence referendum</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hines2003-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hines2003_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hines2003_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 27 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+NEWS+%E2%80%93+Europe+%E2%80%93+Who%27s+who+in+EU%27s+new+far-right+group&rft.date=2007-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Flow%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F6249513.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+groups+of+the+European+Parliament" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-t1s36-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t1s36_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s36_108-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchlightmagazine.com/index.php?link=template&story=191">Searchlight article on collapse of ER</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-t1s15-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t1s15_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s15_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s15_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s15_109-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607234006/http://www.essex.ac.uk/ECPR/events/generalconference/marburg/papers/12/3/McElroy.pdf">"European Consortium for Political Research"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essex.ac.uk/ECPR/events/generalconference/marburg/papers/12/3/McElroy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 June 2011. 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Retrieved 27 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Far+right+MEPs+form+EU+parliamentary+group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparliamentmagazine.eu%2Farticles%2Fnews%2Ffar-right-meps-form-eu-parliamentary-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+groups+of+the+European+Parliament" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> The date when the last member joined <a href="/wiki/Patriots_for_Europe" title="Patriots for Europe">Patriots for Europe</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-t1s12-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s12_119-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europe-politique.eu/groupe-independance-democratie.htm">"Groupe Indépendance-Démocratie ID"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+News+%E2%80%93+Europe+%E2%80%93+European+parties+and+groups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fevents%2Feuros_99%2Feurope%2F349264.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+groups+of+the+European+Parliament" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-t1s14-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t1s14_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s14_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s14_121-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/groups/pdf/2006ind.pdf">"Ind/Dem accounts 2006/7"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ind%2FDem+accounts+2006%2F7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fgroups%2Fpdf%2F2006ind.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+groups+of+the+European+Parliament" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-t1s61-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t1s61_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s61_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s61_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s61_122-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s61_122-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/archive/term4/view.do?language=EN&id=2213">"Directory – MEPs – European Parliament"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directory+%E2%80%93+MEPs+%E2%80%93+European+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fmembers%2Farchive%2Fterm4%2Fview.do%3Flanguage%3DEN%26id%3D1275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+groups+of+the+European+Parliament" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501100821/http://www.efdgroup.eu/members.html">"Members"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efdgroup.eu/members.html">the original</a> on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efdgroup.eu%2Fmembers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+groups+of+the+European+Parliament" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-t1s56-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t1s56_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s56_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s56_125-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/archive/term1/view.do?language=EN&id=1019">"Directory – MEPs – European Parliament"</a>. Retrieved 27 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directory+%E2%80%93+MEPs+%E2%80%93+European+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fmembers%2Farchive%2Fterm1%2Fview.do%3Flanguage%3DEN%26id%3D1019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+groups+of+the+European+Parliament" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> On 17 July 1979, CDI consisted of 11 MEPs: specifically Maurits P.-A. 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Retrieved 27 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Notebook%3A+01-12-99%282%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fpress%2Fsdp%2Fjourn%2Fen%2F1999%2Fn9912012.htm%233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+groups+of+the+European+Parliament" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-t1s23-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-t1s23_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-t1s23_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+PRESS+DN-20011003-1+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN#SECTION17">"Daily Notebook – 03-10-2001"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daily+Notebook+%E2%80%93+04-10-2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fsides%2FgetDoc.do%3FpubRef%3D-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT%2BPRESS%2BDN-20011004-1%2B0%2BDOC%2BXML%2BV0%2F%2FEN%26language%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+groups+of+the+European+Parliament" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.votewatch.eu">see how European Political Groups vote and how they form coalitions on various policy areas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/groups/default_en.htm">European Parliament political groups</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/members/expert/politicalBodies.do?language=EN">Lists of MEPs by political group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00424">The Party System of the European Parliament: Collusive or Competitive? (includes groups and how they evolved since 1952/3)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/06251/sample/9780521806251ws.pdf">The European Parliament and Supranational Party System</a> Cambridge University Press 2002</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcd.ie/iiis/documents/discussion/pdfs/iiisdp101.pdf">Party Groups and Policy Positions in the European Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_M._Colomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Josep M. Colomer">Josep M. Colomer</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/josep_colomer/12">"How Political Parties, Rather than Member-States, Are Building the European Union" (proof copy)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dIzK9HyN6R0C">(via Google Books)</a> in Widening the European Union: The Politics of Institutional Change, ed. Bernard Steunenberg. London: Routledge, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26835-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26835-4">0-415-26835-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Parliament_groups" title="Template:European Parliament groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Parliament_groups" title="Template talk:European Parliament groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Parliament_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Parliament groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_groups_of_the_European_Parliament" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political groups of the European Parliament</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party</a> (188)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats</a> (136)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots_for_Europe" title="Patriots for Europe">Patriots for Europe</a> (86)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a> (78)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_Europe" title="Renew Europe">Renew Europe</a> (77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greens%E2%80%93European_Free_Alliance" title="Greens–European Free Alliance">Greens–European Free Alliance</a> (53)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_in_the_European_Parliament_%E2%80%93_GUE/NGL" class="mw-redirect" title="The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL">The Left in the European Parliament – GUE/NGL</a> (46)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Sovereign_Nations_Group" title="Europe of Sovereign Nations Group">Europe of Sovereign Nations</a> (25)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Inscrits" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Inscrits">Non-Inscrits</a> (30)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Previous_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Previous groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalists / far-right</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurodroite" title="Eurodroite">Eurodroite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Right_(1984%E2%80%931989)" title="European Right (1984–1989)">European Right (1984–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Right_(1989%E2%80%931994)" title="European Right (1989–1994)">European Right (1989–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity,_Tradition,_Sovereignty" title="Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty">Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Nations_and_Freedom" title="Europe of Nations and Freedom">Europe of Nations and Freedom (2015–2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy (2019–2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National conservatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Union" title="European Democratic Union">European Democratic Union (1965–1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Progressive_Democrats" title="European Progressive Democrats">European Progressive Democrats (1973–1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Alliance" title="European Democratic Alliance">European Democratic Alliance (1984–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe" title="Union for Europe">Union for Europe (1995–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_Europe_of_the_Nations" title="Union for Europe of the Nations">Union for Europe of the Nations (1999–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian democrats / conservatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group#History" title="European People's Party Group">Christian Democrats (1953–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group#History" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party (1979–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives" title="European Conservatives">European Conservatives (1973–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats (1979–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forza_Europa" title="Forza Europa">Forza Europa (1994–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group#History" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party–European Democrats (1999–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liberals / centrists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_Group" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Group">Liberals and Allies (1953–1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_Group" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Group">Liberals and Democrats (1976–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_Group" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Group">Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group (1985–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Radical_Alliance" title="European Radical Alliance">European Radical Alliance (1994–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Democrat_and_Reform_Party_Group" title="European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Group">European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (1994–2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_group" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (2004–2019)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social democrats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats#History" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Socialists (1953–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance_of_Socialists_and_Democrats#History" title="Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats">Party of European Socialists (1993–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communists / far-left</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_and_Allies_Group" title="Communist and Allies Group">Communists and Allies (1973–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_United_Left_(1989%E2%80%931993)" title="European United Left (1989–1993)">European United Left (1989–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_Unity_(European_Parliament)" title="Left Unity (European Parliament)">Left Unity (1989–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_United_Left_(1994%E2%80%931995)" title="European United Left (1994–1995)">European United Left (1994–1995)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greens / regionalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Group_(1984%E2%80%931989)" title="Rainbow Group (1984–1989)">Rainbow Group (1984–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Group_(1989%E2%80%931994)" title="Rainbow Group (1989–1994)">Rainbow Group (1989–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Group_in_the_European_Parliament" title="The Green Group in the European Parliament">Greens (1989–1999)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurosceptics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Nations" title="Europe of Nations">Europe of Nations (1994–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independents_for_a_Europe_of_Nations" title="Independents for a Europe of Nations">Independents for a Europe of Nations (1996–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Democracies_and_Diversities" title="Europe of Democracies and Diversities">Europe of Democracies and Diversities (1999–2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence/Democracy" title="Independence/Democracy">Independence/Democracy (2004–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="Europe of Freedom and Democracy">Europe of Freedom and Democracy (2009–2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Freedom_and_Direct_Democracy" title="Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy">Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (2014–2019)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heterogeneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Group_of_Independents_(1979%E2%80%931984)" title="Technical Group of Independents (1979–1984)">Technical Group of Independents (1979–1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Technical_Group_of_Independents_(1987)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technical Group of Independents (1987) (page does not exist)">Technical Group of Independents (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Group_of_Independents_(1999%E2%80%932001)" title="Technical Group of Independents (1999–2001)">Technical Group of Independents (1999–2001)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Union_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_topics" title="Template talk:European Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Union_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_European_Union_history" title="Timeline of European Union history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_of_European_unity_before_1948" title="Ideas of European unity before 1948">Ideas of European unity before 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_integration_(1948%E2%80%931957)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European integration (1948–1957)">1948–1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1958%E2%80%931972)" title="History of the European Communities (1958–1972)">1958–1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Communities_(1973%E2%80%931993)" title="History of the European Communities (1973–1993)">1973–1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_(1993%E2%80%932004)" title="History of the European Union (1993–2004)">1993–2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union_since_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the European Union since 2004">Since 2004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Defence policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union_(alliance)" title="Western Union (alliance)">Western Union (1948–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union (1954–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities (1967–2009)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Authority_for_the_Ruhr" title="International Authority for the Ruhr">International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community (1958–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community (1993–2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Cooperation_Fund" title="European Monetary Cooperation Fund">European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_Institute" title="European Monetary Institute">European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">Financial stability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Facility" title="European Financial Stability Facility">European Financial Stability Facility (2010–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Financial_Stability_Mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Financial Stability Mechanism">European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–2012)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste#Dissolution" title="Free Territory of Trieste">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_Greenland_from_the_European_Communities" title="Withdrawal of Greenland from the European Communities">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon#After_1945" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy#21st_century" title="Saint Barthélemy">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_European_Union" title="Geography of the European Union">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_European_Union" title="Demographics of the European Union">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_border_of_the_European_Union" title="External border of the European Union">External border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_European_Union" title="Environmental issues in the European Union">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_European_Union" title="Extreme points of the European Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_midpoint_of_Europe#Geographic_centre_of_the_European_Union" title="Geographical midpoint of Europe">Geographic centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larger_urban_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger urban zone">Larger urban zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_European_Union" title="Protected areas of the European Union">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Regions (first-level NUTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_territories_of_members_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="Special territories of members of the European Economic Area">Special territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodies_of_the_European_Union_and_the_Euratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodies of the European Union and the Euratom">Bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">Institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="President of the European Parliament">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Vice-President of the European Parliament">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the European Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_the_European_Parliament" title="Committees of the European Parliament">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_constituency" title="European Parliament constituency">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_party" title="European political party">European political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_political_foundation" title="European political foundation">European political foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union">General Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurogroup" title="Eurogroup">Eurogroup</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council" title="President of the European Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_summit" title="Euro summit">Euro summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission" title="President of the European Commission">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_European_Commission" title="Vice-President of the European Commission">Vice-Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Commissioners_by_nationality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Commissioners by nationality">Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General" title="Directorate-General">Directorates-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Court_(European_Union)" title="General Court (European Union)">General Court</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_European_Central_Bank" title="President of the European Central Bank">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_audit_institution" title="Supreme audit institution">Supreme audit institution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Auditors" title="European Court of Auditors">European Court of Auditors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_European_Court_of_Auditors" title="Secretary-General of the European Court of Auditors">Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other international-law EU bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a></li> <li>EIB Group <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Fund" title="European Investment Fund">European Investment Fund</a></li> <li>EIB Institute</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Stability_Mechanism" title="European Stability Mechanism">European Stability Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Patent_Court" title="Unified Patent Court">Unified Patent Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Ombudsman" title="European Ombudsman">European Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor" title="European Data Protection Supervisor">European Data Protection Supervisor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Agencies of the European Union">Agencies of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_of_the_Regions" title="European Committee of the Regions">European Committee of the Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_and_Social_Committee" title="European Economic and Social Committee">European Economic and Social Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_and_Security_Committee" title="Political and Security Committee">Political and Security Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Committee" title="European Union Military Committee">European Union Military Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Military_Staff" title="European Union Military Staff">European Union Military Staff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">Acquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Fundamental_Rights_of_the_European_Union" title="Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union">Charter of Fundamental Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_competition_law" title="European Union competition law">Competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">Copyright law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">Directive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Rights_Directive" title="Citizens' Rights Directive">Citizens' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_for_Cooperation_and_Verification" title="Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification">Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Journal_of_the_European_Union" title="Official Journal of the European Union">Official Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_legislative_procedure" title="European Union legislative procedure">Legislative procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Citizens%27_Initiative" title="European Citizens' Initiative">Citizens' Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_(European_Union)" title="Regulation (European Union)">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the European Union">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_cooperation" title="Enhanced cooperation">Enhanced cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_the_European_Union" title="Treaties of the European Union">Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opt-outs_in_the_European_Union" title="Opt-outs in the European Union">opt-outs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_European_Union" title="Budget of the European Union">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currencies_of_the_European_Union" title="Currencies of the European Union">Currencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_preference_(EU)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community preference (EU)">Community preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">Government procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro" title="International status and usage of the euro">International status and usage</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Transport" title="European Commissioner for Transport">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRACECA" title="TRACECA">TRACECA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European Union member states by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of European Union member states by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Union_member_states_by_health_expense_per_person" title="List of European Union member states by health expense per person">Health expense per person</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmentalism" title="Intergovernmentalism">Intergovernmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">Multi-speed Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">Neofunctionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_currency_area" title="Optimum currency area">Optimum currency area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Federation">Federalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Europeanism" title="Pro-Europeanism">Pro-Europeanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_legitimacy_of_the_European_Union" title="Democratic legitimacy of the European Union">Democratic legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiated_integration" title="Differentiated integration">Differentiated integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_partnership" title="Privileged partnership">Privileged partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower#European_Union" title="Potential superpower">Potential superpower status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_freedom,_security_and_justice" title="Area of freedom, security and justice">Area of freedom, security and justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_asylum_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Migration and asylum policy of the European Union">Migration and asylum policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Judicial_Network" title="European Judicial Network">European Judicial Network</a> (criminal matters)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Judicial_Network_in_civil_and_commercial_matters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters (page does not exist)">European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of the European Union">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passports_of_the_European_Union" title="Passports of the European Union">passports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_identity_card" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity card">identity card</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_identity_cards_in_the_European_Economic_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="National identity cards in the European Economic Area">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_driving_licence" title="European driving licence">Driving licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle registration plates of the European Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">Permanent Structured Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Global_Strategy" title="European Union Global Strategy">Global Strategy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_banking_union" title="European banking union">European banking union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Resolution_Mechanism" title="Single Resolution Mechanism">Single Resolution Mechanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Markets_Union" title="Capital Markets Union">Capital Markets Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Financial_Supervision" title="European System of Financial Supervision">European System of Financial Supervision</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">Single market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy" title="Common Agricultural Policy">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">Cultural policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Educational policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Energy policy of the European Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Environmental policy of the European Union">Environmental policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">Fisheries policy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HealthCare_in_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HealthCare in the European Union (page does not exist)">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">Health Insurance Card</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement_for_workers_in_the_European_Union" title="Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union">Labour mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_policy_of_the_European_Union" title="Regional policy of the European Union">Regional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Structural_and_Investment_Funds" title="European Structural and Investment Funds">European Structural and Investment Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Sport policies of the European Union">Sport policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_value_added_tax" title="European Union value added tax">VAT Area</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Neighbourhood Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EEA_Joint_Committee" title="EEA Joint Committee">EEA Joint Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Community" title="Energy Community">Energy Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Framework Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Peace_Facility" title="European Peace Facility">European Peace Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Partnership_Agreements" title="Economic Partnership Agreements">Economic Partnership Agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">European Union Association Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilisation_and_Association_Process" title="Stabilisation and Association Process">Stabilisation and Association Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Gateway_Programme" title="EU Gateway Programme">EU Gateway Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Strategy_for_the_South_Caucasus" title="EU Strategy for the South Caucasus">EU Strategy for the South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a 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