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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Home-rule_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home-rule_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Home-rule movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home-rule_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_and_steps_to_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_and_steps_to_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Revolution and steps to independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_and_steps_to_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irish_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irish_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Irish Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irish_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitution_of_Ireland_1937" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_of_Ireland_1937"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Constitution of Ireland 1937</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_of_Ireland_1937-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Recent history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taxation_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Taxation policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>State symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>General information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Republic of Ireland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 270 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-270" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">270 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandia" title="Irlandia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Ирлэнд – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ирлэнд" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Ирландие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ирландие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_Ierland" title="Republiek Ierland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Republiek Ierland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5_%E1%88%AA%E1%8D%90%E1%89%A5%E1%88%8A%E1%8A%AD" title="አየርላንድ ሪፐብሊክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አየርላንድ ሪፐብሊክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland_seo_Cynewise" title="Irland seo Cynewise – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Irland seo Cynewise" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Ирландиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ирландиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جمهورية أيرلندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية أيرلندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A9%DC%98%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%95" title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܐܝܪܠܢܕ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܩܘܛܢܝܘܬܐ ܕܐܝܪܠܢܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Իրլանտայի Հանրապետութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իրլանտայի Հանրապետութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_(payis)" title="Irlanda (payis) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Irlanda (payis)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_d%27Irlanda" title="República d'Irlanda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="आयरलैंड गणराज्य – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आयरलैंड गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iril%C3%A1nda" title="Irilánda – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Irilánda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирландия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandiya" title="Irlandiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Irlandiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlandiya" title="İrlandiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrlandiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ایرلند – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایرلند" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandia" title="Irlandia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="প্রজাতন্ত্রী আয়ারল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রজাতন্ত্রী আয়ারল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80i-n%C3%AD-l%C3%A2n" title="Ài-ní-lân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ài-ní-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandia" title="Irlandia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирландия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ірландыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ірландыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ірляндыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ірляндыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="आयरलैंड रिपब्लिक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आयरलैंड रिपब्लिक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandya" title="Irlandya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Irlandya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerlan" title="Aerlan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Aerlan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨར་ལེན་ཌ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨར་ལེན་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska" title="Irska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Irska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Iwerzhon" title="Republik Iwerzhon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Iwerzhon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Ирланд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ирланд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ирланди Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ирланди Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsko" title="Irsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Irsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerelendi" title="Yerelendi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Yerelendi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Iwerddon" title="Gweriniaeth Iwerddon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweriniaeth Iwerddon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="لجمهورية د إرلاندا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لجمهورية د إرلاندا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irl%C3%A1nda" title="Irlánda – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Irlánda" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%94%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%AA%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%96%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%AB%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7" title="އަޔަލޭންޑުގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަޔަލޭންޑުގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitsiigha%CA%BC_%C5%81ich%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Bitsiighaʼ Łichííʼí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bitsiighaʼ Łichííʼí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska" title="Irska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Irska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="गणतन्त्र आयरल्यान्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="गणतन्त्र आयरल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%8C" title="ཨའིརི་ལེནཌ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨའིརི་ལེནཌ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iirimaa" title="Iirimaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iirimaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Δημοκρατία της Ιρλανδίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοκρατία της Ιρλανδίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irl%C3%A0nda" title="Irlànda – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Irlànda" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ирландия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ирландия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlando" title="Irlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda_(estatua)" title="Irlanda (estatua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irlanda (estatua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="جمهوری ایرلند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری ایرلند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Republic of Ireland" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drland_(land)" title="Írland (land) – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Írland (land)" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlande_(pays)" title="Irlande (pays) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Irlande (pays)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierl%C3%A2n" title="Ierlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ierlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlannda" title="Irlannda – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Irlannda" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlande" title="Irlande – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Irlande" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ire_(Poblacht_na_h%C3%89ireann)" title="Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éire (Poblacht na hÉireann)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobblaght_Nerin" title="Pobblaght Nerin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pobblaght Nerin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlandiya" title="İrlandiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İrlandiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poblachd_na_h-%C3%88ireann" title="Poblachd na h-Èireann – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Poblachd na h-Èireann" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD" title="愛爾蘭 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="愛爾蘭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌴𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="आयर्लंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="आयर्लंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ирландин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ирландин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="아일랜드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아일랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayilan_(%C6%99asa)" title="Ayilan (ƙasa) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ayilan (ƙasa)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilelani" title="Ilelani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Ilelani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Իռլանդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իռլանդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="आयरलैण्ड गणराज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयरलैण्ड गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska" title="Irska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Irska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska" title="Irska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Irska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiko_Irlando" title="Republiko Irlando – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Republiko Irlando" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_ti_Irlanda" title="Republika ti Irlanda – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Republika ti Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="আয়ারল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আয়ারল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_de_Irlanda" title="Republica de Irlanda – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Republica de Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ирланди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ирланди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Ayilendi" title="I-Ayilendi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Ayilendi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drska_l%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0" title="Írska lýðveldið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Írska lýðveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="אירלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Irlan" title="Républik Irlan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Républik Irlan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C9%A9land%C9%A9" title="Irɩlandɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Irɩlandɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%90%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್‌ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಐರ್ಲೆಂಡ್‌ ಗಣರಾಜ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирландия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ირლანდია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირლანდია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandi%C3%B4" title="Irlandiô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Irlandiô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирландия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repoblek_Wordhen" title="Repoblek Wordhen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Repoblek Wordhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irilande" title="Irilande – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Irilande" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eire" title="Eire – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Eire" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирландия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirea" title="Eirea – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Eirea" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iland_(peyi)" title="Iland (peyi) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Iland (peyi)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlann_(p%C3%A9yi)" title="Irlann (péyi) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Irlann (péyi)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komara_%C3%8Erlenday%C3%AA" title="Komara Îrlendayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Komara Îrlendayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирландия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ирланди – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ирланди" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%8C%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%8C" title="ປະເທດໄອຣ໌ແລນດ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໄອຣ໌ແລນດ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eireja" title="Eireja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Eireja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernia_(res_publica)" title="Hibernia (res publica) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hibernia (res publica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AArija" title="Īrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Īrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирландия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airija" title="Airija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Airija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irl%C3%A0nda" title="Irlànda – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Irlànda" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierland" title="Ierland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ierland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland%C3%AD" title="Irlandí – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Irlandí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandii" title="Irlandii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Irlandii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/airland" title="airland – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="airland" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drorsz%C3%A1g" title="Írország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Írország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Republik Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ирска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ирска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="റിപ്പബ്ലിക്ക് ഓഫ് അയർലണ്ട് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിപ്പബ്ലിക്ക് ഓഫ് അയർലണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblika_tal-Irlanda" title="Repubblika tal-Irlanda – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Repubblika tal-Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airangi" title="Airangi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Airangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="आयर्लंडचे प्रजासत्ताक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आयर्लंडचे प्रजासत्ताक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ირლანდიაშ რესპუბლიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ირლანდიაშ რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="جمهورية ايرلاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جمهورية ايرلاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ایرلند جمهوری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایرلند جمهوری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Ireland" title="Republik Ireland – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Republik Ireland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Irlandia" title="Republik Irlandia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Republik Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81i-%C4%AB-l%C3%A0ng" title="Ái-ī-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ái-ī-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirlanda" title="Eirlanda – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eirlanda" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Ирландмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ирландмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Ирланд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ирланд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အိုင်ယာလန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်ယာလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailadi" title="Ailadi – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ailadi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierland_(land)" title="Ierland (land) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ierland (land)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ierlaand_(laand)" title="Ierlaand (laand) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ierlaand (laand)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="गणतन्त्र आयरल्यान्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गणतन्त्र आयरल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="गणतन्त्र आयरल्यान्द – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गणतन्त्र आयरल्यान्द" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="アイルランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイルランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ирланди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ирланди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiik_Irlun/%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Republiik Irlun/öö – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Republiik Irlun/öö" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airiland" title="Airiland – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Airiland" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republikken_Irland" title="Republikken Irland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Republikken Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publyique_d%27Irlande" title="Républyique d'Irlande – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Républyique d'Irlande" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republike_de_Irlande" title="Republike de Irlande – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Republike de Irlande" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_d%27Irlanda" title="Republica d'Irlanda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica d'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ирландий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ирландий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ଆୟରଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆୟରଲ୍ୟାଣ୍ଡ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aayerlaandi" title="Aayerlaandi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Aayerlaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandiya" title="Irlandiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Irlandiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡ ਗਣਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਇਰਲੈਂਡ ਗਣਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="لوکراج آئرلینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوکراج آئرلینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အုဲင်ယာလန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အုဲင်ယာလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89" title="آيرلينډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آيرلينډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripoblik_a_Airilan" title="Ripoblik a Airilan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ripoblik a Airilan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Ирму – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ирму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="អៀរឡង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អៀរឡង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlinde_(pa%C3%AFs)" title="Irlinde (païs) – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Irlinde (païs)" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripablik_bilong_Aialan" title="Ripablik bilong Aialan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ripablik bilong Aialan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandia" title="Irlandia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Irlandia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιρλανδία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ιρλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandiya" title="Irlandiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Irlandiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlandiya" title="İrlandiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İrlandiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Irland" title="Republika Irland – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Republika Irland" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_da_l%27Irlanda" title="Republica da l'Irlanda – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Republica da l'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irihallp%27a" title="Irihallp'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Irihallp'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Ірьско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ірьско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирландия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ирландия Республиката – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ирландия Республиката" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripapelika_o_Aialani" title="Ripapelika o Aialani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Ripapelika o Aialani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ऐर्लेण्ड् गणराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ऐर्लेण्ड् गणराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B0_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C_%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱟᱭᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱭᱟᱨᱞᱮᱱᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱯᱱᱟᱹᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="جمہوریہ آئرلینڈ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جمہوریہ آئرلینڈ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9brica_de_s%27Irlanda" title="Repùbrica de s'Irlanda – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Repùbrica de s'Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_o_Ireland" title="Republic o Ireland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Republic o Ireland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlound" title="Irlound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Irlound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_e_Irland%C3%ABs" title="Republika e Irlandës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika e Irlandës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BA" title="අයර්ලන්ත ජනරජය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අයර්ලන්ත ජනරජය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Republic of Ireland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A" title="جمھوريا آئرلينڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جمھوريا آئرلينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYalendi" title="IYalendi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IYalendi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Drsko" title="Írsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Írsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska" title="Irska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Irska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Єирь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єирь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandyjo" title="Irlandyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Irlandyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrland" title="Ayrland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ayrland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کۆماری ئیرلەند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆماری ئیرلەند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irikondre" title="Irikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Irikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Република Ирска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Република Ирска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irska" title="Irska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Irska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanti" title="Irlanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Irlanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland" title="Irland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Irland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_ng_Irlanda" title="Republika ng Irlanda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Republika ng Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="அயர்லாந்து குடியரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அயர்லாந்து குடியரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irland_(Tamurt)" title="Irland (Tamurt) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Irland (Tamurt)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanne" title="Irlanne – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Irlanne" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирландия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%82%87%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9C%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းဢၢႆႇယႃႇလႅၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢၢႆႇယႃႇလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఐర్లాండ్ గణతణత్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐర్లాండ్ గణతణత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศไอร์แลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศไอร์แลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Ҷумҳурии Ирланд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Ирланд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAealani" title="ʻAealani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAealani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%B2%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%82" title="ᎠᏲᎳᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏲᎳᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_(Republic)" title="Ireland (Republic) – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ireland (Republic)" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0rlanda" title="İrlanda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İrlanda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandi%C3%BDa" title="Irlandiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Irlandiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%CC%B1pobi%CC%B1lik_Ayiri%CC%B1lan" title="Ri̱pobi̱lik Ayiri̱lan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ri̱pobi̱lik Ayiri̱lan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ирландия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%89%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%95" title="ᨕᨗᨑᨒᨊᨉᨗᨕ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨗᨑᨒᨊᨉᨗᨕ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ірландія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ірландія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="جمہوریہ آئرلینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جمہوریہ آئرلینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiwjlanz_Gunghozgoz" title="Aiwjlanz Gunghozgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Aiwjlanz Gunghozgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlanda" title="Irlanda – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandii" title="Irlandii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Irlandii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_Ireland" title="Cộng hòa Ireland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirey%C3%A4n" title="Lireyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lireyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iirimaa" title="Iirimaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Iirimaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlande" title="Irlande – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Irlande" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD" title="愛爾蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="愛爾蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiek_Ierland" title="Republiek Ierland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Republiek Ierland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_han_Irlanda" title="Republika han Irlanda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Republika han Irlanda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlaand" title="Irlaand – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Irlaand" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爱尔兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ireland" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="אירלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אירלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%E1%BA%B9%CC%81l%C3%A1nd%C3%AC" title="Írẹ́lándì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Írẹ́lándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Republic_of_Ireland&params=53_20.65_N_6_16.05_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°20.65′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°16.05′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.34417°N 6.26750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.34417; -6.26750</span></span></span></a></span></span><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Republic_of_Ireland&params=53_N_8_W_scale:10000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°N</span> <span class="longitude">8°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53°N 8°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53; -8</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in north-western Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sovereign state. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ireland_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ireland (disambiguation)">Ireland (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Ireland<sup id="cite_ref-nomenclature_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nomenclature-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ireland"><img alt="Flag of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/130px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/195px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/260px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland" title="Flag of Ireland">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ireland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg/65px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg/98px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="830" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br /><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann" title="Amhrán na bhFiann">Amhrán na bhFiann</a></span></span><br /><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;">"The Soldiers' Song"</span><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhrán_na_bhFiann.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7c/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/United_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=ga&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ga" label="Gaeilge ‪(ga)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=gl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gl" label="galego ‪(gl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Ireland_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/EU-Ireland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-EU-Ireland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/EU-Ireland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-EU-Ireland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/EU-Ireland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-EU-Ireland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show globe</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/EU-Ireland.svg/250px-EU-Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/EU-Ireland.svg/375px-EU-Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/EU-Ireland.svg/500px-EU-Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of <span>Ireland</span> (dark green)<p style="text-align:left;margin-left:1.2ex;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (light green & dark grey)<br />– in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (light green)</p></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Republic_of_Ireland&params=53_20.65_N_6_16.05_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°20.65′N</span> <span class="longitude">6°16.05′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.34417°N 6.26750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.34417; -6.26750</span></span></span></a></span></span><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Republic_of_Ireland&params=53_N_8_W_scale:10000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°N</span> <span class="longitude">8°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53°N 8°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53; -8</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a><sup id="cite_ref-national_language_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national_language-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2022<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>76.6% <a href="/wiki/Irish_people#Genetics" title="Irish people">White Irish</a></li><li>10.8% other <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a></li><li>3.3% <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a></li><li>1.5% <a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Ireland" title="Black people in Ireland">Black</a></li><li>1.7% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">other</a></li><li>6.2% not stated</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022<sup id="cite_ref-REL_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REL-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>75.7% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland" title="Christianity in Ireland">Christianity</a> <ul><li>69.1% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholicism</a></li> <li>2.5% <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Anglicanism</a></li> <li>4.1% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li>14.5% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Irreligion in the Republic of Ireland">no religion</a></li> <li>3.1% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">other</a></li> <li>6.7% not stated</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Harris" title="Simon Harris">Simon Harris</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1naiste" title="Tánaiste">Tánaiste</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Martin" title="Micheál Martin">Micheál Martin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland" title="Chief Justice of Ireland">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Donal_O%27Donnell" title="Donal O'Donnell">Donal O'Donnell</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">Proclamation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 April 1916</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Irish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Irish Declaration of Independence">Declaration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 January 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 December 1921</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">1922 constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 December 1922</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">1937 constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 December 1937</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" title="The Republic of Ireland Act 1948">Republic Act</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 April 1949</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="#Geography">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">70,273 km<sup>2</sup> (27,133 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">118th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.0%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• April 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 5,380,300<sup id="cite_ref-Pop.Ireland_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop.Ireland-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">122nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,149,139<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">76.6/km<sup>2</sup> (198.4/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">113th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $691.904 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.IE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">40th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $127,750<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.IE_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $560.566 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.IE_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">30th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $103,500<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.IE_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Negative increase"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 27.9<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">low inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.950<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgreen">very high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">7th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-currency_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currency-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> </span> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Time in the Republic of Ireland">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telephone numbers in the Republic of Ireland">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telephone numbers in the Republic of Ireland">+353</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IE" title="ISO 3166-2:IE">IE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ie" title=".ie">.ie</a><sup id="cite_ref-tld_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tld-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ireland</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[ˈeːɾʲə]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e0\/Eire_pronunciation.ogg\/Eire_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eire pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e0/Eire_pronunciation.ogg/Eire_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Eire_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Eire pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), also known as the <b>Republic of Ireland</b> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Poblacht na hÉireann</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-nomenclature_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nomenclature-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a country in north-western <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> consisting of 26 of the 32 <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">counties</a> of the island of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, with a population of about 5.4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Pop.Ireland_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop.Ireland-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, on the eastern side of the island, with a population of about 1.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Pop.Ireland_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pop.Ireland-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> shares its only land border with <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">part of the United Kingdom</a>. It is otherwise surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Channel" title="St George's Channel">St George's Channel</a> to the south-east and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> to the east. It is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislature, the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a></span></span>, consists of a <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>, <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a></span></span>; an <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>, <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a></span></span>; and an elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">president</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Uachtarán</i></span>) who serves as the largely ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, but with some important powers and duties. The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> is the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a></span></span> (prime minister, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">chief</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), elected by the Dáil and appointed by the president, who appoints other government ministers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> was created with <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> status in 1922, following the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a>. In 1937, a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">new constitution</a> was adopted, in which the state was named "Ireland" and effectively became a republic, with an elected <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state#Non-executive_model" title="Head of state">non-executive president</a>. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" title="The Republic of Ireland Act 1948">The Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a>. Ireland became a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1955. It joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (EC), the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), in 1973. The state had no formal relations with Northern Ireland for most of the 20th century, but the 1980s and 1990s saw the British and Irish governments working with Northern Irish parties to resolve the conflict that had become known as <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>. Since the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> in 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Irish government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Irish government</a> have co-operated on a number of policy areas under the <a href="/wiki/North/South_Ministerial_Council" title="North/South Ministerial Council">North/South Ministerial Council</a> created by the Agreement. </p><p>Ireland is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> that ranks amongst the highest in the world; after <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index">adjustments for inequality</a>, the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> listing ranked it the sixth-highest in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also ranks highly in <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_economic_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by economic freedom">economic freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">freedom of the press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a member of the EU and a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. The Irish government has followed a policy of <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">military neutrality</a> through non-alignment since before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the country is consequently not a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is a member of <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Structured_Cooperation#Neutral_states" title="Permanent Structured Cooperation">certain aspects of PESCO</a>. Ireland's economy is advanced,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one of Europe's major financial hubs being centred on Dublin. It ranks among the top five wealthiest countries in the world in terms of both <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI</a> per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After joining the EC, the country's government enacted a series of liberal economic policies that helped to boost economic growth between 1995 and 2007, a time now often referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a> period. A recession and reversal in growth then followed during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, which was exacerbated by the bursting of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_property_bubble" title="Irish property bubble">Irish property bubble</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Great Recession lasted until 2014, and was followed by a new period of strong economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Irish_state" title="Names of the Irish state">Names of the Irish state</a></div> <p>The Irish name for Ireland is <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></i></span>, deriving from <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a></i></span>, a goddess in Irish mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state created in 1922, comprising 26 of the 32 <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">counties of Ireland</a>, was "styled and known as the Irish Free State" (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Saorstát Éireann</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a>, adopted in 1937, says that "the name of the State is <i>Éire</i>, or, in the English language, Ireland". Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ireland Act 1948">Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a> states, "It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland." The 1948 Act does not <i>name</i> the state "Republic of Ireland", because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of the United Kingdom used the name "Eire" (without the <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a>) and, from 1949, "Republic of Ireland", for the state.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>, when the state dropped its <a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations#Articles_2_and_3_and_the_name_Ireland" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">claim to Northern Ireland</a>, that it began calling the state "Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daly_2007_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daly_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state is also informally called "the Republic", "Southern Ireland" or "the South";<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially when distinguishing the state from the island or when discussing <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> ("the North"). <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republicans">Irish republicans</a> reserve the name "Ireland" for the whole island<sup id="cite_ref-Daly_2007_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daly_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often refer to the state as "the Free State", "the 26 Counties",<sup id="cite_ref-Daly_2007_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daly_2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "the South of Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a "response to the <a href="/wiki/Partitionism" title="Partitionism">partitionist</a> view [...] that Ireland stops at the border".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">History of the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the history of the entire island, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History of Ireland</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home-rule_movement">Home-rule movement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Irish Home Rule movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Stewart_Parnell_at_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Charles_Stewart_Parnell_at_meeting.jpg/220px-Charles_Stewart_Parnell_at_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Charles_Stewart_Parnell_at_meeting.jpg/330px-Charles_Stewart_Parnell_at_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Charles_Stewart_Parnell_at_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> (1846–1891) addressing a meeting. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> was formed in 1882 by Parnell.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Union_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Union 1800">Act of Union</a> on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, the island of Ireland was part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>, from 1845 to 1849, the island's population of over 8 million fell by 30%. One million Irish died of starvation and disease and another 1.5 million emigrated, mostly to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This set the pattern of emigration for the century to come, resulting in constant population decline up to the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1874, and particularly under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> from 1880, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> gained prominence. This was firstly through widespread agrarian agitation via the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Land League">Irish Land League</a>, which won <a href="/wiki/Land_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Land reforms">land reforms</a> for tenants in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Land Acts">Irish Land Acts</a>, and secondly through its attempts to achieve <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule Movement">Home Rule</a>, via two unsuccessful bills which would have granted Ireland limited national autonomy. These led to "grass-roots" control of national affairs, under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Ireland)_Act_1898" title="Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898">Local Government Act 1898</a>, that had been in the hands of landlord-dominated <a href="/wiki/Grand_juries" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand juries">grand juries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a>. </p><p>Home Rule seemed certain when the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Act_1911" title="Parliament Act 1911">Parliament Act 1911</a> abolished the veto of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Redmond" title="John Redmond">John Redmond</a> secured the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Act_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule Act 1914">Third Home Rule Act</a> in 1914. However, the <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionist movement</a> had been growing since 1886 among Irish Protestants after the introduction of the first home rule bill, fearing discrimination and loss of economic and social privileges if <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a> achieved real political power. In the late 19th and early 20th-century unionism was particularly strong in parts of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, where industrialisation was more common in contrast to the more agrarian rest of the island, and where the Protestant population was more prominent, with a majority in four counties.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the leadership of the Dublin-born <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Sir Edward Carson</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Unionist Party">Irish Unionist Party</a> and the Ulsterman <a href="/wiki/James_Craig,_1st_Viscount_Craigavon" title="James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon">Sir James Craig</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>, unionists became strongly militant, forming <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a> in order to oppose "the Coercion of Ulster".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Home Rule Bill passed parliament in May 1914, to avoid rebellion with Ulster, the British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> introduced an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party#Home_Rule_succeeds" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Amending Bill</a> reluctantly conceded to by the Irish Party leadership. This provided for the temporary exclusion of Ulster from the workings of the bill for a trial period of six years, with an as yet undecided new set of measures to be introduced for the area to be temporarily excluded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_and_steps_to_independence">Revolution and steps to independence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_(6937669789).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg/220px-The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg/330px-The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg/440px-The_shell_of_the_G.P.O._on_Sackville_Street_after_the_Easter_Rising_%286937669789%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption>Damage in Dublin city centre following the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Though it received the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a> and was placed on the statute books in 1914, the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Act_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule Act 1914">Third Home Rule Act</a> was suspended until after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> which defused the threat of civil war in Ireland. With the hope of ensuring the implementation of the Act at the end of the war through <a href="/wiki/Ireland_and_World_War_I" title="Ireland and World War I">Ireland's engagement in the war</a>, Redmond and the Irish <a href="/wiki/National_Volunteers" title="National Volunteers">National Volunteers</a> supported the UK and its <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>. 175,000 men joined <a href="/wiki/Irish_regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish regiment">Irish regiments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/10th_(Irish)_Division_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="10th (Irish) Division (United Kingdom)">10th (Irish)</a> and <a href="/wiki/16th_(Irish)_Division" title="16th (Irish) Division">16th (Irish)</a> divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army" title="Kitchener's Army">New British Army</a>, while Unionists joined the <a href="/wiki/36th_(Ulster)_Division" title="36th (Ulster) Division">36th (Ulster)</a> divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a>, who refused Redmond and opposed any support of the UK, launched an armed insurrection against British rule in the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Citizen_Army" title="Irish Citizen Army">Irish Citizen Army</a>. This commenced on 24 April 1916 with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Irish Declaration of Independence">declaration of independence</a>. After a week of heavy fighting, primarily in Dublin, the surviving rebels were forced to surrender their positions. The majority were imprisoned, with fifteen of the prisoners (including most of the leaders) were executed as traitors to the UK. This included <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a>, the spokesman for the rising and who provided the signal to the volunteers to start the rising, as well as <a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a>, socialist and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> union and both the Irish and Scottish Labour movements. These events, together with the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Conscription Crisis of 1918</a>, had a profound effect on changing public opinion in Ireland against the British Government.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1919, after the December <a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">1918 general election</a>, 73 of Ireland's 105 <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) elected were <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="History of Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> members who were elected on a platform of <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstentionism</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a>. In January 1919, they set up an Irish parliament called <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Republic)" title="Dáil Éireann (Irish Republic)">Dáil Éireann</a>. This <a href="/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il" title="First Dáil">first Dáil</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence" title="Declaration of independence">declaration of independence</a> and proclaimed an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a>. The declaration was mainly a restatement of the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">1916 Proclamation</a> with the additional provision that Ireland was no longer a part of the United Kingdom. The Irish Republic's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Ministry of Dáil Éireann">Ministry of Dáil Éireann</a> sent a delegation under <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ceann_Comhairle" title="Ceann Comhairle">Ceann Comhairle</a></span></span> (Head of Council, or Speaker, of the Daíl) <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_T._O%27Kelly" title="Seán T. O'Kelly">Seán T. O'Kelly</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> of 1919, but it was not admitted. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg/220px-Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg/330px-Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg/440px-Leinster_House_-_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leinster_House" title="Leinster House">Leinster House</a>, Dublin. In 1922 a new parliament called the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_of_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Oireachtas of the Irish Free State">Oireachtas</a> was established, of which <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a> and truce called in July 1921, representatives of the <a href="/wiki/British_government" class="mw-redirect" title="British government">British government</a> and the five Irish treaty delegates, led by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith" title="Arthur Griffith">Arthur Griffith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barton" title="Robert Barton">Robert Barton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a>, negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> in London from 11 October to 6 December 1921. The Irish delegates set up headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Hans_Place" title="Hans Place">Hans Place</a> in <a href="/wiki/Knightsbridge" title="Knightsbridge">Knightsbridge</a>, and it was here in private discussions that the decision was taken on 5 December to recommend the treaty to Dáil Éireann. On 7 January 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Second_D%C3%A1il" title="Second Dáil">Second Dáil</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty_D%C3%A1il_vote" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty Dáil vote">ratified</a> the Treaty by 64 votes to 57.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with the treaty, on 6 December 1922 the entire island of Ireland became a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> called the Irish Free State (<i>Saorstát Éireann</i>). Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">Constitution of the Irish Free State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a> had the option to leave the Irish Free State one month later and return to the United Kingdom. During the intervening period, the powers of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Irish Free State">Parliament of the Irish Free State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Executive Council of the Irish Free State">Executive Council of the Irish Free State</a> did not extend to Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland exercised its right under the treaty to leave the new Dominion and rejoined the United Kingdom on 8 December 1922. It did so by making an address to the King requesting, "that the powers of the Parliament and Government of the Irish Free State shall no longer extend to Northern Ireland."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Irish Free State was a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">sharing a monarch</a> with the United Kingdom and other Dominions of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a>. The country had a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">governor-general</a> (representing the monarch), a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> parliament, a cabinet called the "Executive Council", and a prime minister called the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Executive_Council_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State">President of the Executive Council</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irish_Civil_War">Irish Civil War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Long_Fellow_(10570624475).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Long_Fellow_%2810570624475%29.jpg/220px-The_Long_Fellow_%2810570624475%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Long_Fellow_%2810570624475%29.jpg/330px-The_Long_Fellow_%2810570624475%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Long_Fellow_%2810570624475%29.jpg/440px-The_Long_Fellow_%2810570624475%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>, Irish political leader, pictured outside Ennis Courthouse in 1917. He would later be involved in introducing the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Irish Civil War (June 1922 – May 1923) was the consequence of the ratification of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the creation of the Irish Free State.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-treaty forces, led by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>, objected to the fact that acceptance of the treaty abolished the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> of 1919 to which they had sworn loyalty, arguing in the face of public support for the settlement that the "people have no right to do wrong".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They objected most to the fact that the state would remain part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and that members of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas_of_the_Irish_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Oireachtas of the Irish Free State">Free State Parliament</a> would have to swear what the anti-treaty side saw as an oath of fidelity to the British king. Pro-treaty forces, led by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a>, argued that the treaty gave "not the ultimate freedom that all nations aspire to and develop, but the freedom to achieve it".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) split into two opposing camps: a pro-treaty IRA and an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">anti-treaty IRA</a>. The pro-treaty IRA disbanded and joined the new <a href="/wiki/National_Army_(Ireland)" title="National Army (Ireland)">National Army</a>. However, because the anti-treaty IRA lacked an effective command structure and because of the pro-treaty forces' defensive tactics throughout the war, Michael Collins and his pro-treaty forces were able to build up an army with many tens of thousands of World War I veterans from the 1922 disbanded <a href="/wiki/Irish_regiments#Irish_regiments_of_the_British_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish regiments">Irish regiments</a> of the British Army, capable of overwhelming the anti-treatyists. British supplies of artillery, aircraft, machine-guns and ammunition boosted pro-treaty forces, and the threat of a return of Crown forces to the Free State removed any doubts about the necessity of enforcing the treaty. Lack of public support for the anti-treaty forces (often called the Irregulars) and the determination of the government to overcome the Irregulars contributed significantly to their defeat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution_of_Ireland_1937">Constitution of Ireland 1937</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IFS_Constitution_Committee_Darrell_F%27s_book2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/IFS_Constitution_Committee_Darrell_F%27s_book2.jpg/220px-IFS_Constitution_Committee_Darrell_F%27s_book2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/IFS_Constitution_Committee_Darrell_F%27s_book2.jpg/330px-IFS_Constitution_Committee_Darrell_F%27s_book2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/10/IFS_Constitution_Committee_Darrell_F%27s_book2.jpg/440px-IFS_Constitution_Committee_Darrell_F%27s_book2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">The Constitution Committee meeting</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Shelbourne_Hotel" title="Shelbourne Hotel">Shelbourne Hotel</a>, Dublin.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following a national plebiscite in July 1937, the new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> (<i>Bunreacht na hÉireann</i>) <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Adoption of the Constitution of Ireland">came into force</a> on 29 December 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This replaced the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Constitution of the Irish Free State">Constitution of the Irish Free State</a> and declared that the name of the state is <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>, or "Ireland" in the English language.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Articles_2_and_3_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland">Articles 2 and 3</a> of the Constitution defined the national territory to be the whole island, they also confined the state's jurisdiction to the area that had been the Irish Free State. The former Irish Free State government had abolished the Office of <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Irish_Free_State" title="Governor-General of the Irish Free State">Governor-General</a> in December 1936. Although the constitution established the office of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a>, the question over whether Ireland was a republic remained open. Diplomats were accredited to the king, but the president exercised all internal functions of a head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the President gave assent to new laws with his own authority, without reference to King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> who was only an "organ", that was provided for by statute law. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland remained neutral</a> during World War II, a period it described as <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> status was terminated with the passage of <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" title="The Republic of Ireland Act 1948">The Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a>, which came into force on 18 April 1949 and declared that the state was a republic.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, a declaration of a republic terminated Commonwealth membership. This rule was changed 10 days after Ireland declared itself a republic, with the <a href="/wiki/London_Declaration" title="London Declaration">London Declaration</a> of 28 April 1949. Ireland did not reapply when the rules were altered to permit republics to join. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a> was repealed in Ireland by the <a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_(Pre-Union_Irish_Statutes)_Act_1962" title="Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act 1962">Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act 1962</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_(081).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/220px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/330px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/440px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>In 1973 Ireland joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> along with the United Kingdom and Denmark. The country signed the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a> in 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ireland became a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in December 1955, after having been denied membership because of its <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">neutral stance</a> during the Second World War and not supporting the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied cause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, joining the UN involved a commitment to using force to deter aggression by one state against another if the UN thought it was necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interest towards membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a> (EC) developed in Ireland during the 1950s, with consideration also given to membership of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="European Free Trade Area">European Free Trade Area</a>. As the United Kingdom intended on EC membership, Ireland applied for membership in July 1961 due to the substantial economic linkages with the United Kingdom. The founding EC members remained sceptical regarding Ireland's economic capacity, neutrality, and unattractive <a href="/wiki/Protectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Irish economists and politicians realised that economic policy reform was necessary. The prospect of EC membership became doubtful in 1963 when French President General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> stated that France opposed Britain's accession, which ceased negotiations with all other candidate countries. In 1969 his successor, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pompidou" title="Georges Pompidou">Georges Pompidou</a>, was not opposed to British and Irish membership. Negotiations began and in 1972 the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Accession_1972" title="Treaty of Accession 1972">Treaty of Accession</a> was signed. A <a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">referendum was held later that year</a> which confirmed Ireland's entry into the bloc, and it finally joined the EC as a member state on 1 January 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic crisis of the late 1970s was fuelled by the <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a> government's budget, the abolition of the car tax, excessive borrowing, and global economic instability including the <a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were significant policy changes from 1989 onwards, with economic reform, tax cuts, welfare reform, an increase in competition, and a ban on borrowing to fund current spending. This policy began in 1989–1992 by the Fianna Fáil/<a href="/wiki/Progressive_Democrats" title="Progressive Democrats">Progressive Democrats</a> government, and continued by the subsequent Fianna Fáil/<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour</a> government and <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a>/Labour/<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Ireland)" title="Democratic Left (Ireland)">Democratic Left</a> government. Ireland became one of the world's fastest growing economies by the late 1990s in what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a> period, which lasted until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>. Since 2014, Ireland has experienced increased economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Northern Ireland question, the British and Irish governments started to seek a peaceful resolution to the violent conflict involving many <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitaries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> in Northern Ireland known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a>". A peace settlement for Northern Ireland, known as the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a>, was approved in 1998 in referendums north and south of the border. As part of the peace settlement, the territorial claim to Northern Ireland in <a href="/wiki/Articles_2_and_3_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland">Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland</a> was removed by referendum. In its white paper on <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> the United Kingdom government reiterated its commitment to the Good Friday Agreement. With regard to Northern Ireland's status, it said that the UK Government's "clearly-stated preference is to retain Northern Ireland's current constitutional position: as part of the UK, but with strong links to Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_(47474631822).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ireland_%2847474631822%29.jpg/220px-Ireland_%2847474631822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ireland_%2847474631822%29.jpg/330px-Ireland_%2847474631822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ireland_%2847474631822%29.jpg/440px-Ireland_%2847474631822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6240" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cliffs_of_Moher" title="Cliffs of Moher">Cliffs of Moher</a> on the Atlantic coast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panamora_of_Cnoc_na_Peiste_and_Loch_Cummeenapeasta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Panamora_of_Cnoc_na_Peiste_and_Loch_Cummeenapeasta.jpg/220px-Panamora_of_Cnoc_na_Peiste_and_Loch_Cummeenapeasta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Panamora_of_Cnoc_na_Peiste_and_Loch_Cummeenapeasta.jpg/330px-Panamora_of_Cnoc_na_Peiste_and_Loch_Cummeenapeasta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Panamora_of_Cnoc_na_Peiste_and_Loch_Cummeenapeasta.jpg/440px-Panamora_of_Cnoc_na_Peiste_and_Loch_Cummeenapeasta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6616" data-file-height="3118" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MacGillycuddy%27s_Reeks" title="MacGillycuddy's Reeks">MacGillycuddy's Reeks</a>, Ireland's highest mountain range</figcaption></figure> <p>The state extends over an area of about five-sixths (70,273 km<sup>2</sup> or 27,133 sq mi) of the island of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (84,421 km<sup>2</sup> or 32,595 sq mi), with <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> constituting the remainder. The island is bounded to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the northeast by the <a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" title="North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)">North Channel</a>. To the east, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> connects to the Atlantic Ocean via <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Channel" title="St George's Channel">St George's Channel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a> to the southwest. </p><p>The western landscape mostly consists of rugged cliffs, hills and mountains. The central lowlands are extensively covered with glacial deposits of clay and sand, as well as significant areas of <a href="/wiki/Bogland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogland">bogland</a> and several lakes. The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Carrauntoohil" title="Carrauntoohil">Carrauntoohil</a> (1,038.6 m or 3,407 ft), located in the <a href="/wiki/MacGillycuddy%27s_Reeks" title="MacGillycuddy's Reeks">MacGillycuddy's Reeks</a> mountain range in the southwest. <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">River Shannon</a>, which traverses the central lowlands, is the longest river in Ireland at 386 kilometres or 240 miles in length. The west coast is more rugged than the east, with numerous islands, <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsulas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">headlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bays</a>. </p><p>Ireland is one of the least forested countries in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the land was heavily forested. Native species include <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> trees such as <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">hazel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alnus_glutinosa" title="Alnus glutinosa">alder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">willow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populus_tremula" title="Populus tremula">aspen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wych_elm" class="mw-redirect" title="Wych elm">elm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorbus_aucuparia" title="Sorbus aucuparia">rowan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crataegus_monogyna" title="Crataegus monogyna">hawthorn</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> trees such <a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">Scots pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilex_aquifolium" title="Ilex aquifolium">holly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arbutus_unedo" title="Arbutus unedo">strawberry trees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of <a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">blanket bog</a> and the extensive clearing of woodland for farming are believed to be the main causes of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, only about 10% of Ireland is woodland,<sup id="cite_ref-forest_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forest-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of which is non-native <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a> <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>, and only 2% of which is native woodland.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average woodland cover in European countries is over 33%.<sup id="cite_ref-forest_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forest-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Coillte" title="Coillte">Coillte</a></i>, a state-owned forestry business, the country's climate gives Ireland one of the fastest growth rates for forests in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hedgerows" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedgerows">Hedgerows</a>, which are traditionally used to define land boundaries, are an important substitute for woodland habitat, providing refuge for native wild flora and a wide range of insect, bird and mammal species.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is home to two terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Celtic_broadleaf_forests" title="Celtic broadleaf forests">Celtic broadleaf forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_moist_mixed_forests" title="North Atlantic moist mixed forests">North Atlantic moist mixed forests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> accounts for about 64% of the total land area.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has resulted in limited land to preserve natural habitats, in particular for larger wild mammals with greater territorial requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long history of agricultural production coupled with modern agricultural methods, such as <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertiliser</a> use, has placed pressure on <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_over_Lough_Tay,_Wicklow_Mountains_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5029923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/View_over_Lough_Tay%2C_Wicklow_Mountains_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5029923.jpg/220px-View_over_Lough_Tay%2C_Wicklow_Mountains_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5029923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/View_over_Lough_Tay%2C_Wicklow_Mountains_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5029923.jpg/330px-View_over_Lough_Tay%2C_Wicklow_Mountains_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5029923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/View_over_Lough_Tay%2C_Wicklow_Mountains_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5029923.jpg/440px-View_over_Lough_Tay%2C_Wicklow_Mountains_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5029923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wicklow_Mountains_National_Park" title="Wicklow Mountains National Park">Wicklow Mountains National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and the warming influence of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> affect weather patterns in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperatures differ regionally, with central and eastern areas tending to be more extreme. However, due to a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>, temperatures are seldom lower than −5 °C (23 °F) in winter or higher than 26 °C (79 °F) in summer.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest temperature recorded in Ireland was 33.3 °C (91.9 °F) on 26 June 1887 at <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny_Castle" title="Kilkenny Castle">Kilkenny Castle</a> in Kilkenny, while the lowest temperature recorded was −19.1 °C (−2.4 °F) at <a href="/wiki/Markree_Castle" title="Markree Castle">Markree Castle</a> in Sligo.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainfall is more prevalent during winter months and less so during the early months of summer. Southwestern areas experience the most rainfall as a result of south westerly winds, while <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> receives the least. Sunshine duration is highest in the southeast of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The far north and west are two of the windiest regions in Europe, with great potential for <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind energy</a> generation.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ireland normally gets between 1100 and 1600 hours of sunshine each year, most areas averaging between 3.25 and 3.75 hours a day. The sunniest months are May and June, which average between 5 and 6.5 hours per day over most of the country. The extreme southeast gets most sunshine, averaging over 7 hours a day in early summer. December is the dullest month, with an average daily sunshine ranging from about 1 hour in the north to almost 2 hours in the extreme southeast. The sunniest summer in the 100 years from 1881 to 1980 was 1887, according to measurements made at the Phoenix Park in Dublin; 1980 was the dullest.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics of the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergio_Mattarella_Michael_D._Higgins_sideline_of_2021_Arraiolos_meeting_(3)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Michael D. Higgins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sergio_Mattarella_Michael_D._Higgins_sideline_of_2021_Arraiolos_meeting_%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/151px-Sergio_Mattarella_Michael_D._Higgins_sideline_of_2021_Arraiolos_meeting_%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sergio_Mattarella_Michael_D._Higgins_sideline_of_2021_Arraiolos_meeting_%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/227px-Sergio_Mattarella_Michael_D._Higgins_sideline_of_2021_Arraiolos_meeting_%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sergio_Mattarella_Michael_D._Higgins_sideline_of_2021_Arraiolos_meeting_%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/302px-Sergio_Mattarella_Michael_D._Higgins_sideline_of_2021_Arraiolos_meeting_%283%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1074" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a><br /><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simon_Harris,_April_2024_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Simon Harris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Simon_Harris%2C_April_2024_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/133px-Simon_Harris%2C_April_2024_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Simon_Harris%2C_April_2024_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Simon_Harris%2C_April_2024_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Simon_Harris%2C_April_2024_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/266px-Simon_Harris%2C_April_2024_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="789" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Harris" title="Simon Harris">Simon Harris</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Ireland is a constitutional republic with a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> of government. The <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a></span></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> national parliament composed of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a> and the two Houses of the Oireachtas: <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a></span></span> (House of Representatives) and <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a></span></span> (Senate).<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ras_an_Uachtar%C3%A1in" title="Áras an Uachtaráin">Áras an Uachtaráin</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residence</a> of the President of Ireland, while the houses of the Oireachtas meet at <a href="/wiki/Leinster_House" title="Leinster House">Leinster House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. </p><p>The President serves as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, is elected for a seven-year term, and may be re-elected once. The President is primarily a <a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(metaphor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Figurehead (metaphor)">figurehead</a>, but is entrusted with certain constitutional powers with the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Ireland)" title="Council of State (Ireland)">Council of State</a>. The office has absolute discretion in some areas, such as referring a bill to the Supreme Court for a judgment on its constitutionality.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a> became the ninth President of Ireland on 11 November 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a></span></span> (Prime Minister) serves as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and is appointed by the President upon the nomination of the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Dáil</span></span>. Most <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Taoisigh</span></span> have served as the leader of the political party that gains the most seats in national elections. It has become customary for <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalitions</a> to form a government, as there has not been a single-party government since 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Dáil</span></span> has 160 members (<span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la" title="Teachta Dála">Teachtaí Dála</a></span></span>) elected to represent multi-seat <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_constituencies" title="Dáil constituencies">constituencies</a> under the system of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> by means of the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a>. The <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Seanad</span></span> is composed of sixty members, with eleven <a href="/wiki/Nominated_members_of_Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Nominated members of Seanad Éireann">nominated by</a> the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Taoiseach</span></span>, six elected by two <a href="/wiki/University_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="University constituencies">university constituencies</a>, and 43 elected by public representatives from panels of candidates established on a vocational basis. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">government</a> is constitutionally limited to fifteen members. No more than two members can be selected from the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Seanad</span></span>, and the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Taoiseach</span></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1naiste" title="Tánaiste">Tánaiste</a></span></span> (deputy prime minister) and <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Finance (Ireland)">Minister for Finance</a> must be members of the <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Dáil</span></span>. The Dáil must be dissolved within five years of its first meeting following the previous election,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a general election for members of the Dáil must take place no later than thirty days after the dissolution. In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a>, parliamentary elections must be held at least every seven years, though a lower limit may be set by statute law. The current government is a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il" title="Fianna Fáil">Fianna Fáil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(Ireland)" title="Green Party (Ireland)">Green Party</a> with <a href="/wiki/Simon_Harris" title="Simon Harris">Simon Harris</a> of Fine Gael as Taoiseach and <a href="/wiki/Miche%C3%A1l_Martin" title="Micheál Martin">Micheál Martin</a> of Fianna Fáil as Tánaiste. Opposition parties in the current <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;">Dáil</span></span> are <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)" title="Labour Party (Ireland)">Labour Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_Before_Profit%E2%80%93Solidarity" title="People Before Profit–Solidarity">People Before Profit–Solidarity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Ireland)" title="Social Democrats (Ireland)">Social Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aont%C3%BA" title="Aontú">Aontú</a>, as well as a number of <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)" title="Independent politician (Ireland)">independents</a>. </p><p>Ireland has been a <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member state of the European Union</a> since 1973. Citizens of the United Kingdom can freely enter the country without a passport due to the <a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a>, which is a passport-free zone comprising the islands of Ireland, Great Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. However, some identification is required at airports and seaports. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">Local government in the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Irishgovbuildings.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Irishgovbuildings.JPG/200px-Irishgovbuildings.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Irishgovbuildings.JPG/300px-Irishgovbuildings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Irishgovbuildings.JPG/400px-Irishgovbuildings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Government_Buildings" title="Government Buildings">Government Buildings Dublin</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A1il_Chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/D%C3%A1il_Chamber.jpg/200px-D%C3%A1il_Chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/D%C3%A1il_Chamber.jpg/300px-D%C3%A1il_Chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/D%C3%A1il_Chamber.jpg/400px-D%C3%A1il_Chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> Chamber</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Ireland)_Act_1898" title="Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898">Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898</a> was the founding statute of the present system of local government, while the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Twentieth Amendment to the constitution</a> of 1999 provided for its constitutional recognition. The twenty-six traditional <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">counties of Ireland</a> are the basis of the local government areas, with the traditional counties of <a href="/wiki/County_Cork" title="County Cork">Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">Dublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">Galway</a> containing two or more local government areas. The <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_2001" title="Local Government Act 2001">Local Government Act 2001</a>, as amended by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Reform_Act_2014" title="Local Government Reform Act 2014">Local Government Reform Act 2014</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LocalGovReform2014_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LocalGovReform2014-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides for a system of <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">thirty-one local authorities</a> – twenty-six county councils, two city and county councils, and three city councils.<sup id="cite_ref-LocalGovReform2014_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LocalGovReform2014-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counties (with the exception of the three counties in Dublin) are divided into <a href="/wiki/Municipal_district" title="Municipal district">municipal districts</a>. A second local government tier of <a href="/wiki/Town_council_(Ireland)" title="Town council (Ireland)">town councils</a> was abolished in 2014. </p> <table style="margin: 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table style="margin:auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_Administrative_Counties.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ireland_Administrative_Counties.svg/250px-Ireland_Administrative_Counties.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ireland_Administrative_Counties.svg/375px-Ireland_Administrative_Counties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ireland_Administrative_Counties.svg/500px-Ireland_Administrative_Counties.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="890" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="font-size: 85%; font-weight:bold;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Fingal_County_Council" title="Fingal County Council">Fingal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_Council" title="Dublin City Council">Dublin City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAn_Laoghaire%E2%80%93Rathdown_County_Council" title="Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown County Council">Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dublin_County_Council" title="South Dublin County Council">South Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicklow_County_Council" title="Wicklow County Council">Wicklow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_County_Council" title="Wexford County Council">Wexford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlow_County_Council" title="Carlow County Council">Carlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildare_County_Council" title="Kildare County Council">Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meath_County_Council" title="Meath County Council">Meath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louth_County_Council" title="Louth County Council">Louth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaghan_County_Council" title="Monaghan County Council">Monaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavan_County_Council" title="Cavan County Council">Cavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longford_County_Council" title="Longford County Council">Longford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmeath_County_Council" title="Westmeath County Council">Westmeath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offaly_County_Council" title="Offaly County Council">Offaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laois_County_Council" title="Laois County Council">Laois</a></li></ol> </td> <td style="font-size: 85%; font-weight:bold;"><ol start="17"> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilkenny_County_Council" title="Kilkenny County Council">Kilkenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford_City_and_County_Council" title="Waterford City and County Council">Waterford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_City_Council" title="Cork City Council">Cork City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_County_Council" title="Cork County Council">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_County_Council" title="Kerry County Council">Kerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_City_and_County_Council" title="Limerick City and County Council">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipperary_County_Council" title="Tipperary County Council">Tipperary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_County_Council" title="Clare County Council">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galway_County_Council" title="Galway County Council">Galway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galway_City_Council" title="Galway City Council">Galway City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_County_Council" title="Mayo County Council">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscommon_County_Council" title="Roscommon County Council">Roscommon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sligo_County_Council" title="Sligo County Council">Sligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitrim_County_Council" title="Leitrim County Council">Leitrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_County_Council" title="Donegal County Council">Donegal</a></li> </ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Local authorities are responsible for matters such as planning, local roads, sanitation, and libraries. The breaching of county boundaries should be avoided as far as practicable in drawing <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_constituencies" title="Dáil constituencies">Dáil constituencies</a>. Counties with greater populations have multiple constituencies, some of more than one county, but generally do not cross county boundaries. The counties are grouped into three <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of the Republic of Ireland">regions</a>, each with a Regional Assembly composed of members delegated by the various county and city councils in the region. The regions do not have any direct administrative role as such, but they serve for planning, coordination and statistical purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law of the Republic of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Courts of the Republic of Ireland">Courts of the Republic of Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland">Law enforcement in the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_four_courts.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Dublin_four_courts.JPG/220px-Dublin_four_courts.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Dublin_four_courts.JPG/330px-Dublin_four_courts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Dublin_four_courts.JPG/440px-Dublin_four_courts.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Four_Courts" title="Four Courts">Four Courts</a>, completed in 1802, is the principal building for civil courts.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ireland has a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal system</a> with a written constitution that provides for a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>. The court system consists of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Ireland" title="Supreme Court of Ireland">Supreme Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(Ireland)" title="Court of Appeal (Ireland)">Court of Appeal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_(Ireland)" title="High Court (Ireland)">High Court</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Circuit_Court_(Ireland)" title="Circuit Court (Ireland)">Circuit Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/District_Court_(Ireland)" title="District Court (Ireland)">District Court</a>, all of which apply the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Irish law</a> and hear both civil and criminal matters. Trials for serious offences must usually be held before a <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a>. The High Court, Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court have authority, by means of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Judicial review in the Republic of Ireland">judicial review</a>, to determine the compatibility of laws and activities of other institutions of the state with the constitution and the law. Except in exceptional circumstances, court hearings must occur in public.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CriminalCourtofJusticeDublin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CriminalCourtofJusticeDublin.jpg/220px-CriminalCourtofJusticeDublin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CriminalCourtofJusticeDublin.jpg/330px-CriminalCourtofJusticeDublin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CriminalCourtofJusticeDublin.jpg/440px-CriminalCourtofJusticeDublin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Courts_of_Justice,_Dublin" title="Criminal Courts of Justice, Dublin">Criminal Courts of Justice</a> is the principal building for criminal courts.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> (<i>lit.</i> Guardians of the Peace), more commonly referred to as the Gardaí, is the state's civilian police force. The force is responsible for all aspects of civil policing, both in terms of territory and infrastructure. It is headed by the Garda Commissioner, who is appointed by the Government. Most uniformed members do not routinely carry <a href="/wiki/Firearms_legislation_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms legislation in Ireland">firearms</a>. Standard policing is traditionally carried out by uniformed officers equipped only with a <a href="/wiki/Baton_(law_enforcement)" title="Baton (law enforcement)">baton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">pepper spray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(Ireland)" title="Military Police Corps (Ireland)">Military Police</a> is the corps of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Irish Army</a> responsible for the provision of policing service personnel and providing a military police presence to forces while on exercise and deployment. In wartime, additional tasks include the provision of a traffic control organisation to allow rapid movement of military formations to their mission areas. Other wartime roles include control of <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> and refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationality_law" title="Irish nationality law">citizenship laws</a> relate to "the island of Ireland", including islands and seas, thereby extending them to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, which is part of the United Kingdom. Therefore, anyone born in Northern Ireland who meets the requirements for being an Irish citizen, such as birth on the island of Ireland to an Irish or British citizen parent or a parent who is entitled to live in Northern Ireland or the Republic without restriction on their residency,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may exercise an entitlement to Irish citizenship, such as an <a href="/wiki/Irish_passport" title="Irish passport">Irish passport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations of Ireland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Ireland–NATO relations">Ireland–NATO relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P20230317AS-2347_(52777500991).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/P20230317AS-2347_%2852777500991%29.jpg/220px-P20230317AS-2347_%2852777500991%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/P20230317AS-2347_%2852777500991%29.jpg/330px-P20230317AS-2347_%2852777500991%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/P20230317AS-2347_%2852777500991%29.jpg/440px-P20230317AS-2347_%2852777500991%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Taoiseach <a href="/wiki/Leo_Varadkar" title="Leo Varadkar">Leo Varadkar</a> and <a href="/wiki/US_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US President">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, on 17 March 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>Foreign relations are substantially influenced by membership of the European Union, although bilateral relations with the United Kingdom and United States are also important.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It held the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency of the Council of the European Union</a> on six occasions, most recently from January to June 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ireland tends towards independence in foreign policy; thus the country is not a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and has a <a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)#Neutrality" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">longstanding</a> policy of military neutrality. This policy has led to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Defence Forces">Irish Defence Forces</a> contributing to peace-keeping missions with the United Nations since 1960, including during the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> and subsequently in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Irish neutrality during World War II</a>, Ireland had more than 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Participants_in_World_War_II#Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Participants in World War II">participants in the war</a> through enlistment in the British armed forces. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Irish military policy, while ostensibly neutral, was biased towards NATO.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Lemass" title="Seán Lemass">Seán Lemass</a> authorised the search of Cuban and Czechoslovak aircraft passing through Shannon and passed the information to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland's air facilities were used by the United States military for the delivery of military personnel involved in the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> through <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Airport" title="Shannon Airport">Shannon Airport</a>. The airport had previously been used for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">United States invasion of Afghanistan</a> in 2001, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">First Gulf War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1999, Ireland has been a member of NATO's <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> (PfP) program and NATO's <a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a> (EAPC), which is aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_(Ireland)" title="Defence Forces (Ireland)">Defence Forces (Ireland)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality" title="Irish neutrality">Irish neutrality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_from_41_Inf_Gp_on_Parade_1_(4446682116).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Soldiers_from_41_Inf_Gp_on_Parade_1_%284446682116%29.jpg/220px-Soldiers_from_41_Inf_Gp_on_Parade_1_%284446682116%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Soldiers_from_41_Inf_Gp_on_Parade_1_%284446682116%29.jpg/330px-Soldiers_from_41_Inf_Gp_on_Parade_1_%284446682116%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Soldiers_from_41_Inf_Gp_on_Parade_1_%284446682116%29.jpg/440px-Soldiers_from_41_Inf_Gp_on_Parade_1_%284446682116%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Irish Army</a> soldiers as part of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Ireland is a <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutral country</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has "triple-lock" rules governing the participation of Irish troops in conflict zones, whereby approval must be given by the UN, the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il" class="mw-redirect" title="Dáil">Dáil</a> and Government.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, its military role is limited to national self-defence and participation in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">United Nations peacekeeping</a>. </p><p>The Irish Defence Forces (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Óglaigh na hÉireann</i></span>) are made up of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Naval_Service" title="Irish Naval Service">Naval Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Air_Corps" title="Irish Air Corps">Air Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Defence_Forces" title="Reserve Defence Forces">Reserve Defence Force</a>. It is small but well equipped, with almost 10,000 full-time military personnel and over 2,000 in reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daily deployments of the Defence Forces cover <a href="/wiki/Military_aid_to_the_civil_power" title="Military aid to the civil power">aid to civil power</a> operations, protection and patrol of Irish territorial waters and <a href="/wiki/EEZ" class="mw-redirect" title="EEZ">EEZ</a> by the Irish Naval Service, and UN, EU and <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">PfP</a> peace-keeping missions. By 1996, over 40,000 Irish service personnel had served in international UN peacekeeping missions.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Irish Air Corps is the air component of the Defence Forces and operates sixteen fixed wing aircraft and eight helicopters. The Irish Naval Service is Ireland's navy, and operates six <a href="/wiki/Patrol_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrol ship">patrol ships</a>, and smaller numbers of inflatable boats and training vessels, and has armed boarding parties capable of seizing a ship and a special unit of <a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">frogmen</a>. The military includes the Reserve Defence Forces (<a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_(Ireland)" title="Army Reserve (Ireland)">Army Reserve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_Service_Reserve" title="Naval Service Reserve">Naval Service Reserve</a>) for part-time reservists. Ireland's special forces include the <a href="/wiki/Army_Ranger_Wing" title="Army Ranger Wing">Army Ranger Wing</a>, which trains and operates with international special operations units. The President is the formal Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces, but in practice these Forces answer to the Government via the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Defence_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Defence (Ireland)">Minister for Defence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, Ireland signed the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <p>Ireland is an open economy and ranks first for "high-value" <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI) flows.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland ranks 5th of 187 (IMF) and 6th of 175 (<a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>) in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP per capita</a> as well as ranking in the top ten for <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI per capita</a>. An alternative metric, known as <a href="/wiki/Modified_gross_national_income" title="Modified gross national income">modified Gross National Income (GNI)</a>, was created by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)" title="Central Statistics Office (Ireland)">Central Statistics Office</a> and is used by the Irish government to give a view of activity in the domestic economy after stripping out large multinational export movements which can often relate to intangible assets.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is particularly relevant in Ireland's economy, as GDP disproportionately includes income from non-Irish owned companies, which often flows out of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign multinationals are the main driver of Ireland's economy, employing a quarter of the private sector workforce,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and paying 80% of Irish corporate taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 14 of Ireland's top 20 firms (by 2017 turnover) are US-based multinationals<sup id="cite_ref-itimes_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itimes-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 80% of foreign multinationals in Ireland are from the US.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-itimes_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itimes-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueEurozone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/220px-BlueEurozone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/330px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/440px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Ireland is part of the EU (dark blue & light blue) and <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> (dark blue).</figcaption></figure> <p>Ireland adopted the euro currency in 2002 along with eleven other <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the European Union">EU member states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2023 there are 20 EU member states using the euro currency with Croatia the most recent member to join on 1 January 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> and the bursting of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_property_bubble" title="Irish property bubble">Irish property bubble</a>, the country officially exited recession in 2010, driven by a growth in exports from US multinationals in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to a rise in the cost of public borrowing due to government guarantees of private banking debt, the Irish government accepted an €85 billion programme of assistance from the EU, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom, Sweden and Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following three years of contraction, the economy grew by 0.7% in 2011 and 0.9% in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unemployment rate was 14.7% in 2012, including 18.5% among recent immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2016 the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> was reported by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)" title="Central Statistics Office (Ireland)">CSO</a> to be 8.6%, down from a peak unemployment rate of 15.1% in February 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to unemployment, net emigration from Ireland between 2008 and 2013 totalled 120,100,<sup id="cite_ref-Financial_Times_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or some 2.6% of the total population according to the <a href="/wiki/Census_of_Ireland_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Census of Ireland 2011">Census of Ireland 2011</a>. One-third of the emigrants were aged between 15 and 24.<sup id="cite_ref-Financial_Times_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of November 2022, unemployment had fallen back to 4.4%.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (June 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ireland exited its EU-IMF bailout programme on 15 December 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having implemented budget cuts, reforms and sold assets, Ireland was again able to access debt markets. Since then, Ireland has been able to sell long term bonds at record rates.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the stabilisation of the Irish credit bubble required a large transfer of debt from the private sector balance sheet (highest OECD leverage), to the public sector balance sheet (almost unleveraged, pre-crisis), via Irish bank bailouts and public deficit spending.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transfer of this debt means that Ireland, in 2017, still has one of the highest levels of both public sector indebtedness, and private sector indebtedness, in the EU-28/OECD.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ireland became one of the main destinations for US pharmaceutical <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Corporate_tax_inversions" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">corporate tax inversions</a> from 2009 to 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country has also became the largest foreign location for large US technology multinationals (i.e. Apple, Google, Microsoft, Facebook), which delivered a GDP growth rate of 26.3% (and GNP growth rate of 18.7%) in 2015. This growth was subsequently shown to be due to Apple restructuring its "<a href="/wiki/Double_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Irish">double Irish</a>" subsidiary (Apple Sales International, currently under threat of a <a href="/wiki/EU_illegal_State_aid_case_against_Apple_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="EU illegal State aid case against Apple in Ireland">€13bn EU "illegal state aid" fine</a> for preferential tax treatment). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation_policy">Taxation policy</h3></div> <p>The transformation of Ireland's tax policy started with the creation of a 10% low-tax "<a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">special economic zone</a>", called the <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin" title="International Financial Services Centre, Dublin">International Financial Services Centre</a> (or "IFSC"), in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the entire country was effectively "turned into an IFSC" with the reduction of Irish corporation tax from 32% to 12.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This accelerated the later stages of Ireland's transition from a predominantly agricultural economy into a <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">service economy</a> initially focused on property and construction and later focused on attracting mainly US multinationals from high-tech, life sciences, and financial services industries seeking to avail of Ireland's low corporation tax rates and favourable <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">corporate tax system</a>. </p><p>The multinational tax schemes foreign firms use in Ireland materially distort Irish economic statistics. This reached a climax with the "<a href="/wiki/Leprechaun_economics" title="Leprechaun economics">leprechaun economics</a>" GDP/GNP growth rates of 2015 (as Apple restructured its Irish subsidiaries in 2015). The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Central Bank of Ireland</a> introduced a new statistic, Modified gross national income, to remove these distortions. GNI* is 30% below GDP (or, GDP is 143% of GNI).<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the creation of the <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin" title="International Financial Services Centre, Dublin">IFSC</a>, the country experienced strong and sustained economic growth which fuelled a dramatic rise in Irish consumer borrowing and spending, and Irish construction and investment, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-aw_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aw-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2007, Ireland had the highest private sector debt in the OECD with a household debt-to-disposable income ratio of 190%. Global capital markets, who had financed Ireland's build-up of debt in the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a> period by enabling Irish banks to borrow in excess of the domestic deposit base (to over 180% at peak<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), withdrew support in the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>. Their withdrawal from the over-borrowed Irish credit system would precipitate a deep Irish property correction which then led to the <a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aw_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aw-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ireland's successful "low-tax" economy opens it to accusations of being a "corporate <a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">tax haven</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led to it being "blacklisted" by Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2017 study ranks Ireland as the 5th largest global <a href="/wiki/Conduit_and_Sink_OFCs" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduit and Sink OFCs">Conduit OFC</a>, which legally route funds to <a href="/wiki/Tax_havens" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax havens">tax havens</a>. A serious challenge is the passing of the US <a href="/wiki/Tax_Cuts_and_Jobs_Act_of_2017" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017">Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017</a> (whose FDII and GILTI regimes target Ireland's multinational tax schemes).<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EU's 2018 Digital Sales Tax (DST)<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and desire for a <a href="/wiki/Common_Consolidated_Corporate_Tax_Base" title="Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base">CCCTB</a><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is also seen as an attempt to restrict Irish "<a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Multinational_tax_schemes" title="Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland">multinational tax schemes</a>" by US technology firms.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Touche_House,_Dublin_(_DSC6350).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/La_Touche_House%2C_Dublin_%28_DSC6350%29.jpg/220px-La_Touche_House%2C_Dublin_%28_DSC6350%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/La_Touche_House%2C_Dublin_%28_DSC6350%29.jpg/330px-La_Touche_House%2C_Dublin_%28_DSC6350%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/La_Touche_House%2C_Dublin_%28_DSC6350%29.jpg/440px-La_Touche_House%2C_Dublin_%28_DSC6350%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3539" data-file-height="2369" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Services_Centre,_Dublin" title="International Financial Services Centre, Dublin">International Financial Services Centre</a> in Dublin</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a> dominate Ireland's export sector, exports from other sources also contribute significantly to the national income. The activities of multinational companies based in Ireland have made it one of the largest exporters of pharmaceutical agents, medical devices and software-related goods and services in the world. Ireland's exports also relate to the activities of large Irish companies (such as <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerry_Group" title="Kerry Group">Kerry Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smurfit_Kappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Smurfit Kappa">Smurfit Kappa</a>) and exports of mineral resources including zinc and lead concentrates. The country also has significant deposits of <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> and smaller quantities of copper, silver, gold, <a href="/wiki/Barite" class="mw-redirect" title="Barite">barite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism in Ireland">Tourism in Ireland</a> contributes about 4% of GDP and is a significant source of employment. </p><p>Other goods exports include agri-food, cattle, beef, dairy products, and aluminum. Ireland's major imports include data processing equipment, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products, textiles, and clothing. <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">Financial services</a> provided by multinational corporations based at the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Financial_Services_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Financial Services Centre">Irish Financial Services Centre</a> also contribute to Irish exports. The difference between exports (€89.4 billion) and imports (€45.5 billion) resulted an annual trade surplus of €43.9 billion in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-CSO_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSO-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the highest trade surplus relative to GDP achieved by any EU member state. </p><p>The EU is by far the country's largest trading partner, accounting for 57.9% of exports and 60.7% of imports. Prior to <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, the United Kingdom was the most important trading partner within the EU, accounting for 15.4% of exports and 32.1% of imports. Outside the EU, the United States accounted for 23.2% of exports and 14.1% of imports in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-CSO_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSO-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ireland" title="Energy in Ireland">Energy in Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_WindfarmKilmuck1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/IMG_WindfarmKilmuck1920.jpg/220px-IMG_WindfarmKilmuck1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/IMG_WindfarmKilmuck1920.jpg/330px-IMG_WindfarmKilmuck1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/IMG_WindfarmKilmuck1920.jpg/440px-IMG_WindfarmKilmuck1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2344" /></a><figcaption>A wind farm in <a href="/wiki/County_Wexford" title="County Wexford">County Wexford</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/ESB_Electric_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="ESB Electric Ireland">ESB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bord_G%C3%A1is_Energy" title="Bord Gáis Energy">Bord Gáis Energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airtricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Airtricity">Airtricity</a> are the three main electricity and gas suppliers in Ireland. There are 19.82 billion cubic metres of proven reserves of gas.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural gas extraction previously occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Kinsale_Head_gas_field" title="Kinsale Head gas field">Kinsale Head</a> until its exhaustion. The <a href="/wiki/Corrib_gas_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrib gas field">Corrib gas field</a> was due to come on stream in 2013/14. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Barryroe" title="Barryroe">Barryroe</a> field was confirmed to have up to 1.6 billion barrels of oil in reserve, with between 160 and 600 million recoverable.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That could provide for Ireland's entire energy needs for up to 13 years, when it is developed in 2015/16. </p><p>There have been significant efforts to increase the use of renewable and sustainable forms of energy in Ireland, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind power in the Republic of Ireland">wind power</a>, with 3,000 MegaWatts<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farms</a> being constructed, some for the purpose of export.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Energy_Authority_of_Ireland" title="Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland">Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland</a> (SEAI) has estimated that 6.5% of Ireland's 2011 energy requirements were produced by renewable sources.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SEAI has also reported an increase in energy efficiency in Ireland with a 28% reduction in carbon emissions per house from 2005 to 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2021, Ireland was the 24th largest wind energy producer in the world and the 3rd ranked in 2020 on a per capita basis.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport in Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ireland" title="Rail transport in Ireland">Rail transport in Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Ireland" title="Roads in Ireland">Roads in Ireland</a></div> <p>The country's three main <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airports</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport" title="Dublin Airport">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Airport" title="Shannon Airport">Shannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cork_Airport" title="Cork Airport">Cork</a> serve many European and intercontinental routes with scheduled and <a href="/wiki/Air_charter" title="Air charter">chartered</a> flights. The London to Dublin air route is the ninth busiest international air route in the world, and also the busiest international air route in Europe, with 14,500 flights between the two in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-second-busiest_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second-busiest-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, 4.5 million people took the route, at that time, the world's second-busiest.<sup id="cite_ref-second-busiest_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-second-busiest-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aer_Lingus" title="Aer Lingus">Aer Lingus</a> is the flag carrier of Ireland, although <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a> is the country's largest airline. Ryanair is Europe's largest low-cost carrier,<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the second largest in terms of passenger numbers, and the world's largest in terms of international passenger numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trains,_Heuston_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4947840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Trains%2C_Heuston_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4947840.jpg/220px-Trains%2C_Heuston_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4947840.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Trains%2C_Heuston_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4947840.jpg/330px-Trains%2C_Heuston_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4947840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Trains%2C_Heuston_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4947840.jpg/440px-Trains%2C_Heuston_Railway_Station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4947840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann" title="Iarnród Éireann">Iarnród Éireann</a> trains at <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Heuston_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Heuston railway station">Heuston station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Railway services are provided by <a href="/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann" title="Iarnród Éireann">Iarnród Éireann</a> (Irish Rail), which operates all internal <a href="/wiki/InterCity_(Irish_Rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="InterCity (Irish Rail)">intercity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commuter" class="mw-redirect" title="Commuter">commuter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freight" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight">freight</a> railway services in the country. Dublin is the centre of the network with two main stations, <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Heuston_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Heuston railway station">Heuston station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Connolly_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Connolly railway station">Connolly station</a>, linking to the country's cities and main towns. The <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise (train)">Enterprise</a> service, which runs jointly with <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Railways">Northern Ireland Railways</a>, connects Dublin and <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>. The whole of Ireland's mainline network operates on track with a <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_in_Ireland" title="Track gauge in Ireland">gauge of 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm)</a>, which is unique in Europe and has resulted in distinct rolling stock designs. Dublin's public transport network includes the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Dublin Area Rapid Transit">DART</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luas" title="Luas">Luas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Bus" title="Dublin Bus">Dublin Bus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dublinbikes" title="Dublinbikes">dublinbikes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Motorways in the Republic of Ireland">Motorways</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_primary_road" title="National primary road">national primary roads</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_secondary_road" title="National secondary road">national secondary roads</a> are managed by <a href="/wiki/Transport_Infrastructure_Ireland" title="Transport Infrastructure Ireland">Transport Infrastructure Ireland</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Regional_road_(Ireland)" title="Regional road (Ireland)">regional roads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Local_roads_in_Ireland" title="Local roads in Ireland">local roads</a> are managed by the local authorities in each of their respective areas. The road network is primarily focused on the capital, but motorways connect it to other major Irish cities including Cork, Limerick, Waterford and Galway.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dublin is served by major infrastructure such as the <a href="/wiki/East-Link_(Dublin)" title="East-Link (Dublin)">East-Link</a> and <a href="/wiki/West-Link" title="West-Link">West-Link</a> toll-bridges, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Port_Tunnel" title="Dublin Port Tunnel">Dublin Port Tunnel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lynch_Tunnel" title="Jack Lynch Tunnel">Jack Lynch Tunnel</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/River_Lee_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Lee (Ireland)">River Lee</a> in Cork, and the <a href="/wiki/Limerick_Tunnel" title="Limerick Tunnel">Limerick Tunnel</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/River_Shannon" title="River Shannon">River Shannon</a>, were two major projects outside Dublin.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Historical_population_of_Ireland" title="Historical population of Ireland">Historical population of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_of_Ireland_1951-2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Population_of_Ireland_1951-2011.png/220px-Population_of_Ireland_1951-2011.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Population_of_Ireland_1951-2011.png/330px-Population_of_Ireland_1951-2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Population_of_Ireland_1951-2011.png/440px-Population_of_Ireland_1951-2011.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Population of Ireland since 1951</figcaption></figure> <p>Genetic research suggests that the earliest settlers migrated from <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> following the most recent <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">ice age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, migrants introduced a <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> language and culture. Migrants from the two latter eras still represent the genetic heritage of most <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> tradition expanded and became the dominant form over time. Irish people are a combination of Gaelic, <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Norse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a>, French, and British ancestry. </p><p>The population of Ireland stood at 5,149,139 in 2022, an increase of 8% since 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16 births per 1,000 of population).<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, 36.3% of births were to unmarried women.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annual population growth rates exceeded 2% during the 2002–2006 intercensal period, which was attributed to high rates of <a href="/wiki/Natural_increase" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural increase">natural increase</a> and immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006–2011 intercensal period, with an average annual percentage change of 1.6%. The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) in 2017 was estimated at 1.80 children born per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 4.2 children born per woman in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Median_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Median age">median age</a> of the Irish population was 37.1 years.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the 2022 census, the number of non-Irish nationals was recorded at 631,785. This represents an 8% increase from the <a href="/wiki/2016_census_of_Ireland" title="2016 census of Ireland">2016 census</a> figure of 535,475.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five largest sources of non-Irish nationals were Poland (93,680), the UK (83,347), India (45,449), Romania (43,323), Lithuania (31,177), and Latvia (27,338) respectively. The non-Irish nationalities which saw the largest increase from 2016 were India (+33,984), Romania (+14,137), Brazil (+13,698), Ukraine (+10,006). The non-Irish nationalities which saw the largest decrease from 2016 were Poland (−28,835), UK (−19,766), Lithuania (−5,375), Latvia (−1,633), and Slovakia (−1,117).<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland">List of urban areas in the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center; width:97%; margin-right:10px; font-size:90%"> <caption>Largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland">List of towns and villages in the Republic of Ireland</a> by population (2022 census)<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="30"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_city_Luftbild_(21951181938).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dublin_city_Luftbild_%2821951181938%29.jpg/150px-Dublin_city_Luftbild_%2821951181938%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dublin_city_Luftbild_%2821951181938%29.jpg/225px-Dublin_city_Luftbild_%2821951181938%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dublin_city_Luftbild_%2821951181938%29.jpg/300px-Dublin_city_Luftbild_%2821951181938%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3947" data-file-height="2958" /></a></span><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></small><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_over_Cork_from_St._Anne%27s_Church,_Cork_-_panoramio_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/View_over_Cork_from_St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Cork_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/150px-View_over_Cork_from_St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Cork_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/View_over_Cork_from_St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Cork_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/225px-View_over_Cork_from_St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Cork_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/View_over_Cork_from_St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Cork_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg/300px-View_over_Cork_from_St._Anne%27s_Church%2C_Cork_-_panoramio_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></small><br /> </p> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"><small>#</small> </th> <th style="text-align:left; background:#f5f5f5;">Settlement </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Population </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"><small>#</small> </th> <th style="text-align:left; background:#f5f5f5;">Settlement </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Population </th> <th rowspan="21"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limerick_-_Shannon_River.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Limerick_-_Shannon_River.JPG/150px-Limerick_-_Shannon_River.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Limerick_-_Shannon_River.JPG/225px-Limerick_-_Shannon_River.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Limerick_-_Shannon_River.JPG/300px-Limerick_-_Shannon_River.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a></small><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galway_(6254037166).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Galway_%286254037166%29.jpg/150px-Galway_%286254037166%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Galway_%286254037166%29.jpg/225px-Galway_%286254037166%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Galway_%286254037166%29.jpg/300px-Galway_%286254037166%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a></span><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></small> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">1</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b></td> <td>1,263,219 </td> <td>11</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Ennis" title="Ennis">Ennis</a></b></td> <td>27,923 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">2</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></b></td> <td>222,526 </td> <td>12</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Carlow" title="Carlow">Carlow</a></b></td> <td>27,351 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">3</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a></b></td> <td>102,287 </td> <td>13</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a></b></td> <td>27,184 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">4</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></b></td> <td>85,910 </td> <td>14</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Naas" title="Naas">Naas</a></b></td> <td>26,180 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">5</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a></b></td> <td>60,079 </td> <td>15</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Tralee" title="Tralee">Tralee</a></b></td> <td>26,079 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">6</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a></b></td> <td>44,135 </td> <td>16</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Newbridge,_County_Kildare" title="Newbridge, County Kildare">Newbridge</a></b></td> <td>24,366 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">8</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Dundalk" title="Dundalk">Dundalk</a></b></td> <td>43,112 </td> <td>17</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Balbriggan" title="Balbriggan">Balbriggan</a></b></td> <td>24,322 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">7</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Swords,_Dublin" title="Swords, Dublin">Swords</a></b></td> <td>40,776 </td> <td>18</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portlaoise" title="Portlaoise">Portlaoise</a></b></td> <td>23,494 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">9</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Navan" title="Navan">Navan</a></b></td> <td>33,886 </td> <td>19</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Athlone" title="Athlone">Athlone</a></b></td> <td>22,869 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0">10</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Bray,_County_Wicklow" title="Bray, County Wicklow">Bray</a></b></td> <td>33,512 </td> <td>20</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Mullingar" title="Mullingar">Mullingar</a></b></td> <td>22,667 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mid_Ulster_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid Ulster English">Mid Ulster English</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png/220px-Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png/330px-Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png/440px-Percentage_stating_they_speak_Irish_daily_outside_the_education_system_in_the_2011_census.png 2x" data-file-width="10560" data-file-height="14885" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of population speaking Irish daily (outside the education system) in the <a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_Ireland" title="2011 census of Ireland">2011 census</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Irish Constitution describes Irish as the "national language" and the "first official language", but English (the "second official language") is the dominant language. In the <a href="/wiki/2016_census_of_Ireland" title="2016 census of Ireland">2016 census</a>, about 1.75 million people (40% of the population) said they were able to speak Irish but, of those, under 74,000 spoke it on a daily basis.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish is spoken as a community language only in a small number of rural areas mostly in the west and south of the country, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a>. Except in Gaeltacht regions, road signs are usually bilingual.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most public notices and print media are in English only. While the state is officially bilingual, citizens can often struggle to access state services in Irish and most government publications are not available in both languages, even though citizens have the right to deal with the state in Irish. Irish language media include the TV channel <a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a>, the radio station <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Raidi%C3%B3_na_Gaeltachta" title="RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta">RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta</a> and online newspaper <a href="/wiki/Tuairisc.ie" title="Tuairisc.ie">Tuairisc.ie</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Defence Forces">Irish Defence Forces</a>, all foot and arms drill commands are given in the Irish language. </p><p>As a result of immigration, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> is the most widely spoken language in Ireland after English, with Irish as the third most spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other Central European languages (namely Czech, Hungarian and Slovak), as well as <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a> (Lithuanian and Latvian) are also spoken on a day-to-day basis. Other languages spoken in Ireland include <a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a>, spoken by Irish Travellers, and a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Scots</a> is spoken by some <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots people</a> in Donegal.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most secondary school students choose to learn one or two foreign languages. Languages available for the Junior Certificate and the Leaving Certificate include French, German, Italian and Spanish; Leaving Certificate students can also study Arabic, Japanese and Russian. Some secondary schools also offer <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. The study of Irish is generally compulsory for Leaving Certificate students, but some may qualify for an exemption in some circumstances, such as learning difficulties or entering the country after age 11.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland">Healthcare in the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R.C.S.I_Disease_Research_Centre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/R.C.S.I_Disease_Research_Centre.jpg/220px-R.C.S.I_Disease_Research_Centre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/R.C.S.I_Disease_Research_Centre.jpg/330px-R.C.S.I_Disease_Research_Centre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/R.C.S.I_Disease_Research_Centre.jpg/440px-R.C.S.I_Disease_Research_Centre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RCSI" class="mw-redirect" title="RCSI">RCSI</a> Disease and Research Centre at <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Hospital,_Dublin" title="Beaumont Hospital, Dublin">Beaumont Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Healthcare in Ireland is provided by both public and private healthcare providers.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Health_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Health (Ireland)">Minister for Health</a> has responsibility for setting overall health service policy. Every resident of Ireland is entitled to receive health care through the public health care system, which is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Health_Service_Executive" title="Health Service Executive">Health Service Executive</a> and funded by general taxation. A person may be required to pay a subsidised fee for certain health care received; this depends on income, age, illness or disability. All maternity services are provided free of charge and children up to the age of 6 months. Emergency care is provided to patients who present to a hospital emergency department. However, visitors to emergency departments in non-emergency situations who are not referred by their <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">GP</a> may incur a fee of €100. In some circumstances this fee is not payable or may be waived.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anyone holding a <a href="/wiki/European_Health_Insurance_Card" title="European Health Insurance Card">European Health Insurance Card</a> is entitled to free maintenance and treatment in public beds in Health Service Executive and voluntary hospitals. Outpatient services are also provided for free. However, the majority of patients on median incomes or above are required to pay subsidised hospital charges. Private health insurance is available to the population for those who want to avail of it. </p><p>The average <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> in Ireland in 2021 was 82.4 years (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy#OECD_(2022)" title="List of countries by life expectancy">OECD list</a>), with 80.5 years for men and 84.3 years for women.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the highest birth rate in the EU (16.8 births per 1,000 inhabitants, compared to an EU average of 10.7)<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a very low infant mortality rate (3.5 per 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Live_birth_(human)" title="Live birth (human)">live births</a>). The Irish healthcare system ranked 13th out of 34 European countries in 2012 according to the European Health Consumer Index produced by <a href="/wiki/Health_Consumer_Powerhouse" title="Health Consumer Powerhouse">Health Consumer Powerhouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same report ranked the Irish healthcare system as having the 8th best health outcomes but only the 21st most accessible system in Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education in the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University-College-Cork-Panorama-2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/University-College-Cork-Panorama-2012.JPG/220px-University-College-Cork-Panorama-2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/University-College-Cork-Panorama-2012.JPG/330px-University-College-Cork-Panorama-2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/University-College-Cork-Panorama-2012.JPG/440px-University-College-Cork-Panorama-2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3424" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a> was founded in 1845 and is a <i>constituent university</i> of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ireland has three levels of education: primary, secondary and higher education. The education systems are largely under the direction of the Government via the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Education_(Ireland)" title="Minister for Education (Ireland)">Minister for Education</a>. Recognised primary and secondary schools must adhere to the curriculum established by the relevant authorities. Education is compulsory between the ages of six and fifteen years, and all children up to the age of eighteen must complete the first three years of secondary, including one sitting of the <a href="/wiki/Junior_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior Certificate">Junior Certificate</a> examination.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are approximately 3,300 primary schools in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority (92%) are under the patronage of the Catholic Church. Schools run by religious organisations, but receiving public money and recognition, cannot discriminate against pupils based upon religion or lack thereof. A sanctioned system of preference does exist, where students of a particular religion may be accepted before those who do not share the ethos of the school, in a case where a school's quota has already been reached. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_Room_Interior,_Trinity_College_Dublin,_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Long_Room_Interior%2C_Trinity_College_Dublin%2C_Ireland_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="6796" /></a><figcaption>The longroom at the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity College Library">Trinity College Library</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Leaving_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Leaving Certificate">Leaving Certificate</a>, which is taken after two years of study, is the final examination in the secondary school system. Those intending to pursue higher education normally take this examination, with access to third-level courses generally depending on results obtained from the best six subjects taken, on a competitive basis.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Third-level education awards are conferred by at least 38 Higher Education Institutions – this includes the constituent or linked colleges of seven universities, plus other designated institutions of the Higher Education and Training Awards Council. According to the 2022 US News rankings, Ireland is among the top twenty best countries for education.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a>, coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, currently ranks Ireland as having the fourth highest reading score, ninth highest science score and thirteenth highest mathematics score, among OECD countries, in its 2012 assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Irish students aged 15 years had the second highest levels of reading literacy in the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland also has 0.747 of the World's top 500 Universities per capita, which ranks the country in 8th place in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primary, secondary and higher (university/college) level education are all free in Ireland for all EU citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are charges to cover student services and examinations. </p><p>In addition, 37 percent of Ireland's population has a university or <a href="/wiki/College_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="College degree">college degree</a>, which is among the highest percentages in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Religion in the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in the Republic of Ireland<sup id="cite_ref-REL_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REL-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholic Church</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkGreen; width:69.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">69.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Irreligion in the Republic of Ireland">Non-religious</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:14.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">14.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Protestantism in the Republic of Ireland">Protestant</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Violet; width:4.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Islam in the Republic of Ireland">Muslim</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:1.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Not Stated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Pink; width:6.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:4.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Religious freedom is constitutionally provided for in Ireland, and the country's constitution has been <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular</a> since 1973. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland" title="Christianity in Ireland">Christianity</a> is the predominant religion, and while Ireland remains a predominantly Catholic country, the percentage of the population who identified as Catholic on the census fell sharply from 84.2 percent in the <a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_Ireland" title="2011 census of Ireland">2011 census</a> to 78.3 percent in 2016 and 69 percent in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other results from the <a href="/wiki/2016_census_of_Ireland" title="2016 census of Ireland">2016 census</a> were: 4.2% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>, 1.3% Orthodox, 1.3% as Muslim, and 9.8% as having no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> study, before 2000 the country had one of the highest rates of regular <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">mass</a> attendance in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While daily attendance was 13% in 2006, there was a reduction in weekly attendance from 81% in 1990 to 48% in 2006; the decline was reported as stabilising, though.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, it was reported that weekly mass attendance in Dublin was 18% and even lower among younger generations.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Mary%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral,_Dublin_2023_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/St._Mary%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral%2C_Dublin_2023_%282%29.jpg/220px-St._Mary%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral%2C_Dublin_2023_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/St._Mary%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral%2C_Dublin_2023_%282%29.jpg/330px-St._Mary%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral%2C_Dublin_2023_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/St._Mary%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral%2C_Dublin_2023_%282%29.jpg/440px-St._Mary%E2%80%99s_Pro-Cathedral%2C_Dublin_2023_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Pro-Cathedral" title="St Mary's Pro-Cathedral">St Mary's Pro-Cathedral</a> is the seat of the Catholic Church in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Exterior_North_Side_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Exterior_North_Side_02.jpg/220px-Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Exterior_North_Side_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Exterior_North_Side_02.jpg/330px-Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Exterior_North_Side_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Exterior_North_Side_02.jpg/440px-Dublin_St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Exterior_North_Side_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4554" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin</a>, is the national Cathedral of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>, at 2.7% of the population, is the second largest Christian denomination. Membership declined throughout the twentieth century but experienced an increase early in the 21st century alongside other Christian denominations. Other significant Protestant denominations are the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterian Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodist Church</a>. Immigration has contributed to a growth in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Hinduism in the Republic of Ireland">Hindu</a> and Muslim populations. In percentage terms, as of the 2006 census, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> were the fastest growing religions with increases of 100% and 70% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ireland's patron saints are <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Saint Bridget</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">Saint Columba</a>; Saint Patrick is commonly recognised as the primary patron saint.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a> is celebrated on 17 March in Ireland and abroad as the Irish national day with parades and other celebrations. </p><p>As with other traditionally Catholic European states, such as Spain and Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland underwent a period of legal secularisation in the late twentieth century. In 1972, the article of the Constitution naming specific religious groups was deleted by the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Fifth Amendment</a> in a referendum. Article 44 remains in the Constitution: "The State acknowledges that the homage of public worship is due to Almighty God. It shall hold His Name in reverence, and shall respect and honour religion." The article also establishes freedom of religion, prohibits endowment of any religion, prohibits the state from religious discrimination, and requires the state to treat religious and non-religious schools in a non-prejudicial manner. </p><p>Although most <a href="/wiki/Denominational_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Denominational education in the Republic of Ireland">schools in Ireland are patronised by religious organisations</a>, government policy has been to "transfer" some schools to non-denominational or multi-denominational patronage,<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a secularist trend is occurring among younger generations.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture of Ireland</a></div> <p>Ireland's culture was for centuries predominantly <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic</a>, and it remains one of the six principal <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Norman</a> invasion in the 12th century, and gradual British conquest and colonisation beginning in the 16th century, Ireland became influenced by English and Scottish culture. Subsequently, Irish culture, though distinct in many aspects, shares characteristics with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Europe">Catholic Europe</a>, and other Celtic regions. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a>, one of the world's largest and most dispersed, has contributed to the globalisation of Irish culture, producing many prominent figures in art, music, and science. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg/170px-Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg/255px-Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg/340px-Jonathan_Swift_by_Charles_Jervas_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> (1667–1745)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ireland has made a significant contribution to world literature in both the English and Irish languages. Modern <a href="/wiki/Irish_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish fiction">Irish fiction</a> began with the publishing of the 1726 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>. Other writers of importance during the 18th century and their most notable works include <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a> with the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Opinions_of_Tristram_Shandy,_Gentleman" title="The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman">The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vicar_of_Wakefield" title="The Vicar of Wakefield">The Vicar of Wakefield</a></i>. Numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_novelists" title="List of Irish novelists">Irish novelists</a> emerged during the 19th century, including <a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Banim" title="John Banim">John Banim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Griffin" title="Gerald Griffin">Gerald Griffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kickham" title="Charles Kickham">Charles Kickham</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Carleton" title="William Carleton">William Carleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_A._Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="George A. Moore">George Moore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somerville_and_Ross" title="Somerville and Ross">Somerville and Ross</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a> is best known as the author of the 1897 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> (1882–1941) published his most famous work <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> in 1922, which is an interpretation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i> set in Dublin. <a href="/wiki/Edith_Anna_Somerville" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Anna Somerville">Edith Somerville</a> continued writing after the death of her partner <a href="/wiki/Violet_Florence_Martin" title="Violet Florence Martin">Martin Ross</a> in 1915. Dublin's <a href="/wiki/Annie_M._P._Smithson" title="Annie M. P. Smithson">Annie M. P. Smithson</a> was one of several authors catering for fans of romantic fiction in the 1920s and 1930s. After the Second World War, popular novels were published by, among others, Brian O'Nolan, who published as <a href="/wiki/Flann_O%27Brien" title="Flann O'Brien">Flann O'Brien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowen" title="Elizabeth Bowen">Elizabeth Bowen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kate_O%27Brien_(novelist)" title="Kate O'Brien (novelist)">Kate O'Brien</a>. During the final decades of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Edna_O%27Brien" title="Edna O'Brien">Edna O'Brien</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McGahern" title="John McGahern">John McGahern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maeve_Binchy" title="Maeve Binchy">Maeve Binchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_O%27Connor" title="Joseph O'Connor">Joseph O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roddy_Doyle" title="Roddy Doyle">Roddy Doyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colm_T%C3%B3ib%C3%ADn" title="Colm Tóibín">Colm Tóibín</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Banville" title="John Banville">John Banville</a> came to the fore as novelists. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeats_Boughton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Yeats_Boughton.jpg/170px-Yeats_Boughton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Yeats_Boughton.jpg/255px-Yeats_Boughton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Yeats_Boughton.jpg/340px-Yeats_Boughton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> (1865–1939)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Lynch" title="Patricia Lynch">Patricia Lynch</a> was a prolific children's author in the 20th century, while <a href="/wiki/Eoin_Colfer" title="Eoin Colfer">Eoin Colfer</a>'s works were <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Best_Seller" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Best Seller">NYT Best Sellers</a> in this genre in the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the genre of the short story, which is a form favoured by many Irish writers, the most prominent figures include <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Faol%C3%A1in" title="Seán Ó Faoláin">Seán Ó Faoláin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Connor" title="Frank O'Connor">Frank O'Connor</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Trevor" title="William Trevor">William Trevor</a>. Well known Irish poets include <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kavanagh" title="Patrick Kavanagh">Patrick Kavanagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McCarthy_(poet)" title="Thomas McCarthy (poet)">Thomas McCarthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dermot_Bolger" title="Dermot Bolger">Dermot Bolger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> laureates <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a> (born in Northern Ireland but resided in Dublin). Prominent writers in the Irish language are <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draic_%C3%93_Conaire" title="Pádraic Ó Conaire">Pádraic Ó Conaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1irt%C3%ADn_%C3%93_Cadhain" title="Máirtín Ó Cadhain">Máirtín Ó Cadhain</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_%C3%93_Grianna" title="Séamus Ó Grianna">Séamus Ó Grianna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuala_N%C3%AD_Dhomhnaill" title="Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill">Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill</a>. </p><p>The history of <a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Irish theatre</a> begins with the expansion of the English administration in Dublin during the early 17th century, and since then, Ireland has significantly contributed to English drama. In its early history, theatrical productions in Ireland tended to serve political purposes, but as more theatres opened and the popular audience grew, a more diverse range of entertainments were staged. Many Dublin-based theatres developed links with their London equivalents, and British productions frequently found their way to the Irish stage. However, most Irish playwrights went abroad to establish themselves. In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Richard Brinsley Sheridan</a> were two of the most successful playwrights on the London stage at that time. At the beginning of the 20th century, theatre companies dedicated to the staging of Irish plays and the development of writers, directors and performers began to emerge, which allowed many Irish playwrights to learn their trade and establish their reputations in Ireland rather than in Britain or the United States. Following in the tradition of acclaimed practitioners, principally <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, Literature Nobel Prize laureates <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> (1925) and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> (1969), playwrights such as <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_O%27Casey" title="Seán O'Casey">Seán O'Casey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Friel" title="Brian Friel">Brian Friel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Barry" title="Sebastian Barry">Sebastian Barry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Behan" title="Brendan Behan">Brendan Behan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conor_McPherson" title="Conor McPherson">Conor McPherson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Roche" title="Billy Roche">Billy Roche</a> have gained popular success.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Irish playwrights of the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Denis_Johnston" title="Denis Johnston">Denis Johnston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kilroy" title="Thomas Kilroy">Thomas Kilroy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Murphy_(playwright)" title="Tom Murphy (playwright)">Tom Murphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Leonard" title="Hugh Leonard">Hugh Leonard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_McGuinness" title="Frank McGuinness">Frank McGuinness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_B._Keane" title="John B. Keane">John B. Keane</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Irish_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish music">Irish music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Irish dance</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Enya_-_The_Orlando_Sentinel_(1989)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Enya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Enya_-_The_Orlando_Sentinel_%281989%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/143px-Enya_-_The_Orlando_Sentinel_%281989%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Enya_-_The_Orlando_Sentinel_%281989%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/215px-Enya_-_The_Orlando_Sentinel_%281989%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Enya_-_The_Orlando_Sentinel_%281989%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/286px-Enya_-_The_Orlando_Sentinel_%281989%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="2765" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Enya" title="Enya">Enya</a>; Ireland's best–selling solo artist<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U2_performing_at_Sphere_in_Las_Vegas_on_Feb_15_2024_by_Jerome_Krailiger_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="U2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/U2_performing_at_Sphere_in_Las_Vegas_on_Feb_15_2024_by_Jerome_Krailiger_%282%29.jpg/161px-U2_performing_at_Sphere_in_Las_Vegas_on_Feb_15_2024_by_Jerome_Krailiger_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/U2_performing_at_Sphere_in_Las_Vegas_on_Feb_15_2024_by_Jerome_Krailiger_%282%29.jpg/242px-U2_performing_at_Sphere_in_Las_Vegas_on_Feb_15_2024_by_Jerome_Krailiger_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/U2_performing_at_Sphere_in_Las_Vegas_on_Feb_15_2024_by_Jerome_Krailiger_%282%29.jpg/322px-U2_performing_at_Sphere_in_Las_Vegas_on_Feb_15_2024_by_Jerome_Krailiger_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>; best–selling Irish group in history<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Irish traditional music</a> has remained vibrant, despite globalising cultural forces, and retains many traditional aspects. It has influenced various music genres, such as American country and roots music, and to some extent modern rock. It has occasionally been blended with styles such as rock and roll and punk rock. Ireland has also produced many internationally known artists in other genres, such as rock, pop, jazz, and blues. Ireland's best selling musical act is the rock band <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>, who have sold 170 million copies of their albums worldwide since their formation in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a number of classical music ensembles around the country, such as the <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Performing_Groups" title="RTÉ Performing Groups">RTÉ Performing Groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland also has two opera organisations: <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Opera" title="Irish National Opera">Irish National Opera</a> in Dublin, and the annual <a href="/wiki/Wexford_Festival_Opera" title="Wexford Festival Opera">Wexford Opera Festival</a>, which promotes lesser-known operas, takes place during October and November. </p><p>Ireland has participated in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> since 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first win was in 1970, when <a href="/wiki/Dana_Rosemary_Scallon" title="Dana Rosemary Scallon">Dana</a> won with <i><a href="/wiki/All_Kinds_of_Everything" title="All Kinds of Everything">All Kinds of Everything</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has subsequently won the competition <a href="/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest">six more times</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the highest number of wins by any competing country. The phenomenon <i><a href="/wiki/Riverdance" title="Riverdance">Riverdance</a></i> originated as an interval performance during the <a href="/wiki/1994_Eurovision_Song_Contest" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Eurovision Song Contest">1994 contest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish dance can broadly be divided into <a href="/wiki/Social_dance" title="Social dance">social dance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Performance_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance dance">performance dance</a>. Irish social dance can be divided into <i>céilí</i> and set dancing. Irish <a href="/wiki/Set_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Set dance">set dances</a> are <a href="/wiki/Quadrilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrilles">quadrilles</a>, danced by 4 couples arranged in a square, while <a href="/wiki/Ceili_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceili dance">céilí dances</a> are danced by varied <a href="/wiki/Formation_dance" title="Formation dance">formations</a> of couples of 2 to 16 people. There are also many stylistic differences between these two forms. Irish social dance is a living tradition, and variations in particular dances are found across the country. In some places dances are deliberately modified and new dances are choreographed. Performance dance is traditionally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Step_dance" title="Step dance">stepdance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Irish stepdance</a>, popularised by the show <i><a href="/wiki/Riverdance" title="Riverdance">Riverdance</a></i>, is notable for its rapid leg movements, with the body and arms being kept largely stationary. The solo stepdance is generally characterised by a controlled but not rigid upper body, straight arms, and quick, precise movements of the feet. The solo dances can either be in "soft shoe" or "hard shoe". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture of Ireland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dublin_Custom_House_South_Side_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dublin_Custom_House_South_Side_6.jpg/200px-Dublin_Custom_House_South_Side_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dublin_Custom_House_South_Side_6.jpg/300px-Dublin_Custom_House_South_Side_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Dublin_Custom_House_South_Side_6.jpg/400px-Dublin_Custom_House_South_Side_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4542" data-file-height="3079" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/The_Custom_House" title="The Custom House">Dublin Custom House</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> building from the late 18th century.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Powerscourt,_County_Wicklow,_Ireland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2534787.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Powerscourt%2C_County_Wicklow%2C_Ireland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2534787.jpg/200px-Powerscourt%2C_County_Wicklow%2C_Ireland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2534787.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Powerscourt%2C_County_Wicklow%2C_Ireland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2534787.jpg/300px-Powerscourt%2C_County_Wicklow%2C_Ireland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2534787.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Powerscourt%2C_County_Wicklow%2C_Ireland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2534787.jpg/400px-Powerscourt%2C_County_Wicklow%2C_Ireland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2534787.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Powerscourt_Estate" title="Powerscourt Estate">Powerscourt Estate</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Enniskerry" title="Enniskerry">Enniskerry</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Wicklow" title="County Wicklow">County Wicklow</a>, was built in the 18th century</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Ireland has a wealth of structures,<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surviving in various states of preservation, from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne" title="Brú na Bóinne">Brú na Bóinne</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Poulnabrone_dolmen" title="Poulnabrone dolmen">Poulnabrone dolmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castlestrange_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Castlestrange stone">Castlestrange stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turoe_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Turoe stone">Turoe stone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drombeg_stone_circle" title="Drombeg stone circle">Drombeg stone circle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Ireland was never a part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, ancient architecture in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> style is extremely rare, in contrast to most of Western Europe. The country instead had an extended period of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Irish_round_tower" title="Irish round tower">Irish round tower</a> originated during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval">Early Medieval</a> period. </p><p>Christianity introduced simple <a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">monastic houses</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Clonmacnoise" title="Clonmacnoise">Clonmacnoise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skellig_Michael" title="Skellig Michael">Skellig Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scattery_Island_Cathedral_and_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattery Island Cathedral and Monastery">Scattery Island</a>. A stylistic similarity has been remarked between these <a href="/wiki/Double_monastery" title="Double monastery">double monasteries</a> and those of the <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a> of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaelic kings and aristocrats occupied <a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">ringforts</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Crann%C3%B3g" class="mw-redirect" title="Crannóg">crannógs</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-vikperiod_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vikperiod-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church reforms during the 12th century via the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a> stimulated continental influence, with the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> styled <a href="/wiki/Mellifont_Abbey" title="Mellifont Abbey">Mellifont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyle_Abbey" title="Boyle Abbey">Boyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tintern_Abbey_(County_Wexford)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tintern Abbey (County Wexford)">Tintern</a> abbeys.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaelic settlement had been limited to the Monastic proto-towns, such as <a href="/wiki/Kells,_County_Meath" title="Kells, County Meath">Kells</a>, where the current street pattern preserves the original circular settlement outline to some extent.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant urban settlements only developed following the period of Viking invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-vikperiod_237-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vikperiod-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major Hiberno-Norse <a href="/wiki/Longphort" title="Longphort">Longphorts</a> were located on the coast, but with minor inland fluvial settlements, such as the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Longford" title="Longford">Longford</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monasterboice_(52364039739).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Monasterboice_%2852364039739%29.jpg/220px-Monasterboice_%2852364039739%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Monasterboice_%2852364039739%29.jpg/330px-Monasterboice_%2852364039739%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Monasterboice_%2852364039739%29.jpg/440px-Monasterboice_%2852364039739%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8332" data-file-height="5581" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Monasterboice" title="Monasterboice">Monasterboice</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">County Louth</a> are of early Christian settlements.</figcaption></figure> <p>Castles were built by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Normans</a> during the late 12th century, such as <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle" title="Dublin Castle">Dublin Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny_Castle" title="Kilkenny Castle">Kilkenny Castle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the concept of the planned walled trading town was introduced, which gained legal status and several rights by grant of a <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a> under <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a>. These charters specifically governed the design of these towns.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two significant waves of planned town formation followed, the first being the 16th- and 17th-century plantation towns, which were used as a mechanism for the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor</a> English kings to suppress local insurgency, followed by 18th-century landlord towns.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surviving Norman founded planned towns include <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Youghal" title="Youghal">Youghal</a>; plantation towns include <a href="/wiki/Portlaoise" title="Portlaoise">Portlaoise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portarlington,_County_Laois" title="Portarlington, County Laois">Portarlington</a>; well-preserved 18th-century planned towns include <a href="/wiki/Westport,_County_Mayo" title="Westport, County Mayo">Westport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballinasloe" title="Ballinasloe">Ballinasloe</a>. These episodes of planned settlement account for the majority of present-day towns throughout the country. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgian_Dublin._Merrion_Square_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Georgian_Dublin._Merrion_Square_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Georgian_Dublin._Merrion_Square_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Georgian_Dublin._Merrion_Square_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Georgian_Dublin._Merrion_Square_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Georgian_Dublin._Merrion_Square_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Georgian_Dublin._Merrion_Square_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Brick architecture of multi-storey buildings in <a href="/wiki/Merrion_Square" title="Merrion Square">Merrion Square</a>, Dublin</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> cathedrals, such as <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's</a>, were also introduced by the Normans.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a> were dominant in directing the abbeys by the Late Middle Ages, while elegant tower houses, such as <a href="/wiki/Bunratty_Castle" title="Bunratty Castle">Bunratty Castle</a>, were built by the Gaelic and Norman aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many religious buildings were ruined with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of the monasteries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Restoration, <a href="/wiki/Palladianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladianism">palladianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">rococo</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Country_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Country houses">country houses</a>, swept through Ireland under the initiative of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lovett_Pearce" title="Edward Lovett Pearce">Edward Lovett Pearce</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a> being the most significant.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the erection of buildings such as <a href="/wiki/The_Custom_House" title="The Custom House">The Custom House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Courts" title="Four Courts">Four Courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office_(Dublin)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Post Office (Dublin)">General Post Office</a> and <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Inns" title="King's Inns">King's Inns</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> styles flourished, especially in <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dublin" title="Georgian Dublin">Dublin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_246-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgian townhouses produced streets of singular distinction, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Emancipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Emancipation">Catholic Emancipation</a>, cathedrals and churches influenced by the French <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival</a> emerged, such as <a href="/wiki/Cobh_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobh Cathedral">St Colman's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Finbarre%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Finbarre's Cathedral">St Finbarre's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-greenwood_246-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenwood-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland has long been associated with <a href="/wiki/Thatched_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatched roof">thatched roof</a> cottages, though these are nowadays considered quaint.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capital_dock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Capital_dock.jpg/220px-Capital_dock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Capital_dock.jpg/330px-Capital_dock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Capital_dock.jpg/440px-Capital_dock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7952" data-file-height="5304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capital_Dock" title="Capital Dock">Capital Dock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> is the tallest building in the Republic of Ireland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning with the American designed <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> church at <a href="/wiki/Turners_Cross,_Cork" title="Turners Cross, Cork">Turner's Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> in 1927, Irish architecture followed the international trend towards modern and sleek building styles since the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other developments include the regeneration of <a href="/wiki/Ballymun" title="Ballymun">Ballymun</a> and an urban extension of Dublin at <a href="/wiki/Adamstown,_Dublin" title="Adamstown, Dublin">Adamstown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Docklands_Development_Authority" title="Dublin Docklands Development Authority">Dublin Docklands Development Authority</a> in 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Docklands" title="Dublin Docklands">Dublin Docklands</a> area underwent large-scale redevelopment, which included the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Centre_Dublin" title="Convention Centre Dublin">Convention Centre Dublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Canal Theatre">Grand Canal Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Completed in 2018, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Dock" title="Capital Dock">Capital Dock</a> in Dublin is the tallest building in the Republic of Ireland achieving 79 metres (259 feet) in height (the <a href="/wiki/Obel_Tower" title="Obel Tower">Obel Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> being the tallest in Ireland). The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_the_Architects_of_Ireland" title="Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland">Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland</a> regulates the practice of architecture in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the Republic of Ireland">Media of the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <p><span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Teilif%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Raidió Teilifís Éireann">Raidió Teilifís Éireann</a></span></span> (RTÉ) is Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Public_service_broadcaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Public service broadcaster">public service broadcaster</a>, funded by a <a href="/wiki/Television_licence_fee" class="mw-redirect" title="Television licence fee">television licence fee</a> and advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RTÉ operates two national television channels, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_One" title="RTÉ One">RTÉ One</a> and <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="RTÉ Two">RTÉ Two</a>. The other independent national television channels are <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_One" title="Virgin Media One">Virgin Media One</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_Two" title="Virgin Media Two">Virgin Media Two</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_Three" title="Virgin Media Three">Virgin Media Three</a> and <a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a>, the latter of which is a public service broadcaster for speakers of the Irish language. All these channels are available on <a href="/wiki/Saorview" title="Saorview">Saorview</a>, the national <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">digital terrestrial television</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional channels included in the service are <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_News_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="RTÉ News Now">RTÉ News Now</a>, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89jr" title="RTÉjr">RTÉjr</a>, and RTÉ One +1. Subscription-based television providers operating in Ireland include <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_Ireland" title="Virgin Media Ireland">Virgin Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sky_Ireland" title="Sky Ireland">Sky</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/BBC_Northern_Ireland" title="BBC Northern Ireland">Northern Irish division</a> is widely available in Ireland. <a href="/wiki/BBC_One_Northern_Ireland" title="BBC One Northern Ireland">BBC One Northern Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two_Northern_Ireland" title="BBC Two Northern Ireland">BBC Two Northern Ireland</a> are available in pay television providers including Virgin and Sky as well as via <a href="/wiki/Signal_overspill" title="Signal overspill">signal overspill</a> by <a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a> in border counties. </p><p>Supported by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Film_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Film Board">Irish Film Board</a>, the Irish film industry grew significantly since the 1990s, with the promotion of indigenous films as well as the attraction of international productions like <i><a href="/wiki/Braveheart" title="Braveheart">Braveheart</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan" title="Saving Private Ryan">Saving Private Ryan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Media_Landscape_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Media_Landscape-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large number of regional and local radio stations are available countrywide. A survey showed that a consistent 85% of adults listen to a mixture of national, regional and local stations on a daily basis.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Radio" title="RTÉ Radio">RTÉ Radio</a> operates four national stations, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Radio_1" title="RTÉ Radio 1">Radio 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_2fm" title="RTÉ 2fm">2fm</a>, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_lyric_fm" title="RTÉ lyric fm">Lyric fm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Raidi%C3%B3_na_Gaeltachta" title="RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta">RnaG</a>. It also operates four national DAB radio stations. There are two independent national stations: <a href="/wiki/Today_FM" title="Today FM">Today FM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newstalk" title="Newstalk">Newstalk</a>. </p><p>Ireland has a traditionally competitive print media, which is divided into daily national newspapers and weekly regional newspapers, as well as national Sunday editions. The strength of the British press is a unique feature of the Irish print media scene, with the availability of a wide selection of British published newspapers and magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-Media_Landscape_254-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Media_Landscape-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> reported that 82% of Irish households had Internet access in 2013 compared to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> average of 79% but only 67% had broadband access.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of Irish dishes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%27ai_commenc%C3%A9_ma_visite_de_Dublin..._(8777546507).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/J%27ai_commenc%C3%A9_ma_visite_de_Dublin..._%288777546507%29.jpg/220px-J%27ai_commenc%C3%A9_ma_visite_de_Dublin..._%288777546507%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/J%27ai_commenc%C3%A9_ma_visite_de_Dublin..._%288777546507%29.jpg/330px-J%27ai_commenc%C3%A9_ma_visite_de_Dublin..._%288777546507%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/J%27ai_commenc%C3%A9_ma_visite_de_Dublin..._%288777546507%29.jpg/440px-J%27ai_commenc%C3%A9_ma_visite_de_Dublin..._%288777546507%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Pint" title="Pint">pint</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Irish cuisine was traditionally based on meat and dairy products, supplemented with vegetables and seafood. Examples of popular Irish cuisine include <a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">boxty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">colcannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">coddle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">stew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">bacon and cabbage</a>. Ireland is known for the <a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast" title="Full breakfast">full Irish breakfast</a>, which involves a fried or grilled meal generally consisting of rashers, egg, sausage, white and black pudding, and fried tomato. Apart from the influence by European and international dishes, there has been an emergence of a new Irish cuisine based on traditional ingredients handled in new ways.<sup id="cite_ref-irelandlogue_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irelandlogue-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cuisine is based on fresh vegetables, fish, oysters, mussels and other shellfish, and the wide range of hand-made cheeses that are now being produced across the country. Shellfish have increased in popularity, especially due to the high quality shellfish available from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_counties_by_coastline" title="List of Irish counties by coastline">country's coastline</a>. The most popular fish include <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a>. Traditional breads include <a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">soda bread</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheaten_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheaten bread">wheaten bread</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeasted</a> <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a> with added <a href="/wiki/Sultana_(grape)" title="Sultana (grape)">sultanas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>, traditionally eaten on <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular everyday beverages among the Irish include <a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">coffee</a>. Alcoholic drinks associated with Ireland include <a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a> and the world-famous <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Dry_stout" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry stout">dry stout</a> that originated in the brewery of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Guinness" title="Arthur Guinness">Arthur Guinness</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Gate" title="St. James's Gate">St. James's Gate</a> in Dublin. <a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a> is also popular throughout the country and comes in various forms, including single malt, single grain, and blended whiskey.<sup id="cite_ref-irelandlogue_257-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irelandlogue-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport in Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croke_Park_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Croke_Park_panorama.jpg/220px-Croke_Park_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Croke_Park_panorama.jpg/330px-Croke_Park_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Croke_Park_panorama.jpg/440px-Croke_Park_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5097" data-file-height="4932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Croke_Park" title="Croke Park">Croke Park</a> stadium is the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a> are the traditional sports of Ireland as well as popular <a href="/wiki/Spectator_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator sports">spectator sports</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are administered by the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletics_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Athletics Association">Gaelic Athletics Association</a> on an <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland" title="All-Ireland">all-Ireland</a> basis. Other <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a> organised by the association include <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">rounders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football</a> (soccer) is the third most popular spectator sport and has the highest level of participation.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Ireland" title="League of Ireland">League of Ireland</a> is the national league, the English <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> is the most popular among the public.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_football_team" title="Republic of Ireland national football team">Republic of Ireland national football team</a> plays at international level and is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Football_Association_of_Ireland" title="Football Association of Ireland">Football Association of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Irish Rugby Football Union">Irish Rugby Football Union</a> is the governing body of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">rugby union</a>, which is played at local and international levels on an all-Ireland basis, and has produced players such as <a href="/wiki/Brian_O%27Driscoll" title="Brian O'Driscoll">Brian O'Driscoll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronan_O%27Gara" title="Ronan O'Gara">Ronan O'Gara</a>, who were on the team that won the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(rugby_union)" title="Grand Slam (rugby union)">Grand Slam</a> in <a href="/wiki/2009_Six_Nations_Championship" title="2009 Six Nations Championship">2009</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Cricket_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Cricket Team">Irish Cricket Team</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup" title="2007 Cricket World Cup">2007 Cricket World Cup</a> has led to an increase in the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Ireland" title="Cricket in Ireland">cricket</a>, which is also administered on an all-Ireland basis by <a href="/wiki/Cricket_Ireland" title="Cricket Ireland">Cricket Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ireland are one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_International_Cricket_Council_members#Full_Members" title="List of International Cricket Council members">the twelve Test playing members</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">International Cricket Council</a>, having been granted <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test status</a> in 2017. <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_Ireland#Domestic_cricket" title="Cricket in Ireland">Professional domestic matches</a> are played between the major cricket unions of <a href="/wiki/Leinster_Cricket_Union" title="Leinster Cricket Union">Leinster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munster_Cricket_Union" title="Munster Cricket Union">Munster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cricket_Union_of_Ireland" title="Northern Cricket Union of Ireland">Northern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_West_Cricket_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="North West Cricket Union">North West</a>. <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a> is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland_national_netball_team" title="Republic of Ireland national netball team">Ireland national netball team</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a> is another popular sport in Ireland, with over 300 courses countrywide.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country has produced several internationally successful golfers, such as <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Harrington" title="Pádraig Harrington">Pádraig Harrington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shane_Lowry_(golfer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shane Lowry (golfer)">Shane Lowry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_McGinley" title="Paul McGinley">Paul McGinley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> has a large presence, with influential breeding and racing operations in the country. Racing takes place at courses at <a href="/wiki/The_Curragh_Racecourse" class="mw-redirect" title="The Curragh Racecourse">The Curragh Racecourse</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Kildare" title="County Kildare">County Kildare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopardstown_Racecourse" title="Leopardstown Racecourse">Leopardstown Racecourse</a> just outside Dublin, and <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>. Ireland has produced champion horses such as <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(horse)" title="Galileo (horse)">Galileo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montjeu" title="Montjeu">Montjeu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_the_Stars" title="Sea the Stars">Sea the Stars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a> is Ireland's most successful sport at an Olympic level. Administered by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Athletic_Boxing_Association" title="Irish Athletic Boxing Association">Irish Athletic Boxing Association</a> on an all-Ireland basis, it has gained in popularity as a result of the international success of boxers such as <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Dunne" title="Bernard Dunne">Bernard Dunne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Lee_(boxer)" title="Andy Lee (boxer)">Andy Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katie_Taylor" title="Katie Taylor">Katie Taylor</a>. </p><p>Some of Ireland's highest performers in <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a> have competed at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Eamonn_Coghlan" title="Eamonn Coghlan">Eamonn Coghlan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonia_O%27Sullivan" title="Sonia O'Sullivan">Sonia O'Sullivan</a>. The annual <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Marathon" title="Dublin Marathon">Dublin Marathon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Women%27s_Mini_Marathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Women's Mini Marathon">Dublin Women's Mini Marathon</a> are two of the most popular athletics events in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_league_team" title="Ireland national rugby league team">Ireland national rugby league team</a> and administered by <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_Ireland" title="Rugby League Ireland">Rugby League Ireland</a> (who are full member of the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_European_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby League European Federation">Rugby League European Federation</a>) on an all-Ireland basis. The team compete in the <a href="/wiki/European_Cup_(rugby_league)" class="mw-redirect" title="European Cup (rugby league)">European Cup (rugby league)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="Rugby League World Cup">Rugby League World Cup</a>. Ireland reached the quarter-finals of the <a href="/wiki/2000_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2000 Rugby League World Cup">2000 Rugby League World Cup</a> as well as reaching the semi-finals in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Rugby_League_World_Cup" title="2008 Rugby League World Cup">2008 Rugby League World Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Elite_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Elite League">Irish Elite League</a> is a domestic competition for rugby league teams in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football_in_Ireland" title="Australian rules football in Ireland">Australian rules football in Ireland</a> has a limited following, a series of <a href="/wiki/International_rules_football" title="International rules football">International rules football</a> games (constituting a hybrid of the Australian and Gaelic football codes) takes place annually between teams representing Ireland and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_Ireland" title="Baseball in Ireland">Baseball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> are also emerging sports in Ireland, both of which have an international team representing the island of Ireland. Other sports which retain a following in Ireland include <a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse riding">horse riding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsport</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society">Society</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Abortion in the Republic of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <p>Ireland <a href="/wiki/Global_Gender_Gap_Report" title="Global Gender Gap Report">ranks fifth</a> in the world in terms of <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">charitable</a> country in Europe, and second most charitable in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979, however, the receding influence of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholic Church</a> has led to an increasingly <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularised</a> society.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A constitutional ban on <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> was lifted following a <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">referendum</a> in 1995. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages (0.7 divorced people per 1,000 population in 2011) while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average (4.6 marriages per 1,000 population per year in 2012). <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Abortion</a> had been banned throughout the period of the Irish state, first through provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1861" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1861">Offences Against the Person Act 1861</a> and later by the <a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Life_During_Pregnancy_Act_2013" title="Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013">Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013</a>. The right to life of the unborn was protected in the constitution by the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Eighth Amendment</a> in 1983; this provision was removed following a <a href="/wiki/Thirty-sixth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">referendum</a>, and replaced it with a provision allowing legislation to regulate the termination of pregnancy. The <a href="/wiki/Health_(Regulation_of_Termination_of_Pregnancy)_Act_2018" title="Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018">Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018</a> passed later that year provided for abortion generally during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, and in specified circumstances after that date.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a> is constitutionally banned in Ireland, while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, marital or familial status, religion, race or membership of the travelling community is illegal. The legislation which outlawed homosexual acts was repealed in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Partnership_and_Certain_Rights_and_Obligations_of_Cohabitants_Act_2010" title="Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010">Civil Partnership and Certain Rights and Obligations of Cohabitants Act 2010</a> permitted civil partnerships between same-sex couples.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Children_and_Family_Relationships_Act_2015" title="Children and Family Relationships Act 2015">Children and Family Relationships Act 2015</a> allowed for adoption rights for couples other than married couples, including civil partners and cohabitants, and provided for <a href="/wiki/Third-party_reproduction" title="Third-party reproduction">donor-assisted human reproduction</a>; however, significant sections of the Act have yet to be <a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">commenced</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a <a href="/wiki/Thirty-fourth_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">referendum</a> held on 23 May 2015, Ireland became the eighteenth country to <a href="/wiki/Marriage_Act_2015" title="Marriage Act 2015">provide in law</a> for <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, and the first to do so by popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for <a href="/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">plastic shopping bags</a> in 2002 and a public <a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">smoking ban</a> in 2004. <a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Recycling in Ireland">Recycling in Ireland</a> is carried out extensively, and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. It was the first country in Europe to ban <a href="/wiki/Banning_of_incandescent_lightbulbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Banning of incandescent lightbulbs">incandescent lightbulbs</a> in 2008 and the first EU country to ban in-store tobacco advertising and product display in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Ireland became the second country in the world to introduce <a href="/wiki/Plain_cigarette_packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain cigarette packaging">plain cigarette packaging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the above measures to discourage tobacco use, smoking rates in Ireland remain at approximately 15.4% as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_symbols">State symbols</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the Republic of Ireland">Symbols of the Republic of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png/180px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png/270px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png/360px-Seal_of_the_President_of_Ireland.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_president_of_Ireland" title="Seal of the president of Ireland">seal of the president of Ireland</a>, incorporating a harp</figcaption></figure> <p>The state shares many symbols with the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Ireland">island of Ireland</a>. These include the colours green and <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Blue">blue</a>, animals such as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_wolfhound" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish wolfhound">Irish wolfhound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stag" class="mw-redirect" title="Stag">stags</a>, structures such as <a href="/wiki/Irish_round_tower" title="Irish round tower">round towers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">celtic crosses</a>, and designs such as <a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Celtic knots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triple_spiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple spiral">spirals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">shamrock</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a>, has been a national symbol of Ireland since the 17th century when it became customary to wear it as a symbol on <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Day">St. Patrick's Day</a>. These symbols are used by state institutions as well as private bodies in the Republic of Ireland. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland" title="Flag of Ireland">flag of Ireland</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Tricolour_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricolour (flag)">tricolour</a> of green, white and orange. The flag originates with the <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a> movement of the mid-19th century but was not popularised until its use during the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colours represent the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic</a> tradition (green) and the followers of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> in Ireland (orange), with white representing the aspiration for peace between them.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was adopted as the flag of the Irish Free State in 1922 and continues to be used as the sole flag and ensign of the state. A <a href="/wiki/Naval_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval jack">naval jack</a>, a green flag with a yellow harp, is set out in Defence Forces Regulations and flown from the bows of warships in addition to the national flag in limited circumstances (e.g. when a ship is not underway). It is based on the unofficial <a href="/wiki/Green_ensign" class="mw-redirect" title="Green ensign">green ensign</a> of Ireland used in the 18th and 19th centuries and the traditional green flag of Ireland dating from the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the national flag, the national anthem, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Amhr%C3%A1n_na_bhFiann" title="Amhrán na bhFiann">Amhrán na bhFiann</a></i></span> (English: <span lang="en">A Soldier's Song</span>), has its roots in the Easter Rising, when the song was sung by the rebels. Although originally published in English in 1912,<sup id="cite_ref-sherry_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sherry-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the song was translated into Irish in 1923 and the Irish-language version is more commonly sung today.<sup id="cite_ref-sherry_289-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sherry-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song was officially adopted as the anthem of the Irish Free State in 1926 and continues as the national anthem of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-290" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first four bars of the chorus followed by the last five comprise the <a href="/wiki/Honors_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Honors music">presidential salute</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Ireland">arms of Ireland</a> originate as the arms of the monarchs of Ireland and was recorded as the arms of the King of Ireland in the 12th century. From the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_crowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of the crowns">union of the crowns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> in 1603, they have appeared <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartered</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a>. Today, they are the personal arms of the president of Ireland whilst he or she is in office and are flown as the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Standard_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Standard (Ireland)">presidential standard</a>. The harp symbol is used extensively by the state to mark official documents, Irish coinage and on the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_president_of_Ireland" title="Seal of the president of Ireland">seal of the president of Ireland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">List of Ireland-related topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">Outline of the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nomenclature-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nomenclature_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nomenclature_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#part2">Article 4</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> declares that the name of the state is <i>Ireland</i>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1948/en/act/pub/0022/sec0002.html">Section 2</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Republic_of_Ireland_Act_1948" title="The Republic of Ireland Act 1948">the Republic of Ireland Act 1948</a> declares that <i>Republic of Ireland</i> is "the description of the State".<sup id="cite_ref-Coakley2009_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coakley2009-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-national_language-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-national_language_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#part2">Article 8</a> of the Constitution states that Irish is "the national language" and "the first official language", and that English is "a second official language".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-currency-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-currency_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prior to 2002, Ireland used the <a href="/wiki/Irish_pound" title="Irish pound">Irish pound</a> as its circulated currency. The euro was introduced as an accounting currency in 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tld-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tld_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/.eu" title=".eu">.eu</a> domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article8_1">"Article 8, Constitution of Ireland"</a>. <i>Irish Statute Book</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423200419/https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Article+8%2C+Constitution+of+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2Fcons%2Fen%2Fhtml%23article8_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.cso.ie/table/FY023">"Population Usually Resident and Present in the State"</a>. Central Statistics Office. 30 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Usually+Resident+and+Present+in+the+State&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.cso.ie%2Ftable%2FFY023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-REL-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-REL_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REL_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.cso.ie/table/FY032">"Population Usually Resident and Present in the State"</a>. CSO.ie. Central Statistics Office. 30 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Usually+Resident+and+Present+in+the+State&rft.pub=CSO.ie&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.cso.ie%2Ftable%2FFY032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pop.Ireland-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pop.Ireland_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pop.Ireland_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pop.Ireland_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-pme/populationandmigrationestimatesapril2024/">"Population and Migration Estimates, April 2024"</a>. <i>www.cso.ie</i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)" title="Central Statistics Office (Ireland)">Central Statistics Office (Ireland)</a> - CSO. 27 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cso.ie&rft.atitle=Population+and+Migration+Estimates%2C+April+2024&rft.date=2024-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-pme%2Fpopulationandmigrationestimatesapril2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530192914/https://www.rte.ie/news/ireland/2023/0530/1386438-cso-census/">"Remote work up, Catholic numbers down in Census data"</a>. <i>rte.ie</i>. 30 May 2023. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2020&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=HDRO+%28Human+Development+Report+Office%29+United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhdr2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2021" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Mark (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1276861968"><i>In Fact An Optimist's Guide to Ireland at 100</i></a>. Dublin: Gill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-9039-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-9039-3"><bdi>978-0-7171-9039-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1276861968">1276861968</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825190413/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1276861968">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Fact+An+Optimist%27s+Guide+to+Ireland+at+100.&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Gill+Books&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1276861968&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-9039-3&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1276861968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/nato_countries.htm">"NATO – Member countries"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Leprechaun+Economics%27+Earn+Ireland+Ridicule%2C+%24443+Million+Bill&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2016-07-13%2F-leprechaun-economics-earn-ireland-ridicule-443-million-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_ZucmanThomas_TorslovLudvig_Wier2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Zucman" title="Gabriel Zucman">Gabriel Zucman</a>; Thomas Torslov; Ludvig Wier (June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gabriel-zucman.eu/missingprofits/">"The Missing Profits of Nations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a>, Working Papers. p. 31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180610071636/http://gabriel-zucman.eu/missingprofits/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>Appendix Table 2: Tax Havens</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Missing+Profits+of+Nations&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Economic+Research%2C+Working+Papers&rft.date=2018-06&rft.au=Gabriel+Zucman&rft.au=Thomas+Torslov&rft.au=Ludvig+Wier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgabriel-zucman.eu%2Fmissingprofits%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401">"Ireland is the world's biggest corporate 'tax haven', say academics"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 13 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221228022815/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/ireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>New Gabriel Zucman study claims State shelters more multinational profits than the entire Caribbean</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Ireland+is+the+world%27s+biggest+corporate+%27tax+haven%27%2C+say+academics&rft.date=2018-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fireland-is-the-world-s-biggest-corporate-tax-haven-say-academics-1.3528401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicoll2009" class="citation news cs1">Nicoll, Ruaridh (16 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/10/ireland-financial-crisis-emigration">"Ireland: As the Celtic Tiger roars its last"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906140624/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/10/ireland-financial-crisis-emigration">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral.com&rft.atitle=Where+does+the+name+Ireland+come+from%3F&rft.date=2021-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Froots%2Fhistory%2Fwhere-does-the-name-ireland-come-from&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2013" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Marie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BeMkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT230"><i>The Irish Revolution, 1916–1923</i></a>. Routledge. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317801467" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317801467"><bdi>978-1317801467</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209160642/https://books.google.com/books?id=BeMkAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT230">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Revolution%2C+1916%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1317801467&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBeMkAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallagher, Michael, "The changing constitution", in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherCoakley2010" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Michael; Coakley, John, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g84ajJ-1Yi4C&pg=PA76"><i>Politics in the Republic of Ireland</i></a>. 0415476712. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415476713" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415476713"><bdi>978-0415476713</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209160637/https://books.google.com/books?id=g84ajJ-1Yi4C&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+the+Republic+of+Ireland&rft.pub=0415476712&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0415476713&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg84ajJ-1Yi4C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver, J.D.B., <i>What's in a Name</i>, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiley2004" class="citation book cs1">Tiley, John, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f9FGwkXiIS0C&pg=PA181"><i>Studies in the History of Tax Law</i></a>. Hart Publishing. pp. 181–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841134732" title="Special:BookSources/1841134732"><bdi>1841134732</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101034152/https://books.google.com/books?id=f9FGwkXiIS0C&pg=PA181">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+History+of+Tax+Law&rft.pages=181-3&rft.pub=Hart+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1841134732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df9FGwkXiIS0C%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span> Note: the author uses "Éire", with the diacritic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver (2004), p. 178; Daly (2007), p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daly_2007-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daly_2007_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daly_2007_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daly_2007_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2007" class="citation journal cs1">Daly, Mary E. (2007). "The Irish Free State/Éire/Republic of Ireland/Ireland: "A Country by Any Other Name"?". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 72–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F508399">10.1086/508399</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9371">0021-9371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Free+State%2F%C3%89ire%2FRepublic+of+Ireland%2FIreland%3A+%22A+Country+by+Any+Other+Name%22%3F&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-90&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F508399&rft.issn=0021-9371&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcciano2005" class="citation book cs1">Acciano, Reuben (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Enrkj9PsKGwC&pg=PA616"><i>Western Europe</i></a>. Lonely Planet. p. 616. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1740599276" title="Special:BookSources/1740599276"><bdi>1740599276</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209160641/https://books.google.com/books?id=Enrkj9PsKGwC&pg=PA616">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Europe&rft.pages=616&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1740599276&rft.aulast=Acciano&rft.aufirst=Reuben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEnrkj9PsKGwC%26pg%3DPA616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2002" class="citation book cs1">Smith, M.L.R (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EH-FAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2"><i>Fighting for Ireland?: The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Movement</i></a>. Routledge. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134713975" title="Special:BookSources/1134713975"><bdi>1134713975</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209160637/https://books.google.com/books?id=EH-FAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+Ireland%3F%3A+The+Military+Strategy+of+the+Irish+Republican+Movement&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1134713975&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=M.L.R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEH-FAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreevy2020" class="citation news cs1">McGreevy, Ronan (24 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/why-sinn-fein-will-not-call-the-state-by-its-name-1.4182195">"Why Sinn Féin will not call the State by its name"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825190413/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/why-sinn-fein-will-not-call-the-state-by-its-name-1.4182195">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Sinn+F%C3%A9in+will+not+call+the+State+by+its+name&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft.aulast=McGreevy&rft.aufirst=Ronan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fireland%2Firish-news%2Fwhy-sinn-fein-will-not-call-the-state-by-its-name-1.4182195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2000-04-13/speech/74/">"Dáil Éireann debate – Irish Nationality and Citizenship Bill, 1999"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>. 13 April 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220825190418/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2000-04-13/5/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+debate+%E2%80%93+Irish+Nationality+and+Citizenship+Bill%2C+1999&rft.pub=Oireachtas&rft.date=2000-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fdail%2F2000-04-13%2Fspeech%2F74%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMokyr1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Mokyr" title="Joel Mokyr">Mokyr, Joel</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/1406/1/wp83_17.pdf">"New Developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Irish Economic and Social History</i>. <b>XI</b>: 101–121. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F1406">10197/1406</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924160733/https://researchrepository.ucd.ie/bitstream/10197/1406/1/wp83_17.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Economic+and+Social+History&rft.atitle=New+Developments+in+Irish+Population+History+1700%E2%80%931850&rft.volume=XI&rft.pages=101-121&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F1406&rft.aulast=Mokyr&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.ucd.ie%2Fbitstream%2F10197%2F1406%2F1%2Fwp83_17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://census.ie/in-history/population-of-ireland-1841-2006/">"Population of Ireland 1841–2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)" title="Central Statistics Office (Ireland)">CSO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195419/http://census.ie/in-history/population-of-ireland-1841-2006/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Ireland+1841%E2%80%932011&rft.pub=CSO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcensus.ie%2Fin-history%2Fpopulation-of-ireland-1841-2006%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonAbbot" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Wesley; Abbot, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/famine/demographics_pre.html">"Prelude to the Irish Famine – Demographics"</a>. Wesleyjohnston.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707111107/http://wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/famine/demographics_pre.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prelude+to+the+Irish+Famine+%E2%80%93+Demographics&rft.pub=Wesleyjohnston.com&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rft.au=Abbot%2C+Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wesleyjohnston.com%2Fusers%2Fireland%2Fpast%2Ffamine%2Fdemographics_pre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2017/Chapter_1_Population_change_and_historical_perspective.pdf">"Population Change and Historical Perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. CSO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417022844/https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2017/Chapter_1_Population_change_and_historical_perspective.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Change+and+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=CSO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fcsoie%2Freleasespublications%2Fdocuments%2Fpopulation%2F2017%2FChapter_1_Population_change_and_historical_perspective.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardon1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bardon" title="Jonathan Bardon">Bardon, Jonathan</a> (1992). <i>A History of Ulster</i>. Blackstaff Press. pp. 402, 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0856404985" title="Special:BookSources/0856404985"><bdi>0856404985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ulster&rft.pages=402%2C+405&rft.pub=Blackstaff+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0856404985&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Tim Pat (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zWgfwHuOCHYC&q=%22the+Coercion+of+Ulster%22+craig&pg=PA128"><i>Ireland in the 20th Century</i></a>. Random House. pp. 127–128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781407097213" title="Special:BookSources/9781407097213"><bdi>9781407097213</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705090337/https://books.google.com/books?id=zWgfwHuOCHYC&q&pg=PA128">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=127-128&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781407097213&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Tim+Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWgfwHuOCHYC%26q%3D%2522the%2BCoercion%2Bof%2BUlster%2522%2Bcraig%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810192700/http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Taoiseach_and_Government/History_of_Government/1916_Commemorations/Irish_Soldiers_in_the_First_World_War.html">"Irish Soldiers in the First World War"</a>. <i>1916 Commemorations</i>. Department of the Taoiseach. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Taoiseach_and_Government/History_of_Government/1916_Commemorations/Irish_Soldiers_in_the_First_World_War.html">the original</a> on 10 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1916+Commemorations&rft.atitle=Irish+Soldiers+in+the+First+World+War&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taoiseach.gov.ie%2Feng%2FTaoiseach_and_Government%2FHistory_of_Government%2F1916_Commemorations%2FIrish_Soldiers_in_the_First_World_War.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennessy" class="citation web cs1">Hennessy, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterfordmuseum.ie/exhibit/web/Display/article/283/1/The_Hay_Plan__Conscription_In_Ireland_During_WW1_Introduction.html">"The Hay Plan & Conscription in Ireland During WW1"</a>. Waterford County Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225080831/http://www.waterfordmuseum.ie/exhibit/web/Display/article/283/1/The_Hay_Plan__Conscription_In_Ireland_During_WW1_Introduction.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hay+Plan+%26+Conscription+in+Ireland+During+WW1&rft.pub=Waterford+County+Museum&rft.aulast=Hennessy&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterfordmuseum.ie%2Fexhibit%2Fweb%2FDisplay%2Farticle%2F283%2F1%2FThe_Hay_Plan__Conscription_In_Ireland_During_WW1_Introduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-01-07/2/">"Dáil Éireann debates, 7 January 1922: Debate on Treaty"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928094536/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-01-07/2/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oireachtas&rft.atitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+debates%2C+7+January+1922%3A+Debate+on+Treaty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fdail%2F1922-01-07%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415143605/http://stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk/stormontpapers/pageview.html?volumeno=2&pageno=1145#bak-2-1149">"Northern Ireland Parliamentary Report, 7 December 1922"</a>. Stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk. 7 December 1922. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk/stormontpapers/pageview.html?volumeno=2&pageno=1145#bak-2-1149">the original</a> on 15 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Parliamentary+Report%2C+7+December+1922&rft.pub=Stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk&rft.date=1922-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk%2Fstormontpapers%2Fpageview.html%3Fvolumeno%3D2%26pageno%3D1145%23bak-2-1149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2018" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Brian (25 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199846719/obo-9780199846719-0149.xml">"Literature of the Irish Civil War"</a>. <i>oxfordbibliographies</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199846719-0149">10.1093/OBO/9780199846719-0149</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427164828/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199846719/obo-9780199846719-0149.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oxfordbibliographies&rft.atitle=Literature+of+the+Irish+Civil+War&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780199846719-0149&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fview%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780199846719%2Fobo-9780199846719-0149.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan" title="Tim Pat Coogan">Coogan, Tim Pat</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5CFlCwAAQBAJ&q=de+valera+%22people+have+no+right+to+do+wrong%22&pg=PT499">"21 de Valera Stands Tall"</a>. <i>De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow</i>. Head of Zeus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784975371" title="Special:BookSources/9781784975371"><bdi>9781784975371</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320174331/https://books.google.com/books?id=5CFlCwAAQBAJ&q=de+valera+%22people+have+no+right+to+do+wrong%22&pg=PT499">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21+de+Valera+Stands+Tall&rft.btitle=De+Valera%3A+Long+Fellow%2C+Long+Shadow&rft.pub=Head+of+Zeus&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781784975371&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Tim+Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5CFlCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dde%2Bvalera%2B%2522people%2Bhave%2Bno%2Bright%2Bto%2Bdo%2Bwrong%2522%26pg%3DPT499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721130127/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.T.192112190002.html">"Dáil Éireann – Volume T – 19 December, 1921 (Debate on Treaty)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.T.192112190002.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+%E2%80%93+Volume+T+%E2%80%93+19+December%2C+1921+%28Debate+on+Treaty%29&rft.pub=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorical-debates.oireachtas.ie%2FD%2FDT%2FD.T.192112190002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html">"Constitution of Ireland, 1 July, 1937"</a>. Irish Statute Book. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503055502/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Ireland%2C+1+July%2C+1937&rft.pub=Irish+Statute+Book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2Fcons%2Fen%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Garvin, <i>1922: the birth of Irish democracy</i>, Gill & Macmillan: Dublin, 2005.<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottrell2008" class="citation book cs1">Cottrell, Peter (2008). <i>The Irish Civil War 1922–23</i>. Osprey Publishing. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-270-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-270-7"><bdi>978-1-84603-270-7</bdi></a>. <q>Irish voters approved a new constitution, <i>Bunreacht na hÉireann</i>, in 1937 renaming the country Éire or simply Ireland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Civil+War+1922%E2%80%9323&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-270-7&rft.aulast=Cottrell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelan2005" class="citation web cs1">Whelan, Darius (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Ireland.htm">"Guide to Irish Law"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090905133724/http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Ireland.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2009</span>. <q>This Constitution, which remains in force today, renamed the state <i>Ireland</i> (Article 4) and established four main institutions – the President, the Oireachtas (Parliament), the Government and the Courts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Irish+Law&rft.date=2005-06&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=Darius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyulawglobal.org%2Fglobalex%2FIreland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span><br />John T. Koch, Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO: Santa Barbara, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Daly" title="Mary E. Daly">Daly, Mary E.</a> (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F508399">"The Irish Free State/Éire/Republic of Ireland/Ireland: "A Country by Any Other Name"?"</a>. <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 72–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F508399">10.1086/508399</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9371">0021-9371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/508399">10.1086/508399</a>. <q>After the enactment of the 1936 External Relations Act and the 1937 Constitution, Ireland's only remaining link with the crown had been the accreditation of diplomats. The president of Ireland was the head of state. When opposition deputies asked de Valera whether Ireland was a republic—a favorite pastime in the mid-1940s—he tended to resort to dictionary definitions showing that Ireland had all the attributes of a republic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Irish+Free+State%2F%C3%89ire%2FRepublic+of+Ireland%2FIreland%3A+%22A+Country+by+Any+Other+Name%22%3F&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=72-90&rft.date=2007-01&rft.issn=0021-9371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F508399%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F508399&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F508399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirvin2007" class="citation book cs1">Girvin, Brian (2007). <i>The Emergency: Neutral Ireland 1939–45</i>. Pan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780330493291" title="Special:BookSources/9780330493291"><bdi>9780330493291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergency%3A+Neutral+Ireland+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780330493291&rft.aulast=Girvin&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 (Commencement) Order 1949 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1949/si/27/made/en/html">S.I. No. 27 of 1949</a>). Signed on 4 February 1949. Statutory Instrument of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a>. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhyte2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Whyte" title="John Henry Whyte">Whyte, J. H.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfFXarIhGqEC&pg=PA277">"Economic crisis and political cold war, 1949-57"</a>. In Hill, J. R. (ed.). <i>A New History of Ireland</i>. Vol. VII: Ireland, 1921–84. Oxford University Press. p. 277 (footnote 20). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191615597" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191615597"><bdi>978-0191615597</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115091428/https://books.google.com/books?id=PfFXarIhGqEC&pg=PA277">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2019</span>. <q>The Republic of Ireland Act, 1948...repealed the external relations act, and provided for the declaration of a republic, which came into force on 18 Apr. 1949, when Ireland left the commonwealth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Economic+crisis+and+political+cold+war%2C+1949-57&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Ireland&rft.pages=277+%28footnote+20%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0191615597&rft.aulast=Whyte&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPfFXarIhGqEC%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1962/act/29/enacted/en/html">"Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act, 1962"</a>. Irish Statute Book. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905111820/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1962/act/29/enacted/en/html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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How can this be increased?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304164603/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/native-trees-cover-just-2-of-ireland-how-can-this-be-increased-1.3553824">Archived</a> 4 March 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>, 6 July 2018. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2019</span>. <q>Ireland has an ideal climate for forestry with one of the fastest growth rates of trees in Europe</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=coillte.ie&rft.atitle=Forestry+%E2%80%93+Did+you+know%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coillte.ie%2Four-business%2Four-divisions%2Fforestry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726134733/http://www.noticenature.ie/Hedgerow.html">"Hedgerows"</a>. 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Teagasc.ie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teagasc.ie/agrifood">the original</a> on 4 October 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agriculture+in+Ireland&rft.pub=Teagasc.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teagasc.ie%2Fagrifood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916125736/http://www.epa.ie/whatwedo/assessment/land/">"Land cover and land use"</a>. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land+cover+and+land+use&rft.pub=Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.ie%2Fwhatwedo%2Fassessment%2Fland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_73-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ireland/">"Ireland"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. 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Met.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209072328/http://www.met.ie/climate/climate-of-ireland.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelinireland.com/general-information/climate/the-ireland-climate-and-what-to-wear.html">the original</a> on 19 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ireland+Climate+and+What+to+Wear&rft.pub=TravelInIreland.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelinireland.com%2Fgeneral-information%2Fclimate%2Fthe-ireland-climate-and-what-to-wear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp">"Temperature in Ireland"</a>. Met.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228220515/http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temperature+in+Ireland&rft.pub=Met.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.met.ie%2Fclimate%2Ftemperature.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.met.ie/climate/wind.asp">"Wind over Ireland"</a>. Met.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508021532/http://www.met.ie/climate/wind.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wind+over+Ireland&rft.pub=Met.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.met.ie%2Fclimate%2Fwind.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235105/https://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/sunshine.asp">"Sunshine and Solar Radiation"</a>. Met.ie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.met.ie/climate-ireland/sunshine.asp">the original</a> on 22 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunshine+and+Solar+Radiation&rft.pub=Met.ie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.met.ie%2Fclimate-ireland%2Fsunshine.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 15.2 of the Constitution of Ireland.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.ie/en/the-president/constitutional-role">"Office of the President – Powers and Functions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407175921/http://www.president.ie/en/the-president/constitutional-role">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+President+%E2%80%93+Powers+and+Functions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.ie%2Fen%2Fthe-president%2Fconstitutional-role&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/president-michael-d-promises-seven-years-of-new-ideas-26791169.html">"President Michael D promises seven years of new ideas"</a>. <i>Irish Independent</i>. 11 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309070500/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/president-michael-d-promises-seven-years-of-new-ideas-26791169.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=President+Michael+D+promises+seven+years+of+new+ideas&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Fpresident-michael-d-promises-seven-years-of-new-ideas-26791169.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrathO'Malley2007" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Conor; O'Malley, Eoin (2007). Conor McGrath, Eoin O'Malley (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H_fcNWfZ7hIC&q=%22in+1989+Haughey+called+a+snap+general+election+in+the+hope+of+gaining+an+overall+majority%22&pg=PA54"><i>Irish political studies reader: key contributions</i></a>. Routledge. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44648-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44648-8"><bdi>978-0-415-44648-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705090440/https://books.google.com/books?id=H_fcNWfZ7hIC&q=%22in+1989+Haughey+called+a+snap+general+election+in+the+hope+of+gaining+an+overall+majority%22&pg=PA54">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Enacted on 5 November 1992. Act of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LocalGovReform2014-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LocalGovReform2014_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LocalGovReform2014_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Reform_Act_2014" title="Local Government Reform Act 2014">Local Government Reform Act 2014</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2014/act/1/enacted/en/html">No. 1 of 2014</a>). Enacted on 27 January 2014. Act of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article34_1">"Constitution of Ireland – The Courts – Article 34.1"</a>. <i>irishstatutebook.ie</i>. Attorney General. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503055502/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/cons/en/html#article34_1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>Justice shall be administered in courts [...] and, save in such special and limited cases as may be prescribed by law, shall be administered in public</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irishstatutebook.ie&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+Ireland+%E2%80%93+The+Courts+%E2%80%93+Article+34.1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2Fcons%2Fen%2Fhtml%23article34_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraven-Barry2019" class="citation journal cs1">Craven-Barry, Clare (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijsj.ie/assets/uploads/6.%20Clare%20Craven-Barry.pdf">"Transparency in Family And Child Law Proceedings: Disentangling The Statutory Techniques And Terminology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Irish Judicial Studies Journal</i>. <b>3</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728205214/https://www.ijsj.ie/assets/uploads/6.%20Clare%20Craven-Barry.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Judicial+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=Transparency+in+Family+And+Child+Law+Proceedings%3A+Disentangling+The+Statutory+Techniques+And+Terminology&rft.volume=3&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Craven-Barry&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijsj.ie%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2F6.%2520Clare%2520Craven-Barry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jrnl.ie/169075">"Poll: Should the Garda Síochána be armed?"</a>. <i>TheJournal.ie</i>. 4 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922125603/https://www.thejournal.ie/poll-should-the-garda-siochana-be-armed-169075-Jul2011/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+Should+the+Garda+S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na+be+armed%3F&rft.date=2011-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjrnl.ie%2F169075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606053238/http://www.rdf.ie/corps/military-police.html">"The Defence Forces"</a>. Rdf.ie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rdf.ie/corps/military-police.html">the original</a> on 6 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Defence+Forces&rft.pub=Rdf.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rdf.ie%2Fcorps%2Fmilitary-police.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/moving_country/irish_citizenship/irish_citizenship_through_birth_or_descent.html">"Irish citizenship through birth or descent"</a>. Citizens Information. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101112220125/http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/moving_country/irish_citizenship/irish_citizenship_through_birth_or_descent.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+citizenship+through+birth+or+descent&rft.pub=Citizens+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizensinformation.ie%2Fen%2Fmoving_country%2Firish_citizenship%2Firish_citizenship_through_birth_or_descent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revisedacts.lawreform.ie/eli/1956/act/26/revised/en/html">"Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 1956"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Law_Reform_Commission_(Ireland)" title="Law Reform Commission (Ireland)">Law Reform Commission</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Law+Reform+Commission&rft.atitle=Irish+Nationality+and+Citizenship+Act+1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevisedacts.lawreform.ie%2Feli%2F1956%2Fact%2F26%2Frevised%2Fen%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Michael J. Geary, <i>An Inconvenient Wait: Ireland's Quest for Membership of the EEC, 1957–73</i> (Institute of Public Administration, 2009) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904541-83-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904541-83-7">978-1-904541-83-7</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:001:0011:0012:EN:PDF">"Official Journal of the European Union"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407200152/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:001:0011:0012:EN:PDF">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Journal+of+the+European+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2FLexUriServ%2FLexUriServ.do%3Furi%3DOJ%3AL%3A2007%3A001%3A0011%3A0012%3AEN%3APDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414031723/http://www.military.ie/overseas/index.htm">"Ireland and the United Nations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military.ie/overseas/index.htm">the original</a> on 14 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.ie%2Foverseas%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2014" class="citation web cs1">Kennedy, Michael (8 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117075026/http://www.histech.nl/Shot2004/programma/txt/kennedy.asp?file=kennedy">"Ireland's Role in Post-War Transatlantic Aviation and Its Implications for the Defence of the North Atlantic Area"</a>. Royal Irish Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histech.nl/Shot2004/programma/txt/kennedy.asp?file=kennedy">the original</a> on 17 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland%27s+Role+in+Post-War+Transatlantic+Aviation+and+Its+Implications+for+the+Defence+of+the+North+Atlantic+Area&rft.pub=Royal+Irish+Academy&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histech.nl%2FShot2004%2Fprogramma%2Ftxt%2Fkennedy.asp%3Ffile%3Dkennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2007/1228/1198509920335.html">Irish Times, 28 December 2007 p. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120707012005/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2007/1228/1198509920335.html">Archived</a> 7 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/2003-01-30/5/">"Private Members' Business. – Foreign Conflicts: Motion (Resumed) – Dáil Éireann (29th Dáil)"</a>. <i>Houses of the Oireachtas</i>. 30 January 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511091051/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0560/D.0560.200301300005.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houses+of+the+Oireachtas&rft.atitle=Private+Members%27+Business.+%E2%80%93+Foreign+Conflicts%3A+Motion+%28Resumed%29+%E2%80%93+D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+%2829th+D%C3%A1il%29&rft.date=2003-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fdail%2F2003-01-30%2F5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span> – <a href="/wiki/Tony_Gregory" title="Tony Gregory">Tony Gregory</a> speaking in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1999" class="citation news cs1">Smyth, Patrick (29 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/state-joins-partnership-for-peace-on-budget-day-1.255246">"State joins Partnership for Peace on Budget day"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903232010/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/state-joins-partnership-for-peace-on-budget-day-1.255246">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=State+joins+Partnership+for+Peace+on+Budget+day&rft.date=1999-11-29&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-joins-partnership-for-peace-on-budget-day-1.255246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_82584.htm">"Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document"</a>. NATO website. 21 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320221141/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_82584.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Signatures+of+Partnership+for+Peace+Framework+Document&rft.pub=NATO+website&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fcps%2Fen%2Fnatolive%2Ftopics_82584.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilland2001">Gilland 2001</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defence.ie/WebSite.nsf/Release+ID/6D9B93944C2A59FE802572270057FB57?OpenDocument">"Minister for Defence, Mr. Willie O'Dea TD secures formal Cabinet approval today for Ireland's participation in an EU Battlegroup"</a>. Department of Defense. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071119092047/http://www.defence.ie/WebSite.nsf/Release+ID/6D9B93944C2A59FE802572270057FB57?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minister+for+Defence%2C+Mr.+Willie+O%27Dea+TD+secures+formal+Cabinet+approval+today+for+Ireland%27s+participation+in+an+EU+Battlegroup&rft.pub=Department+of+Defense&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defence.ie%2FWebSite.nsf%2FRelease%2BID%2F6D9B93944C2A59FE802572270057FB57%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLally2009" class="citation news cs1">Lally, Conor (25 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/numbers-in-defence-forces-hit-40-year-low-1.777800">"Numbers in Defence Forces hit 40-year low"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150903232010/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/numbers-in-defence-forces-hit-40-year-low-1.777800">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Numbers+in+Defence+Forces+hit+40-year+low&rft.date=2009-11-25&rft.aulast=Lally&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnumbers-in-defence-forces-hit-40-year-low-1.777800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/question/2016-01-13/section/445/">"Written Replies Nos. 437 to 450 – Defence Forces Reserve"</a>. <i>Houses of the Oireachtas</i>. 13 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011004946/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail2016011300092?opendocument#WRFF02150">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Irish+anti-immigrant+attitudes+growing%2C+report+shows&rft.date=2013-06-26&rft.aulast=Crosbie&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fsocial-affairs%2Firish-anti-immigrant-attitudes-growing-report-shows-1.1442460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/er/mue/monthlyunemploymentmarch2016//#.UOIU2GeKBLM,">"Monthly Unemployment March 2016 – CSO – Central Statistics Office"</a>. <i>cso.ie</i>. 5 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731064048/http://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/er/mue/monthlyunemploymentmarch2016//#.UOIU2GeKBLM,">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cso.ie&rft.atitle=Monthly+Unemployment+March+2016+%E2%80%93+CSO+%E2%80%93+Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fer%2Fmue%2Fmonthlyunemploymentmarch2016%2F%2F%23.UOIU2GeKBLM%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Financial_Times-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Financial_Times_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Financial_Times_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d27e950a-10bf-11e3-b291-00144feabdc0.html">"One Irish person emigrates every six minutes"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=One+Irish+person+emigrates+every+six+minutes&rft.date=2010-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fd27e950a-10bf-11e3-b291-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-mue/monthlyunemploymentnovember2022/">"Monthly Unemployment November 2022 – CSO – Central Statistics Office"</a>. <i>CSO</i>. 30 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208155846/https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-mue/monthlyunemploymentnovember2022/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CSO&rft.atitle=Monthly+Unemployment+November+2022+%E2%80%93+CSO+%E2%80%93+Central+Statistics+Office&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-mue%2Fmonthlyunemploymentnovember2022%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2013" class="citation web cs1">McDonald, Henry (13 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/dec/13/ireland-first-country-exit-eurozone-bailout">"Ireland becomes first country to exit eurozone bailout programme"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720150945/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/dec/13/ireland-first-country-exit-eurozone-bailout">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Ireland+becomes+first+country+to+exit+eurozone+bailout+programme&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2013%2Fdec%2F13%2Fireland-first-country-exit-eurozone-bailout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbonds.com/news/item/696585">"Republic of Ireland raises €3.75 billion from sale of new 10-year benchmark bond"</a>. <i>cbonds.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525195931/http://cbonds.com/news/item/696585">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011023003/https://www.ft.com/content/51a2e9bf-f654-333c-8ae8-b5155eea9ea0">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Irish+government+debt+four+times+pre-crisis+level%2C+NTMA+says&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft.aulast=Boland&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F51a2e9bf-f654-333c-8ae8-b5155eea9ea0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/42-of-europes-banking-crisis-paid-by-ireland-219703.html">"42% of Europe's banking crisis paid by Ireland"</a>. 16 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118025227/https://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/42-of-europes-banking-crisis-paid-by-ireland-219703.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=42%25+of+Europe%27s+banking+crisis+paid+by+Ireland&rft.date=2013-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fireland%2F42-of-europes-banking-crisis-paid-by-ireland-219703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/who-owes-more-money-the-irish-or-the-greeks-1.2236034">"Who owes more money – the Irish or the Greeks?"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 4 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731231102/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/who-owes-more-money-the-irish-or-the-greeks-1.2236034">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Who+owes+more+money+%E2%80%93+the+Irish+or+the+Greeks%3F&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fwho-owes-more-money-the-irish-or-the-greeks-1.2236034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/why-do-the-irish-still-owe-more-than-the-greeks-1.3001026">"Why do the Irish still owe more than the Greeks?"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 7 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707161122/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/why-do-the-irish-still-owe-more-than-the-greeks-1.3001026">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Why+do+the+Irish+still+owe+more+than+the+Greeks%3F&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fwhy-do-the-irish-still-owe-more-than-the-greeks-1.3001026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/personal-finance/latest-news/irelands-colossal-level-of-indebtedness-leaves-any-new-government-with-precious-little-room-for-manoeuvre-34633087.html">"Ireland's colossal level of indebtedness leaves any new government with precious little room for manoeuvre"</a>. <i>Irish Independent</i>. 16 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116085125/https://www.independent.ie/business/personal-finance/latest-news/irelands-colossal-level-of-indebtedness-leaves-any-new-government-with-precious-little-room-for-manoeuvre-34633087.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland+named+world%27s+6th+worst+corporate+tax+haven&rft.pub=journal.ie&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Foxfam-tax-haven-3133714-Dec2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/the-united-states-new-view-of-ireland-tax-haven-1.2896469?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fabroad%2Fthe-united-states-new-view-of-ireland-tax-haven-1.2896469">"The United States' new view of Ireland: 'tax haven'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409234949/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/abroad/the-united-states-new-view-of-ireland-tax-haven-1.2896469?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fabroad%2Fthe-united-states-new-view-of-ireland-tax-haven-1.2896469">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=The+United+States%27+new+view+of+Ireland%3A+%27tax+haven%27&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fabroad%2Fthe-united-states-new-view-of-ireland-tax-haven-1.2896469%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Flife-and-style%252Fabroad%252Fthe-united-states-new-view-of-ireland-tax-haven-1.2896469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/europe-points-finger-at-ireland-over-tax-avoidance-1.3417948">"Europe points finger at Ireland over tax avoidance"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 7 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307095256/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/europe-points-finger-at-ireland-over-tax-avoidance-1.3417948">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Europe+points+finger+at+Ireland+over+tax+avoidance&rft.date=2018-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Feurope-points-finger-at-ireland-over-tax-avoidance-1.3417948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/ireland-brazil-funds/blacklisted-by-brazil-dublin-funds-find-new-ways-to-invest-idUSL8N1MK2NX">"Blacklisted by Brazil, Dublin funds find new ways to invest"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 20 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121655/https://www.reuters.com/article/ireland-brazil-funds/blacklisted-by-brazil-dublin-funds-find-new-ways-to-invest-idUSL8N1MK2NX">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Blacklisted+by+Brazil%2C+Dublin+funds+find+new+ways+to+invest&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fireland-brazil-funds%2Fblacklisted-by-brazil-dublin-funds-find-new-ways-to-invest-idUSL8N1MK2NX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/ireland-no-tax-haven-us-authorities-told-35565554.html">"Oregon Department of Revenue made a recommendation that Ireland be included as a 'listed jurisdiction' or tax haven"</a>. <i>Irish Independent</i>. 26 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614121653/https://www.independent.ie/business/irish/ireland-no-tax-haven-us-authorities-told-35565554.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Oregon+Department+of+Revenue+made+a+recommendation+that+Ireland+be+included+as+a+%27listed+jurisdiction%27+or+tax+haven&rft.date=2017-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fbusiness%2Firish%2Fireland-no-tax-haven-us-authorities-told-35565554.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/trump-s-us-tax-reform-a-significant-challenge-for-ireland-1.3310866">"Trump's US tax reform a significant challenge for Ireland"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 30 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213509/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/trump-s-us-tax-reform-a-significant-challenge-for-ireland-1.3310866">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Trump%27s+US+tax+reform+a+significant+challenge+for+Ireland&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Ftrump-s-us-tax-reform-a-significant-challenge-for-ireland-1.3310866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/us-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fus-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050">"US corporations could be saying goodbye to Ireland"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 17 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409233616/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/economy/us-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fus-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=US+corporations+could+be+saying+goodbye+to+Ireland&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Feconomy%2Fus-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Feconomy%252Fus-corporations-could-be-saying-goodbye-to-ireland-1.3359050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/business/donald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdonald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149">"Donald Trump singles out Ireland in tax speech"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 29 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403112427/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/donald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdonald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+singles+out+Ireland+in+tax+speech&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdonald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149%3Fmode%3Dsample%26auth-failed%3D1%26pw-origin%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.irishtimes.com%252Fbusiness%252Fdonald-trump-singles-out-ireland-in-tax-speech-1.3310149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/ideacast/2017/12/breaking-down-the-new-u-s-corporate-tax-law">"Breaking Down the New U.S. Corporate Tax Law"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>. 26 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722112253/https://hbr.org/ideacast/2017/12/breaking-down-the-new-u-s-corporate-tax-law">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Breaking+Down+the+New+U.S.+Corporate+Tax+Law&rft.date=2017-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2Fideacast%2F2017%2F12%2Fbreaking-down-the-new-u-s-corporate-tax-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20180309IPR99422/meps-approve-new-eu-corporate-tax-plan-which-embraces-digital-presence">"MEPs approve new EU corporate tax plan which embraces 'digital presence'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. European Parliament. 15 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316171804/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20180309IPR99422/meps-approve-new-eu-corporate-tax-plan-which-embraces-digital-presence">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MEPs+approve+new+EU+corporate+tax+plan+which+embraces+%27digital+presence%27&rft.pub=European+Parliament&rft.date=2018-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fnews%2Fen%2Fpress-room%2F20180309IPR99422%2Fmeps-approve-new-eu-corporate-tax-plan-which-embraces-digital-presence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejournal.ie/eu-digital-tax-ireland-2-2-3918628-Mar2018/">"What the EU's new taxes on the tech giants mean – and how they would hurt Ireland"</a>. <i>TheJournal.ie</i>. 24 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329085428/http://www.thejournal.ie/eu-digital-tax-ireland-2-2-3918628-Mar2018/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2016+Summary+Results+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.rasset.ie%2Fdocuments%2Fnews%2Fcensus-2016-summary-results-part-1-full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weekly Mass Attendance of Catholics in Nations with Large Catholic Populations, 1980–2000 – <a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a> (WVS)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=44521">Irish Mass attendance below 50%</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503190240/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=44521">Archived</a> 3 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Catholic World News</i> 1 June 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth2011" class="citation news cs1">Smyth, Jamie (30 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/fewer-than-one-in-five-attend-sunday-mass-in-dublin-1.585731">"Fewer than one in five attend Sunday Mass in Dublin'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108154007/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/fewer-than-one-in-five-attend-sunday-mass-in-dublin-1.585731">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Fewer+than+one+in+five+attend+Sunday+Mass+in+Dublin%27&rft.date=2011-05-30&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Ffewer-than-one-in-five-attend-sunday-mass-in-dublin-1.585731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325005303/http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/Final%20Principal%20Demographic%20Results%202006.pdf"><i>Final Principal Demographic Results 2006</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Statistics Office. 2007. pp. 31 (Table Q). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7557-7169-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7557-7169-1"><bdi>978-0-7557-7169-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/Final%20Principal%20Demographic%20Results%202006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United Kingdom: National Secular Society. 13 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927164507/http://www.secularism.org.uk/irishpollshowsparentsnolongerwan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+poll+shows+parents+no+longer+want+to+force+religion+on+to+children&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=National+Secular+Society&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secularism.org.uk%2Firishpollshowsparentsnolongerwan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniszewski2005" class="citation news cs1">Daniszewski, John (17 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latimes.com/news/la-fg-ireland17apr17-story.html#page=1">"Catholicism Losing Ground in Ireland"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321102705/http://www.latimes.com/news/la-fg-ireland17apr17-story.html#page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Catholicism+Losing+Ground+in+Ireland&rft.date=2005-04-17&rft.aulast=Daniszewski&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fla-fg-ireland17apr17-story.html%23page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawler2007" class="citation news cs1">Lawler, Phil (17 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=53564">"Ireland threatened by secularism, Pope tells new envoy"</a>. <i>Catholic World News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610073112/http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=53564">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+World+News&rft.atitle=Ireland+threatened+by+secularism%2C+Pope+tells+new+envoy&rft.date=2007-09-17&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Findex.cfm%3Frecnum%3D53564&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/eoin-colfer-signs-artemis-fowl-spin-off-series-deal-1.3457107">"Eoin Colfer signs Artemis Fowl spin-off series deal"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 11 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025541/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/eoin-colfer-signs-artemis-fowl-spin-off-series-deal-1.3457107">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>. <q>Colfer is The New York Times best-selling author of eight books in the Artemis Fowl series, with sales in excess of 25 million copies</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Eoin+Colfer+signs+Artemis+Fowl+spin-off+series+deal&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2Feoin-colfer-signs-artemis-fowl-spin-off-series-deal-1.3457107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston2001" class="citation book cs1">Houston, Eugenie (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/workinglivingini00euge"><i>Working and Living in Ireland</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ireland+rugby+league+nation+overview&rft.pub=Rugby+League+Planet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbyleagueplanet.com%2Frlp-nations%2Fireland%2F502-rugby-league-planet-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.skysports.com/rugby-league/news/12196/6907954/irish-eye-super-league">"Irish Eye Super League"</a>. Sky Sports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024002121/http://www1.skysports.com/rugby-league/news/12196/6907954/Irish-eye-Super-League">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Irish+Eye+Super+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.skysports.com%2Frugby-league%2Fnews%2F12196%2F6907954%2Firish-eye-super-league&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afl.com.au/international-rules">"International Rules"</a>. AFL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428105551/https://www.afl.com.au/international-rules">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Rules&rft.pub=AFL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afl.com.au%2Finternational-rules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11517459">"Iceland 'best country for gender equality'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC News. 12 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101012045420/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11517459">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iceland+%27best+country+for+gender+equality%27&rft.date=2010-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-11517459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2011/1220/310115-charity/">"Ireland 'most charitable' country in Europe"</a>. RTÉ News. 20 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205204543/http://www.rte.ie/news/2011/1220/310115-charity/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ireland+%27most+charitable%27+country+in+Europe&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2011%2F1220%2F310115-charity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Health (Family Planning) Act 1979 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1979/act/20/enacted/en/html">No. 20 of 1979</a>). Enacted on 23 July 1979. Act of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918111313/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1979/act/20/enacted/en/html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a> on 4 February 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Health_(Regulation_of_Termination_of_Pregnancy)_Act_2018" title="Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018">Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/31/enacted/en/html">No. 31 of 2018</a>). Enacted on 20 December 2018. Act of the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191121050905/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2018/act/31/enacted/en/html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a> on 4 February 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1988/22.html">"NORRIS v. IRELAND – 10581/83 [1988] ECHR 22"</a>. European Court of Human Rights. 26 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234525/http://www.worldlii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/1988/22.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NORRIS+v.+IRELAND+%E2%80%93+10581%2F83+%5B1988%5D+ECHR+22&rft.pub=European+Court+of+Human+Rights&rft.date=2007-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlii.org%2Feu%2Fcases%2FECHR%2F1988%2F22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Senator <a href="/wiki/David_Norris_(politician)" title="David Norris (politician)">David Norris</a> successfully challenged the law in the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> in 1988, but Irish Government did not introduce and pass legislation to rectify the issue until 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10484404">"Civil partnership bill backed by Irish politicians"</a>. BBC News. 1 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202104003/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10484404">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Civil+partnership+bill+backed+by+Irish+politicians&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10484404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2010" class="citation news cs1">O'Brien, Carl (2 July 2010). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Historic advance' for equality as Civil Partnership Bill passed". <i>The Irish Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Civil+Partnership+and+Certain+Rights+and+Obligations+of+Cohabitants+Act+2010&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F2010%2Fact%2F24%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2015/act/9/enacted/en/html">"Children and Family Relationships Act 2015"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Statute_Book" title="Irish Statute Book">Irish Statute Book</a></i>. 6 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150523155602/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2015/en/act/pub/0009/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Statute+Book&rft.atitle=Children+and+Family+Relationships+Act+2015&rft.date=2015-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishstatutebook.ie%2Feli%2F2015%2Fact%2F9%2Fenacted%2Fen%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/marriage-referendum/ireland-becomes-first-country-to-approve-same-sex-marriage-by-popular-vote-1.2223646">"Ireland becomes first country to approve same-sex marriage by popular vote"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. 23 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723091725/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/marriage-referendum/ireland-becomes-first-country-to-approve-same-sex-marriage-by-popular-vote-1.2223646">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Ireland+becomes+first+country+to+approve+same-sex+marriage+by+popular+vote&rft.date=2015-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fmarriage-referendum%2Fireland-becomes-first-country-to-approve-same-sex-marriage-by-popular-vote-1.2223646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1010/109039-energy/">"Traditional light bulbs to be scrapped"</a>. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 10 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022025444/http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/1010/109039-energy/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Traditional+light+bulbs+to+be+scrapped&rft.date=2008-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2008%2F1010%2F109039-energy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0630/119005-tobacco/">"Ban on in-store tobacco advertising"</a>. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 30 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022030145/http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0630/119005-tobacco/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ban+on+in-store+tobacco+advertising&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2009%2F0630%2F119005-tobacco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilliard2015" class="citation news cs1">Hilliard, Mark (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/plain-packaging-for-cigarettes-signed-into-law-in-ireland-1.2134138">"Plain packaging for cigarettes signed into law in Ireland"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701072609/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/health/plain-packaging-for-cigarettes-signed-into-law-in-ireland-1.2134138">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Plain+packaging+for+cigarettes+signed+into+law+in+Ireland&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.aulast=Hilliard&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2Fplain-packaging-for-cigarettes-signed-into-law-in-ireland-1.2134138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/tobaccocontrol/research/smoking-in-ireland-2020.pdf">"Smoking Prevalence Tracker 2020 Info – Graph"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Health_Service_Executive" title="Health Service Executive">Health Service Executive</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306000019/https://www.hse.ie/eng/about/who/tobaccocontrol/research/smoking-in-ireland-2020.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+Service+Executive&rft.atitle=Smoking+Prevalence+Tracker+2020+Info+%E2%80%93+Graph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hse.ie%2Feng%2Fabout%2Fwho%2Ftobaccocontrol%2Fresearch%2Fsmoking-in-ireland-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/images/symbols/flags.htm">"Flags Used in Northern Ireland"</a>. <i>cain.ulst.ac.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulst.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Flags+Used+in+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fimages%2Fsymbols%2Fflags.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_National_Flag/">"National Flag"</a>. <i>taoiseach.gov.ie</i>. Department of the Taoiseach. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171217222424/https://www.taoiseach.gov.ie/eng/Historical_Information/The_National_Flag/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=taoiseach.gov.ie&rft.atitle=National+Flag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taoiseach.gov.ie%2Feng%2FHistorical_Information%2FThe_National_Flag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ie-naval.html#jack">"Ireland: The Naval Service"</a>. <i>crwflags.com</i>. CRW Flags. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025205238/http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ie-naval.html#jack">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crwflags.com&rft.atitle=Ireland%3A+The+Naval+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crwflags.com%2Ffotw%2Fflags%2Fie-naval.html%23jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sherry-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sherry_289-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sherry_289-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherry1996" class="citation journal cs1">Sherry, Ruth (Spring 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/the-story-of-the-national-anthem/">"The Story of the National Anthem"</a>. <i>History Ireland</i>. <b>4</b> (1). Dublin: 39–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191104112614/https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/the-story-of-the-national-anthem/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+the+National+Anthem&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-43&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Sherry&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2F20th-century-contemporary-history%2Fthe-story-of-the-national-anthem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1926-07-20/20/">"Ceisteannea—Questions. Oral answers. – Saorstát National Anthem"</a>. <i>Dáil Éireann (4th Dáil) – Vol. 16 No. 21</i>. 20 July 1926. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910082950/https://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/0016/D.0016.192607200020.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=D%C3%A1il+%C3%89ireann+%284th+D%C3%A1il%29+%E2%80%93+Vol.+16+No.+21&rft.atitle=Ceisteannea%E2%80%94Questions.+Oral+answers.+%E2%80%93+Saorst%C3%A1t+National+Anthem.&rft.date=1926-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oireachtas.ie%2Fen%2Fdebates%2Fdebate%2Fdail%2F1926-07-20%2F20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coakley2009-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coakley2009_291-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley2009" class="citation book cs1">Coakley, John (20 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fzFPQ2pZgd0C&pg=PA76"><i>Politics in the Republic of Ireland</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47672-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47672-0"><bdi>978-0-415-47672-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225081937/https://books.google.com/books?id=fzFPQ2pZgd0C&pg=PA76%20">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+the+Republic+of+Ireland&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft.isbn=978-0-415-47672-0&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfzFPQ2pZgd0C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilland2001" class="citation book cs1">Gilland, Karin (2001). <i>Ireland: Neutrality and the International Use of Force</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21804-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21804-7"><bdi>0-415-21804-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%3A+Neutrality+and+the+International+Use+of+Force&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-415-21804-7&rft.aulast=Gilland&rft.aufirst=Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2003" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Margaret (2003). <i>Rough guide to Ireland</i>. Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-059-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84353-059-7"><bdi>1-84353-059-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rough+guide+to+Ireland&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84353-059-7&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangan2007" class="citation book cs1">Mangan, James Clarence (2007). <i>James Clarence Mangan – His Selected Poems</i>. Read Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4086-2700-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4086-2700-6"><bdi>978-1-4086-2700-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Clarence+Mangan+%E2%80%93+His+Selected+Poems&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4086-2700-6&rft.aulast=Mangan&rft.aufirst=James+Clarence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinardus2002" class="citation book cs1">Meinardus, Otto Friedrich August (2002). <i>Two thousand years of Coptic Christianity</i>. American Univ in Cairo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-424-757-4" title="Special:BookSources/977-424-757-4"><bdi>977-424-757-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+thousand+years+of+Coptic+Christianity&rft.pub=American+Univ+in+Cairo+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=977-424-757-4&rft.aulast=Meinardus&rft.aufirst=Otto+Friedrich+August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody2005" class="citation book cs1">Moody, Theodore William (2005). <i>A New History of Ireland: Prehistoric and early Ireland</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821737-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821737-4"><bdi>0-19-821737-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Ireland%3A+Prehistoric+and+early+Ireland&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-821737-4&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Theodore+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> (the 1937 constitution)</li> <li><i>The Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922</i></li> <li>J. Anthony Foley and Stephen Lalor (ed), <i>Gill & Macmillan Annotated Constitution of Ireland</i> (Gill & Macmillan, 1995) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-2276-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-2276-X">0-7171-2276-X</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeary2009" class="citation book cs1">Geary, Michael J. (2009). <i>An Inconvenient Wait: Ireland's Quest for Membership of the EEC, 1957–73</i>. Institute of Public Administration. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904541-83-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904541-83-7"><bdi>978-1-904541-83-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Inconvenient+Wait%3A+Ireland%27s+Quest+for+Membership+of+the+EEC%2C+1957%E2%80%9373&rft.pub=Institute+of+Public+Administration&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-904541-83-7&rft.aulast=Geary&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>FSL Lyons (1 January 1985). <i>Ireland Since the Famine</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0006860051" title="Special:BookSources/978-0006860051">978-0006860051</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1994" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Alan J. (1994). <i>The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782–1992</i>. Irish Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7165-2528-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7165-2528-3"><bdi>0-7165-2528-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Constitutional+Tradition%3A+Responsible+Government+and+Modern+Ireland+1782%E2%80%931992&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7165-2528-3&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepublic+of+Ireland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid 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at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ireland" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Ireland">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ireland" class="extiw" title="c:Ireland">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ireland" class="extiw" title="q:Ireland">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ireland" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Ireland">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ireland" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Ireland">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ireland" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Ireland">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ireland" class="extiw" title="voy:Ireland">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.ie/">Irish State</a> – official governmental portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.ie/"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Áras an Uachtaráin</i></span></a> – official presidential site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.ie/en/organisation/department-of-the-taoiseach/">Taoiseach</a> – official prime ministerial site</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ireland/">Ireland</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/ei/">Ireland</a> – information from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100729063507/http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/portals.html">Portals to the World</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 29 July 2010) from the United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> (archived by the WayBackMachine)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821132627/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/ireland.htm">Ireland</a> at <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17473476">Ireland profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Ireland" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Ireland">Wikimedia Atlas of Ireland</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/62273">Republic of Ireland</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=IE">Key Development Forecasts for Ireland</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><sup>4</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a><sup>3</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>2</sup> (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas<br />of internal<br />sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li><sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li><sup>4</sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irish_states_since_1171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irish_states_since_1171" title="Template:Irish states since 1171"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irish_states_since_1171" title="Template talk:Irish states since 1171"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irish_states_since_1171" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irish states since 1171"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irish_states_since_1171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_states_since_1171" title="Irish states since 1171">Irish states since 1171</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of Ireland</a> (from 1937) and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (from 1922<sup>†</sup>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governing states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> (until 1607)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> (1171–1541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> (1541–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> (1801–1922<sup>†</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> (1922–1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declared states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic_(1798)" title="Irish Republic (1798)">Republic of Connacht</a> (1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a> (1919–1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">Confederate Ireland</a> (1642–1653)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland</a> (1649–1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Parliament" title="Patriot Parliament">Patriot Parliament</a> (1689)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup> 1922 marks the secession of the majority of Ireland from the United Kingdom rather than the creation of a new state. Official name was changed in 1927.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British–Irish_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British-Irish_Council" title="Template:British-Irish Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British-Irish_Council" title="Template talk:British-Irish Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British-Irish_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British-Irish Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British–Irish_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Member jurisdictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Member bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government of the United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government of Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Policy_%26_Resources_Committee" title="Policy & Resources Committee">Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Government" title="Isle of Man Government">Isle of Man Government</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Jersey" title="Government of Jersey">Government of Jersey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Ireland Executive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Government" title="Scottish Government">Scottish Government</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Work areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EHealth" title="EHealth">eHealth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">Indigenous, minority and lesser-used languages</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge economy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Misuse of drugs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion#Social_inclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social inclusion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Representatives of states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> (of Ireland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Policy_and_Resources_Committee_of_Guernsey" title="President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey">President of the Policy and Resources Committee of Guernsey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of the Isle of Man">Chief Minister of the Isle of Man</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Jersey" title="Chief Minister of Jersey">Chief Minister of Jersey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister of Scotland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Wales" title="First Minister of Wales">First Minister of Wales</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123591198">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/158208597">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/153146623">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1326157416851016710006">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205427/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqvXDFC7pX6tHkq6DX68C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Irland"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027667-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79063445">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864622v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11864622v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560111">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Irsko"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge130752&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810583077905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564355605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/390b05d4-11ec-3bce-a343-703a366b34a5">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/b40dabb1-e9e6-49a8-bcf3-cd18502333ab">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/JMsPjjvv">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026389452">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003357">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035801">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12617">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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