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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yogabhashya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span><i>Yogabhashya</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yogabhashya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samadhi_Pada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samadhi_Pada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Samadhi Pada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samadhi_Pada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sadhana_Pada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sadhana_Pada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sadhana Pada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sadhana_Pada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kriya_Yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kriya_Yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Kriya Yoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kriya_Yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ashtanga_Yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashtanga_Yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Ashtanga Yoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashtanga_Yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vibhuti_Pada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vibhuti_Pada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vibhuti Pada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vibhuti_Pada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaivalya_Pada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaivalya_Pada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Kaivalya Pada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaivalya_Pada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metaphysics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaphysics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Metaphysics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaphysics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soteriology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soteriology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Soteriology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soteriology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epistemology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistemology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Epistemology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistemology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_roots_and_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_roots_and_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Philosophical roots and influences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophical_roots_and_influences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophical roots and influences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_roots_and_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samkhya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samkhya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Samkhya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samkhya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations_and_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_and_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Translations and commentaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Translations_and_commentaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Translations and commentaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Translations_and_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Medieval commentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_translations_and_commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_translations_and_commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Modern translations and commentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_translations_and_commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_Sutra_van_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutra van Patanjali – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Yoga Sutra van Patanjali" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogasutra" title="Yogasutra – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Yogasutra" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="يوغا سوترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوغا سوترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="পতঞ্জলিৰ যোগসূত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পতঞ্জলিৰ যোগসূত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="পতঞ্জলির যোগসূত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পতঞ্জলির যোগসূত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पतंजलि योग सूत्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पतंजलि योग सूत्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Йога сутра – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йога сутра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga_sutra" title="Ioga sutra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ioga sutra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pata%C5%88d%C5%BEaliho_j%C3%B3gas%C3%BAtra" title="Pataňdžaliho jógasútra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pataňdžaliho jógasútra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swtr%C3%A2u_Ioga_Patanjali" title="Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swtrâu Ioga Patanjali" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogasutra" title="Yogasutra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yogasutra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogas%C5%ABtra" title="Yogasūtra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Yogasūtra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Γιόγκα Σούτρα του Πατάντζαλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιόγκα Σούτρα του Πατάντζαλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_sutra" title="Yoga sutra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yoga sutra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="یوگا سوترا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوگا سوترا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_s%C5%ABtra" title="Yoga sūtra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yoga sūtra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="યોગસૂત્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યોગસૂત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EA%B0%80%EC%88%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC" title="요가수트라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요가수트라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A1_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Յոգա սուտրա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յոգա սուտրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="पतञ्जलि योगसूत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पतञ्जलि योगसूत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra_Yoga_Patanjali" title="Sutra Yoga Patanjali – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sutra Yoga Patanjali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_S%C5%ABtra" title="Yoga Sūtra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yoga Sūtra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%9C%D7%99" title="היוגה סוטרות של פטנג'לי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היוגה סוטרות של פטנג'לי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಪತಂಜಲಿಯ ಯೋಗಸೂತ್ರಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪತಂಜಲಿಯ ಯೋಗಸೂತ್ರಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogas_s%C5%ABtras" title="Jogas sūtras – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jogas sūtras" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joga_s%C5%ABtra" title="Joga sūtra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Joga sūtra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3ga-sz%C3%BAtr%C3%A1k" title="Jóga-szútrák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jóga-szútrák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87" title="पतंजली योग सूत्रे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पतंजली योग सूत्रे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogasoetra%27s" title="Yogasoetra's – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yogasoetra's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9" title="ヨーガ・スートラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨーガ・スートラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogasutra" title="Yogasutra – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yogasutra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਯੋਗਸੂਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੋਗਸੂਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="یوگا سوترا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوگا سوترا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="យោគសូត្រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="យោគសូត្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogasutry" title="Jogasutry – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jogasutry" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iogassutras" title="Iogassutras – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iogassutras" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Йога-сутры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йога-сутры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patan%C4%91alijeve_jogasutre" title="Patanđalijeve jogasutre – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Patanđalijeve jogasutre" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joogasutra" title="Joogasutra – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joogasutra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_sutra" title="Yoga sutra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yoga sutra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பதஞ்சலி யோகசூத்திரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பதஞ்சலி யோகசூத்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పతంజలి యోగసూత్రాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పతంజలి యోగసూత్రాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Йога-сутри – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йога-сутри" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E7%B6%93" title="瑜伽經 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑜伽經" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1068646#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="View the 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early Yoga text in Sanskrit from ancient India by Patanjali</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yogasutra_with_Patanjali%27s_bhasya,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari_script,_random_sample_pages_f1v_f2r_f3v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yogasutra_with_Patanjali%27s_bhasya%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_random_sample_pages_f1v_f2r_f3v.jpg/280px-Yogasutra_with_Patanjali%27s_bhasya%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_random_sample_pages_f1v_f2r_f3v.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yogasutra_with_Patanjali%27s_bhasya%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_random_sample_pages_f1v_f2r_f3v.jpg/420px-Yogasutra_with_Patanjali%27s_bhasya%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_random_sample_pages_f1v_f2r_f3v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Yogasutra_with_Patanjali%27s_bhasya%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_random_sample_pages_f1v_f2r_f3v.jpg/560px-Yogasutra_with_Patanjali%27s_bhasya%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script%2C_random_sample_pages_f1v_f2r_f3v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1510" data-file-height="2097" /></a><figcaption>Some pages from a historic <i>Yogasutra</i> manuscript (Sanskrit, Devanagari). The verses are highlighted and are embedded inside the <i>bhasya</i> (commentary).</figcaption></figure> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a 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title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/80px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/160px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Orthodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Heterodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Sub-schools</b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartist</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Panchartika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Pramanavada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Shakti Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Shiva Bhedabeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Teachers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Akṣapāda Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> (Mayavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> (Tattvavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda 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Swami">Chakradhara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda Paramahansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamakhepa" title="Bamakhepa">Bamakhepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakanta_Bhattacharya_(Bengal)" title="Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Bengal)">Kamalakanta Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;font-weight:normal;"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da" title="Kaṇāda">Kaṇāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">Secular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Major texts</a></b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Other scriptures</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><i><b><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyakarika" title="Samkhyakarika">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Other Indian philosophies</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template talk:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patanjali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Patanjali.jpg/220px-Patanjali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Patanjali.jpg/330px-Patanjali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Patanjali.jpg/440px-Patanjali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a>, its traditional snake form indicating <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">kundalini</a> or an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Yoga Sutras of Patañjali</b> (<a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: Patañjali yoga-sūtras)</i> is a collection of Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a>) on the theory and practice of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> – 195 sutras (according to <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyāsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishnamacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnamacharya">Krishnamacharya</a>) and 196 sutras (according to others, including <a href="/wiki/BKS_Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="BKS Iyengar">BKS Iyengar</a>). The <i>Yoga Sutras</i> were compiled in the early centuries CE, by the sage <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a> in India who synthesized and organized knowledge about yoga from much older traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201133_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987x_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987x-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Yoga Sutras</i> is best known for its reference to <i><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">ashtanga</a></i>, eight elements of practice culminating in <i><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a></i>. The eight elements are <i><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">yama</a></i> (abstinences), <i><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">niyama</a></i> (observances), <i><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asana</a></i> (yoga posture), <i><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a></i> (breath control), <i><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">pratyahara</a></i> (withdrawal of the senses), <i><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">dharana</a></i> (concentration of the <a href="/wiki/Citta" class="mw-redirect" title="Citta">mind</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">dhyana</a></i> (meditation) and <i><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a></i> (absorption or stillness). The main aim of practice is <i><a href="/wiki/Kaivalya" title="Kaivalya">kaivalya</a></i>, discernment of <i><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">purusha</a></i>, the witness-consciousness, as distinct from <i><a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">prakriti</a></i>, the cognitive apparatus, and disentanglement of <i>purusha</i> from <i>prakriti's</i> muddled defilements. </p><p>The <i>Yoga Sutras</i> built on <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> notions of <i>purusha</i> and <i>prakriti</i>, and is often seen as complementary to it. It is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, incorporating some of its terminology. <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and Buddhism, can be seen as representing different manifestations of a broad stream of <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> traditions in ancient India, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> traditions and <a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Vedic ritualism</a> which were prevalent at the time. </p><p>The contemporary Yoga tradition holds the <i>Yoga Sutras of Patañjali</i> to be one of the foundational texts of classical <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher199849_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199849-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stuartsarbacker195_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuartsarbacker195-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the appropriation – and misappropriation – of the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> and its influence on later systematizations of yoga has been questioned by <a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">David Gordon White</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who argues that the text fell into relative obscurity for nearly 700 years from the 12th to 19th century, and made a comeback in the late 19th century due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> and others. It gained prominence as a classic in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Author_and_dating">Author and dating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Author and dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Author">Author</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Author"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colophons of manuscripts of the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> attribute the work to <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987xi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987xi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201434–38_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201434–38-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identity of Patañjali has been the subject of academic debate because an author of the same name is credited with the authorship of the classic text on Sanskrit grammar named <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhāṣya">Mahābhāṣya</a></i> that is firmly datable to the second century BC. Although some scholars argue that this is the same Patanjali who authored the <i>Yoga Sutras</i>, the two works are completely different in subject matter, and <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renou" title="Louis Renou">Louis Renou</a> has shown that there are significant differences in language, grammar and vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the time of <a href="/wiki/Bhoja" title="Bhoja">Bhoja</a> (11th century), no known text conflates the identity of the two authors.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating">Dating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philipp A. Maas assessed Patañjali's <i>Pātañjalayogaśāstra</i>'s date to be about 400 CE, based on synchronisms between its arguments and those of <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>, on tracing the history of the commentaries on it published in the first millennium CE, on the opinions of earlier Sanskrit commentators, on the testimony of manuscript colophons and on a review of extant literature.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaas2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaas2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dating for the <i>Pātañjalayogaśāstra</i> was proposed as early as 1914 by Woods<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been accepted widely by academic scholars of the history of Indian philosophical thought.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Bryant" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin F. Bryant">Edwin Bryant</a>, on the other hand, surveyed the major commentators in his translation of the <i>Yoga Sūtras</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He observed that "Most scholars date the text shortly after the turn of the Common Era (circa first to second century), but that it has been placed as early as several centuries before that."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xxxiv_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xxxiv-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bryant concluded that "A number of scholars have dated the <i>Yoga Sūtras</i> as late as the fourth or fifth century CE, but these arguments have all been challenged. ... All such arguments [for a late date] are problematic."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009510,_notes_43–44_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009510,_notes_43–44-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michele Desmarais summarized a wide variety of dates assigned to Yogasutra, ranging from 500 BCE to 3rd century CE, noting that there is a paucity of evidence for any certainty. She stated the text may have been composed at an earlier date given conflicting theories on how to date it, but latter dates are more commonly accepted by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compilation">Compilation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Compilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Yoga Sutras</i> are a composite of various traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987x_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987x-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201133_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The levels of samādhi taught in the text resemble the Buddhist <i><a href="/wiki/Jhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhana">jhanas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2015151-152_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2015151-152-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrangle1984[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle1984[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Feuerstein, the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> are a condensation of two different traditions, namely "eight limb yoga" (aṣṭāṅga yoga) and action yoga (<i><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriya yoga</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108,_Quote:_"As_I_have_shown_in_my_own_detailed_examination_of_the_Yoga-Sûtra,_this_great_scripture_could_well_be_a_composite_of_only_two_distinct_Yoga_lineages._On_the_one_hand_there_is_the_Yoga_of_eight_limbs_or_ashta-anga-yoga_(written_ashtângayoga),_and_on_the_other,_there_is_the_Yoga_of_Action_(kriyâ-yoga)."_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108,_Quote:_"As_I_have_shown_in_my_own_detailed_examination_of_the_Yoga-Sûtra,_this_great_scripture_could_well_be_a_composite_of_only_two_distinct_Yoga_lineages._On_the_one_hand_there_is_the_Yoga_of_eight_limbs_or_ashta-anga-yoga_(written_ashtângayoga),_and_on_the_other,_there_is_the_Yoga_of_Action_(kriyâ-yoga)."-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>kriya yoga</i> part is contained in chapter 1, chapter 2 <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a> 1–27, chapter 3 except <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a> 54, and chapter 4.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "eight limb yoga" is described in chapter 2 sutras 28–55, and chapter 3 sutras 3 and 54.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are numerous parallels in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, Yoga and <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a> schools of thought, particularly from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century AD, notes Larson.<sup id="cite_ref-l4345_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l4345-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patanjali's Yoga Sutras may be a synthesis of these three traditions. From the Samkhya school of Hinduism, Yoga Sutras adopt the "reflective discernment" (<i>adhyavasaya</i>) of <i>prakrti</i> and <i>purusa</i> (dualism), its metaphysical rationalism, and its three <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemic</a> methods to gaining reliable knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-l4345_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l4345-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Abhidharma Buddhism's idea of <i>nirodhasamadhi</i>, suggests Larson, Yoga Sutras adopt the pursuit of an altered state of awareness. However, unlike Buddhism, which avoids stating whether self and soul exist, Yoga is physicalist and realist, like Samkhya, believing that each individual has a self and soul.<sup id="cite_ref-l4345_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l4345-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third concept that Yoga Sutras synthesizes into its philosophy is the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">ascetic</a> traditions of isolation, meditation and introspection, as well as the yoga ideas from the 1st millennium BCE Indian texts such as <a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maitri_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitri Upanishad">Maitri Upanishad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-l4345_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l4345-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Wujastyk, referencing Maas, Patanjali integrated yoga from older traditions in <i>Pātañjalayogaśāstra</i>, and added his own explanatory passages to create the unified work that, since 1100 CE, has been considered the work of two people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201133_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201133-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together the compilation of Patanjali's sutras and the Vyasabhasya, is called Pātañjalayogaśāstra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201132-33_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201132-33-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yogabhashya"><i>Yogabhashya</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Yogabhashya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Yogabhashya</i> is a commentary on the <i>Yoga Sutras of Patañjali</i>, traditionally attributed to the legendary Vedic sage <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> who is said to have composed the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. This commentary is indispensable for the understanding of the aphoristic and terse Yoga sutras, and the study of the sutras has always referred to the <i>Yogabhashya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars see Vyasa as a later 4th or 5th century AD commentator (as opposed to the ancient mythic figure).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vyasa is, however, not the only commentator on the text. Another well-known commentator on the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> is <a href="/wiki/Vachaspati_Mishra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vachaspati Mishra">Vachaspati Mishra</a>, who had also written commentaries on other schools of Indian philosophy such as Vedanta, Samkhya, Nyaya, and Mimamsa. After Vyasa, it is believed that Vachaspati Mishra’s commentary is the "next most authoritative."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xli_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xli-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commentators include <a href="/wiki/Bhoja" title="Bhoja">Bhoja Rāja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijnanabhiksu" title="Vijnanabhiksu">Vijñānabhikṣu</a>, and Rāmānanda Sarasvatī. Vijñānabhikṣu, according to Bryant, wrote the "most insightful and useful commentary after that of Vyasa's." Bhoja Rāja and Rāmānanda Sarasvatī's commentaries follow the previous commentaries, without expanding much on what their predecessors have said. <a href="/wiki/Swami_Hariharananda_Aranya" title="Swami Hariharananda Aranya">Hariharānanda Āraṇya</a>, in contrast to the above figures, is a modern commentator on the text. Bryant explains that, even though "his is a standpoint exposed to Western thought", it is still "thoroughly grounded in tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xlii–xliii_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xlii–xliii-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars hold that both texts, the sutras and the commentary were written by one person. According to Philipp A. Maas, based on a study of the original manuscripts, Patañjali's composition was entitled <i>Pātañjalayogaśāstra</i> ("The Treatise on Yoga according to Patañjali") and consisted of both <i>Sūtras</i> <i>and</i> <i>Bhāṣya</i>. This means that the <i>Bhāṣya</i> was in fact Patañjali's own work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaas2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaas2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of writing a set of aphorisms with the author's own explanation was well known at the time of Patañjali, as for example in Vasubandhu's <i>Abhidharmakośabhāṣya</i> (that, incidentally, Patañjali quotes). These research findings change the historical understanding of the yoga tradition, since they allow us to take the Bhāṣya as Patañjali's very own explanation of the meaning of his somewhat cryptic sūtras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaas2006_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaas2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Yogabhashya</i> states that 'yoga' in the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> has the meaning of 'samadhi'. Another commentary (the <i>Vivarana</i>) by a certain Shankara, confirms the interpretation of <i>yogah samadhih</i> (YBh. I.1): 'yoga' in Patañjali's sutra has the meaning of 'integration'.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Shankara may or may not have been the famed Vedantic scholar <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> (8th or 9th century). Scholarly opinion is still open on this issue.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Ashtanga"></span> </p><p>Patañjali divided his <i>Yoga Sutras</i> into four chapters or books (Sanskrit <i>Pada</i>), containing in all 196 aphorisms, divided as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samadhi_Pada">Samadhi Pada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Samadhi Pada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Samadhi Pada</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2003_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2003-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (51 sutras). <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a> is a state of direct and reliable perception (<i><a href="/wiki/Pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pramāṇa">pramāṇa</a></i>) where "the seer" (<i><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></i>, pure consciousness, the Self) abides in itself. Samadhi is the main technique the yogi learns by which to calm the workings of the mind, whereafter <b>Kaivalya</b>, the isolation of 'the seer' from the impurities of the mind, is attained. The author describes yoga and then the nature and the means of attaining <a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samādhi">samādhi</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>This chapter contains the famous definitional verse (YS 1.2): <i>"Yogaś citta-vritti-nirodhaḥ"</i> ("Yoga is the restriction of the fluctuations of mindstuff").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2003_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2003-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the mind is stilled, the seer or real Self is revealed:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>1.3. Then the Seer is established in his own essential and fundamental nature.</dd> <dd>1.4. In other states there is assimilation (of the Seer) with the modifications (of the mind).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaimni196116-17_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaimni196116-17-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>YS 1.33–39 mentions seven practices to still the mind, the seventh being meditative absorption (YS 1.39), which is further explained in YS 1.40–51 and YS 3.1–12.</li> <li>YS 1.23 offers an alternative, less arduous method to attain samadhi via the path of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>, or surrender to <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>. Some scholars believe this to be Patanjali's "favored" approach.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009161_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009161-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sadhana_Pada">Sadhana Pada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sadhana Pada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Sadhana Pada</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2003_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2003-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (55 sutras). <a href="/wiki/Sadhana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhana">Sadhana</a> is the Sanskrit for "practice" or "discipline," aiming at discriminative discernment, to discern the Seer (consciousness) from its objects and the hindrances. Here the author outlines two systems of Yoga: <i><a href="/wiki/Kriya_Yoga_school" title="Kriya Yoga school">Kriyā Yoga</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)"><i>Aṣṭāṅga Yoga</i> ('Eightlimbed Yoga')</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kriya_Yoga">Kriya Yoga</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kriya Yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kriya_Yoga_school" title="Kriya Yoga school">Kriyā Yoga</a></i> in the Yoga Sūtras is a preparation for <i>Aṣṭāṅga Yoga</i> (with three special elements of the Niyamas (2nd limb)):<sup id="cite_ref-yogajournal.com_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yogajournal.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>2.3 <i>tapas</i> – austerity<sup id="cite_ref-yogajournal.com_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yogajournal.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>2.4 <i>svādhyāya</i> – self-study of the scriptures<sup id="cite_ref-yogajournal.com_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yogajournal.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>2.5 <i>īśvara praṇidhāna</i> – devotion to god or pure consciousness<sup id="cite_ref-yogajournal.com_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yogajournal.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ashtanga_Yoga">Ashtanga Yoga</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ashtanga Yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">Aṣṭānga Yoga</a></i> is the yoga of eight limbs. In chapter 2, five "indirect aids" for purification and aiding insight are outlined:</li></ul> <dl><dd>1. <i>Yama</i> – restraints or ethics of behaviour; Yama consists of: <dl><dd>1.1 <i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i> (Non violence)</dd> <dd>1.2 <i>Satya</i> (Truthfulness)</dd> <dd>1.3 <i>Asteya</i> (Non stealing)</dd> <dd>1.4 <i>Brahmacharya</i> (Chastity)</dd> <dd>1.5 <i>Aparigraha</i> (Non possession)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>2. <i>Niyama</i> – observances; Niyama consists of: <dl><dd>2.1 <i>Saucha</i> (Cleanliness)</dd> <dd>2.2 <i>Santosha</i> (Contentment)</dd> <dd>2.3 <i>Tapas</i> (Austerity)</dd> <dd>2.4 <i>Svadhyaya</i> (Selfstudy)</dd> <dd>2.5 <i><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a> Pranidhana</i> (Devotion to the Lord)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>3. <i>Āsana</i> – A physical posture in which one can be steady and comfortable.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>4. <i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81y%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Prāṇāyāma">Prāṇāyāma</a></i> – control of the <a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">prana</a>(breath)</dd> <dd>5. <i>Pratyahara</i> – withdrawal of the senses</dd> <dd>6. <i><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></i> – concentration</dd> <dd>7. <i><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism_(Self-knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyana in Hinduism (Self-knowledge)">Dhyāna</a></i> – meditation</dd> <dd>8. <i><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samādhi">Samādhi</a></i> – absorption</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vibhuti_Pada">Vibhuti Pada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vibhuti Pada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Vibhuti Pada</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2003_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2003-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (56 sutras).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vibhuti is the Sanskrit word for "power" or "manifestation". In chapter 3, the last three limbs of <i>Aṣṭānga Yoga</i>, known as <a href="/wiki/Samyama" title="Samyama">samyama</a>, are outlined:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>6. <i><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></i> - concentration</dd> <dd>7. <i><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism_(Self-knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyana in Hinduism (Self-knowledge)">Dhyāna</a></i> – meditation</dd> <dd>8. <i><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samādhi">Samādhi</a></i> – absorption</dd></dl></dd> <dd>Besides insight into pure awareness (purusha), <a href="/wiki/Samyama" title="Samyama">samyama</a> gives 'supra-normal powers' (Sanskrit: <i><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">siddhi</a></i>), as the yogi gains access to and unites with the tattvas, the constituents of <i>prakriti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20116_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20116-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text warns (III.38) that these powers can become an obstacle to the yogi who seeks liberation.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaivalya_Pada">Kaivalya Pada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kaivalya Pada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Kaivalya Pada</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2003_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2003-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (34 sutras). <a href="/wiki/Kaivalya" title="Kaivalya">Kaivalya</a>, "isolation", of the Seer from the contents of the mind so it is no longer disturbed by the movements of the mind. It stands for emancipation or liberation, and is used where other texts often employ the term <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (liberation). The Kaivalya Pada describes the process of liberation and the reality of the Seer.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Metaphysics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The metaphysics of Patanjali is built on the same <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Dualism (Indian philosophy)">dualist</a> foundation as the Samkhya school.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_IEP-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The universe is conceptualized as of two realities in Samkhya-Yoga schools: <i><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></i> (consciousness) and <i><a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">prakriti</a></i> (mind, cognition, emotions, and matter). It considers consciousness and matter, self/soul and body as two different realities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaney200217_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaney200217-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacDangwal1997339_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacDangwal1997339-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jiva</a></i> (a living being) is considered as a state in which <i>puruṣa</i> is bonded to <i>prakriti</i> in some form, in various permutations and combinations of various elements, senses, feelings, activity and mind.<sup id="cite_ref-sambri_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sambri-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the state of imbalance or ignorance, one of more constituents overwhelm the others, creating a form of bondage. The end of this bondage is called Kaivalya, liberation, or <i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i> by both Yoga and Samkhya school.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethical theory of Yoga school is based on <a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a>, as well as elements of the <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a> theory of Samkhya.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_IEP-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patanjali adopts the theory of <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a> from Samkhya.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_IEP-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guṇas theory states that three <i>gunas</i> (innate tendency, attributes) are present in different proportions in all beings, and these three are <i><a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">sattva</a></i> guna (goodness, constructive, harmonious), <i><a href="/wiki/Rajas" title="Rajas">rajas</a></i> guna (passion, active, confused), and <i><a href="/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)" title="Tamas (philosophy)">tamas</a></i> guna (darkness, destructive, chaotic).<sup id="cite_ref-aw_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aw-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jamesg_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamesg-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three are present in every being but in different proportions, and the fundamental nature and psychological dispositions of beings is a consequence of the relative proportion of these three <i>gunas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_IEP-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <i>sattva</i> guna predominates in an individual, the qualities of lucidity, wisdom, constructiveness, harmony, and peacefulness manifest themselves; when rajas is predominant, attachment, craving, passion-driven activity and restlessness manifest; and when tamas predominates in an individual, ignorance, delusion, destructive behavior, lethargy, and suffering manifest. The theory underpins the philosophy of mind in the Yoga school of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_IEP-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soteriology">Soteriology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Soteriology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Purpose"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; color: #202122;background-color: #ffffff;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> <p>1.2. Yoga is the inhibition of the modifications of the mind.<br /> 1.3. Then the Seer is established in his own essential and fundamental nature.<br /> 1.4. In other states there is assimilation (of the Seer) with the modifications (of the mind). </p> </div> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><i>Yoga Sutra of Patanjali</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaimni196116-17_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaimni196116-17-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>According to Bryant, the purpose of yoga is liberation from suffering, by means of discriminative discernment. The eight limbs are "the means of achieving discriminative discernment," the "uncoupling of puruṣa from all connection with prakṛti and all involvement with the citta." Bryant states that, to Patanjali, Yoga-practice "essentially consists of meditative practices culminating in attaining a state of consciousness free from all modes of active or discursive thought, and of eventually attaining a state where consciousness is unaware of any object external to itself, that is, is only aware of its own nature as consciousness unmixed with any other object."<sup id="cite_ref-edbryant_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edbryant-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200910_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200910-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Samkhya school suggests that <i>jnana</i> (knowledge) is a sufficient means to <i>moksha</i>, Patanjali suggests that systematic techniques/practice (personal experimentation) combined with Samkhya's approach to knowledge is the path to moksha.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_IEP-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patanjali holds that <i>avidya</i>, ignorance is the cause of all five kleshas, which are the cause of suffering and <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">saṁsāra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_IEP-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liberation, like many other schools, is removal of ignorance, which is achieved through discriminating discernment, knowledge and self-awareness. The <i>Yoga Sūtras</i> is the Yoga school's treatise on how to accomplish this.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_IEP-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Samādhi</i> is the state where ecstatic awareness develops, state Yoga scholars, and this is how one starts the process of becoming aware of <i>Purusa</i> and true Self. It further claims that this awareness is eternal, and once this awareness is achieved, a person cannot ever cease being aware; this is <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soteriology_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soteriology in Hinduism">soteriological</a> goal in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryant_IEP-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Book 3 of Patanjali's <i>Yogasutra</i> is dedicated to soteriological aspects of yoga philosophy. Patanjali begins by stating that all limbs of yoga are a necessary foundation to reaching the state of self-awareness, freedom and liberation. He refers to the three last limbs of yoga as <i>samyama</i>, in verses III.4 to III.5, and calls it the technology for "discerning principle" and mastery of <i>citta</i> and self-knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-yogadarsanabook3_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yogadarsanabook3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In verse III.12, the Yogasutras state that this discerning principle then empowers one to perfect <i>sant</i> (tranquility) and <i>udita</i> (reason) in one's mind and spirit, through intentness. This leads to one's ability to discern the difference between <i>sabda</i> (word), <i>artha</i> (meaning) and <i>pratyaya</i> (understanding), and this ability empowers one to compassionately comprehend the cry/speech of all living beings.<sup id="cite_ref-ydbook3_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ydbook3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a yogi reaches this state of <i><a href="/wiki/Samyama" title="Samyama">samyama</a></i>, it leads to unusual powers, intuition, self-knowledge, freedoms and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">kaivalya</a>, the redemptive goal of the yogi.<sup id="cite_ref-ydbook3_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ydbook3-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epistemology">Epistemology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Epistemology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> in Patanjali's system of Yoga, like the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Sāmkhya</a> school of Indian philosophy, relies on three of six <i><a href="/wiki/Pramanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pramanas">Pramanas</a></i>, as the means of gaining reliable knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included <i>Pratyakṣa</i> (perception), <i>Anumāṇa</i> (inference) and <i>Sabda</i> (<i>Āgama or Āptavacana</i>, word/testimony of reliable sources).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson19989_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson19989-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eliottjag_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eliottjag-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200935–37_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200935–37-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patanjali's system, like the Samkhya school, considers <i>Pratyakṣa</i> or <i>Dṛṣṭam</i> (direct sense perception), <i>Anumāna</i> (inference), and <i>Śabda</i> or <i>Āptavacana</i> (verbal testimony of the sages or shāstras) to be the only valid means of knowledge or <i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson19989_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson19989-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike few other schools of Hinduism such as <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, Yoga did not adopt the following three <i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramanas</a></i>: <i>Upamāṇa</i> (comparison and analogy), <i>Arthāpatti</i> (postulation, deriving from circumstances) or <i>Anupalabdi</i> (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof).<sup id="cite_ref-eliottjag_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eliottjag-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the three <i>pramanas</i> that it accepts as valid, <i>pratyakṣa</i> (perception) is the most important according to <i>Yoga Sutras</i>. It is superior to the other two sources because testimony (<i>sabda</i>) and inference (<i>anumāna</i>) are ultimately dependent on a prior perception. Bryant distinguishes Yoga school from the <i>Vedānta</i>, <i>Nyaya</i> and <i>Mīmāṃsā</i> in their prioritizing of different <i>pramanas</i>. The <i>Mīmāṃsā</i> school prioritizes testimony and the <i>Nyaya</i> school prioritizes inference. The <i>Vedānta</i> school has as its main source testimony from the <i>Upaniṣads</i>, whereas the Yoga school ascribes supreme authoritativeness to "direct, personal experience". Bryant argues that because of its favoring of direct experience the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> will "remain a perennial source of interest to the empirical dispositions of the modern world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200935–37_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200935–37-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God">God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patanjali differs from the closely related non-theistic/atheistic Samkhya school by incorporating what some scholars have called a "personal, yet essentially inactive, deity" or "personal god" (Ishvara).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lpfl_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpfl-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu scholars such as the 8th century <a href="/wiki/Adi_Sankara" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Sankara">Adi Sankara</a>, as well as many modern academic scholars describe Yoga school as "Samkhya school with God."<sup id="cite_ref-lpfl_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpfl-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Yogasutras of Patanjali</i> use the term <i>Isvara</i> in 11 verses: I.23 through I.29, II.1, II.2, II.32 and II.45. Ever since the Sutra's release, Hindu scholars have debated and commented on who or what is <i>Isvara</i>? These commentaries range from defining <i>Isvara</i> from a "personal god" to "special self" to "anything that has spiritual significance to the individual".<sup id="cite_ref-lpfl_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpfl-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whicher states that while Patanjali's terse verses can be interpreted both as theistic or non-theistic, Patanjali's concept of <i>Isvara</i> in Yoga philosophy functions as a "transformative catalyst or guide for aiding the yogin on the path to spiritual emancipation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher199886_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199886-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas the purusa (spirit, or true self) of the yogin is bound to the prakriti – the material body subject to karmas and kleshas, the special <i>purusa</i> called <i>Isvara</i> is immaterial and ultimately free. </p><p>Patanjali defines <i>Isvara</i> (Sanskrit: ईश्वर) in verse 24 of Book 1, as "a special Self/Spirit (पुरुषविशेष, <i>puruṣa-viśeṣa</i>)."<sup id="cite_ref-pyogas3t_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pyogas3t-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>} This sutra adds the characteristics of <i>Isvara</i> as that special Self/Spirit which is unaffected (अपरामृष्ट, <i>aparamrsta</i>) by one's obstacles/hardships (क्लेश, <i>klesha</i>), one's circumstances created by past or one's current actions (कर्म, <i>karma</i>), one's life fruits (विपाक, <i>vipâka</i>), and one's psychological dispositions/intentions (आशय, ashaya).<sup id="cite_ref-se5_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-se5-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_roots_and_influences">Philosophical roots and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Philosophical roots and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotus_position.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lotus_position.svg/220px-Lotus_position.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lotus_position.svg/330px-Lotus_position.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Lotus_position.svg/440px-Lotus_position.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The fusion of <i>Dharana</i>, <i>Dhyana</i> and <i>Samadhi</i> is <i>Samyama</i> – the path to <a href="/wiki/Kaivalya" title="Kaivalya">Kaivalya</a> in Yoga school.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga (philosophy)</a></div> <p>The <i>Yoga Sutras</i> incorporated the teachings of many other Indian philosophical systems prevalent at the time. According to Zimmer, Samkhya and Yoga are two of several schools of philosophy that originated over the centuries that had common roots in the pre-Aryan cultures and traditions of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951217,_314_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951217,_314-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, the orthodox Hindu philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedānta</a>, as well as the non-orthodox <a href="/wiki/Nastika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nastika">Nastika</a> systems of Jainism and Buddhism can all be seen as representing one stream of spiritual activity in ancient India, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> traditions and <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> ritualism which were also prevalent at the same time. The <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramana</a> traditions, iconolatry and Vedic rituals can be identified with the <a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">Jnana</a> marga, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> marga and the <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a> marga respectively that are outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samkhya">Samkhya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Samkhya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Yoga Sutras</i> are built on a foundation of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> philosophy, and are generally seen as the practice while Samkhya is the theory. The influence of Samkhya is so pervasive in the Sutras that the historian <a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Dasgupta" title="Surendranath Dasgupta">Surendranath Dasgupta</a> went so far as to deny independent categorization to Patañjali's system, preferring to refer to it as <i>Patanjala Samkhya</i>, similar to the position taken by the Jain writer <a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a> in his commentary on Yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patañjali's <i>Yoga Sutras</i> accept the Samkhya's division of the world and phenomena into twenty-five tattvas or principles, of which one is <i>Purusha</i> meaning Self or consciousness, the others being <i>Prakriti</i> (primal nature), <i>Buddhi</i> (intellect or will), <i>Ahamkara</i> (ego), <i>Manas</i> (mind), five <i>buddhindriyas</i> (sensory capabilities), five <i>karmendriyas</i> (action-capabilities) and ten elements.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated314_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated314-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second part of the Sutras, the Sadhana, also summarizes the Samkhya perspectives about all seen activity lying within the realm of the three <i>Gunas</i> of <i>Sattva</i> (illumination), <i>Rajas</i> (passion) and <i>Tamas</i> (lethargy).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Yoga Sutras</i> diverge from early Samkhya by the addition of the principle of <a href="/wiki/Isvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Isvara">Isvara</a> or God, as exemplified by Sutra 1.23 – "Iśvara pranidhãnãt vã", which is interpreted to mean that surrender to God is one way to liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated314_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated314-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Isvara</i> is defined here as "a distinct Consciousness, untouched by afflictions, actions, fruitions or their residue".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the sutras, it is suggested that devotion to <i>Isvara</i>, represented by the mystical syllable <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> may be the most efficient method of achieving the goal of Yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This syllable Om is a central element of Hinduism, appearing in all the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, including the earliest <a href="/wiki/Chandogya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandogya">Chandogya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadaranyaka">Brihadaranyaka</a> Upanishads, and expounded upon in the <a href="/wiki/Mandukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandukya">Mandukya</a> Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another divergence from Samkhya is that while the Samkhya holds that knowledge is the means to liberation, Patañjali's Yoga insists on the methods of concentration and active striving. The aim of Yoga is to free the individual from the clutches of the matter, and considers intellectual knowledge alone to be inadequate for the purpose – which is different from the position taken by Samkhya.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated314_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated314-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the essential similarities between the Samkhya and Patañjali's system remained even after the addition of the <i>Isvara</i> principle,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Max Müller</a> noting that "the two philosophies were in popular parlance distinguished from each other as Samkhya with and Samkhya without a Lord...."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, one of the chief scriptures of Hinduism, is considered to be based on this synthetic Samkhya-Yoga system.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali</i> is a foundational text of the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga philosophy</a> school of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher199849_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199849-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stuartsarbacker195_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuartsarbacker195-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism#Yoga" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism and Hinduism § Yoga</a></div> <p>While there are differences between Buddhist tenets and the views presented in the Yoga Sutras, scholars have noted <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism#Yogic_practice,_Dhyana_and_Samadhi" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">striking similarities between Patanjali's Yoga Sutras and the teachings in Buddhist texts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201431–43,_Chapter_2_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201431–43,_Chapter_2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-peterheehs_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peterheehs-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-micheledesmarias_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-micheledesmarias-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karel_Werner" title="Karel Werner">Karel Werner</a> writes, "Patanjali's system is unthinkable without Buddhism. As far as its terminology goes there is much in the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> that reminds us of Buddhist formulations from the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a> and even more so from the <a href="/wiki/Sarv%C4%81stiv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvāstivāda">Sarvāstivāda</a> <a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He adds, "upon the whole it [Patanjali's Yoga sutras] is more elaborate and summarizes the actual technique of Yoga procedures more exactly than the Buddhist exposition".<sup id="cite_ref-werner131_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-werner131-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, states Werner, "The Buddha was the founder of his system, even though, admittedly, he made use of some of the experiences he had previously gained under various Yoga teachers of his time. Patanjali is neither a founder nor a leader of a new movement. (...) The ingenuity of his [Patanjali's] achievement lies in the thoroughness and completeness with which all the important stages of Yoga practice and mental experiences are included in his scheme, and in their systematic presentation in a succinct treatise."<sup id="cite_ref-werner131_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-werner131-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Werner adds that the ideas of existence and the focus on "Self, Soul" in Patajali's Yogasutra are different from the "no Self" precepts of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">David Gordon White</a>, the language of the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> is often closer to "Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, the Sanskrit of the early Mahayana Buddhist scriptures, than to the classical Sanskrit of other Hindu scriptures".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201410_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201410-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He adds, historical evidence suggests that yoga philosophical systems influenced, and were influenced by, other philosophical systems in India such as early Buddhism and Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201419_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201419-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White mentions controversies about the Yoga Sutras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201431–43,_Chapter_2_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201431–43,_Chapter_2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant minority of scholars, notes White for example, believes that Vyasa lived a few centuries after Patanjali and his "Hindu-izing" commentary subverted Yoga Sutras' original "Buddhist" teachings; while the majority scholarly view disagrees with this view.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201440–41,_Quote:_"A_significant_minority_opinion,_however,_maintains_that_Vyasa_lived_several_centuries_later,_and_that_his_"Hindu-izing"_commentary,_rather_than_elucidating_Patanjali’s_text,_actually_subverted_its_original_"Buddhist"_teachings."_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201440–41,_Quote:_"A_significant_minority_opinion,_however,_maintains_that_Vyasa_lived_several_centuries_later,_and_that_his_"Hindu-izing"_commentary,_rather_than_elucidating_Patanjali’s_text,_actually_subverted_its_original_"Buddhist"_teachings."-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars also note differences between the conceptual frameworks of the Yoga Sutras and those in Buddhist texts.<sup id="cite_ref-peterheehs_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peterheehs-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-micheledesmarias_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-micheledesmarias-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Thurman" title="Robert Thurman">Robert Thurman</a> writes that Patañjali was influenced by the success of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> monastic system to formulate his own matrix for the version of thought he considered orthodox.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yoga Sutra, especially the fourth segment of Kaivalya Pada, contains several polemical verses critical of Buddhism, particularly the Vijñānavāda school of Vasubandhu.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barbara Miller also notes numerous similarities the difference between Patanjali's Yoga Sutras and teachings in Buddhist texts: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Samkhya and Yoga, as in Buddhism and Jainism, the most salient characteristic of existence is <i>duhkha</i> or suffering. According to Buddhism, the origin of suffering is desire; according to Yoga, it is the connection between the observer (Purusha) with the observed (Prakrti). In both systems, the origin of <i>duhkha</i> is ignorance. There are also similarities in the means of deliverance recommended by the two systems. In Buddhism, the aspirant is asked to follow the eightfold path, which culminates in right meditation or <i>samadhi</i>. In Yoga, the aspirant is asked to follow a somewhat different eight fold path, which also culminates in <i>samadhi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-peterheehs_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peterheehs-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Miller also notes differences between Patanjali's Yoga Sutras and teachings in Buddhist texts: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>..the aim of yoga meditation is conceived in terms that a Buddhist would not accept: as the separation of an eternal conscious self from unconscious matter. The purpose of Patanjali's Yoga is to bring about this separation by means of understanding, devotion and practice."<sup id="cite_ref-peterheehs_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peterheehs-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Michele Desmarias, Patanjali's Yoga Sutras accept the concept of a Self or soul behind the operational mind, while Buddhists do not accept such a Self exists. The role of Self is central to the idea of <i>Saṃyoga</i>, <i>Citta</i>, Self-awareness and other concepts in Chapters 2 through 4 of the Yoga sutras, according to Desmarias.<sup id="cite_ref-micheledesmarias_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-micheledesmarias-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yamas#Five_yamas_of_Patañjali" title="Yamas">five yamas</a> or the constraints of the <i>Yoga Sutras of Patañjali</i> bear an uncanny resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Mahavrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavrata">five major vows of Jainism</a>, indicating influence of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three other teachings closely associated with Jainism also make an appearance in Yoga: the doctrine of "colours" in karma (<a href="/wiki/Lesya" title="Lesya">lesya</a>); the <i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Telos (philosophy)">Telos</a></i> of isolation (<a href="/wiki/Kevala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala">kevala</a> in Jainism and Kaivalyam in Yoga); and the practice of nonviolence (ahimsa), though nonviolence (ahimsa) made its first appearance in Indian philosophy-cum-religion in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> texts known as the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> [the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C4%81ndogya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chāndogya Upaniṣad">Chāndogya Upaniṣad</a>, dated to the 8th or 7th century BCE, one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, has the earliest evidence for the use of the word <i>Ahimsa</i> in the sense familiar in Hinduism (a code of conduct). It bars violence against "all creatures" (<i>sarvabhuta</i>) and the practitioner of Ahimsa is said to escape from the cycle of <a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> (CU 8.15.1).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also names Ahimsa as one of five essential virtues].<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The contemporary Yoga tradition holds the <i>Yoga Sutras of Patañjali</i> to be one of the foundational texts of classical <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher199849_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199849-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stuartsarbacker195_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuartsarbacker195-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the appropriation – and misappropriation – of the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> and its influence on later systematizations of yoga has been questioned by <a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">David Gordon White</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who has argued that the text fell into relative obscurity for nearly 700 years from the 12th to 19th century, and made a comeback in late 19th century due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> and others. It gained prominence as a classic in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its influence was reaffirmed by <a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">James Mallinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xxxvi_note_34_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xxxvi_note_34-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 20th century, history indicates that the medieval Indian yoga scene was dominated by the various other texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a>, texts attributed to <a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a>, as well as literature on <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">hatha yoga</a>, tantric yoga and <a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a> yoga rather than the <i>Yoga Sutras of Patañjali</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii,_20–23_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii,_20–23-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much about yoga is written in the Mokṣadharma section of the epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhārata">Mahābhārata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xvi_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xvi-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the Jaina faith had their own, different literature on yoga,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Buddhist yoga stems from pre-Patanjali sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987xi_note_3_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987xi_note_3-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the major commentaries on the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> were written between the ninth and sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20146_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20146-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the twelfth century, the school started to decline, and commentaries on Patanjali's Yoga philosophy were few.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20146_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20146-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the sixteenth century Patanjali's Yoga philosophy had virtually become extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20146_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20146-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manuscript of the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> was no longer copied, since few read the text, and it was seldom taught.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201416_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201416-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">David Gordon White</a>, the popularity of the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> is recent, "miraculously rehabilitated" by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> after having been ignored for seven centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was with the rediscovery by a British Orientalist in the early 1800s that wider interest in the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> arose in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201416_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201416-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular interest arose in the 19th century, when the practice of yoga according to the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> became regarded as the science of yoga and the "supreme contemplative path to self-realization" by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201120-21_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201120-21-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has become a celebrated text in the West, states White, because of "Big Yoga – the corporate yoga subculture".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations_and_commentaries">Translations and commentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Translations and commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i> was the most translated ancient Indian text in the medieval era, having been translated into about forty Indian languages and two non-Indian languages: Old Javanese and Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In early 11th century, the Persian scholar <a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Ray%E1%B8%A5%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī">Al Biruni</a> (973–1050 CE) visited India, lived with Hindus for 16 years, and with their help translated several significant Sanskrit works into Arabic and Persian languages. One of these was Patanjali's <i>Yogasutras</i>. His translation included the text and a thitherto unknown Sanskrit commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sptg_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sptg-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al Biruni's translation preserved many of the core themes of Yoga philosophy of Hinduism, but certain sutras and analytical commentaries were restated making it more consistent with Islamic monotheistic theology.<sup id="cite_ref-sptg_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sptg-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaas201353–90_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaas201353–90-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al Biruni's version of Yoga Sutras reached Persia and Arabian peninsula by about 1050 AD.</li> <li>The <i>Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i> was translated into Old Javanese by Indonesian Hindus, and the text was called <i>Dharma Patanjala</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-andreaacri_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreaacri-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving text has been dated to about 1450 CE; however, it is unclear if this text is a copy of an earlier translation and whether other translations existed in Indonesia. This translation shares ideas found in other Indian translations particularly those in the <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Śaiva</a> traditions, and some in Al Biruni translation, but it is also significantly different in parts from the 11th century Arabic translation.<sup id="cite_ref-andreaacri_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andreaacri-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most complete copy of the <i>Dharma Patañjala</i> manuscript is now held at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Library" title="Berlin State Library">Staatsbibliothek</a> in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>By the early 21st century, scholars had located 37 editions of Patanjali's <i>Yoga Sutras</i> published between 1874 and 1992, and 82 different manuscripts, from various locations in India, Nepal, Pakistan, Europe and the United States, many in Sanskrit, some in different North and South Indian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-pmaas2010_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmaas2010-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numerous historical variants show that the text was a living document and it was changed as these manuscripts were transmitted or translated, with some ancient and medieval manuscripts marked with "corrections" in the margin of the pages and elsewhere by unknown authors and for unclear reasons. This has made the chronological study of Yoga school of philosophy a difficult task.<sup id="cite_ref-pmaas2010_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmaas2010-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many commentaries have been written on the <i>Yoga Sutras</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_commentaries">Medieval commentaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Medieval commentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval commentaries on the Yoga sutras include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> (AD 4th or 5th Century), as mentioned above, has been attributed authorship of the commentary <i>Yogabhāṣya</i>, the first medieval commentary on the Yoga Sutras, and the one upon which all subsequent medieval commentaries were based. However, some scholars have argued that this commentary was written by Patanjali himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200940_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200940-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> (AD 8th Century) is said to have authored the commentary <i>Vivaraṇa</i>, although the authorship of this commentary is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200941_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200941-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a> (AD 900–980) who composed the commentary <i>Tattvavaiśāradī</i>, described as the "most significant early subcommentary".<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobsen2019_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobsen2019-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoja" title="Bhoja">Bhoja Raja</a>'s <i>Raja-Martanda</i>, 11th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijnanabhiksu" title="Vijnanabhiksu">Vijnanabhiksu</a>'s 16th century <i>Yogabhashyavarttika</i> or simply <i>Yogavarttika</i> ("Explanation of the Commentary on the Yoga Sutras" of Vyasa). The writer was a Vaishnava philosopher and exegete who tried to harmonize Samkhya and Vedanta and held the <a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a> view.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ramananda Sarasvati's <i>Yogamani-Prabha</i> (16th century).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_translations_and_commentary">Modern translations and commentary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Modern translations and commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Countless commentaries on the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> are available today. The <i>Sutras</i>, with commentaries, have been published by a number of successful teachers of Yoga, as well as by academicians seeking to clarify issues of textual variation. There are also other versions from a variety of sources available on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The many versions display a wide variation, particularly in translation. The text has not been submitted in its entirety to any rigorous textual analysis, and the contextual meaning of many of the Sanskrit words and phrases remains a matter of some dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern translations and interpretations include: </p> <ul><li>1852, 1853: First translation of Yoga Sutras of Patanjali in English containing first two chapters by J.R Ballyntyne published by The Benaras College, in 1872 Govind Deva Shastri completed remaining two chapters.</li> <li>1882, 1885:The whole complete book was published in 1882 and final revised edition published in 1885. The Yoga Philosophy with comments of Bhojaraja, J.R Ballantyne, Govind Shastri Deva, edited by Tookaram Tatya, Bombay Theosophical publication fund.</li> <li>1883: Yoga Aporhism of Patanjali with the commentary of Bhoja Raja by Rajendra Lala Mitra, Asiatic Society of Bengal</li> <li>1890: The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali, by <a href="/wiki/Manilal_Nabhubhai_Dvivedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Manilal Nabhubhai Dvivedi">Manilal Nabhubhai Dvivedi</a>, Bombay Theosophical publication fund.</li> <li>1896: <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Raja_Yoga_(book)" title="Raja Yoga (book)">Raja Yoga</a></i> provides translation and an in-depth explanation of <i>Yoga Sutra</i>.</li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ganganath_Jha" title="Ganganath Jha">Ganganath Jha</a>'s <i>Yoga Sutras</i> with the <i>Yogabhashya</i> attributed to Vyasa into English in its entirety.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With notes drawn from <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a>'s <i>Tattvavaiśāradī</i> amongst other important texts in the Yoga commentarial tradition.</li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnston_(Theosophist)" title="Charles Johnston (Theosophist)">Charles Johnston</a> Dublin University: <i><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Yoga_Sutras?uselang=ja">The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: The Book of the Spiritual Man</a></i>.</li> <li>1914: The Yoga System of Patanjali with comment of Yoga Bhasya and explanation of Tatva Vicardi by James Haughton Woods, Harvard University Press</li> <li>1924: Patanjali Yoga Sutras with commentary of Vyasa and gloss of Vachaspati Mishra by Rama Prasad</li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Swami_Prabhavananda" title="Swami Prabhavananda">Swami Prabhavananda</a>, <i>Patanjali Yoga Sutras</i>, Sri <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Math" title="Ramakrishna Math">Ramakrishna Math</a>, Madras, India.</li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/I._K._Taimni" title="I. K. Taimni">I. K. Taimni</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheScienceOfYoga">The Science of Yoga</a></i> commentary with <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a> in Sanskrit and translation and commentary in English.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Swami_Hariharananda_Aranya" title="Swami Hariharananda Aranya">Swami Hariharananda Aranya</a>'s <i>Bhasvati</i>.</li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Swami_Satyananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Satyananda">Swami Satyananda</a>, <i>Four Chapters of Freedom</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Publications_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga Publications Trust (page does not exist)">Yoga Publications Trust</a>, Munger, Bihar, India.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Swami_Satchidananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Satchidananda">Swami Satchidananda</a>, <i>The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i>. <a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga_(Satchidananda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral yoga (Satchidananda)">Integral Yoga</a>, Yogaville.</li> <li>1978: P. Y. Deshpande, The Authentic Yoga, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: A Heartfulness publication in January 2021</li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Georg Feuerstein</a>, <i>The Yoga-Sûtra of Patanjali: A New Translation and Commentary</i>, Inner Traditions International; Rochester, Vermont.</li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a>, <i>Light on the Yoga Sutras of Patañjali</i>. HarperCollins.</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stoler_Miller" title="Barbara Stoler Miller">Barbara Stoler Miller</a>, <i>The Yoga Sutras Attributed to Patanjali; "Yoga – Discipline of Freedom</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, Berkeley.</li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Osho" class="mw-redirect" title="Osho">Osho</a>, <i>The Path of Yoga: Commentaries on the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i>, Rebel Publishing House, Mumbai, India.</li> <li>2002: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alistairshearer.co.uk/">Alistair Shearer</a>, The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, Goodreads<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2003: Chip Hartranft, <i>The Yoga-Sutra of Patanjali: A New Translation with Commentary</i>, Shambhala Classics, Boulder, Colorado.</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Bryant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Bryant (author)">Edwin F. Bryant</a>'s <i>The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary</i>. North Point Press, New York.</li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Swami_Kriyananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Kriyananda">Swami Kriyananda</a>, <i>Demystifying Patanjali: The Yoga Sutras – The Wisdom of Paramhansa Yogananda</i>. Crystal Clarity Publishers, Nevada City.</li> <li>2022: Viswanatha Thalakola, <i>The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Made Simple</i>. Amazon KDP Select, Seattle.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2023: <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandmurti_Guruma" class="extiw" title="pl:Anandmurti Guruma">Anandmurti Gurumaa</a>, Yoga Sutras of Patanjali. Goodreads.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a>, Patanjali Yoga Sutras.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/27px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" 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/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radhakrishnan and Moore attribute the text to the grammarian Patañjali, dating it as 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> (322–185 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore1989453_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore1989453-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/S.N._Dasgupta" class="mw-redirect" title="S.N. Dasgupta">S.N. Dasgupta</a>, (Yoga-As Philosophy and Religion Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1924) claim this is the same Patañjali who authored the <a href="/wiki/Mahabhasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabhasya">Mahabhasya</a>, a treatise on <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>. For an argument about the philosophical nature of Sanskrit grammarian thought see: Lata, Bidyut (editor); <i>Panini to Patañjali: A Grammatical March</i>. New Delhi, 2004. Against these older views, Axel Michaels disagrees that the work was written by Patañjali, characterizing it instead as a collection of fragments and traditions of texts stemming from the 2nd or 3rd century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004267_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004267-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yogasystemofpata00wooduoft">James Woods, <i>The yoga-system of Patañjali; or, The ancient Hindu doctrine of concentration of mind, embracing the mnemonic rules, called Yoga-sutras, of Patañjali, and the comment, called Yoga-bhashya (1914)</i>, archive.org</a> for a complete translation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">क्लेशकर्मविपाकाशयैरपरामृष्टः<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> पुरुषविशेष <b>ईश्वरः</b> ॥२४॥</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zimmer: "[Jainism] does not derive from Brahman-Aryan sources, but reflects the cosmology and anthropology of a much older pre-Aryan upper class of northeastern India – being rooted in the same subsoil of archaic metaphysical speculation as Yoga, Sankhya, and Buddhism, the other non-Vedic Indian systems."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951217_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951217-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zimmer's point of view is supported by other scholars, such as Niniam Smart, in <i>Doctrine and argument in Indian Philosophy</i>, 1964, p.27-32 & p.76,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrangle19947_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19947-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and S.K. Belvakar & <a href="/wiki/Inchegeri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchegeri Sampradaya">R.D. Ranade</a> in <i>History of Indian philosophy</i>, 1974 (1927), p.81 & p.303-409.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrangle19945-7_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19945-7-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an overview of the scope of earlier commentaries: <i>Complete Commentary by Sankara on the Yoga Sutras: Vivarana Sub-commentary to Vyasabhasya on the </i>Yoga Sutras of Patanjali<i> Tr.fr. Sanskrit</i>, Trevor Leggett, Rev. Ed. Routledge (1990) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0277-9">978-0-7103-0277-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A list of 22 Classical commentaries can be found among the listings of essential Yoga texts at mantra.org).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mantra.org.in/yoga/myweb/fundamental_texts_of_yoga.htm">Mantra.org.in, <i>Fundamental Texts of Yoga</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201133-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201133_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201133_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201133_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWujastyk2011">Wujastyk 2011</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein1978">Feuerstein 1978</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987x-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987x_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987x_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987">Tola, Dragonetti & Prithipaul 1987</a>, p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199849-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher199849_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher199849_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher199849_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhicher1998">Whicher 1998</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stuartsarbacker195-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stuartsarbacker195_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stuartsarbacker195_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stuartsarbacker195_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart Sarbacker (2011), Yoga Powers (Editor: Knut A. Jacobsen), Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004212145" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004212145">978-9004212145</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, p. xvi–xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987xi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987xi_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987">Tola, Dragonetti & Prithipaul 1987</a>, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurendranath_Dasgupta1992" class="citation book cs1">Surendranath Dasgupta (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA230"><i>A History of Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass (Original: Cambridge University Press, 1922). pp. 230–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0412-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pages=230-238&rft.pub=Reprint%3A+Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Original%3A+Cambridge+University+Press%2C+1922%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0412-8&rft.au=Surendranath+Dasgupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoaMFmS1_lEC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/506">506</a>–507. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4"><bdi>978-0-8239-3180-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+N-Z&rft.pages=506-507&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201434–38-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201434–38_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, pp. 34–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenou1940" class="citation book cs1">Renou, Louis (1940). "On the Identity of the Two Patañjalis". In Law, Narendra Nath (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Law.1940.LaValleePoussinMemVol"><i>Louis de La Vallée Poussin Memorial Volume</i></a>. pp. 368–373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Identity+of+the+Two+Pata%C3%B1jalis&rft.btitle=Louis+de+La+Vall%C3%A9e+Poussin+Memorial+Volume&rft.pages=368-373&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Renou&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLaw.1940.LaValleePoussinMemVol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore1989453-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadhakrishnanMoore1989453_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1989">Radhakrishnan & Moore 1989</a>, p. 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004267-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2004267_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichaels2004">Michaels 2004</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaasPatañjaliHazel_M._Hussong_Fund2006" class="citation book cs1">Maas, Philipp André; Patañjali; Hazel M. Hussong Fund (2006). <i>Samādhipāda: das erste Kapitel des Pātan̄jalayogaśāstra zum ersten Mal kritisch ediert = The first chapter of the Pātan̄jalayogaśāstra for the first time critically edited</i>. Aachen: Shaker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8322-4987-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8322-4987-8"><bdi>978-3-8322-4987-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1049097407">1049097407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sam%C4%81dhip%C4%81da%3A+das+erste+Kapitel+des+P%C4%81tan%CC%84jalayoga%C5%9B%C4%81stra+zum+ersten+Mal+kritisch+ediert+%3D+The+first+chapter+of+the+P%C4%81tan%CC%84jalayoga%C5%9B%C4%81stra+for+the+first+time+critically+edited&rft.place=Aachen&rft.pub=Shaker&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1049097407&rft.isbn=978-3-8322-4987-8&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Philipp+Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Pata%C3%B1jali&rft.au=Hazel+M.+Hussong+Fund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaas2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaas2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaas2013">Maas 2013</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Yoga system of Patañjali or the ancient Hindu doctrine of concentration of mind embracing the mnemonic rules, called Yoga-sūtras, of Patañjali the comment, called Yogabhāshya ...: Transl. from the original Sanskrit by James Haughton Woods</i>. Cambridge. 1914. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185290295">185290295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+system+of+Pata%C3%B1jali+or+the+ancient+Hindu+doctrine+of+concentration+of+mind+embracing+the+mnemonic+rules%2C+called+Yoga-s%C5%ABtras%2C+of+Pata%C3%B1jali+the+comment%2C+called+Yogabh%C4%81shya+...%3A+Transl.+from+the+original+Sanskrit+by+James+Haughton+Woods.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185290295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotterAgrawalBhattacharyyaPhilips1970" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Karl H; Agrawal, M. M; Bhattacharyya, Sibajiban; Philips, Stephen H (1970). <i>The encyclopedia of Indian philosophies. Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation Vol. 12 Vol. 12</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3349-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3349-4"><bdi>978-81-208-3349-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988887600">988887600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+encyclopedia+of+Indian+philosophies.+Yoga%3A+India%27s+philosophy+of+meditation+Vol.+12+Vol.+12&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988887600&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3349-4&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Karl+H&rft.au=Agrawal%2C+M.+M&rft.au=Bhattacharyya%2C+Sibajiban&rft.au=Philips%2C+Stephen+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaierMaasPreisendanz2018" class="citation book cs1">Baier, Karl; Maas, Philipp André; Preisendanz, Karin, eds. (2018). <i>Yoga in transformation: historical and contemporary perspectives : with 55 figures</i>. V&r Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8471-0862-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8471-0862-7"><bdi>978-3-8471-0862-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1081172387">1081172387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+in+transformation%3A+historical+and+contemporary+perspectives+%3A+with+55+figures&rft.pub=V%26r+Academic&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1081172387&rft.isbn=978-3-8471-0862-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xxxiv-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xxxiv_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, p. xxxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009510,_notes_43–44-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009510,_notes_43–44_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, p. 510, notes 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michele Desmarais (2008), Changing Minds: Mind, Consciousness and Identity in Patanjali's Yoga Sutra, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120833364" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120833364">978-8120833364</a>, pages 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan2015151-152-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan2015151-152_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPradhan2015">Pradhan 2015</a>, p. 151-152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle1984[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrangle1984[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2020]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2020)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrangle1984">Crangle 1984</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108,_Quote:_"As_I_have_shown_in_my_own_detailed_examination_of_the_Yoga-Sûtra,_this_great_scripture_could_well_be_a_composite_of_only_two_distinct_Yoga_lineages._On_the_one_hand_there_is_the_Yoga_of_eight_limbs_or_ashta-anga-yoga_(written_ashtângayoga),_and_on_the_other,_there_is_the_Yoga_of_Action_(kriyâ-yoga)."-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeuerstein1978108,_Quote:_"As_I_have_shown_in_my_own_detailed_examination_of_the_Yoga-Sûtra,_this_great_scripture_could_well_be_a_composite_of_only_two_distinct_Yoga_lineages._On_the_one_hand_there_is_the_Yoga_of_eight_limbs_or_ashta-anga-yoga_(written_ashtângayoga),_and_on_the_other,_there_is_the_Yoga_of_Action_(kriyâ-yoga)."_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeuerstein1978">Feuerstein 1978</a>, p. 108, Quote: "As I have shown in my own detailed examination of the Yoga-Sûtra, this great scripture could well be a composite of only two distinct Yoga lineages. On the one hand there is the Yoga of eight limbs or ashta-anga-yoga (written ashtângayoga), and on the other, there is the Yoga of Action (kriyâ-yoga).".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l4345-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-l4345_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l4345_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l4345_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-l4345_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Larson, pp. 43–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201132-33-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWujastyk201132-33_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWujastyk2011">Wujastyk 2011</a>, p. 32-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryant, Edwin F. The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary; Introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xli-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xli_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, p. xli.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xlii–xliii-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009xlii–xliii_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, p. xlii–xliii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaas2006-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaas2006_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaas2006_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaas2006">Maas 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sankaracarya; Patañjali; <a href="/wiki/T._S._Rukmani" title="T. S. Rukmani">T. S. Rukmani</a>; Vyasa. <i>Yogasutrabhasyavivarana of Sankara: Vivarana Text with English Translation, and Critical Notes along with Text and English Translation of Patañjali's Yogasutras and Vyasabhasya</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0908-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0908-4">978-81-215-0908-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods2003">Woods 2003</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIyengar2002">Iyengar 2002</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2003-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2003_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2003_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2003_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2003_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoods2003_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoods2003">Woods 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyengar2002_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIyengar2002">Iyengar 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaimni196116-17-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaimni196116-17_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaimni196116-17_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaimni1961">Taimni 1961</a>, p. 16-17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant2009161-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant2009161_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yogajournal.com-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yogajournal.com_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yogajournal.com_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yogajournal.com_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yogajournal.com_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yogajournal.com/yoga-101/intro-yoga-philosophy-tap-heat/">"Intro Yoga Philosophy and Patanjali: What Is Kriya Yoga?"</a>. <i>Yoga Journal</i>. 28 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yoga+Journal&rft.atitle=Intro+Yoga+Philosophy+and+Patanjali%3A+What+Is+Kriya+Yoga%3F&rft.date=2007-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogajournal.com%2Fyoga-101%2Fintro-yoga-philosophy-tap-heat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">yoga sutras 2:46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2012" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Mark (2 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7wr5AwAAQBAJ&q=Vibhuti+Pada+56+sutras&pg=PA213"><i>Shaktipat: The Doorway to Enlightenment</i></a>. Hard Light. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780981937502" title="Special:BookSources/9780981937502"><bdi>9780981937502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaktipat%3A+The+Doorway+to+Enlightenment&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Hard+Light&rft.date=2012-01-02&rft.isbn=9780981937502&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7wr5AwAAQBAJ%26q%3DVibhuti%2BPada%2B56%2Bsutras%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20116-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen20116_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2011">Jacobsen 2011</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaney200217-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaney200217_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaney2002">Haney 2002</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacDangwal1997339-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaacDangwal1997339_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsaacDangwal1997">Isaac & Dangwal 1997</a>, p. 339.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sambri-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sambri_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/520526/Samkhya">Samkhya – Hinduism</a> <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald James Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120805033" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120805033">978-8120805033</a>, pages 36–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aw-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aw_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alban Widgery (1930), The principles of Hindu Ethics, <i>International Journal of Ethics</i>, Vol. 40, No. 2, pages 234–237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamesg-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jamesg_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i>, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8">978-0-8239-3179-8</a>, page 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edbryant-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edbryant_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Bryant (2011, Rutgers University), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/yoga/">The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a> IEP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200910-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200910_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yogadarsanabook3-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yogadarsanabook3_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/yogadaranasutra00patagoog#page/n112/mode/2up"><i>The Yoga-darsana: The sutras of Patanjali with the Bhasya of Vyasa – Book 3</i></a> GN Jha (Translator); <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> Archives, pages 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Maehle (2007), <i>Ashtanga Yoga: Practice & Philosophy</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1577316060" title="Special:BookSources/978-1577316060">978-1577316060</a>, pages 237–238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ydbook3-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ydbook3_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ydbook3_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/yogadaranasutra00patagoog#page/n126/mode/2up"><i>The Yoga-darsana: The sutras of Patanjali with the Bhasya of Vyasa – Book 3</i></a> GN Jha (Translator); Harvard University Archives, pages 108–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/yogaphilosophyb00tatygoog#page/n158/mode/2up"><i>The Yoga Philosophy</i></a> TR Tatya (Translator), with Bhojaraja commentary; Harvard University Archives, pages 108–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791430675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791430675">978-0791430675</a>, page 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson19989-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson19989_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson19989_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarson1998">Larson 1998</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eliottjag-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eliottjag_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eliottjag_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815336112" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815336112">978-0815336112</a>, pages 245–248;</li> <li>John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791430675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791430675">978-0791430675</a>, page 238</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200935–37-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200935–37_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200935–37_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, pp. 35–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mikel_Burley" title="Mikel Burley">Mikel Burley</a> (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga – An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415648875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415648875">978-0415648875</a>, page 39-41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lpfl-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lpfl_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpfl_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lpfl_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832329" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832329">978-8120832329</a>, pages 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kovoor_T._Behanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kovoor T. Behanan">Kovoor T. Behanan</a> (2002), Yoga: Its Scientific Basis, Dover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486417929" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486417929">978-0486417929</a>, pages 56–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Perrett (2007), Samkhya-Yoga Ethics, Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges (Editors: Purusottama Bilimoria et al), Volume 1, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754633013" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754633013">978-0754633013</a>, page 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Phillips (Published as <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a> collection), The Evolution of Hinduism, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LNlZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8">Origin and Growth of Religion</a></i>, p. 8, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, PhD. Thesis awarded by University of Berne, Switzerland, page 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mikel_Burley" title="Mikel Burley">Mikel Burley</a> (2012), <i>Classical Samkhya and Yoga – An Indian Metaphysics of Experience</i>, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415648875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415648875">978-0415648875</a>, pages 31–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*Hariharānanda Āraṇya (2007), Parabhaktisutra, Aporisms on Sublime Devotion, (Translator: A Chatterjee), in Divine Hymns with Supreme Devotional Aphorisms, Kapil Math Press, Kolkata, pages 55–93; <ul><li>Hariharānanda Āraṇya (2007), Eternally Liberated Isvara and Purusa Principle, in Divine Hymns with Supreme Devotional Aphorisms, Kapil Math Press, Kolkata, pages 126–129</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhicher199886-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhicher199886_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhicher1998">Whicher 1998</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pyogas3t-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pyogas3t_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li>Sanskrit Original with <b>Translation 1</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/yogaphilosophyb00tatygoog#page/n6/mode/2up">The Yoga Philosophy</a> TR Tatya (Translator), with Bhojaraja commentary; Harvard University Archives;</li> <li><b>Translation 2</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/yogadaranasutra00patagoog#page/n4/mode/2up">The Yoga-darsana: The sutras of Patanjali with the Bhasya of Vyasa</a> GN Jha (Translator), with notes; Harvard University Archives;</li> <li><b>Translation 3</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/yogasutrasofpata00pata#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Yogasutras of Patanjali</i></a> Charles Johnston (Translator)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">पातञ्जलयोगप्रदीप, गीताप्रेस गोरखपुर, page 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-se5-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-se5_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=aparAmRSTa&script=&direction=SE&link=yes">aparAmRSTa</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de">kleza, karma, vipaka and ashaya</a>; <i>Sanskrit English Dictionary</i>, Koeln University, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd Pflueger (2008), <i>Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga</i> (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120832329" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120832329">978-8120832329</a>, pages 31–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951217,_314-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951217,_314_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1951">Zimmer 1951</a>, p. 217, 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951217-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1951217_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1951">Zimmer 1951</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19947-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrangle19947_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrangle1994">Crangle 1994</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrangle19945-7-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrangle19945-7_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrangle1994">Crangle 1994</a>, p. 5-7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p222. A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1 By Surendranath Dasgupta</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated314-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated314_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated314_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated314_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Indian Philosophy Vol 2, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. p.314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p236. Classical Sāṃkhya: an interpretation of its history and meaning, By Gerald James Larson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reconciling yogas: Haribhadra's collection of views on yoga. By <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chapple" title="Christopher Chapple">Christopher Chapple</a>, Haribhadrasūri, John Thomas Casey p16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoga sutras of Patañjali Sutra 1.23, from Light on the Yoga Sutras of Pantanjali by B.K.S Iyengar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reconciling yogas: Haribhadra's collection of views on yoga. By Christopher Chapple, Haribhadrasūri, John Thomas Casey. p15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>An outline of the religious literature of India</i>. By <a href="/wiki/John_Nicol_Farquhar" class="mw-redirect" title="John Nicol Farquhar">John Nicol Farquhar</a>. p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swamij.com/mandukya-upanishad.htm">Meditation on Om in the Mandukya Upanishad</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1951">Zimmer 1951</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bRQ5fpTmwoAC&pg=PA280">280</a>. These two are regarded in India as twins, the two aspects of a single discipline. <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sāṅkhya</i></span> provides a basic theoretical exposition of human nature, enumerating and defining its elements, analyzing their manner of co-operation in a state of bondage ("<a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Yoga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandha (Yoga)">bandha</a>"), and describing their state of disentanglement or separation in release ("<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">mokṣa</i></span></a>"), while Yoga treats specifically of the dynamics of the process for the disentanglement, and outlines practical techniques for the gaining of release, or "isolation-integration" ("kaivalya").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller (1899), Chapter 7, "Yoga Philosophy," p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/bhagavad/bhagavad_03.html">"Samkhya: Right Understanding – The Teachings of the Bhagavadgita – Chapter 3"</a>. Swami-krishnananda.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samkhya%3A+Right+Understanding+%E2%80%93+The+Teachings+of+the+Bhagavadgita+%E2%80%93+Chapter+3&rft.pub=Swami-krishnananda.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swami-krishnananda.org%2Fbhagavad%2Fbhagavad_03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/bg/6/">"Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 6: Sankhya-yoga"</a>. Vedabase.io. 12 December 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhagavad+Gita%2C+Chapter+6%3A+Sankhya-yoga&rft.pub=Vedabase.io&rft.date=1972-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fbg%2F6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201431–43,_Chapter_2-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201431–43,_Chapter_2_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201431–43,_Chapter_2_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, pp. 31–43, Chapter 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peterheehs-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peterheehs_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peterheehs_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peterheehs_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peterheehs_94-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Heehs (2002), Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience, New York University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814736500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814736500">978-0814736500</a>, pages 136–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-micheledesmarias-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-micheledesmarias_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-micheledesmarias_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-micheledesmarias_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michele Desmarais (2008), Changing Minds: Mind, Consciousness And Identity In Patanjali'S Yoga-Sutra, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120833364" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120833364">978-8120833364</a>, pages 72–81 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karel_Werner" title="Karel Werner">Karel Werner</a> (1994), <i>The Yogi and the Mystic.</i> Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700702725" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700702725">978-0700702725</a>, page 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-werner131-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-werner131_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-werner131_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karel_Werner" title="Karel Werner">Karel Werner</a> (1998), <i>Yoga and the Indian Philosophy</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120816091" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120816091">978-8120816091</a>, page 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karel_Werner" title="Karel Werner">Karel Werner</a> (1994), <i>The Yogi and the Mystic.</i> Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700702725" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700702725">978-0700702725</a>, pages 120–125, 139–145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201410-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201410_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201419-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201419_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201440–41,_Quote:_"A_significant_minority_opinion,_however,_maintains_that_Vyasa_lived_several_centuries_later,_and_that_his_"Hindu-izing"_commentary,_rather_than_elucidating_Patanjali’s_text,_actually_subverted_its_original_"Buddhist"_teachings."-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201440–41,_Quote:_"A_significant_minority_opinion,_however,_maintains_that_Vyasa_lived_several_centuries_later,_and_that_his_"Hindu-izing"_commentary,_rather_than_elucidating_Patanjali’s_text,_actually_subverted_its_original_"Buddhist"_teachings."_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, pp. 40–41, Quote: "A significant minority opinion, however, maintains that Vyasa lived several centuries later, and that his "Hindu-izing" commentary, rather than elucidating Patanjali’s text, actually subverted its original "Buddhist" teachings.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Thurman, <i>The Central Philosophy of Tibet.</i> Princeton University Press, 1984, page 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An outline of the religious literature of India, By John Nicol Farquhar p.132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Chapple (2008) <i> Yoga and the Luminous: Patanjali's Spiritual Path to Freedom </i> New York: SUNY Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7475-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7475-4">978-0-7914-7475-4</a> p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zydenbos, Robert. Jainism Today and Its Future. München: Manya Verlag, (2006) p.66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A History of Yoga By Vivian Worthington (1982) Routledge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-9258-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-9258-8">978-0-7100-9258-8</a> p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tähtinen pp. 2–5; English translation: Schmidt p. 631.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Chapple (2008) <i>Yoga and the Luminous: Patañjali's Spiritual Path to Freedom </i> New York: SUNY Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7475-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7475-4">978-0-7914-7475-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xxxvi_note_34-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xxxvi_note_34_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, p. xxxvi note 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii,_20–23-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi–xvii,_20–23_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, p. xvi–xvii, 20–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xvi-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xvi_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1998" class="citation book cs1">Williams, R. (1998). <i>Jaina Yoga</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120807754" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120807754"><bdi>978-8120807754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+Yoga&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-8120807754&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987xi_note_3-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987xi_note_3_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987">Tola, Dragonetti & Prithipaul 1987</a>, p. xi note 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20146-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20146_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20146_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20146_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201416-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201416_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201416_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2014xvi_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2014">White 2014</a>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201120-21-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201120-21_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2011">White 2011</a>, p. 20-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sptg-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sptg_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sptg_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">S Pines and T Gelblum (Translators from Arabic to English, 1966), Al-Bīrūni (Translator from Sanskrit to Arabic, ~ 1035 AD), and Patañjali, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/611180">Al-Bīrūnī's Arabic Version of Patañjali's <i>Yogasūtra</i></a>, <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>, Vol. 29, No. 2 (1966), pages 302–325</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellmut Ritter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1579273">al-Bīrūnī's übersetzung des <i>Yoga-Sūtra des Patañjali</i></a>, Oriens, Vol. 9, No. 2 (31 December 1956), pages 165–200 (in German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaas201353–90-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaas201353–90_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaas2013">Maas 2013</a>, pp. 53–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andreaacri-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andreaacri_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andreaacri_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea Acri (2012), Yogasūtra 1.10, 1.21–23, and 2.9 in the Light of the Indo-Javanese Dharma Pātañjala, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Volume 40, Issue 3, pages 259–276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea Acri (2011), Dharma Pātañjala: a Śaiva scripture from ancient Java: studied in the light of related old Javanese and Sanskrit texts, Doctoral dissertation, Leiden University Institute for AREA Studies (LIAS), Leiden University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmaas2010-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmaas2010_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmaas2010_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philipp Maas (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/212613/On_the_Written_Transmission_of_the_Pātañjalayogaśāstra">On the Written Transmission of the <i>Pātañjalayogaśāstra</i></a>, in "From Vasubandhu to Caitanya, Studies in Indian Philosophy and its Textual History" (Editors: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bronkhorst" title="Johannes Bronkhorst">Johannes Bronkhorst</a> und Karin Preisendanz), Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120834729" title="Special:BookSources/9788120834729">9788120834729</a>, pages 157–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philipp Maas (2008), "Descent with Modification": The Opening of the Pātañjalayogaśāstra, in Śāstrārambha: Inquiries Into the Preamble in Sanskrit (Editor: Walter Slaje), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447056458" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447056458">978-3447056458</a>, pages 97–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200940-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200940_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200941-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200941_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobsen2019-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobsen2019_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobsen, Knut A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Frosa.39892">"<i>Classical Yoga Philosophy and the Legacy of Sāṃkhya: With Sanskrit Text and English Translation of Pātañjala Yogasūtra-s, Vyāsa Bhāṣya and Tattvavaiśāradī of Vācaspatimiśra</i>, by Gerald James Larson"</a>. <i>Religions of South Asia</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 410–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Frosa.39892">10.1558/rosa.39892</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-2689">1751-2689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions+of+South+Asia&rft.atitle=Classical+Yoga+Philosophy+and+the+Legacy+of+S%C4%81%E1%B9%83khya%3A+With+Sanskrit+Text+and+English+Translation+of+P%C4%81ta%C3%B1jala+Yogas%C5%ABtra-s%2C+Vy%C4%81sa+Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya+and+Tattvavai%C5%9B%C4%81rad%C4%AB+of+V%C4%81caspatimi%C5%9Bra%2C+by+Gerald+James+Larson&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=410-412&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Frosa.39892&rft.issn=1751-2689&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Knut+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1558%252Frosa.39892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Key_Chapple" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Key Chapple">Christopher Key Chapple</a>; Reading Patañjali without Vyasa: A Critique of Four Yoga Sutra Passages, <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>, Vol. 62, No. 1 (Spring, 1994), pp. 85–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ganganatha Jha (translator) (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yogadaranasutra00patagoog"><i>The Yoga Darśana: The Sutras of Patañjali with the Bhāṣya of Vyāsa</i></a>. With notes from Vācaspati Miśra's <i>Tattvavaiśāradī</i>, Vijnana Bhiksu's Yogavartika and Bhoja's Rajamartanda. Rajaram Tukaram Tatya: Bombay Theosophical Publication Fund. Retrieved 16 January 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1370832.The_Science_of_Yoga">"The Science of Yoga"</a>. <i>Goodreads</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goodreads&rft.atitle=The+Science+of+Yoga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F1370832.The_Science_of_Yoga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uluyoga.com/upanishads-the-intersection-of-ancient-yogic-wisdom-and-modern-psychology/">"Ancient Yogic Wisdom and Modern Psychology"</a>. <i>Uluyoga</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uluyoga&rft.atitle=Ancient+Yogic+Wisdom+and+Modern+Psychology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uluyoga.com%2Fupanishads-the-intersection-of-ancient-yogic-wisdom-and-modern-psychology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biharyoga.net/commentaries.php#book01.Four_Chapters_of_Freedom">"Four Chapters of Freedom"</a>. <i>Biharyoga</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biharyoga&rft.atitle=Four+Chapters+of+Freedom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biharyoga.net%2Fcommentaries.php%23book01.Four_Chapters_of_Freedom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/560946.The_Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali">"The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (Sacred Teachings)"</a>. <i>Goodreads</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goodreads&rft.atitle=The+Yoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali+%28Sacred+Teachings%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F560946.The_Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/60161397-the-yoga-sutras-of-patanjali-made-simple">"The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Made Simple"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali+Made+Simple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F60161397-the-yoga-sutras-of-patanjali-made-simple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/197292470-yoga-sutras-of-patanjali">"Yoga Sutras of Patanjali"</a>. <i>Goodreads</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goodreads&rft.atitle=Yoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F197292470-yoga-sutras-of-patanjali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artofliving.store/products/patanjali-yoga-sutras-english-1?srsltid=AfmBOordpgDlR49PF3OPmAjIxFxJ8JiCqkk-tg98wizA1TfiHP3rPxTM">"Patanjali Yoga Sutras"</a>. <i>Sri Sri Publications</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sri+Sri+Publications&rft.atitle=Patanjali+Yoga+Sutras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartofliving.store%2Fproducts%2Fpatanjali-yoga-sutras-english-1%3Fsrsltid%3DAfmBOordpgDlR49PF3OPmAjIxFxJ8JiCqkk-tg98wizA1TfiHP3rPxTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Printed sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Bryant" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin F. Bryant">Bryant, Edwin F.</a> (2009), <i>The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation and Commentary</i>, New York: North Point Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865477360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865477360"><bdi>978-0865477360</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+S%C5%ABtras+of+Pata%C3%B1jali%3A+A+New+Edition%2C+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0865477360&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrangle1984" class="citation cs2">Crangle, Eddie (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Articles/A%20Comparison%20of%20Hindu%20and%20Buddhist%20Techniques%20of%20Attaining%20Samadhi_Crangle_1984.pdf">"A Comparison of Hindu and Buddhist Techniques of Attaining Samādhi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Hutch, R. 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International conference on cognitive systems</i></a>, New Delhi: Allied Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7023-746-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7023-746-7"><bdi>81-7023-746-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings.+International+conference+on+cognitive+systems&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-7023-746-7&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Dangwal%2C+Ritu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV9Z0dFN3DN0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyengar2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">Iyengar, B. K. S.</a> (2002), <i>Light on the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali</i>, HarperCollins UK, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714516-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714516-4"><bdi>978-0-00-714516-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+on+the+Yoga+S%C5%ABtras+of+Pata%C3%B1jali&rft.pub=HarperCollins+UK&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-00-714516-4&rft.aulast=Iyengar&rft.aufirst=B.+K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Knut A., ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHXQsZiz7PoC"><i>Yoga Powers</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004212145" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004212145"><bdi>978-9004212145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Powers&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004212145&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrHXQsZiz7PoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_James_Larson" title="Gerald James Larson">Larson, Gerald James</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih2aGLp4d1gC"><i>Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning</i></a>, London: Motilal Banarasidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0503-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0503-8"><bdi>81-208-0503-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+S%C4%81%E1%B9%83khya%3A+An+Interpretation+of+Its+History+and+Meaning&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarasidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=81-208-0503-8&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Gerald+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIh2aGLp4d1gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2006" class="citation cs2">Maas, Philipp A. (2006), <i>Samādhipāda. Das erste Kapitel des Pātañjalayogaśāstra zum ersten Mal kritisch ediert. (Samādhipāda. The First Chapter of the Pātañjalayogaśās-tra for the First Time Critically Edited).</i>, Aachen: Shaker</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sam%C4%81dhip%C4%81da.+Das+erste+Kapitel+des+P%C4%81ta%C3%B1jalayoga%C5%9B%C4%81stra+zum+ersten+Mal+kritisch+ediert.+%28Sam%C4%81dhip%C4%81da.+The+First+Chapter+of+the+P%C4%81ta%C3%B1jalayoga%C5%9B%C4%81s-tra+for+the+First+Time+Critically+Edited%29.&rft.pub=Aachen%3A+Shaker&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Philipp+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaas2013" class="citation book cs1">Maas, Philipp A. (2013). "A Concise Historiography of Classical Yoga Philosophy". In Franco, Eli (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3520571"><i>Periodization and Historiography of Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Wien: "Sammlung de Nobili, Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Indologie und Religionsforschung", Institut für Südasien-, Tibet- und Buddhismuskunde der Universität. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-900271-43-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-900271-43-5"><bdi>978-3-900271-43-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/859540980">859540980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Concise+Historiography+of+Classical+Yoga+Philosophy&rft.btitle=Periodization+and+Historiography+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=%22Sammlung+de+Nobili%2C+Arbeitsgemeinschaft+f%C3%BCr+Indologie+und+Religionsforschung%22%2C+Institut+f%C3%BCr+S%C3%BCdasien-%2C+Tibet-+und+Buddhismuskunde+der+Universit%C3%A4t&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F859540980&rft.isbn=978-3-900271-43-5&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Philipp+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3520571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span> [twelve lectures held at the fourteenth World Sanskrit Conference (Kyoto, September 1–5, 2009)]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2017). <i>Roots of Yoga</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5"><bdi>978-0-241-25304-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928480104">928480104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Yoga&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F928480104&rft.isbn=978-0-241-25304-5&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Singleton%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2004" class="citation book cs1">Michaels, Axel (2004). <i>Hinduism: Past and Present</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08953-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08953-9"><bdi>978-0-691-08953-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08953-9&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2015" class="citation cs2">Pradhan, Basant (2015), <i>Yoga and Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy</i>, Springer</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+and+Mindfulness+Based+Cognitive+Therapy&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Basant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnanMoore1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarvapalli_Radhakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan, S.</a>; Moore, C. A. (1989) [1957]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcebookinindi00radh"><i>A Source Book in Indian Philosophy</i></a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01958-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01958-1"><bdi>978-0-691-01958-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Source+Book+in+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01958-1&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Moore%2C+C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcebookinindi00radh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaimni1961" class="citation cs2">Taimni, I.K. (1961), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yogastudies.org/wp-content/uploads/Science_of_Yoga-Taimni.pdf"><i>The Science of Yoga: The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Yoga%3A+The+Yoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Taimni&rft.aufirst=I.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogastudies.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FScience_of_Yoga-Taimni.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolaDragonettiPrithipaul1987" class="citation cs2">Tola, Fernando; Dragonetti, Carmen; Prithipaul, K. Dad (1987), <i>The Yogasūtras of Patañjali on concentration of mind</i>, Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yogas%C5%ABtras+of+Pata%C3%B1jali+on+concentration+of+mind&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Tola&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=Dragonetti%2C+Carmen&rft.au=Prithipaul%2C+K.+Dad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhicher1998" class="citation cs2">Whicher, Ian (1998), <i>The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga</i>, SUNY Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Integrity+of+the+Yoga+Darsana%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+Classical+Yoga&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Whicher&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">White, David Gordon</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9565.pdf"><i>Yoga, Brief History of an Idea (Chapter 1 of "Yoga in practice")</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%2C+Brief+History+of+an+Idea+%28Chapter+1+of+%22Yoga+in+practice%22%29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fi9565.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">White, David Gordon</a> (2014), <i>The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali: A Biography</i>, Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691143774" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691143774"><bdi>978-0691143774</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Sutra+of+Patanjali%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0691143774&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2003" class="citation cs2"><i>The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i>, translated by Woods, James Haughton, Courier Dover Publications, 2003, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43200-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43200-7"><bdi>978-0-486-43200-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43200-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWujastyk2011" class="citation cs2">Wujastyk, Dominik (2011), <i>The Path to Liberation through Yogic Mindfulness in Early Ayurveda. In: David Gordon White (ed.), "Yoga in practice"</i>, Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+to+Liberation+through+Yogic+Mindfulness+in+Early+Ayurveda.+In%3A+David+Gordon+White+%28ed.%29%2C+%22Yoga+in+practice%22&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1951" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Zimmer, Heinrich</a> (1951), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bRQ5fpTmwoAC"><i>Philosophies of India</i></a>, New York: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01758-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01758-1"><bdi>0-691-01758-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-691-01758-1&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbRQ5fpTmwoAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span> Bollingen Series XXVI; Edited by Joseph Cambell.</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Web sources</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bryant_IEP-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryant_IEP_45-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin Bryant (2011, Rutgers University), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/yoga/"><i>The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i></a> IEP</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>General references</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">Müeller, Max</a> (1899). <i>Six Systems of Indian Philosophy; Samkhya and Yoga, Naya and Vaiseshika</i>. Calcutta: Susil Gupta (India) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-4296-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-4296-1"><bdi>978-0-7661-4296-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Systems+of+Indian+Philosophy%3B+Samkhya+and+Yoga%2C+Naya+and+Vaiseshika&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Susil+Gupta+%28India%29+Ltd.&rft.date=1899&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-4296-1&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCeller&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span> Reprint edition; Originally published under the title of <i>The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ranganathan, Shyam (2008). <i>Patañjali's Yoga Sūtra: Translation, Commentary and Introduction</i>. Delhi: Penguin Black Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310219-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310219-9"><bdi>978-0-14-310219-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pata%C3%B1jali%27s+Yoga+S%C5%ABtra%3A+Translation%2C+Commentary+and+Introduction&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Penguin+Black+Classics&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-310219-9&rft.aulast=Ranganathan&rft.aufirst=Shyam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sen, Amiya P. (2006). "Raja Yoga: The Science of Self-Realization". <i>The Indispensable Vivekananda</i>. Orient Blackswan. pp. 219–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-130-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-130-2"><bdi>978-81-7824-130-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raja+Yoga%3A+The+Science+of+Self-Realization&rft.btitle=The+Indispensable+Vivekananda&rft.pages=219-227&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-130-2&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Amiya+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Chandradhar (1987). <i>An Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0365-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0365-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Critical+Survey+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0365-7&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Chandradhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivekananda">Vivekananda, Swami</a> (1980). <i>Raja Yoga</i>. Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911206-23-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-911206-23-X"><bdi>0-911206-23-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raja+Yoga&rft.pub=Ramakrishna-Vivekananda+Center&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-911206-23-X&rft.aulast=Vivekananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Wood" title="Ernest Wood">Wood, Ernest</a> (1951). <i>Practical Yoga, Ancient and Modern, Being a New, Independent Translation of Patanjali's Yoga Aphorisms</i>. Rider and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Yoga%2C+Ancient+and+Modern%2C+Being+a+New%2C+Independent+Translation+of+Patanjali%27s+Yoga+Aphorisms&rft.pub=Rider+and+Company&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>History</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">White, David Gordon</a> (2014). <i>The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali: A Biography</i>. Princeton, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14377-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14377-4"><bdi>978-0-691-14377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Sutra+of+Patanjali%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14377-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+Sutras+of+Patanjali" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Translations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Bryant" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin F. Bryant">Bryant, Edwin F.</a> (2009) <i>The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i>. New York: North Point Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-736-0">978-0-86547-736-0</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Practice and commentaries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B.K.S._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="B.K.S. Iyengar">Iyengar, B.K.S.</a> (1993, 2002). <i>Light on the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali</i>. Hammersmith, London, UK: Thorsons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714516-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714516-4">978-0-00-714516-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Yoga_Sutras" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Yoga Sutras">Yoga Sutras</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Overview</dt></dl> <ul><li>Edwin Bryant, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/yoga/"><i>The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</i></a>, IEP</li></ul> <dl><dt>Manuscripts</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b100839498">Manuscript</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Charles_Auguste_Foucher" title="Alfred Charles Auguste Foucher">Alfred Foucher</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Translations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/yogasystemofpata00wooduoft#page/n5/mode/2up">James Woods, <i>The yoga-system of Patañjali; or, The ancient Hindu doctrine of concentration of mind; Yoga-sutras, of Patañjali (1914)</i></a> Harvard University Press</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/yogasutr.htm"><i>The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali</i></a>, translation by BonGiovanni, at <a href="/wiki/Sacred-texts.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred-texts.com">sacred-texts.com</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Commentaries</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/yoga-sutras-with-commentaries">Yoga Sutras with commentaries by Vyasa and Vachaspati Mishra</a> English translation by Rama Prasada, 1925 (includes glossary and Sanskrit text references)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202032732/http://www.ashtangayoga.info/philosophy/yoga-sutra-Pata%C3%B1jali/">Patañjali – <i>Yoga-Sutras</i>: A word by word translation with grammar and comment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28Patanjali+OR+Patañjali%29">Works by or about Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/yoga/">The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a>" <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yogasutra195.com/">The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali | 195 Sutra - Chanting (Sanskrit) : By Vimal Sharma.</a>" <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_Sutras_of_Sage_Patanjali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoga Sutras of Sage Patanjali (page does not exist)">Yoga Sutras of Sage Patanjali </a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Audiobooks</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Yoga+Sutras&author=Patanjali&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Yoga Sutras</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three Yogas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><i>and sometimes</i> <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">Eight limbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81da_yoga" title="Nāda yoga">Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghor_Yoga" title="Aghor Yoga">Aghor Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yoga" title="Mudra">Mudras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(yoga)" title="List of mudras (yoga)">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasa_(ritual)" title="Nyasa (ritual)">Nyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_vritti" title="Sama vritti">Sama vritti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">Dhauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Trāṭaka">Trataka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)#Yoga_and_brahmacharya" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laya Yoga">Laya Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Sexual Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha_Prabodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaraugha Prabodha">Amaraugha Prabodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hayat" title="Bahr al-Hayat">Bahr al-Hayat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasapaddhati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Samadhi (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Kriyayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Kriyayoga (Buddhist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Caryayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Caryayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Anuttarayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Anuttarayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahajayana">Sahajayana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tibet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Devata yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">Yantra yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Tummo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Ösel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmamudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmamudra">Karmamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">Anuyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiyoga">Atiyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Tangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">As exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">Yoga for women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Yoga hybrids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Modern yoga gurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Nidra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Nidra">Yoga Nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li>Journals <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras"><i>Brahma Sutra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda (Hinduism)">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshashakti" title="Parameshashakti">Parameshashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinama-vada_(Hindu_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Tanmatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty%C4%81ga" title="Tyāga">Tyāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upekkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkha">Upekkhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsaha">Utsaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivartavada" title="Vivartavada">Vivartavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Viraj">Viraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit 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title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/50px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/75px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of 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