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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Frequency Synthesizer</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">100 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Most cited papers in <b>Frequency Synthesizer</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Top Papers</a></li><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Frequency_Synthesizer">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18593004 coauthored" data-work_id="18593004" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18593004/All_digital_TX_frequency_synthesizer_and_discrete_time_receiver_for_Bluetooth_radio_in_130_nm_CMOS">All-digital TX frequency synthesizer and discrete-time receiver for Bluetooth radio in 130-nm CMOS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We present a single-chip fully compliant Bluetooth radio fabricated in a digital 130-nm CMOS process. The transceiver is architectured from the ground up to be compatible with digital deep-submicron CMOS processes and be readily... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18593004" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We present a single-chip fully compliant Bluetooth radio fabricated in a digital 130-nm CMOS process. The transceiver is architectured from the ground up to be compatible with digital deep-submicron CMOS processes and be readily integrated with a digital baseband and application processor. The conventional RF frequency synthesizer architecture, based on the voltage-controlled oscillator and the phase/frequency detector and charge-pump combination, has been replaced with a digitally controlled oscillator and a time-to-digital converter, respectively. The transmitter architecture takes advantage of the wideband frequency modulation capability of the all-digital phase-locked loop with built-in automatic compensation to ensure modulation accuracy. The receiver employs a discrete-time architecture in which the RF signal is directly sampled and processed using analog and digital signal processing techniques. The complete chip also integrates power management functions and a digital baseband processor. Application of the presented ideas has resulted in significant area and power savings while producing structures that are amenable to migration to more advanced deep-submicron processes, as they become available. The entire IC occupies 10 mm 2 and consumes 28 mA during transmit and 41 mA during receive at 1.5-V supply.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18593004" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a6dc741ebed0bb65b2e51257b463cf92" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40146782,"asset_id":18593004,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40146782/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38526066" href="https://udublin.academia.edu/RobertStaszewski">Robert B Staszewski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38526066" type="text/json">{"id":38526066,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Staszewski","domain_name":"udublin","page_name":"RobertStaszewski","display_name":"Robert B Staszewski","profile_url":"https://udublin.academia.edu/RobertStaszewski?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38526066/10705383/11950952/s65_robert.staszewski.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-18593004">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-18593004"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ohio.academia.edu/VolstonAbreo">Volston Abreo</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/IreneDeng">Irene Deng</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-18593004'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-18593004').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18593004 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18593004"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18593004; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18593004]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18593004").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18593004").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18593004"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9038" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Signal_Processing">Digital Signal Processing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9038" type="text/json">{"id":9038,"name":"Digital Signal Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Signal_Processing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11401" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Management">Power Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11401" type="text/json">{"id":11401,"name":"Power Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Management?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99572" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_on_Chip">System on Chip</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99572" type="text/json">{"id":99572,"name":"System on Chip","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_on_Chip?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155203" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voltage_Controlled_Oscillator">Voltage Controlled Oscillator</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="155203" type="text/json">{"id":155203,"name":"Voltage Controlled Oscillator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voltage_Controlled_Oscillator?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18593004]'), work: {"id":18593004,"title":"All-digital TX frequency synthesizer and discrete-time receiver for Bluetooth radio in 130-nm CMOS","created_at":"2015-11-18T08:58:39.483-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18593004/All_digital_TX_frequency_synthesizer_and_discrete_time_receiver_for_Bluetooth_radio_in_130_nm_CMOS?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_18593004","summary":"We present a single-chip fully compliant Bluetooth radio fabricated in a digital 130-nm CMOS process. The transceiver is architectured from the ground up to be compatible with digital deep-submicron CMOS processes and be readily integrated with a digital baseband and application processor. The conventional RF frequency synthesizer architecture, based on the voltage-controlled oscillator and the phase/frequency detector and charge-pump combination, has been replaced with a digitally controlled oscillator and a time-to-digital converter, respectively. The transmitter architecture takes advantage of the wideband frequency modulation capability of the all-digital phase-locked loop with built-in automatic compensation to ensure modulation accuracy. The receiver employs a discrete-time architecture in which the RF signal is directly sampled and processed using analog and digital signal processing techniques. The complete chip also integrates power management functions and a digital baseband processor. Application of the presented ideas has resulted in significant area and power savings while producing structures that are amenable to migration to more advanced deep-submicron processes, as they become available. The entire IC occupies 10 mm 2 and consumes 28 mA during transmit and 41 mA during receive at 1.5-V supply.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40146782,"asset_id":18593004,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38526066,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Staszewski","domain_name":"udublin","page_name":"RobertStaszewski","display_name":"Robert B Staszewski","profile_url":"https://udublin.academia.edu/RobertStaszewski?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38526066/10705383/11950952/s65_robert.staszewski.jpg"},{"id":248266194,"first_name":"Volston","last_name":"Abreo","domain_name":"ohio","page_name":"VolstonAbreo","display_name":"Volston Abreo","profile_url":"https://ohio.academia.edu/VolstonAbreo?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":53986025,"first_name":"Irene","last_name":"Deng","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IreneDeng","display_name":"Irene Deng","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IreneDeng?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9038,"name":"Digital Signal Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Signal_Processing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":11401,"name":"Power Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Management?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":99572,"name":"System on Chip","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_on_Chip?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":155203,"name":"Voltage Controlled Oscillator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voltage_Controlled_Oscillator?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":231161,"name":"All Digital Phase Locked Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/All_Digital_Phase_Locked_Loop?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":497023,"name":"Solid State Devices and Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_State_Devices_and_Circuits?f_ri=296317"},{"id":726991,"name":"Power Saving","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Saving?f_ri=296317"},{"id":920886,"name":"Charge Pump","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charge_Pump?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1719628,"name":"Digitally Controlled Oscillator design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digitally_Controlled_Oscillator_design?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1984590,"name":"Phase frequency detector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_frequency_detector?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2026871,"name":"Phase Lock Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Lock_Loop?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4441199" data-work_id="4441199" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4441199/Passive_optical_fast_frequency_hop_CDMA_communications_system">Passive optical fast frequency-hop CDMA communications system</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper proposes an all-fiber fast optical frequency-hop code division multiple access (FFH-CDMA) for high-bandwidth communications. The system does not require an optical frequency synthesizer allowing high communication bit rates.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4441199" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper proposes an all-fiber fast optical frequency-hop code division multiple access (FFH-CDMA) for high-bandwidth communications. The system does not require an optical frequency synthesizer allowing high communication bit rates. Encoding and decoding are passively achieved by Bragg gratings, Multiple Bragg gratings replace a frequency synthesizer, achieving a hopping rate in tens of GHz. A main lobe sine apodization can be used in writing the gratings to enhance the system capacity and the spectrum efficiency. All network users can use the same tunable encoder/decoder design. The simultaneous utilization of the time and frequency domains offers notable flexibility in code selection. Simulations show that the encoder efficiently performs the FFH spread spectrum signal generation and that the receiver easily extracts the desired signal from a received signal for several multiple access interference scenarios. We measure the system performance in terms of bit error rate, as well as auto-to cross-correlation contrast. A transmission rate of 500 Mb/s per user is supported in a system with up to 30 simultaneous users at 10-9 bit error rate. We compare FFH-CDMA to several direct sequence-CDMA systems in terms of bit error rate versus the number of simultaneous users. We show that an optical FFH-CDMA system requires new design criteria for code families, as optical device technology differs significantly from that of radio frequency communications</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4441199" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9f25012c429bfd47fad01531165c551c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49858037,"asset_id":4441199,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49858037/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5464491" href="https://ulaval.academia.edu/LeslieRusch">Leslie Rusch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5464491" type="text/json">{"id":5464491,"first_name":"Leslie","last_name":"Rusch","domain_name":"ulaval","page_name":"LeslieRusch","display_name":"Leslie Rusch","profile_url":"https://ulaval.academia.edu/LeslieRusch?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5464491/9812155/10933732/s65_leslie.rusch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4441199 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4441199"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4441199, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4441199", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4441199]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4441199").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4441199").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4441199"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="923" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology">Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="923" type="text/json">{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42555" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication_System">Communication System</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="42555" type="text/json">{"id":42555,"name":"Communication System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication_System?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58703" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Correlation">Cross Correlation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="58703" type="text/json">{"id":58703,"name":"Cross Correlation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Correlation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="132634" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spread_Spectrum">Spread Spectrum</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="132634" type="text/json">{"id":132634,"name":"Spread Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spread_Spectrum?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4441199]'), work: {"id":4441199,"title":"Passive optical fast frequency-hop CDMA communications system","created_at":"2013-09-09T00:20:33.820-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4441199/Passive_optical_fast_frequency_hop_CDMA_communications_system?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_4441199","summary":"This paper proposes an all-fiber fast optical frequency-hop code division multiple access (FFH-CDMA) for high-bandwidth communications. The system does not require an optical frequency synthesizer allowing high communication bit rates. Encoding and decoding are passively achieved by Bragg gratings, Multiple Bragg gratings replace a frequency synthesizer, achieving a hopping rate in tens of GHz. A main lobe sine apodization can be used in writing the gratings to enhance the system capacity and the spectrum efficiency. All network users can use the same tunable encoder/decoder design. The simultaneous utilization of the time and frequency domains offers notable flexibility in code selection. Simulations show that the encoder efficiently performs the FFH spread spectrum signal generation and that the receiver easily extracts the desired signal from a received signal for several multiple access interference scenarios. We measure the system performance in terms of bit error rate, as well as auto-to cross-correlation contrast. A transmission rate of 500 Mb/s per user is supported in a system with up to 30 simultaneous users at 10-9 bit error rate. We compare FFH-CDMA to several direct sequence-CDMA systems in terms of bit error rate versus the number of simultaneous users. We show that an optical FFH-CDMA system requires new design criteria for code families, as optical device technology differs significantly from that of radio frequency communications","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49858037,"asset_id":4441199,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5464491,"first_name":"Leslie","last_name":"Rusch","domain_name":"ulaval","page_name":"LeslieRusch","display_name":"Leslie Rusch","profile_url":"https://ulaval.academia.edu/LeslieRusch?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5464491/9812155/10933732/s65_leslie.rusch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":42555,"name":"Communication System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication_System?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":58703,"name":"Cross Correlation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cross_Correlation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":132634,"name":"Spread Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spread_Spectrum?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":159012,"name":"Radio Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radio_Frequency?f_ri=296317"},{"id":164637,"name":"Bit Error Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bit_Error_Rate?f_ri=296317"},{"id":263152,"name":"Optical physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_physics?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":321836,"name":"Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrum?f_ri=296317"},{"id":444948,"name":"Design Criteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Criteria?f_ri=296317"},{"id":753375,"name":"Multiple-access Interference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiple-access_Interference?f_ri=296317"},{"id":838973,"name":"System performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_performance?f_ri=296317"},{"id":880633,"name":"Bragg Grating","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bragg_Grating?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1231359,"name":"Code Division Multiple Access","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Code_Division_Multiple_Access?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1625072,"name":"Frequency Domain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Domain?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24101388" data-work_id="24101388" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24101388/Power_spectrum_analysis_for_optical_tweezers">Power spectrum analysis for optical tweezers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The force exerted by an optical trap on a dielectric bead in a fluid is often found by fitting a Lorentzian to the power spectrum of Brownian motion of the bead in the trap. We present explicit functions of the experimental power spectrum... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24101388" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The force exerted by an optical trap on a dielectric bead in a fluid is often found by fitting a Lorentzian to the power spectrum of Brownian motion of the bead in the trap. We present explicit functions of the experimental power spectrum that give the values of the parameters fitted, including error bars and correlations, for the best such 2 fit in a given frequency range. We use these functions to determine the information content of various parts of the power spectrum, and find, at odds with lore, much information at relatively high frequencies. Applying the method to real data, we obtain perfect fits and calibrate tweezers with less than 1% error when the trapping force is not too strong. Relatively strong traps have power spectra that cannot be fitted properly with any Lorentzian, we find. This underscores the need for better understanding of the power spectrum than the Lorentzian provides. This is achieved using old and new theory for Brownian motion in an incompressible fluid, and new results for a popular photodetection system. The trap and photodetection system are then calibrated simultaneously in a manner that makes optical tweezers a tool of precision for force spectroscopy, local viscometry, and probably other applications.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24101388" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d9472fe1fc6c9b789e4deb5dfbc74a95" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44465580,"asset_id":24101388,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44465580/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="98231" href="https://dtu.academia.edu/KirstineBergS%C3%B8rensen">Kirstine Berg-Sørensen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="98231" type="text/json">{"id":98231,"first_name":"Kirstine","last_name":"Berg-Sørensen","domain_name":"dtu","page_name":"KirstineBergSørensen","display_name":"Kirstine Berg-Sørensen","profile_url":"https://dtu.academia.edu/KirstineBergS%C3%B8rensen?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24101388 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24101388"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24101388, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24101388", }); 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We present explicit functions of the experimental power spectrum that give the values of the parameters fitted, including error bars and correlations, for the best such 2 fit in a given frequency range. We use these functions to determine the information content of various parts of the power spectrum, and find, at odds with lore, much information at relatively high frequencies. Applying the method to real data, we obtain perfect fits and calibrate tweezers with less than 1% error when the trapping force is not too strong. Relatively strong traps have power spectra that cannot be fitted properly with any Lorentzian, we find. This underscores the need for better understanding of the power spectrum than the Lorentzian provides. This is achieved using old and new theory for Brownian motion in an incompressible fluid, and new results for a popular photodetection system. The trap and photodetection system are then calibrated simultaneously in a manner that makes optical tweezers a tool of precision for force spectroscopy, local viscometry, and probably other applications.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44465580,"asset_id":24101388,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":98231,"first_name":"Kirstine","last_name":"Berg-Sørensen","domain_name":"dtu","page_name":"KirstineBergSørensen","display_name":"Kirstine Berg-Sørensen","profile_url":"https://dtu.academia.edu/KirstineBergS%C3%B8rensen?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":48458,"name":"High Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Frequency?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":58918,"name":"Scientific Instruments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Instruments?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":80872,"name":"Scientific","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317"},{"id":136128,"name":"Brownian Motion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brownian_Motion?f_ri=296317"},{"id":146593,"name":"Spectral method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectral_method?f_ri=296317"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":313898,"name":"Information Content","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Content?f_ri=296317"},{"id":386999,"name":"Power Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Spectrum?f_ri=296317"},{"id":484134,"name":"Optical Trapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Trapping?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5038457" data-work_id="5038457" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5038457/A_1_75GHz_highly_integrated_narrow_band_CMOS_transmitter_with_harmonic_rejection_mixers">A 1.75GHz highly integrated narrow-band CMOS transmitter with harmonic-rejection mixers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A highly integrated 1.75-GHz 0.35-m CMOS transmitter is described. The modulator-based transmitter facilitates integration through the use of a unique mixer, termed a harmonic-rejection mixer, and a wide loop bandwidth phase-locked loop... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5038457" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A highly integrated 1.75-GHz 0.35-m CMOS transmitter is described. The modulator-based transmitter facilitates integration through the use of a unique mixer, termed a harmonic-rejection mixer, and a wide loop bandwidth phase-locked loop (PLL) for the RF synthesizer. The harmonic-rejection mixers are used to eliminate the need for a discrete IF filter and the use of a wide loop bandwidth PLL allowed for the complete integration of the synthesizers using lowcomponents while achieving low phase noise. The entire transmit signal path from the digital-toanalog converters to the power amplifier, including two fully integrated frequency synthesizers, is integrated into a single-chip solution. The transmitter was tested with a testing buffer before the power amplifier (PA) and achieved less than 1.3 rms phase error when modulating a DCS-1800 GMSK signal. The prototype consumed 151 mA from a 3-V supply. A class-C PA, capable of driving 25 dBm off-chip, was included and the output was compared to the testing buffer with little change in the transmitter performance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5038457" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fc09a117fec7681339aa7f4168ac5a56" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49475705,"asset_id":5038457,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49475705/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6709357" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LiLin4">Li Lin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6709357" type="text/json">{"id":6709357,"first_name":"Li","last_name":"Lin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LiLin4","display_name":"Li Lin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LiLin4?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5038457 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5038457"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5038457, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5038457", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5038457]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5038457").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5038457").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5038457"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="497023" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_State_Devices_and_Circuits">Solid State Devices and Circuits</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="497023" type="text/json">{"id":497023,"name":"Solid State Devices and Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_State_Devices_and_Circuits?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1237788" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering">Electrical And Electronic Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1237788" type="text/json">{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2026871" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Lock_Loop">Phase Lock Loop</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2026871" type="text/json">{"id":2026871,"name":"Phase Lock Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Lock_Loop?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5038457]'), work: {"id":5038457,"title":"A 1.75GHz highly integrated narrow-band CMOS transmitter with harmonic-rejection mixers","created_at":"2013-11-08T22:45:16.617-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5038457/A_1_75GHz_highly_integrated_narrow_band_CMOS_transmitter_with_harmonic_rejection_mixers?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_5038457","summary":"A highly integrated 1.75-GHz 0.35-m CMOS transmitter is described. The modulator-based transmitter facilitates integration through the use of a unique mixer, termed a harmonic-rejection mixer, and a wide loop bandwidth phase-locked loop (PLL) for the RF synthesizer. The harmonic-rejection mixers are used to eliminate the need for a discrete IF filter and the use of a wide loop bandwidth PLL allowed for the complete integration of the synthesizers using lowcomponents while achieving low phase noise. The entire transmit signal path from the digital-toanalog converters to the power amplifier, including two fully integrated frequency synthesizers, is integrated into a single-chip solution. The transmitter was tested with a testing buffer before the power amplifier (PA) and achieved less than 1.3 rms phase error when modulating a DCS-1800 GMSK signal. The prototype consumed 151 mA from a 3-V supply. A class-C PA, capable of driving 25 dBm off-chip, was included and the output was compared to the testing buffer with little change in the transmitter performance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49475705,"asset_id":5038457,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6709357,"first_name":"Li","last_name":"Lin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LiLin4","display_name":"Li Lin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LiLin4?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":497023,"name":"Solid State Devices and Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_State_Devices_and_Circuits?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":2026871,"name":"Phase Lock Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Lock_Loop?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18593019 coauthored" data-work_id="18593019" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18593019/1_3_V_20_ps_time_to_digital_converter_for_frequency_synthesis_in_90_nm_CMOS">1.3 V 20 ps time-to-digital converter for frequency synthesis in 90-nm CMOS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We propose and demonstrate a 20-ps time-to-digital converter (TDC) realized in 90-nm digital CMOS. It is used as a phase/frequency detector and charge pump replacement in an all-digital phase-locked loop for a fully-compliant Global... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18593019" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We propose and demonstrate a 20-ps time-to-digital converter (TDC) realized in 90-nm digital CMOS. It is used as a phase/frequency detector and charge pump replacement in an all-digital phase-locked loop for a fully-compliant Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) transceiver. The TDC core is based on a pseudodifferential digital architecture that makes it insensitive to nMOS and pMOS transistor mismatches. The time conversion resolution is equal to an inverter propagation delay, which is the finest logic-level regenerative timing in CMOS. The TDC is self calibrating with the estimation accuracy better than 1%. It additionally serves as a CMOS process strength estimator for analog circuits in this large system-on-chip. Measured integral nonlinearity is 0.7 least signinfiant bits. The TDC consumes 5.3 mA raw and 1.3 mA with power management from a 1.3-V supply.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18593019" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1b48bd6039df7bd73bdd23d6179c406d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40146827,"asset_id":18593019,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40146827/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38526066" href="https://udublin.academia.edu/RobertStaszewski">Robert B Staszewski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38526066" type="text/json">{"id":38526066,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Staszewski","domain_name":"udublin","page_name":"RobertStaszewski","display_name":"Robert B Staszewski","profile_url":"https://udublin.academia.edu/RobertStaszewski?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38526066/10705383/11950952/s65_robert.staszewski.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-18593019">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-18593019"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/SudheerVemulapalli">Sudheer Vemulapalli</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-18593019'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-18593019').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18593019 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18593019"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18593019; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18593019]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18593019").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18593019").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18593019"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="979" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analog_Circuits">Analog Circuits</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="979" type="text/json">{"id":979,"name":"Analog Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analog_Circuits?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11401" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Management">Power Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11401" type="text/json">{"id":11401,"name":"Power Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Management?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99572" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_on_Chip">System on Chip</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99572" type="text/json">{"id":99572,"name":"System on Chip","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_on_Chip?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="231161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/All_Digital_Phase_Locked_Loop">All Digital Phase Locked Loop</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="231161" type="text/json">{"id":231161,"name":"All Digital Phase Locked Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/All_Digital_Phase_Locked_Loop?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18593019]'), work: {"id":18593019,"title":"1.3 V 20 ps time-to-digital converter for frequency synthesis in 90-nm CMOS","created_at":"2015-11-18T08:58:42.375-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18593019/1_3_V_20_ps_time_to_digital_converter_for_frequency_synthesis_in_90_nm_CMOS?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_18593019","summary":"We propose and demonstrate a 20-ps time-to-digital converter (TDC) realized in 90-nm digital CMOS. It is used as a phase/frequency detector and charge pump replacement in an all-digital phase-locked loop for a fully-compliant Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) transceiver. The TDC core is based on a pseudodifferential digital architecture that makes it insensitive to nMOS and pMOS transistor mismatches. The time conversion resolution is equal to an inverter propagation delay, which is the finest logic-level regenerative timing in CMOS. The TDC is self calibrating with the estimation accuracy better than 1%. It additionally serves as a CMOS process strength estimator for analog circuits in this large system-on-chip. Measured integral nonlinearity is 0.7 least signinfiant bits. The TDC consumes 5.3 mA raw and 1.3 mA with power management from a 1.3-V supply.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40146827,"asset_id":18593019,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38526066,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Staszewski","domain_name":"udublin","page_name":"RobertStaszewski","display_name":"Robert B Staszewski","profile_url":"https://udublin.academia.edu/RobertStaszewski?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38526066/10705383/11950952/s65_robert.staszewski.jpg"},{"id":39688370,"first_name":"Sudheer","last_name":"Vemulapalli","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SudheerVemulapalli","display_name":"Sudheer Vemulapalli","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SudheerVemulapalli?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":979,"name":"Analog Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analog_Circuits?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":11401,"name":"Power Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Management?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":99572,"name":"System on Chip","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/System_on_Chip?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":231161,"name":"All Digital Phase Locked Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/All_Digital_Phase_Locked_Loop?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":443642,"name":"Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communication_GSM_?f_ri=296317"},{"id":920886,"name":"Charge Pump","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charge_Pump?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1276127,"name":"Least Significant Bit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Least_Significant_Bit?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1984590,"name":"Phase frequency detector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_frequency_detector?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2064558,"name":"Propagation delay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Propagation_delay?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4929270" data-work_id="4929270" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4929270/Coherent_heterodyne_time_domain_spectrometry_covering_the_entire_terahertz_gap">Coherent heterodyne time-domain spectrometry covering the entire ``terahertz gap</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Terahertz waves, electromagnetic radiation in the spectral region commonly defined between 0.3 and 10 THz, allow innovative sensing and imaging techniques that can provide spectroscopic information unavailable at other wavelengths.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4929270" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Terahertz waves, electromagnetic radiation in the spectral region commonly defined between 0.3 and 10 THz, allow innovative sensing and imaging techniques that can provide spectroscopic information unavailable at other wavelengths. However, simultaneously intense, broadband, and coherent spectroscopic measurement remains challenging. We report spectrometry using gases ionized by femtosecond pulses to generate and sense broadband terahertz pulses. Using a coherent heterodyne technique, the measurements span the ``terahertz gap'' with >=10% of the maximum signal from 0.3 to 10 THz. This spectrometer, using a recycled optical probe beam and coherent detection, offers a high field strength and time-resolved measurement.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4929270" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="57a53af7713c934ff015b65ae6f7a42f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49553001,"asset_id":4929270,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49553001/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6467592" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZhangLiangliang">Liangliang Zhang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6467592" type="text/json">{"id":6467592,"first_name":"Liangliang","last_name":"Zhang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZhangLiangliang","display_name":"Liangliang Zhang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZhangLiangliang?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6467592/14354759/15283311/s65_liangliang.zhang.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4929270 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4929270"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4929270, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4929270", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4929270]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4929270").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4929270").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4929270"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9138" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Physics">Applied Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9138" type="text/json">{"id":9138,"name":"Applied Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="73142" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electromagnetic_Radiation">Electromagnetic Radiation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="73142" type="text/json">{"id":73142,"name":"Electromagnetic Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electromagnetic_Radiation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118582" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="118582" type="text/json">{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4929270]'), work: {"id":4929270,"title":"Coherent heterodyne time-domain spectrometry covering the entire ``terahertz gap","created_at":"2013-10-29T16:03:54.234-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4929270/Coherent_heterodyne_time_domain_spectrometry_covering_the_entire_terahertz_gap?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_4929270","summary":"Terahertz waves, electromagnetic radiation in the spectral region commonly defined between 0.3 and 10 THz, allow innovative sensing and imaging techniques that can provide spectroscopic information unavailable at other wavelengths. However, simultaneously intense, broadband, and coherent spectroscopic measurement remains challenging. We report spectrometry using gases ionized by femtosecond pulses to generate and sense broadband terahertz pulses. Using a coherent heterodyne technique, the measurements span the ``terahertz gap'' with \u003e=10% of the maximum signal from 0.3 to 10 THz. This spectrometer, using a recycled optical probe beam and coherent detection, offers a high field strength and time-resolved measurement.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49553001,"asset_id":4929270,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6467592,"first_name":"Liangliang","last_name":"Zhang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZhangLiangliang","display_name":"Liangliang Zhang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZhangLiangliang?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6467592/14354759/15283311/s65_liangliang.zhang.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":9138,"name":"Applied Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":73142,"name":"Electromagnetic Radiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electromagnetic_Radiation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":127997,"name":"Terahertz","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terahertz?f_ri=296317"},{"id":158186,"name":"Time Resolved","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Resolved?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":335361,"name":"Infrared","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrared?f_ri=296317"},{"id":991005,"name":"Time Domain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Domain?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2456010" data-work_id="2456010" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2456010/Optical_Frequency_Synthesis_and_Comparison_with_Uncertainty_at_the_10_19_Level">Optical Frequency Synthesis and Comparison with Uncertainty at the 10-19 Level</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A femtosecond laser-based optical frequency synthesizer is referenced to an optical standard, and we use it to demonstrate the generation and control of the frequency of electromagnetic fields over 100 terahertz of bandwidth with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2456010" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A femtosecond laser-based optical frequency synthesizer is referenced to an optical standard, and we use it to demonstrate the generation and control of the frequency of electromagnetic fields over 100 terahertz of bandwidth with fractional uncertainties approaching 1 part in 10 19 . The reproducibility of this performance is verified by comparison of different types of femtosecond laserbased frequency synthesizers from three laboratories.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2456010" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="df94efa523843427d60cc454d67399a4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50616685,"asset_id":2456010,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50616685/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="330900" href="https://inrim.academia.edu/massimozucco">massimo zucco</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="330900" type="text/json">{"id":330900,"first_name":"massimo","last_name":"zucco","domain_name":"inrim","page_name":"massimozucco","display_name":"massimo zucco","profile_url":"https://inrim.academia.edu/massimozucco?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2456010 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2456010"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2456010, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2456010", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2456010]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2456010").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2456010").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2456010"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6779" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science">Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6779" type="text/json">{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15600" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser">Femtosecond Laser</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15600" type="text/json">{"id":15600,"name":"Femtosecond Laser","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="127997" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terahertz">Terahertz</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="127997" type="text/json">{"id":127997,"name":"Terahertz","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terahertz?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2456010]'), work: {"id":2456010,"title":"Optical Frequency Synthesis and Comparison with Uncertainty at the 10-19 Level","created_at":"2013-01-24T05:07:35.671-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2456010/Optical_Frequency_Synthesis_and_Comparison_with_Uncertainty_at_the_10_19_Level?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_2456010","summary":"A femtosecond laser-based optical frequency synthesizer is referenced to an optical standard, and we use it to demonstrate the generation and control of the frequency of electromagnetic fields over 100 terahertz of bandwidth with fractional uncertainties approaching 1 part in 10 19 . The reproducibility of this performance is verified by comparison of different types of femtosecond laserbased frequency synthesizers from three laboratories.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50616685,"asset_id":2456010,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":330900,"first_name":"massimo","last_name":"zucco","domain_name":"inrim","page_name":"massimozucco","display_name":"massimo zucco","profile_url":"https://inrim.academia.edu/massimozucco?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":15600,"name":"Femtosecond Laser","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":127997,"name":"Terahertz","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terahertz?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":211387,"name":"Electromagnetic Field","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electromagnetic_Field?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20339711" data-work_id="20339711" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20339711/A_single_chip_900_MHz_spread_spectrum_wireless_transceiver_in_1_%CE%BCm_CMOS_I_Architecture_and_transmitter_design">A single-chip 900-MHz spread-spectrum wireless transceiver in 1-μm CMOS. I. Architecture and transmitter design</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Page 1. IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 33, NO. 4, APRIL 1998 535 A Single-Chip 900-MHz Spread-Spectrum Wireless Transceiver in 1-m CMOSPart II: Receiver Design Ahmadreza Rofougaran, Glenn ...</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20339711" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="130a7db931bf01aa09dae31b796171d1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41966840,"asset_id":20339711,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41966840/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41647529" href="https://engineering-ucla.academia.edu/JacobRael">Jacob Rael</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41647529" type="text/json">{"id":41647529,"first_name":"Jacob","last_name":"Rael","domain_name":"engineering-ucla","page_name":"JacobRael","display_name":"Jacob Rael","profile_url":"https://engineering-ucla.academia.edu/JacobRael?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20339711 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20339711"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20339711, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20339711", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20339711]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20339711").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20339711").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20339711"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="132634" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spread_Spectrum">Spread Spectrum</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="132634" type="text/json">{"id":132634,"name":"Spread Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spread_Spectrum?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="174781" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oscillations">Oscillations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="174781" type="text/json">{"id":174781,"name":"Oscillations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oscillations?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="197501" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_noise_amplifier">Low noise amplifier</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="197501" type="text/json">{"id":197501,"name":"Low noise amplifier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_noise_amplifier?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20339711]'), work: {"id":20339711,"title":"A single-chip 900-MHz spread-spectrum wireless transceiver in 1-μm CMOS. I. Architecture and transmitter design","created_at":"2016-01-17T22:07:58.265-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20339711/A_single_chip_900_MHz_spread_spectrum_wireless_transceiver_in_1_%CE%BCm_CMOS_I_Architecture_and_transmitter_design?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_20339711","summary":"Page 1. IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 33, NO. 4, APRIL 1998 535 A Single-Chip 900-MHz Spread-Spectrum Wireless Transceiver in 1-m CMOSPart II: Receiver Design Ahmadreza Rofougaran, Glenn ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41966840,"asset_id":20339711,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41647529,"first_name":"Jacob","last_name":"Rael","domain_name":"engineering-ucla","page_name":"JacobRael","display_name":"Jacob Rael","profile_url":"https://engineering-ucla.academia.edu/JacobRael?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":132634,"name":"Spread Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spread_Spectrum?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":174781,"name":"Oscillations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oscillations?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":197501,"name":"Low noise amplifier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_noise_amplifier?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":497023,"name":"Solid State Devices and Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_State_Devices_and_Circuits?f_ri=296317"},{"id":741094,"name":"Power Amplifier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Amplifier?f_ri=296317"},{"id":780968,"name":"Noise Figure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Noise_Figure?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1231359,"name":"Code Division Multiple Access","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Code_Division_Multiple_Access?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1564782,"name":"Frequency shift keying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_shift_keying?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19044675" data-work_id="19044675" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19044675/A_13_5_mW_5_GHz_Frequency_Synthesizer_With_Dynamic_Logic_Frequency_Divider">A 13.5-mW 5-GHz Frequency Synthesizer With Dynamic-Logic Frequency Divider</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The adoption of dynamic dividers in CMOS phase-locked loops for multigigahertz applications allows to reduce the power consumption substantially without impairing the phase noise and the power supply sensitivity of the phase-locked loop... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19044675" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The adoption of dynamic dividers in CMOS phase-locked loops for multigigahertz applications allows to reduce the power consumption substantially without impairing the phase noise and the power supply sensitivity of the phase-locked loop (PLL). A 5-GHz frequency synthesizer integrated in a 0.25-m CMOS technology demonstrates a total power consumption of 13.5 mW. The frequency divider combines the conventional and the extended true-single-phase-clock logics. The oscillator employs a rail-to-rail topology in order to ensure a proper divider function. This PLL intended for wireless LAN applications can synthesize frequencies between 5.14 and 5.70 GHz in steps of 20 MHz. The reference spurs at 10-MHz offset are as low as 70 dBc and the phase noise is lower than 116 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz over the whole tuning range.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19044675" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ae59fe45095a325b60b58edf1a1c343a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40399840,"asset_id":19044675,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40399840/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39212755" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarloSamori">Carlo Samori</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39212755" type="text/json">{"id":39212755,"first_name":"Carlo","last_name":"Samori","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CarloSamori","display_name":"Carlo Samori","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CarloSamori?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19044675 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19044675"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19044675, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19044675", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19044675 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19044675; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19044675"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19044675 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19044675"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19044675; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19044675]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19044675").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19044675").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19044675"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="306141" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_Logic">Dynamic Logic</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="306141" type="text/json">{"id":306141,"name":"Dynamic Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_Logic?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1237788" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering">Electrical And Electronic Engineering</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1237788" type="text/json">{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19044675]'), work: {"id":19044675,"title":"A 13.5-mW 5-GHz Frequency Synthesizer With Dynamic-Logic Frequency Divider","created_at":"2015-11-26T06:52:24.229-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19044675/A_13_5_mW_5_GHz_Frequency_Synthesizer_With_Dynamic_Logic_Frequency_Divider?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_19044675","summary":"The adoption of dynamic dividers in CMOS phase-locked loops for multigigahertz applications allows to reduce the power consumption substantially without impairing the phase noise and the power supply sensitivity of the phase-locked loop (PLL). A 5-GHz frequency synthesizer integrated in a 0.25-m CMOS technology demonstrates a total power consumption of 13.5 mW. The frequency divider combines the conventional and the extended true-single-phase-clock logics. The oscillator employs a rail-to-rail topology in order to ensure a proper divider function. This PLL intended for wireless LAN applications can synthesize frequencies between 5.14 and 5.70 GHz in steps of 20 MHz. The reference spurs at 10-MHz offset are as low as 70 dBc and the phase noise is lower than 116 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz over the whole tuning range.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40399840,"asset_id":19044675,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39212755,"first_name":"Carlo","last_name":"Samori","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CarloSamori","display_name":"Carlo Samori","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CarloSamori?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":306141,"name":"Dynamic Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_Logic?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17541581 coauthored" data-work_id="17541581" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17541581/New_Limits_on_Coupling_of_Fundamental_Constants_to_Gravity_Using_Sr87_Optical_Lattice_Clocks">New Limits on Coupling of Fundamental Constants to Gravity Using Sr87 Optical Lattice Clocks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The 1 S 0 -3 P 0 clock transition frequency Sr in neutral 87 Sr has been measured relative to the Cs standard by three independent laboratories in Boulder, Paris, and Tokyo over the last three years. The agreement on the 1 10 ÿ15 level... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17541581" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The 1 S 0 -3 P 0 clock transition frequency Sr in neutral 87 Sr has been measured relative to the Cs standard by three independent laboratories in Boulder, Paris, and Tokyo over the last three years. The agreement on the 1 10 ÿ15 level makes Sr the best agreed-upon optical atomic frequency. We combine periodic variations in the 87 Sr clock frequency with 199 Hg and H-maser data to test local position invariance by obtaining the strongest limits to date on gravitational-coupling coefficients for the fine-structure constant , electron-proton mass ratio , and light quark mass. Furthermore, after 199 Hg , 171 Yb , and H, we add 87 Sr as the fourth optical atomic clock species to enhance constraints on yearly drifts of and .</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17541581" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8a5d3a53c07b6857e5f815f295a19f05" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39569171,"asset_id":17541581,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39569171/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37326946" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PLemonde">P. Lemonde</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37326946" type="text/json">{"id":37326946,"first_name":"P.","last_name":"Lemonde","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PLemonde","display_name":"P. Lemonde","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PLemonde?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37326946/32315156/29272962/s65_p..lemonde.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-17541581">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-17541581"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/VFlambaum">V. Flambaum</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-17541581'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-17541581').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17541581 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17541581"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17541581, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17541581", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17541581 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17541581; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17541581"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17541581 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17541581"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17541581; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17541581]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17541581").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17541581").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17541581"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9615" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Masers">Masers</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9615" type="text/json">{"id":9615,"name":"Masers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Masers?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="87546" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="87546" type="text/json">{"id":87546,"name":"Ultraviolet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultraviolet?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118582" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118582" type="text/json">{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17541581]'), work: {"id":17541581,"title":"New Limits on Coupling of Fundamental Constants to Gravity Using Sr87 Optical Lattice Clocks","created_at":"2015-10-31T03:29:50.598-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17541581/New_Limits_on_Coupling_of_Fundamental_Constants_to_Gravity_Using_Sr87_Optical_Lattice_Clocks?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_17541581","summary":"The 1 S 0 -3 P 0 clock transition frequency Sr in neutral 87 Sr has been measured relative to the Cs standard by three independent laboratories in Boulder, Paris, and Tokyo over the last three years. The agreement on the 1 10 ÿ15 level makes Sr the best agreed-upon optical atomic frequency. We combine periodic variations in the 87 Sr clock frequency with 199 Hg and H-maser data to test local position invariance by obtaining the strongest limits to date on gravitational-coupling coefficients for the fine-structure constant , electron-proton mass ratio , and light quark mass. Furthermore, after 199 Hg , 171 Yb , and H, we add 87 Sr as the fourth optical atomic clock species to enhance constraints on yearly drifts of and .","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39569171,"asset_id":17541581,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37326946,"first_name":"P.","last_name":"Lemonde","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PLemonde","display_name":"P. Lemonde","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PLemonde?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37326946/32315156/29272962/s65_p..lemonde.jpg"},{"id":37430513,"first_name":"V.","last_name":"Flambaum","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"VFlambaum","display_name":"V. Flambaum","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VFlambaum?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9615,"name":"Masers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Masers?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":87546,"name":"Ultraviolet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultraviolet?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":317484,"name":"Fine Structure Constant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fine_Structure_Constant?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1536161,"name":"Atomic clock","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atomic_clock?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8282266" data-work_id="8282266" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8282266/A_1_1_GHz_CMOS_fractional_N_frequency_synthesizer_with_a_3b_3rd_order_%CE%94%CE%A3_modulator">A 1.1 GHz CMOS fractional-N frequency synthesizer with a 3b 3rd-order ΔΣ modulator</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Fractional-N frequency synthesis based on /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulators offers wide bandwidth with narrow channel spacing and alleviates PLL design constraints for phase noise and reference spur. However, the synthesizer phase noise... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8282266" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Fractional-N frequency synthesis based on /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulators offers wide bandwidth with narrow channel spacing and alleviates PLL design constraints for phase noise and reference spur. However, the synthesizer phase noise performance is significantly affected by the high-frequency out-of-band noise, which is difficult to suppress with the finite number of PLL loop filter poles. This work uses a 3b 3rd-order modulator that generates less high-frequency noise and makes the system less sensitive to the phase detector nonlinearity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8282266" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7caee04ba7345019d1b1167716f8ab98" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48156195,"asset_id":8282266,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48156195/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16434354" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AkbarAli31">Akbar Ali</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16434354" type="text/json">{"id":16434354,"first_name":"Akbar","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AkbarAli31","display_name":"Akbar Ali","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AkbarAli31?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8282266 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8282266"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8282266, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8282266", }); 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However, the synthesizer phase noise performance is significantly affected by the high-frequency out-of-band noise, which is difficult to suppress with the finite number of PLL loop filter poles. This work uses a 3b 3rd-order modulator that generates less high-frequency noise and makes the system less sensitive to the phase detector nonlinearity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48156195,"asset_id":8282266,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16434354,"first_name":"Akbar","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AkbarAli31","display_name":"Akbar Ali","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AkbarAli31?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48458,"name":"High Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Frequency?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":829658,"name":"Frequency synthesizers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_synthesizers?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1148326,"name":"Phase 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remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy using filamentation in air</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48328901" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3dd35680bb7da5c96f20771dc4c7e45b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66999071,"asset_id":48328901,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":40738,"name":"Signal Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Analysis?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317"},{"id":168891,"name":"Chemical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Analysis?f_ri=296317"},{"id":242220,"name":"Pulse Compression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pulse_Compression?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":591158,"name":"Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Induced_Breakdown_Spectroscopy?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1372104,"name":"Optical Pulse Generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Pulse_Generation?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1714028,"name":"Long Distance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Distance?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43257523" data-work_id="43257523" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43257523/Full_Stabilization_of_a_Microresonator_Based_Optical_Frequency_Comb">Full Stabilization of a Microresonator-Based Optical Frequency Comb</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We demonstrate control and stabilization of an optical frequency comb generated by four-wave mixing in a monolithic microresonator with a mode spacing in the microwave regime (86 GHz). The comb parameters (mode spacing and offset... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43257523" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We demonstrate control and stabilization of an optical frequency comb generated by four-wave mixing in a monolithic microresonator with a mode spacing in the microwave regime (86 GHz). The comb parameters (mode spacing and offset frequency) are controlled via the power and the frequency of the pump laser, which constitutes one of the comb modes. Furthermore, generation of a microwave beat note at the comb's mode spacing frequency is presented, enabling direct stabilization to a microwave frequency standard.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43257523" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6990461aca9704771fb4d73435604217" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63529098,"asset_id":43257523,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63529098/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="160148776" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TobiasKippenberg">Tobias Kippenberg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="160148776" type="text/json">{"id":160148776,"first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Kippenberg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TobiasKippenberg","display_name":"Tobias Kippenberg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TobiasKippenberg?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43257523 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43257523"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43257523, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43257523", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43257523]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43257523").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43257523").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43257523"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118582" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118582" type="text/json">{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="281723" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Four_Wave_Mixing">Four Wave Mixing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="281723" type="text/json">{"id":281723,"name":"Four Wave Mixing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Four_Wave_Mixing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="643273" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Frequency_Comb">Optical Frequency Comb</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="643273" type="text/json">{"id":643273,"name":"Optical Frequency Comb","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Frequency_Comb?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43257523]'), work: {"id":43257523,"title":"Full Stabilization of a Microresonator-Based Optical Frequency Comb","created_at":"2020-06-04T10:42:29.109-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43257523/Full_Stabilization_of_a_Microresonator_Based_Optical_Frequency_Comb?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_43257523","summary":"We demonstrate control and stabilization of an optical frequency comb generated by four-wave mixing in a monolithic microresonator with a mode spacing in the microwave regime (86 GHz). The comb parameters (mode spacing and offset frequency) are controlled via the power and the frequency of the pump laser, which constitutes one of the comb modes. Furthermore, generation of a microwave beat note at the comb's mode spacing frequency is presented, enabling direct stabilization to a microwave frequency standard.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63529098,"asset_id":43257523,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":160148776,"first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Kippenberg","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TobiasKippenberg","display_name":"Tobias Kippenberg","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TobiasKippenberg?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":281723,"name":"Four Wave Mixing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Four_Wave_Mixing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":643273,"name":"Optical Frequency Comb","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Frequency_Comb?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":857337,"name":"Frequency Conversion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Conversion?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1997319,"name":"Harmonic Generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Harmonic_Generation?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2948559,"name":"Higher order","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_order?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5477851" data-work_id="5477851" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5477851/Collaborative_beamforming_for_wireless_sensor_networks_with_Gaussian_distributed_sensor_nodes">Collaborative beamforming for wireless sensor networks with Gaussian distributed sensor nodes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Collaborative beamforming has been recently introduced in the context of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to increase the transmission range of individual sensor nodes. In this paper, it is proposed to model the spatial distribution of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5477851" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Collaborative beamforming has been recently introduced in the context of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to increase the transmission range of individual sensor nodes. In this paper, it is proposed to model the spatial distribution of sensor nodes in a cluster using Gaussian probability density function (pdf). Gaussian pdf is more appropriate for many WSN applications than the previously considered uniform pdf which is more suitable when sensor nodes are deployed one at a time. The average beampattern and its characteristics, the distribution function of the beampattern level in the sidelobe region, and the upper bound on the outage probability of sidelobes are derived using the theory of random arrays.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5477851" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="73120f4715c8b02a5a84ced87726003f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49277704,"asset_id":5477851,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49277704/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7699955" href="https://independent.academia.edu/mohammedahmed52">mohammed ahmed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7699955" type="text/json">{"id":7699955,"first_name":"mohammed","last_name":"ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"mohammedahmed52","display_name":"mohammed ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/mohammedahmed52?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5477851 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5477851"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5477851, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5477851", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5477851]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5477851").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5477851").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5477851"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">84</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="347" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Process">Stochastic Process</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="347" type="text/json">{"id":347,"name":"Stochastic Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Process?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="440" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributed_Computing">Distributed Computing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="440" type="text/json">{"id":440,"name":"Distributed Computing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributed_Computing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1252" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Remote_Sensing">Remote Sensing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1252" type="text/json">{"id":1252,"name":"Remote Sensing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Remote_Sensing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2950" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Modeling">Computational Modeling</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2950" type="text/json">{"id":2950,"name":"Computational Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Modeling?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5477851]'), work: {"id":5477851,"title":"Collaborative beamforming for wireless sensor networks with Gaussian distributed sensor nodes","created_at":"2013-12-19T00:20:53.744-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5477851/Collaborative_beamforming_for_wireless_sensor_networks_with_Gaussian_distributed_sensor_nodes?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_5477851","summary":"Collaborative beamforming has been recently introduced in the context of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to increase the transmission range of individual sensor nodes. In this paper, it is proposed to model the spatial distribution of sensor nodes in a cluster using Gaussian probability density function (pdf). Gaussian pdf is more appropriate for many WSN applications than the previously considered uniform pdf which is more suitable when sensor nodes are deployed one at a time. The average beampattern and its characteristics, the distribution function of the beampattern level in the sidelobe region, and the upper bound on the outage probability of sidelobes are derived using the theory of random arrays.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49277704,"asset_id":5477851,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7699955,"first_name":"mohammed","last_name":"ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"mohammedahmed52","display_name":"mohammed ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/mohammedahmed52?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":347,"name":"Stochastic Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stochastic_Process?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":440,"name":"Distributed Computing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributed_Computing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1252,"name":"Remote 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channels","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fading_channels?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1872198,"name":"Relay Channel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relay_Channel?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1993758,"name":"Autoregressive model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoregressive_model?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7343878" data-work_id="7343878" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7343878/Digitally_controlled_oscillator_DCO_based_architecture_for_RF_frequency_synthesis_in_a_deep_submicrometer_CMOS_Process">Digitally controlled oscillator (DCO)-based architecture for RF frequency synthesis in a deep-submicrometer CMOS Process</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A novel digitally controlled oscillator (DCO)-based architecture for frequency synthesis in wireless RF applications is proposed and demonstrated. It deliberately avoids any use of an analog tuning voltage control line. Fine frequency... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7343878" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A novel digitally controlled oscillator (DCO)-based architecture for frequency synthesis in wireless RF applications is proposed and demonstrated. It deliberately avoids any use of an analog tuning voltage control line. Fine frequency resolution is achieved through high-speed 61 dithering. Other imperfections of analog circuits are compensated through digital means. The presented ideas enable the employment of fully-digital frequency synthesizers using sophisticated signal processing algorithms, realized in the most advanced deep-submicrometer digital CMOS processes which allow almost no analog extensions. They also promote costeffective integration with the digital back-end onto a single silicon die. The demonstrator test chip has been fabricated in a digital 0.13-m CMOS process together with a DSP, which acts as a digital baseband processor with a large number of digital gates in order to investigate noise coupling. The phase noise is 112 dBc/Hz at 500-kHz offset. The close-in spurious tones are below 62 dBc, while the far-out spurs are below 80 dBc. The presented ideas have been incorporated in a commercial Bluetooth transceiver. Index Terms-Deep-submicrometer CMOS, digital compensation, digital control, digitally controlled oscillator (DCO), frequency synthesizer. (M'94) received the BSEE (summa cum laude), the M.S.E.E., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Texas, Dallas in , respectively. From 1991 he was with Alcatel Network Systems, Richardson, TX, where he worked on Sonnet cross-connect systems. He joined Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, in 1995 where he is currently a Senior Member of the Technical Staff. At Texas Instruments, he has been engaged in advanced CMOS read channel development and since 1999, he has been involved in RF CMOS synthesizer design for short-distance wireless and cellular phones. His research interests include RF transceivers, frequency synthesizers, high-speed and low-power digital circuits and system implementation in a deep-submicrometer CMOS process. A u t h o r i z e d l i c e n s e d u s e l i m i t e d t o : I E E E X p l o r e . D o w n l o a d e d o n M a y 1 0 , 2 0 1 0 a t 1 9 : 0 2 : 0 4 U T C f r o m I E E E</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7343878" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1b719fa78a600c0040dc7073876f6e82" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48524596,"asset_id":7343878,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48524596/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12923286" href="https://independent.academia.edu/cmosdm">cmo sdm</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12923286" type="text/json">{"id":12923286,"first_name":"cmo","last_name":"sdm","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"cmosdm","display_name":"cmo sdm","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/cmosdm?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7343878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7343878"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7343878, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7343878", }); 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It deliberately avoids any use of an analog tuning voltage control line. Fine frequency resolution is achieved through high-speed 61 dithering. Other imperfections of analog circuits are compensated through digital means. The presented ideas enable the employment of fully-digital frequency synthesizers using sophisticated signal processing algorithms, realized in the most advanced deep-submicrometer digital CMOS processes which allow almost no analog extensions. They also promote costeffective integration with the digital back-end onto a single silicon die. The demonstrator test chip has been fabricated in a digital 0.13-m CMOS process together with a DSP, which acts as a digital baseband processor with a large number of digital gates in order to investigate noise coupling. The phase noise is 112 dBc/Hz at 500-kHz offset. The close-in spurious tones are below 62 dBc, while the far-out spurs are below 80 dBc. The presented ideas have been incorporated in a commercial Bluetooth transceiver. Index Terms-Deep-submicrometer CMOS, digital compensation, digital control, digitally controlled oscillator (DCO), frequency synthesizer. (M'94) received the BSEE (summa cum laude), the M.S.E.E., and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Texas, Dallas in , respectively. From 1991 he was with Alcatel Network Systems, Richardson, TX, where he worked on Sonnet cross-connect systems. He joined Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, in 1995 where he is currently a Senior Member of the Technical Staff. At Texas Instruments, he has been engaged in advanced CMOS read channel development and since 1999, he has been involved in RF CMOS synthesizer design for short-distance wireless and cellular phones. His research interests include RF transceivers, frequency synthesizers, high-speed and low-power digital circuits and system implementation in a deep-submicrometer CMOS process. A u t h o r i z e d l i c e n s e d u s e l i m i t e d t o : I E E E X p l o r e . D o w n l o a d e d o n M a y 1 0 , 2 0 1 0 a t 1 9 : 0 2 : 0 4 U T C f r o m I E E E","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48524596,"asset_id":7343878,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12923286,"first_name":"cmo","last_name":"sdm","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"cmosdm","display_name":"cmo sdm","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/cmosdm?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":979,"name":"Analog Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analog_Circuits?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":2141,"name":"Signal Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Processing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":10522,"name":"Circuits and Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Circuits_and_Systems?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":165565,"name":"Cost effectiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_effectiveness?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":317745,"name":"High Speed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Speed?f_ri=296317"},{"id":322954,"name":"Chip","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chip?f_ri=296317"},{"id":829658,"name":"Frequency synthesizers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_synthesizers?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1148326,"name":"Phase Noise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Noise?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1719628,"name":"Digitally Controlled Oscillator design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digitally_Controlled_Oscillator_design?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2050592,"name":"Voltage Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voltage_Control?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2315704,"name":"Transceivers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transceivers?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18064519 coauthored" data-work_id="18064519" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18064519/A_65_nm_CMOS_Fully_Integrated_Transceiver_Module_for_60_GHz_Wireless_HD_Applications">A 65-nm CMOS Fully Integrated Transceiver Module for 60-GHz Wireless HD Applications</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A fully integrated WirelessHD compatible 60-GHz transceiver module in 65-nm CMOS process is presented, covering the four standard channels. The silicon die is flip-chipped on top of a low-cost HTCC module which also includes an external... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18064519" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A fully integrated WirelessHD compatible 60-GHz transceiver module in 65-nm CMOS process is presented, covering the four standard channels. The silicon die is flip-chipped on top of a low-cost HTCC module which also includes an external 65-nm CMOS PA and large beamwidth antennas targeting industrial manufacturability. The module achieves a 16QAM OFDM modulation wireless link with 3.8 Gbps over 1 m. The transceiver consumption is 454 mW in RX mode (including PLL) and 1090 mW in TX mode (including PLL and external PA).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18064519" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="97c3beec6db5375d921f60818da37267" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39856656,"asset_id":18064519,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39856656/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38011247" href="https://univ-bordeaux.academia.edu/DidierBelot">Didier Belot</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38011247" type="text/json">{"id":38011247,"first_name":"Didier","last_name":"Belot","domain_name":"univ-bordeaux","page_name":"DidierBelot","display_name":"Didier Belot","profile_url":"https://univ-bordeaux.academia.edu/DidierBelot?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-18064519">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-18064519"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4meLanteri">Jérôme Lanteri</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/SilasYamamoto">Silas Yamamoto</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-18064519'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-18064519').html(); 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The silicon die is flip-chipped on top of a low-cost HTCC module which also includes an external 65-nm CMOS PA and large beamwidth antennas targeting industrial manufacturability. The module achieves a 16QAM OFDM modulation wireless link with 3.8 Gbps over 1 m. The transceiver consumption is 454 mW in RX mode (including PLL) and 1090 mW in TX mode (including PLL and external PA).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39856656,"asset_id":18064519,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38011247,"first_name":"Didier","last_name":"Belot","domain_name":"univ-bordeaux","page_name":"DidierBelot","display_name":"Didier Belot","profile_url":"https://univ-bordeaux.academia.edu/DidierBelot?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":45994841,"first_name":"Jérôme","last_name":"Lanteri","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JérômeLanteri","display_name":"Jérôme Lanteri","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4meLanteri?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":38224546,"first_name":"Silas","last_name":"Yamamoto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SilasYamamoto","display_name":"Silas Yamamoto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SilasYamamoto?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":433,"name":"Computer Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Architecture?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":41120,"name":"Millimeter Wave Antennas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Millimeter_Wave_Antennas?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":191117,"name":"High Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Temperature?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":197501,"name":"Low noise amplifier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_noise_amplifier?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":497023,"name":"Solid State Devices and Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_State_Devices_and_Circuits?f_ri=296317"},{"id":741094,"name":"Power Amplifier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Amplifier?f_ri=296317"},{"id":991097,"name":"Continuous Time Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continuous_Time_Systems?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15068949" data-work_id="15068949" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15068949/Development_of_a_vacuum_ultraviolet_laser_based_angle_resolved_photoemission_system_with_a_superhigh_energy_resolution_better_than_1_meV">Development of a vacuum ultraviolet laser-based angle-resolved photoemission system with a superhigh energy resolution better than 1 meV</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The design and performance of the first vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) laser-based angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) system are described. The VUV laser with a photon energy of 6.994 eV and bandwidth of 0.26 meV is achieved from the second... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15068949" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The design and performance of the first vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) laser-based angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) system are described. The VUV laser with a photon energy of 6.994 eV and bandwidth of 0.26 meV is achieved from the second harmonic generation using a novel nonlinear optical crystal KBe 2 BO 3 F 2 (KBBF). The new VUV laser-based ARPES system exhibits superior performance, including super-high energy resolution better than 1 meV, high momentum resolution, super-high photon flux and much enhanced bulk sensitivity, which are demonstrated from measurements on a typical Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 high temperature superconductor. Issues and further development related to the VUV laser-based photoemission technique are discussed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15068949" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="02f487b86da88fd84bc5ab9c91023cee" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43604985,"asset_id":15068949,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43604985/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34099322" href="https://independent.academia.edu/XiaoyangWang1">Xiaoyang Wang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34099322" type="text/json">{"id":34099322,"first_name":"Xiaoyang","last_name":"Wang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"XiaoyangWang1","display_name":"Xiaoyang Wang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/XiaoyangWang1?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15068949 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15068949"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15068949, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15068949", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15068949]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15068949").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15068949").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15068949"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_Optics">Nonlinear Optics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4317" type="text/json">{"id":4317,"name":"Nonlinear Optics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_Optics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58918" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Instruments">Scientific Instruments</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="58918" type="text/json">{"id":58918,"name":"Scientific Instruments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Instruments?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80872" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific">Scientific</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="80872" type="text/json">{"id":80872,"name":"Scientific","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15068949]'), work: {"id":15068949,"title":"Development of a vacuum ultraviolet laser-based angle-resolved photoemission system with a superhigh energy resolution better than 1 meV","created_at":"2015-08-21T01:08:59.305-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15068949/Development_of_a_vacuum_ultraviolet_laser_based_angle_resolved_photoemission_system_with_a_superhigh_energy_resolution_better_than_1_meV?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_15068949","summary":"The design and performance of the first vacuum ultra-violet (VUV) laser-based angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) system are described. The VUV laser with a photon energy of 6.994 eV and bandwidth of 0.26 meV is achieved from the second harmonic generation using a novel nonlinear optical crystal KBe 2 BO 3 F 2 (KBBF). The new VUV laser-based ARPES system exhibits superior performance, including super-high energy resolution better than 1 meV, high momentum resolution, super-high photon flux and much enhanced bulk sensitivity, which are demonstrated from measurements on a typical Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 high temperature superconductor. Issues and further development related to the VUV laser-based photoemission technique are discussed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43604985,"asset_id":15068949,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34099322,"first_name":"Xiaoyang","last_name":"Wang","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"XiaoyangWang1","display_name":"Xiaoyang Wang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/XiaoyangWang1?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":4317,"name":"Nonlinear Optics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_Optics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":58918,"name":"Scientific Instruments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Instruments?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":80872,"name":"Scientific","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":87546,"name":"Ultraviolet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultraviolet?f_ri=296317"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317"},{"id":133721,"name":"Second Harmonic Generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Harmonic_Generation?f_ri=296317"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":563389,"name":"Photoemission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photoemission?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34472733" data-work_id="34472733" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34472733/Stability_of_the_Proton_to_Electron_Mass_Ratio">Stability of the Proton-to-Electron Mass Ratio</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">We report a limit on the fractional temporal variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio as 14 1 P e P e</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34472733" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6510d40e31ef771c644901ef7b4c8d59" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54344686,"asset_id":34472733,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54344686/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67922798" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristianChardonnet">Christian Chardonnet</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67922798" type="text/json">{"id":67922798,"first_name":"Christian","last_name":"Chardonnet","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChristianChardonnet","display_name":"Christian Chardonnet","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChristianChardonnet?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34472733 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34472733"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34472733, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34472733", }); 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Using confocal scanning laser... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64530948" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Specially synthesized silica colloidal spheres with fluorescent cores were used as model electrorheological fluids to experimentally explore structure formation and evolution under conditions of no shear. Using confocal scanning laser microscopy we measured the location of each colloid in three dimensions. We observed an equilibrium body-centered tetragonal phase and several nonequilibrium structures such as sheet-like labyrinths and isolated chains of colloids. The formation of nonequilibrium structures was studied as a function of the volume fraction, electric field strength, and starting configuration of the colloid. We compare our observations to previous experiments, simulations, and calculations.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64530948" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="df0c6860b3ea120d5d4fd21dfc10138e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76525459,"asset_id":64530948,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76525459/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28325058" href="https://independent.academia.edu/udeshikadassanayake">udeshika dassanayake</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28325058" type="text/json">{"id":28325058,"first_name":"udeshika","last_name":"dassanayake","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"udeshikadassanayake","display_name":"udeshika dassanayake","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/udeshikadassanayake?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64530948 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64530948"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64530948, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64530948", }); 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Using confocal scanning laser microscopy we measured the location of each colloid in three dimensions. We observed an equilibrium body-centered tetragonal phase and several nonequilibrium structures such as sheet-like labyrinths and isolated chains of colloids. The formation of nonequilibrium structures was studied as a function of the volume fraction, electric field strength, and starting configuration of the colloid. We compare our observations to previous experiments, simulations, and calculations.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76525459,"asset_id":64530948,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28325058,"first_name":"udeshika","last_name":"dassanayake","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"udeshikadassanayake","display_name":"udeshika dassanayake","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/udeshikadassanayake?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":22300,"name":"Chemical Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":98440,"name":"Silica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Silica?f_ri=296317"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":549122,"name":"Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confocal_Laser_Scanning_Microscopy?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1130559,"name":"Electric Field","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Field?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1267791,"name":"Optical Microscope","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Microscope?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1800789,"name":"Steel Structure Formation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Steel_Structure_Formation?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2295024,"name":"Volume Fraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Volume_Fraction?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18593021" data-work_id="18593021" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18593021/A_first_multigigahertz_digitally_controlled_oscillator_for_wireless_applications">A first multigigahertz digitally controlled oscillator for wireless applications</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A novel digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) architecture for multigigahertz wireless RF applications, such as short-range wireless connectivity or cellular phones, is proposed and demonstrated. It deliberately avoids any use of an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18593021" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A novel digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) architecture for multigigahertz wireless RF applications, such as short-range wireless connectivity or cellular phones, is proposed and demonstrated. It deliberately avoids any use of an analog tuning voltage control line. Fine frequency resolution is achieved through high-speed dithering, yet the resulting spurious tones are very low. This enables to employ fully digital frequency synthesizers in the most advanced deep-submicrometer digital CMOS processes, which allow almost no analog extensions. It promotes cost-effective integration with the digital back-end onto a single silicon die. The demonstrator test chip has been fabricated in a digital 0.13-m CMOS process together with a digital signal processor to investigate noise coupling. The 2.4-GHz DCO core consumes 2.3 mA from a 1.5-V supply and has a very large tuning range of 500 MHz. The phase noise is 112 dBc/Hz at 500-kHz offset. The presented ideas have been incorporated in a commercial BLUETOOTH transceiver.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18593021" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="74d6bf74cbd18ecbb2d374ca4748c529" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42310171,"asset_id":18593021,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42310171/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38526066" href="https://udublin.academia.edu/RobertStaszewski">Robert B Staszewski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38526066" type="text/json">{"id":38526066,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Staszewski","domain_name":"udublin","page_name":"RobertStaszewski","display_name":"Robert B Staszewski","profile_url":"https://udublin.academia.edu/RobertStaszewski?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38526066/10705383/11950952/s65_robert.staszewski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18593021 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18593021"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18593021, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18593021", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18593021]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18593021").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18593021").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18593021"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="165565" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_effectiveness">Cost effectiveness</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="165565" type="text/json">{"id":165565,"name":"Cost effectiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_effectiveness?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="317745" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Speed">High Speed</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="317745" type="text/json">{"id":317745,"name":"High Speed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Speed?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="464357" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Signal_Processor">Digital Signal Processor</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="464357" type="text/json">{"id":464357,"name":"Digital Signal Processor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Signal_Processor?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18593021]'), work: {"id":18593021,"title":"A first multigigahertz digitally controlled oscillator for wireless applications","created_at":"2015-11-18T08:58:42.669-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18593021/A_first_multigigahertz_digitally_controlled_oscillator_for_wireless_applications?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_18593021","summary":"A novel digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) architecture for multigigahertz wireless RF applications, such as short-range wireless connectivity or cellular phones, is proposed and demonstrated. It deliberately avoids any use of an analog tuning voltage control line. Fine frequency resolution is achieved through high-speed dithering, yet the resulting spurious tones are very low. This enables to employ fully digital frequency synthesizers in the most advanced deep-submicrometer digital CMOS processes, which allow almost no analog extensions. It promotes cost-effective integration with the digital back-end onto a single silicon die. The demonstrator test chip has been fabricated in a digital 0.13-m CMOS process together with a digital signal processor to investigate noise coupling. The 2.4-GHz DCO core consumes 2.3 mA from a 1.5-V supply and has a very large tuning range of 500 MHz. The phase noise is 112 dBc/Hz at 500-kHz offset. The presented ideas have been incorporated in a commercial BLUETOOTH transceiver.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42310171,"asset_id":18593021,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38526066,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Staszewski","domain_name":"udublin","page_name":"RobertStaszewski","display_name":"Robert B Staszewski","profile_url":"https://udublin.academia.edu/RobertStaszewski?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38526066/10705383/11950952/s65_robert.staszewski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":165565,"name":"Cost effectiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cost_effectiveness?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":317745,"name":"High Speed","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Speed?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":464357,"name":"Digital Signal Processor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Signal_Processor?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1148326,"name":"Phase Noise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Noise?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1719628,"name":"Digitally Controlled Oscillator design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digitally_Controlled_Oscillator_design?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2050592,"name":"Voltage Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voltage_Control?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_52744134" data-work_id="52744134" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52744134/Systematic_Study_of_the_Sr87_Clock_Transition_in_an_Optical_Lattice">Systematic Study of the Sr87 Clock Transition in an Optical Lattice</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">With ultracold 87 Sr confined in a magic wavelength optical lattice, we present the most precise study (2.8 Hz statistical uncertainty) to date of the 1 S 0-3 P 0 optical clock transition with a detailed analysis of systematic shifts (19... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_52744134" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">With ultracold 87 Sr confined in a magic wavelength optical lattice, we present the most precise study (2.8 Hz statistical uncertainty) to date of the 1 S 0-3 P 0 optical clock transition with a detailed analysis of systematic shifts (19 Hz uncertainty) in the absolute frequency measurement of 429 228 004 229 869 Hz. The high resolution permits an investigation of the optical lattice motional sideband structure. The local oscillator for this optical atomic clock is a stable diode laser with its hertz-level linewidth characterized by an octave-spanning femtosecond frequency comb.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/52744134" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eb4c20a39fa31b7e54e957099f391413" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69862665,"asset_id":52744134,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69862665/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32140650" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JunYe2">Jun Ye</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32140650" type="text/json">{"id":32140650,"first_name":"Jun","last_name":"Ye","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JunYe2","display_name":"Jun Ye","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JunYe2?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_52744134 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="52744134"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 52744134, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_52744134", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=52744134]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_52744134").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_52744134").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="52744134"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1430" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Spectroscopy">Laser Spectroscopy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1430" type="text/json">{"id":1430,"name":"Laser Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Spectroscopy?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9615" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Masers">Masers</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9615" type="text/json">{"id":9615,"name":"Masers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Masers?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34754" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_field">Magnetic field</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="34754" type="text/json">{"id":34754,"name":"Magnetic field","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_field?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118582" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="118582" type="text/json">{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=52744134]'), work: {"id":52744134,"title":"Systematic Study of the Sr87 Clock Transition in an Optical Lattice","created_at":"2021-09-18T14:35:26.274-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/52744134/Systematic_Study_of_the_Sr87_Clock_Transition_in_an_Optical_Lattice?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_52744134","summary":"With ultracold 87 Sr confined in a magic wavelength optical lattice, we present the most precise study (2.8 Hz statistical uncertainty) to date of the 1 S 0-3 P 0 optical clock transition with a detailed analysis of systematic shifts (19 Hz uncertainty) in the absolute frequency measurement of 429 228 004 229 869 Hz. The high resolution permits an investigation of the optical lattice motional sideband structure. The local oscillator for this optical atomic clock is a stable diode laser with its hertz-level linewidth characterized by an octave-spanning femtosecond frequency comb.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69862665,"asset_id":52744134,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32140650,"first_name":"Jun","last_name":"Ye","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JunYe2","display_name":"Jun Ye","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JunYe2?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1430,"name":"Laser Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Spectroscopy?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":9615,"name":"Masers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Masers?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":34754,"name":"Magnetic field","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_field?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1536161,"name":"Atomic clock","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atomic_clock?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1676406,"name":"Coherent Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coherent_Control?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_58851034" data-work_id="58851034" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58851034/A_Brief_Introduction_to_Time_to_Digital_and_Digital_to_Time_Converters">A Brief Introduction to Time-to-Digital and Digital-to-Time Converters</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper presents a short review of time-to-digital and digital-to-time converters (TDCs and DTCs, respectively) adopting a time-mode signal-processing perspective. The primary definitions, operating principles, and basic building... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_58851034" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper presents a short review of time-to-digital and digital-to-time converters (TDCs and DTCs, respectively) adopting a time-mode signal-processing perspective. The primary definitions, operating principles, and basic building blocks are presented. The discussion applies to most, if not all, DTCs and TDCs. A series of voltage-controlled delay units are used as the primary building block of these converter circuits. When configured in a servo-loop manner, a very short time resolution is achievable with excellent manufacturing robustness. Such designs can be synthesized in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or constructed in custom silicon. TDCs and DTCs are not new, as they have extensively been used for making very accurate and repeatable time measurements in both the physics-related and semiconductor industry. Today, TDCs and DTCs are finding new applications in phase-locked loops and frequency synthesizers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/58851034" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="281bd2e2312abd9aee55aa1b4a73fba9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73062375,"asset_id":58851034,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73062375/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42267632" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GordonRoberts3">Gordon Roberts</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42267632" type="text/json">{"id":42267632,"first_name":"Gordon","last_name":"Roberts","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GordonRoberts3","display_name":"Gordon Roberts","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GordonRoberts3?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_58851034 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="58851034"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 58851034, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_58851034", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_58851034 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58851034; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_58851034"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_58851034 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="58851034"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 58851034; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=58851034]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_58851034").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_58851034").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="58851034"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2141" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Processing">Signal Processing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2141" type="text/json">{"id":2141,"name":"Signal Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Processing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5697" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FPGA">FPGA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5697" type="text/json">{"id":5697,"name":"FPGA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FPGA?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17194" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field-Programmable_Gate_Arrays">Field-Programmable Gate Arrays</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17194" type="text/json">{"id":17194,"name":"Field-Programmable Gate Arrays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field-Programmable_Gate_Arrays?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221921" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_Programmable_Gate_Array">Field Programmable Gate Array</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="221921" type="text/json">{"id":221921,"name":"Field Programmable Gate Array","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_Programmable_Gate_Array?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=58851034]'), work: {"id":58851034,"title":"A Brief Introduction to Time-to-Digital and Digital-to-Time Converters","created_at":"2021-10-18T08:53:08.345-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/58851034/A_Brief_Introduction_to_Time_to_Digital_and_Digital_to_Time_Converters?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_58851034","summary":"This paper presents a short review of time-to-digital and digital-to-time converters (TDCs and DTCs, respectively) adopting a time-mode signal-processing perspective. The primary definitions, operating principles, and basic building blocks are presented. The discussion applies to most, if not all, DTCs and TDCs. A series of voltage-controlled delay units are used as the primary building block of these converter circuits. When configured in a servo-loop manner, a very short time resolution is achievable with excellent manufacturing robustness. Such designs can be synthesized in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or constructed in custom silicon. TDCs and DTCs are not new, as they have extensively been used for making very accurate and repeatable time measurements in both the physics-related and semiconductor industry. Today, TDCs and DTCs are finding new applications in phase-locked loops and frequency synthesizers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73062375,"asset_id":58851034,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42267632,"first_name":"Gordon","last_name":"Roberts","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GordonRoberts3","display_name":"Gordon Roberts","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GordonRoberts3?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2141,"name":"Signal Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Processing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":5697,"name":"FPGA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FPGA?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":17194,"name":"Field-Programmable Gate Arrays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field-Programmable_Gate_Arrays?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":221921,"name":"Field Programmable Gate Array","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_Programmable_Gate_Array?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":279495,"name":"Robustness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Robustness?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":382725,"name":"Delays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Delays?f_ri=296317"},{"id":389165,"name":"Voltage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voltage?f_ri=296317"},{"id":609191,"name":"Logic Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic_Design?f_ri=296317"},{"id":758525,"name":"Electronics Industry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electronics_Industry?f_ri=296317"},{"id":829658,"name":"Frequency synthesizers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_synthesizers?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1242224,"name":"Phase Locked Loops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Locked_Loops?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1459082,"name":"Time measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_measurement?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2026871,"name":"Phase Lock Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Lock_Loop?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61541000" data-work_id="61541000" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61541000/Astronomical_spectrograph_calibration_with_broad_spectrum_frequency_combs">Astronomical spectrograph calibration with broad-spectrum frequency combs</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Broadband femtosecond-laser frequency combs are filtered to spectrographically resolvable frequency-mode spacing, and the limitations of using cavities for spectral filtering are considered. Data and theory are used to show implications... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61541000" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Broadband femtosecond-laser frequency combs are filtered to spectrographically resolvable frequency-mode spacing, and the limitations of using cavities for spectral filtering are considered. Data and theory are used to show implications to spectrographic calibration of high-resolution, astronomical spectrometers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61541000" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="672804456a2b2d2f6a11c961b0be36b1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74543564,"asset_id":61541000,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74543564/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36166086" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielleBraje">Danielle Braje</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36166086" type="text/json">{"id":36166086,"first_name":"Danielle","last_name":"Braje","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanielleBraje","display_name":"Danielle Braje","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanielleBraje?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61541000 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61541000"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61541000, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61541000", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61541000]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_61541000").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_61541000").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="61541000"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15600" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser">Femtosecond Laser</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15600" type="text/json">{"id":15600,"name":"Femtosecond Laser","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118582" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118582" type="text/json">{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="309086" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Resolution">High Resolution</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="309086" type="text/json">{"id":309086,"name":"High Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Resolution?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61541000]'), work: {"id":61541000,"title":"Astronomical spectrograph calibration with broad-spectrum frequency combs","created_at":"2021-11-11T13:35:49.429-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/61541000/Astronomical_spectrograph_calibration_with_broad_spectrum_frequency_combs?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_61541000","summary":"Broadband femtosecond-laser frequency combs are filtered to spectrographically resolvable frequency-mode spacing, and the limitations of using cavities for spectral filtering are considered. Data and theory are used to show implications to spectrographic calibration of high-resolution, astronomical spectrometers.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74543564,"asset_id":61541000,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36166086,"first_name":"Danielle","last_name":"Braje","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanielleBraje","display_name":"Danielle Braje","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanielleBraje?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":15600,"name":"Femtosecond Laser","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":309086,"name":"High Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Resolution?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":321836,"name":"Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrum?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1453212" data-work_id="1453212" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1453212/Virtual_simulation_of_distributed_IP_based_designs">Virtual simulation of distributed IP-based designs</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">One key issue in design flows based on reuse of third-party intellectual property (IP) components is the need to estimate the impact of component instantiation within complex designs. In this paper we introduce JavaCAD, an internetbased... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1453212" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">One key issue in design flows based on reuse of third-party intellectual property (IP) components is the need to estimate the impact of component instantiation within complex designs. In this paper we introduce JavaCAD, an internetbased EDA tool built on a secure client-server architecture that enables designers to perform simulation and cost estimation of circuits containing IP components wihout actually purchasing them. At the same time, the tool ensures intellectual property protection for the vendors of IP components, and for the IP-users as well. Moreover, JavaCAD supports negotiation of the amount of information and the accuracy of cost estimates, thereby providing seamless transition between IP evaluation and purchase.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1453212" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7ecc8decf624dddceb8343223cd6079d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":11249705,"asset_id":1453212,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/11249705/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="693728" href="https://urbinoc.academia.edu/AlessandroBogliolo">Alessandro Bogliolo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="693728" type="text/json">{"id":693728,"first_name":"Alessandro","last_name":"Bogliolo","domain_name":"urbinoc","page_name":"AlessandroBogliolo","display_name":"Alessandro Bogliolo","profile_url":"https://urbinoc.academia.edu/AlessandroBogliolo?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/693728/774701/35451835/s65_alessandro.bogliolo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1453212 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1453212"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1453212, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1453212", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1453212]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1453212").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1453212").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1453212"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">71</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Engineering">Electrical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49" type="text/json">{"id":49,"name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="440" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributed_Computing">Distributed Computing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="440" type="text/json">{"id":440,"name":"Distributed Computing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributed_Computing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="924" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic">Logic</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="924" type="text/json">{"id":924,"name":"Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1453212]'), work: {"id":1453212,"title":"Virtual simulation of distributed IP-based designs","created_at":"2012-03-01T19:28:35.567-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1453212/Virtual_simulation_of_distributed_IP_based_designs?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_1453212","summary":"One key issue in design flows based on reuse of third-party intellectual property (IP) components is the need to estimate the impact of component instantiation within complex designs. In this paper we introduce JavaCAD, an internetbased EDA tool built on a secure client-server architecture that enables designers to perform simulation and cost estimation of circuits containing IP components wihout actually purchasing them. At the same time, the tool ensures intellectual property protection for the vendors of IP components, and for the IP-users as well. Moreover, JavaCAD supports negotiation of the amount of information and the accuracy of cost estimates, thereby providing seamless transition between IP evaluation and purchase.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":11249705,"asset_id":1453212,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":693728,"first_name":"Alessandro","last_name":"Bogliolo","domain_name":"urbinoc","page_name":"AlessandroBogliolo","display_name":"Alessandro Bogliolo","profile_url":"https://urbinoc.academia.edu/AlessandroBogliolo?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/693728/774701/35451835/s65_alessandro.bogliolo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":49,"name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":440,"name":"Distributed Computing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributed_Computing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":924,"name":"Logic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logic?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1136,"name":"Microelectronics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microelectronics?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2141,"name":"Signal Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Processing?f_ri=296317"},{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=296317"},{"id":4761,"name":"Software Testing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software_Testing?f_ri=296317"},{"id":5473,"name":"Embedded Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embedded_Systems?f_ri=296317"},{"id":9729,"name":"Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stress?f_ri=296317"},{"id":12210,"name":"Embedded 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3775525/A_wide_bandwidth_low_voltage_PLL_for_PowerPC_microprocessors">A wide-bandwidth low-voltage PLL for PowerPC microprocessors</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A 3.3 V Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) clock synthesizer implemented in 0.5 pm CMOS technology is described. The PLL supports internal to external clock frequency ratios of 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 as well as numerous static power down modes for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3775525" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A 3.3 V Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) clock synthesizer implemented in 0.5 pm CMOS technology is described. The PLL supports internal to external clock frequency ratios of 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 as well as numerous static power down modes for PowerPCTM microprocessors.' The CPU clock lock range spans from 6 to 175 MHz. Lock times below 15 ~s , PLL power dissipation below lOmW as well as phase error and jitter below &lo0 ps have been measured. The total area of the PLL is 0.52 mm2.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3775525" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f08912e0835f07e26aeb52709e281b37" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50138222,"asset_id":3775525,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50138222/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4639249" href="https://independent.academia.edu/josealvarez11">jose alvarez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4639249" type="text/json">{"id":4639249,"first_name":"jose","last_name":"alvarez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"josealvarez11","display_name":"jose alvarez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/josealvarez11?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3775525 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3775525"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3775525, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3775525", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3775525]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3775525").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3775525").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3775525"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="232858" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Dissipation">Energy Dissipation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="232858" type="text/json">{"id":232858,"name":"Energy Dissipation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Dissipation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="274476" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Locking">Phase Locking</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="274476" type="text/json">{"id":274476,"name":"Phase Locking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Locking?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="497023" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_State_Devices_and_Circuits">Solid State Devices and Circuits</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="497023" type="text/json">{"id":497023,"name":"Solid State Devices and Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_State_Devices_and_Circuits?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3775525]'), work: {"id":3775525,"title":"A wide-bandwidth low-voltage PLL for PowerPC microprocessors","created_at":"2013-06-24T00:22:23.478-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3775525/A_wide_bandwidth_low_voltage_PLL_for_PowerPC_microprocessors?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_3775525","summary":"A 3.3 V Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) clock synthesizer implemented in 0.5 pm CMOS technology is described. The PLL supports internal to external clock frequency ratios of 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 as well as numerous static power down modes for PowerPCTM microprocessors.' The CPU clock lock range spans from 6 to 175 MHz. Lock times below 15 ~s , PLL power dissipation below lOmW as well as phase error and jitter below \u0026lo0 ps have been measured. The total area of the PLL is 0.52 mm2.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50138222,"asset_id":3775525,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4639249,"first_name":"jose","last_name":"alvarez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"josealvarez11","display_name":"jose alvarez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/josealvarez11?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":232858,"name":"Energy Dissipation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Dissipation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":274476,"name":"Phase Locking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Locking?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":497023,"name":"Solid State Devices and Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solid_State_Devices_and_Circuits?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":648356,"name":"Integrated Circuit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integrated_Circuit?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1437475,"name":"Power Dissipation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Dissipation?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1763372,"name":"Electrical Network","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_Network?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1788126,"name":"Central Processing Unit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Processing_Unit?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1964942,"name":"Low voltage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_voltage?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2026871,"name":"Phase Lock Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Lock_Loop?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17907979" data-work_id="17907979" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17907979/Long_Distance_Frequency_Dissemination_with_a_Resolution_of_10_17">Long-Distance Frequency Dissemination with a Resolution of 10-17</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We use a new technique to disseminate microwave reference signals along ordinary optical fiber. The fractional frequency resolution of a link of 86 km in length is 10 -17 for a one day integration time, a resolution higher than the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17907979" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We use a new technique to disseminate microwave reference signals along ordinary optical fiber. The fractional frequency resolution of a link of 86 km in length is 10 -17 for a one day integration time, a resolution higher than the stability of the best microwave or optical clocks.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17907979" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="409315c838aaf262433fb7ad6bc4fb27" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39773974,"asset_id":17907979,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39773974/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37823729" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristopheDaussy">Christophe Daussy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37823729" type="text/json">{"id":37823729,"first_name":"Christophe","last_name":"Daussy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChristopheDaussy","display_name":"Christophe Daussy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChristopheDaussy?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17907979 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17907979"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17907979, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17907979", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17907979]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17907979").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17907979").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17907979"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15600" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser">Femtosecond Laser</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15600" type="text/json">{"id":15600,"name":"Femtosecond Laser","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118582" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118582" type="text/json">{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="404996" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_fiber">Optical fiber</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="404996" type="text/json">{"id":404996,"name":"Optical fiber","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_fiber?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17907979]'), work: {"id":17907979,"title":"Long-Distance Frequency Dissemination with a Resolution of 10-17","created_at":"2015-11-07T07:10:31.294-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17907979/Long_Distance_Frequency_Dissemination_with_a_Resolution_of_10_17?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_17907979","summary":"We use a new technique to disseminate microwave reference signals along ordinary optical fiber. The fractional frequency resolution of a link of 86 km in length is 10 -17 for a one day integration time, a resolution higher than the stability of the best microwave or optical clocks.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39773974,"asset_id":17907979,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37823729,"first_name":"Christophe","last_name":"Daussy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChristopheDaussy","display_name":"Christophe Daussy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChristopheDaussy?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":15600,"name":"Femtosecond Laser","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":404996,"name":"Optical fiber","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_fiber?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1714028,"name":"Long Distance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Distance?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17907973 coauthored" data-work_id="17907973" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17907973/86_km_optical_link_with_a_resolution_of_2_10_18_for_RF_frequency_transfer">86-km optical link with a resolution of 2 × 10-18 for RF frequency transfer</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">RF frequency transfer over an urban 86 km fibre has been demonstrated with a resolution of 2×10 -18 at one day measuring time using an optical compensator. This result is obtained with a reference carrier frequency of 1 GHz, and a rapid... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17907973" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">RF frequency transfer over an urban 86 km fibre has been demonstrated with a resolution of 2×10 -18 at one day measuring time using an optical compensator. This result is obtained with a reference carrier frequency of 1 GHz, and a rapid scrambling of the polarisation state of the input light in order to reduce the sensitivity to the polarisation mode dispersion in the fibre. The limitation due to the fibre chromatic dispersion associated with the laser frequency fluctuations is highlighted and analyzed. A preliminary test of an extended compensated link over 186 km using optical amplifiers gives a resolution below 10 -17 at 1 day.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17907973" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="54a34da539ec8a1d3211de6d54ada5d7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39773962,"asset_id":17907973,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39773962/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37823729" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristopheDaussy">Christophe Daussy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37823729" type="text/json">{"id":37823729,"first_name":"Christophe","last_name":"Daussy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChristopheDaussy","display_name":"Christophe Daussy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChristopheDaussy?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-17907973">+4</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-17907973"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristianChardonnet">Christian Chardonnet</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/FNarbonneau">F. Narbonneau</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MLours">M. Lours</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnneAmy2">Anne Amy</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-17907973'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-17907973').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17907973 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17907973"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17907973, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17907973", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17907973 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17907973; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17907973"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17907973 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17907973"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17907973; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17907973]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17907973").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17907973").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17907973"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13845" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Use">Time Use</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13845" type="text/json">{"id":13845,"name":"Time Use","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Use?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118582" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118582" type="text/json">{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="898311" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Amplifier">Optical Amplifier</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="898311" type="text/json">{"id":898311,"name":"Optical Amplifier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Amplifier?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17907973]'), work: {"id":17907973,"title":"86-km optical link with a resolution of 2 × 10-18 for RF frequency transfer","created_at":"2015-11-07T07:10:30.604-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17907973/86_km_optical_link_with_a_resolution_of_2_10_18_for_RF_frequency_transfer?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_17907973","summary":"RF frequency transfer over an urban 86 km fibre has been demonstrated with a resolution of 2×10 -18 at one day measuring time using an optical compensator. This result is obtained with a reference carrier frequency of 1 GHz, and a rapid scrambling of the polarisation state of the input light in order to reduce the sensitivity to the polarisation mode dispersion in the fibre. The limitation due to the fibre chromatic dispersion associated with the laser frequency fluctuations is highlighted and analyzed. A preliminary test of an extended compensated link over 186 km using optical amplifiers gives a resolution below 10 -17 at 1 day.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39773962,"asset_id":17907973,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37823729,"first_name":"Christophe","last_name":"Daussy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChristopheDaussy","display_name":"Christophe Daussy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChristopheDaussy?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":67922798,"first_name":"Christian","last_name":"Chardonnet","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChristianChardonnet","display_name":"Christian Chardonnet","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChristianChardonnet?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":37949780,"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Narbonneau","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FNarbonneau","display_name":"F. Narbonneau","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FNarbonneau?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":37959659,"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Lours","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MLours","display_name":"M. Lours","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MLours?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":264131412,"first_name":"Anne","last_name":"Amy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnneAmy2","display_name":"Anne Amy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnneAmy2?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/264131412/115587191/104874871/s65_anne.amy.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":13845,"name":"Time Use","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Use?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":898311,"name":"Optical Amplifier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Amplifier?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_52744136" data-work_id="52744136" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52744136/Sr87_Lattice_Clock_with_Inaccuracy_below_10_15">Sr87 Lattice Clock with Inaccuracy below 10-15</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Aided by ultra-high resolution spectroscopy, the overall systematic uncertainty of the 1 S0-3 P0 clock resonance for lattice-confined 87 Sr has been characterized to 9 × 10 −16. This uncertainty is at a level similar to the Cs-fountain... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_52744136" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Aided by ultra-high resolution spectroscopy, the overall systematic uncertainty of the 1 S0-3 P0 clock resonance for lattice-confined 87 Sr has been characterized to 9 × 10 −16. This uncertainty is at a level similar to the Cs-fountain primary standard, while the potential stability for the lattice clocks exceeds that of Cs. The absolute frequency of the clock transition has been measured to be 429,228,004,229,874.0(1.1) Hz, where the 2.5 × 10 −15 fractional uncertainty represents the most accurate measurement of a neutral-atom-based optical transition frequency to date.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/52744136" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a2d271c09aeababdb611ca913b606556" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69862704,"asset_id":52744136,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69862704/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32140650" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JunYe2">Jun Ye</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32140650" type="text/json">{"id":32140650,"first_name":"Jun","last_name":"Ye","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JunYe2","display_name":"Jun Ye","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JunYe2?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_52744136 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="52744136"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 52744136, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_52744136", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=52744136]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_52744136").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_52744136").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="52744136"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1430" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Spectroscopy">Laser Spectroscopy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1430" type="text/json">{"id":1430,"name":"Laser Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Spectroscopy?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118582" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118582" type="text/json">{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="192257" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical">Physical</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="192257" type="text/json">{"id":192257,"name":"Physical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=52744136]'), work: {"id":52744136,"title":"Sr87 Lattice Clock with Inaccuracy below 10-15","created_at":"2021-09-18T14:35:26.475-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/52744136/Sr87_Lattice_Clock_with_Inaccuracy_below_10_15?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_52744136","summary":"Aided by ultra-high resolution spectroscopy, the overall systematic uncertainty of the 1 S0-3 P0 clock resonance for lattice-confined 87 Sr has been characterized to 9 × 10 −16. This uncertainty is at a level similar to the Cs-fountain primary standard, while the potential stability for the lattice clocks exceeds that of Cs. The absolute frequency of the clock transition has been measured to be 429,228,004,229,874.0(1.1) Hz, where the 2.5 × 10 −15 fractional uncertainty represents the most accurate measurement of a neutral-atom-based optical transition frequency to date.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69862704,"asset_id":52744136,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32140650,"first_name":"Jun","last_name":"Ye","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JunYe2","display_name":"Jun Ye","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JunYe2?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1430,"name":"Laser Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Spectroscopy?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":192257,"name":"Physical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1676406,"name":"Coherent Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coherent_Control?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25786546" data-work_id="25786546" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25786546/High_energy_x_ray_backlighter_spectrum_measurements_using_calibrated_image_plates">High-energy x-ray backlighter spectrum measurements using calibrated image plates</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The x-ray spectrum between 18 and 88 keV generated by a petawatt laser driven x-ray backlighter target was measured using a 12-channel differential filter pair spectrometer. The spectrometer consists of a series of filter pairs on a Ta... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25786546" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The x-ray spectrum between 18 and 88 keV generated by a petawatt laser driven x-ray backlighter target was measured using a 12-channel differential filter pair spectrometer. The spectrometer consists of a series of filter pairs on a Ta mask coupled with an x-ray sensitive image plate. A calibration of Fuji TM MS and SR image plates was conducted using a tungsten anode x-ray source and the resulting calibration applied to the design of the Ross pair spectrometer. Additionally, the fade rate and resolution of the image plate system were measured for quantitative radiographic applications. The conversion efficiency of laser energy into silver Kα x rays from a petawatt laser target was measured using the differential filter pair spectrometer and compared to measurements using a single photon counting charge coupled device.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25786546" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9003b2c87a32de07d13513dae7264fc2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46145926,"asset_id":25786546,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46145926/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34666226" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NobuhikoIzumi">Nobuhiko Izumi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34666226" type="text/json">{"id":34666226,"first_name":"Nobuhiko","last_name":"Izumi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NobuhikoIzumi","display_name":"Nobuhiko Izumi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NobuhikoIzumi?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25786546 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25786546"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25786546, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25786546", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25786546 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25786546; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25786546"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25786546 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25786546"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25786546; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25786546]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25786546").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25786546").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25786546"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56001" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_Rays">X Rays</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="56001" type="text/json">{"id":56001,"name":"X Rays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_Rays?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58918" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Instruments">Scientific Instruments</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="58918" type="text/json">{"id":58918,"name":"Scientific Instruments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Instruments?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80872" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific">Scientific</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="80872" type="text/json">{"id":80872,"name":"Scientific","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25786546]'), work: {"id":25786546,"title":"High-energy x-ray backlighter spectrum measurements using calibrated image plates","created_at":"2016-06-01T15:47:35.141-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25786546/High_energy_x_ray_backlighter_spectrum_measurements_using_calibrated_image_plates?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_25786546","summary":"The x-ray spectrum between 18 and 88 keV generated by a petawatt laser driven x-ray backlighter target was measured using a 12-channel differential filter pair spectrometer. The spectrometer consists of a series of filter pairs on a Ta mask coupled with an x-ray sensitive image plate. A calibration of Fuji TM MS and SR image plates was conducted using a tungsten anode x-ray source and the resulting calibration applied to the design of the Ross pair spectrometer. Additionally, the fade rate and resolution of the image plate system were measured for quantitative radiographic applications. The conversion efficiency of laser energy into silver Kα x rays from a petawatt laser target was measured using the differential filter pair spectrometer and compared to measurements using a single photon counting charge coupled device.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46145926,"asset_id":25786546,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34666226,"first_name":"Nobuhiko","last_name":"Izumi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NobuhikoIzumi","display_name":"Nobuhiko Izumi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NobuhikoIzumi?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":56001,"name":"X Rays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_Rays?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":58918,"name":"Scientific Instruments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Instruments?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":80872,"name":"Scientific","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":321836,"name":"Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrum?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1400376,"name":"Conversion Efficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conversion_Efficiency?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1499498,"name":"High energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_energy?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18593017" data-work_id="18593017" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18593017/All_Digital_PLL_With_Ultra_Fast_Settling">All-Digital PLL With Ultra Fast Settling</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A fully digital frequency synthesizer for RF wireless applications has recently been proposed. At its foundation lies a digitally controlled oscillator with sufficiently fine frequency resolution to avoid analog tuning. The conventional... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18593017" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A fully digital frequency synthesizer for RF wireless applications has recently been proposed. At its foundation lies a digitally controlled oscillator with sufficiently fine frequency resolution to avoid analog tuning. The conventional phase/frequency detector, charge pump and RC loop filter are replaced by a time-to-digital converter and a simple digital loop filter. When implemented in highly scaled digital CMOS processes, the proposed architecture is more advantageous over conventional charge-pump-based phase-locked loops (PLLs) since it exploits signal processing capabilities of digital circuits and avoids relying on the fine voltage resolution of analog circuits. In this brief, we present novel techniques used in the all-digital PLL to achieve an ultra-fast frequency acquisition of 50 s while maintaining ex-</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18593017" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d5e31f15d6bd877cd6c26786cfb5d84b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40146789,"asset_id":18593017,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40146789/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38526066" href="https://udublin.academia.edu/RobertStaszewski">Robert B Staszewski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38526066" type="text/json">{"id":38526066,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Staszewski","domain_name":"udublin","page_name":"RobertStaszewski","display_name":"Robert B Staszewski","profile_url":"https://udublin.academia.edu/RobertStaszewski?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38526066/10705383/11950952/s65_robert.staszewski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18593017 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18593017"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18593017, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18593017", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18593017]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18593017").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18593017").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18593017"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="979" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analog_Circuits">Analog Circuits</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="979" type="text/json">{"id":979,"name":"Analog Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analog_Circuits?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2141" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Processing">Signal Processing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2141" type="text/json">{"id":2141,"name":"Signal Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Processing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17160" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Circuits">Digital Circuits</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17160" type="text/json">{"id":17160,"name":"Digital Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Circuits?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23018" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Control">Digital Control</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23018" type="text/json">{"id":23018,"name":"Digital Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Control?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18593017]'), work: {"id":18593017,"title":"All-Digital PLL With Ultra Fast Settling","created_at":"2015-11-18T08:58:41.772-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18593017/All_Digital_PLL_With_Ultra_Fast_Settling?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_18593017","summary":"A fully digital frequency synthesizer for RF wireless applications has recently been proposed. At its foundation lies a digitally controlled oscillator with sufficiently fine frequency resolution to avoid analog tuning. The conventional phase/frequency detector, charge pump and RC loop filter are replaced by a time-to-digital converter and a simple digital loop filter. When implemented in highly scaled digital CMOS processes, the proposed architecture is more advantageous over conventional charge-pump-based phase-locked loops (PLLs) since it exploits signal processing capabilities of digital circuits and avoids relying on the fine voltage resolution of analog circuits. In this brief, we present novel techniques used in the all-digital PLL to achieve an ultra-fast frequency acquisition of 50 s while maintaining ex-","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40146789,"asset_id":18593017,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38526066,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Staszewski","domain_name":"udublin","page_name":"RobertStaszewski","display_name":"Robert B Staszewski","profile_url":"https://udublin.academia.edu/RobertStaszewski?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38526066/10705383/11950952/s65_robert.staszewski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":979,"name":"Analog Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analog_Circuits?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":2141,"name":"Signal Processing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Processing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":17160,"name":"Digital Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Circuits?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":23018,"name":"Digital Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digital_Control?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":217280,"name":"Mobile phone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobile_phone?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":443642,"name":"Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_System_for_Mobile_Communication_GSM_?f_ri=296317"},{"id":920886,"name":"Charge Pump","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charge_Pump?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1148326,"name":"Phase Noise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Noise?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1719628,"name":"Digitally Controlled Oscillator design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Digitally_Controlled_Oscillator_design?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1984590,"name":"Phase frequency detector","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_frequency_detector?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2026871,"name":"Phase Lock Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Lock_Loop?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19252849" data-work_id="19252849" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19252849/High_Accuracy_Optical_Clock_via_Three_Level_Coherence_in_Neutral_Bosonic_Sr88">High-Accuracy Optical Clock via Three-Level Coherence in Neutral Bosonic Sr88</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">An optical atomic clock scheme is developed that utilizes two lasers to establish coherent coupling between the 5s 2 1 S0 ground state of 88 Sr and the first excited state, 5s5p 3 P0. The coupling is mediated by the broad 5s5p 1 P1 state,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19252849" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">An optical atomic clock scheme is developed that utilizes two lasers to establish coherent coupling between the 5s 2 1 S0 ground state of 88 Sr and the first excited state, 5s5p 3 P0. The coupling is mediated by the broad 5s5p 1 P1 state, exploiting the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency. The effective linewidth of the clock transition can be chosen at will by adjusting the laser intensity. By trapping the 88 Sr atoms in an optical lattice, long interaction times with the two lasers are ensured; Doppler and recoil effects are eliminated. Based on a careful analysis of systematic errors, a clock accuracy of better than 2 × 10 −17 is expected.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19252849" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8676c93baaf267cdce50b02b0727b5eb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42226195,"asset_id":19252849,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42226195/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39494207" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisGreene3">Chris Greene</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39494207" type="text/json">{"id":39494207,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Greene","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisGreene3","display_name":"Chris Greene","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisGreene3?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19252849 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19252849"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19252849, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19252849", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19252849 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19252849; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19252849"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19252849 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19252849"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19252849; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19252849]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19252849").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19252849").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19252849"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1430" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Spectroscopy">Laser Spectroscopy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1430" type="text/json">{"id":1430,"name":"Laser Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Spectroscopy?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="93654" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electromagnetically_Induced_Transparency">Electromagnetically Induced Transparency</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="93654" type="text/json">{"id":93654,"name":"Electromagnetically Induced Transparency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electromagnetically_Induced_Transparency?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118582" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118582" type="text/json">{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19252849]'), work: {"id":19252849,"title":"High-Accuracy Optical Clock via Three-Level Coherence in Neutral Bosonic Sr88","created_at":"2015-11-30T13:48:57.892-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19252849/High_Accuracy_Optical_Clock_via_Three_Level_Coherence_in_Neutral_Bosonic_Sr88?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_19252849","summary":"An optical atomic clock scheme is developed that utilizes two lasers to establish coherent coupling between the 5s 2 1 S0 ground state of 88 Sr and the first excited state, 5s5p 3 P0. The coupling is mediated by the broad 5s5p 1 P1 state, exploiting the phenomenon of electromagnetically induced transparency. The effective linewidth of the clock transition can be chosen at will by adjusting the laser intensity. By trapping the 88 Sr atoms in an optical lattice, long interaction times with the two lasers are ensured; Doppler and recoil effects are eliminated. Based on a careful analysis of systematic errors, a clock accuracy of better than 2 × 10 −17 is expected.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42226195,"asset_id":19252849,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39494207,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Greene","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisGreene3","display_name":"Chris Greene","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisGreene3?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1430,"name":"Laser Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Spectroscopy?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":93654,"name":"Electromagnetically Induced Transparency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electromagnetically_Induced_Transparency?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":393410,"name":"Excited states","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Excited_states?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1536161,"name":"Atomic clock","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atomic_clock?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20957763" data-work_id="20957763" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20957763/Measurement_of_the_VIRGO_superattenuator_performance_for_seismic_noise_suppression">Measurement of the VIRGO superattenuator performance for seismic noise suppression</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Below a few tens of hertz interferometric detection of gravitational waves is masked by seismic vibrations of the optical components. In order to isolate the mirrors of the VIRGO interferometer, a sophisticated suspension system, called... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20957763" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Below a few tens of hertz interferometric detection of gravitational waves is masked by seismic vibrations of the optical components. In order to isolate the mirrors of the VIRGO interferometer, a sophisticated suspension system, called superattenuator, has been developed. Its working principle is based on a multistage pendulum acting on seismic vibrations as a chain of second order mechanical low-pass filters. A complete superattenuator has been built and tested. This apparatus allows extending the VIRGO detection band down to a few Hz. A detailed description of the attenuation system and its performance are presented in this article.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20957763" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2793bd1f4103d0994a1bd6c92f9442c8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41645713,"asset_id":20957763,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41645713/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42214085" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GBallardin">G. Ballardin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42214085" type="text/json">{"id":42214085,"first_name":"G.","last_name":"Ballardin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GBallardin","display_name":"G. 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In order to isolate the mirrors of the VIRGO interferometer, a sophisticated suspension system, called superattenuator, has been developed. Its working principle is based on a multistage pendulum acting on seismic vibrations as a chain of second order mechanical low-pass filters. A complete superattenuator has been built and tested. This apparatus allows extending the VIRGO detection band down to a few Hz. A detailed description of the attenuation system and its performance are presented in this article.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41645713,"asset_id":20957763,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42214085,"first_name":"G.","last_name":"Ballardin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GBallardin","display_name":"G. Ballardin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GBallardin?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":58918,"name":"Scientific Instruments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Instruments?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":80872,"name":"Scientific","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":117881,"name":"Gravitational Wave Detectors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gravitational_Wave_Detectors?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317"},{"id":162787,"name":"Vibration İsolation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vibration_%C4%B0solation?f_ri=296317"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":347272,"name":"Second Order","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Order?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1826013,"name":"Mass Spectrometer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometer?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5256332" data-work_id="5256332" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5256332/Optical_clockworks_and_the_measurement_of_laser_frequencies_with_a_mode_locked_frequency_comb">Optical clockworks and the measurement of laser frequencies with a mode-locked frequency comb</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Femtosecond laser-frequency comb techniques are vastly simplifying the measurement and synthesis of optical frequencies. A single mode-locked femtosecond laser, with its spectrum broadened by self-phase modulation in a microstructured or... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5256332" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Femtosecond laser-frequency comb techniques are vastly simplifying the measurement and synthesis of optical frequencies. A single mode-locked femtosecond laser, with its spectrum broadened by self-phase modulation in a microstructured or tapered nonlinear fiber, can produce millions of sharp laser lines in a precise evenly spaced grid spanning much of the visible and nearinfrared spectrum. The absolute frequency of each line is determined by two observable radio-frequency signals. The pulse repetition rate gives the spacing of the comb lines and the rate at which the phase of the lightwave slips, relative to the intensity envelope from pulse to pulse determines the offset frequency by which each line is displaced from a precise integral multiple of the repetition frequency. This offset frequency can be measured most easily if the comb spans more than an optical octave so that one can observe a radio frequency beat note between the second harmonic of the infrared comb lines with the corresponding comb lines at the blue end. Such an optical-frequency synthesizer makes optical oscillations readily countable and provides the long-awaited compact optical clockwork for an all-optical clock.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5256332" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6045bcefcceda5ef300dfbd1a3c40e44" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49379228,"asset_id":5256332,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49379228/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7201355" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcusZimmermann">Marcus Zimmermann</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7201355" type="text/json">{"id":7201355,"first_name":"Marcus","last_name":"Zimmermann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcusZimmermann","display_name":"Marcus Zimmermann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcusZimmermann?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5256332 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5256332"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5256332, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5256332", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5256332]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5256332").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5256332").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5256332"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_Optics">Nonlinear Optics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4317" type="text/json">{"id":4317,"name":"Nonlinear Optics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_Optics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15600" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser">Femtosecond Laser</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15600" type="text/json">{"id":15600,"name":"Femtosecond Laser","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16515" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiber_Lasers">Fiber Lasers</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16515" type="text/json">{"id":16515,"name":"Fiber Lasers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiber_Lasers?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23940" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Near_Infrared">Near Infrared</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23940" type="text/json">{"id":23940,"name":"Near Infrared","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Near_Infrared?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5256332]'), work: {"id":5256332,"title":"Optical clockworks and the measurement of laser frequencies with a mode-locked frequency comb","created_at":"2013-11-28T18:42:00.712-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5256332/Optical_clockworks_and_the_measurement_of_laser_frequencies_with_a_mode_locked_frequency_comb?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_5256332","summary":"Femtosecond laser-frequency comb techniques are vastly simplifying the measurement and synthesis of optical frequencies. A single mode-locked femtosecond laser, with its spectrum broadened by self-phase modulation in a microstructured or tapered nonlinear fiber, can produce millions of sharp laser lines in a precise evenly spaced grid spanning much of the visible and nearinfrared spectrum. The absolute frequency of each line is determined by two observable radio-frequency signals. The pulse repetition rate gives the spacing of the comb lines and the rate at which the phase of the lightwave slips, relative to the intensity envelope from pulse to pulse determines the offset frequency by which each line is displaced from a precise integral multiple of the repetition frequency. This offset frequency can be measured most easily if the comb spans more than an optical octave so that one can observe a radio frequency beat note between the second harmonic of the infrared comb lines with the corresponding comb lines at the blue end. Such an optical-frequency synthesizer makes optical oscillations readily countable and provides the long-awaited compact optical clockwork for an all-optical clock.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49379228,"asset_id":5256332,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7201355,"first_name":"Marcus","last_name":"Zimmermann","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcusZimmermann","display_name":"Marcus Zimmermann","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcusZimmermann?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4317,"name":"Nonlinear Optics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nonlinear_Optics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":15600,"name":"Femtosecond Laser","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":16515,"name":"Fiber Lasers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiber_Lasers?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":23940,"name":"Near Infrared","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Near_Infrared?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":133721,"name":"Second Harmonic Generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Harmonic_Generation?f_ri=296317"},{"id":159012,"name":"Radio Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radio_Frequency?f_ri=296317"},{"id":263152,"name":"Optical physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_physics?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":321836,"name":"Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrum?f_ri=296317"},{"id":473797,"name":"Microstructures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructures?f_ri=296317"},{"id":484492,"name":"Self-Phase Modulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self-Phase_Modulation?f_ri=296317"},{"id":882466,"name":"Single Mode","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Single_Mode?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72690039" data-work_id="72690039" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72690039/Fast_Lock_Hybrid_PLL_Combining_Fractional_N_and_Integer_N_Modes_of_Differing_Bandwidths">Fast-Lock Hybrid PLL Combining Fractional-N and Integer-N Modes of Differing Bandwidths</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Abstract—We introduce a single-loop PLL that operates in a narrower-bandwidth, integer- mode during phase lock and in a wider-bandwidth, fractional- mode during transient. This hybrid PLL, as a generalization of the conventional... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72690039" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstract—We introduce a single-loop PLL that operates in a narrower-bandwidth, integer- mode during phase lock and in a wider-bandwidth, fractional- mode during transient. This hybrid PLL, as a generalization of the conventional variable-bandwidth PLL that shifts only its bandwidth, simultaneously achieves the fast-locking advantage of the fractional- PLL and design simplicity of the integer- PLL, and as such, brings benefits in certain important PLL applications. In addition, the frequency division mode switching, unique in the hybrid PLL, enables a new, more digital protocol to execute bandwidth switching. A CMOS IC prototype attests to the validity of the proposed approach. Index Terms—Charge-pump phase-locked loops, fractionalfrequency synthesizers, integer- frequency synthesizers, phaselocked loops. I.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72690039" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="11096ec2cbe1993d8408dc7b3bbcccec" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81518791,"asset_id":72690039,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81518791/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="119893308" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WooKyoungho">Kyoungho Woo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="119893308" type="text/json">{"id":119893308,"first_name":"Kyoungho","last_name":"Woo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WooKyoungho","display_name":"Kyoungho Woo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WooKyoungho?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72690039 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72690039"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72690039, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72690039", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72690039]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_72690039").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_72690039").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="72690039"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="920886" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charge_Pump">Charge Pump</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="920886" type="text/json">{"id":920886,"name":"Charge Pump","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charge_Pump?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=72690039]'), work: {"id":72690039,"title":"Fast-Lock Hybrid PLL Combining Fractional-N and Integer-N Modes of Differing Bandwidths","created_at":"2022-03-01T07:50:30.905-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72690039/Fast_Lock_Hybrid_PLL_Combining_Fractional_N_and_Integer_N_Modes_of_Differing_Bandwidths?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_72690039","summary":"Abstract—We introduce a single-loop PLL that operates in a narrower-bandwidth, integer- mode during phase lock and in a wider-bandwidth, fractional- mode during transient. This hybrid PLL, as a generalization of the conventional variable-bandwidth PLL that shifts only its bandwidth, simultaneously achieves the fast-locking advantage of the fractional- PLL and design simplicity of the integer- PLL, and as such, brings benefits in certain important PLL applications. In addition, the frequency division mode switching, unique in the hybrid PLL, enables a new, more digital protocol to execute bandwidth switching. A CMOS IC prototype attests to the validity of the proposed approach. Index Terms—Charge-pump phase-locked loops, fractionalfrequency synthesizers, integer- frequency synthesizers, phaselocked loops. I.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81518791,"asset_id":72690039,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":119893308,"first_name":"Kyoungho","last_name":"Woo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WooKyoungho","display_name":"Kyoungho Woo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WooKyoungho?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":920886,"name":"Charge Pump","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charge_Pump?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1242224,"name":"Phase Locked Loops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Locked_Loops?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2026871,"name":"Phase Lock Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Lock_Loop?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1860516" data-work_id="1860516" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1860516/A_cold_atom_pyramidal_gravimeter_with_a_single_laser_beam">A cold atom pyramidal gravimeter with a single laser beam</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We demonstrate a scheme for realizing a compact cold atom gravimeter. The use of a hollow pyramidal configuration allows to achieve all functions: trapping, interferometer and detection with a unique laser beam leading to a drastic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1860516" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We demonstrate a scheme for realizing a compact cold atom gravimeter. The use of a hollow pyramidal configuration allows to achieve all functions: trapping, interferometer and detection with a unique laser beam leading to a drastic reduction in complexity and volume. In particular, we demonstrate a relative sensitivity to acceleration of gravity (g) of 1.7 × 10 −7 at one second, with a moderate laser power of 50 mW. This simple geometry combined to such a high sensitivity opens wide perspectives for practical applications (P. Bouyer and A. Landragin, patent n • FR2009/000252, 2009).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1860516" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9f182b46f84389463d64d0bb17a9ca65" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31153511,"asset_id":1860516,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31153511/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2315008" href="https://wm.academia.edu/QuentinSantos">Quentin Santos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2315008" type="text/json">{"id":2315008,"first_name":"Quentin","last_name":"Santos","domain_name":"wm","page_name":"QuentinSantos","display_name":"Quentin Santos","profile_url":"https://wm.academia.edu/QuentinSantos?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1860516 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1860516"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1860516, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1860516", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1860516]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1860516").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1860516").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1860516"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9138" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Physics">Applied Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9138" type="text/json">{"id":9138,"name":"Applied Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118582" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118582" type="text/json">{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="216003" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_Atoms_Physics">Cold Atoms Physics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="216003" type="text/json">{"id":216003,"name":"Cold Atoms Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_Atoms_Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1860516]'), work: {"id":1860516,"title":"A cold atom pyramidal gravimeter with a single laser beam","created_at":"2012-08-15T11:38:48.907-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1860516/A_cold_atom_pyramidal_gravimeter_with_a_single_laser_beam?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_1860516","summary":"We demonstrate a scheme for realizing a compact cold atom gravimeter. The use of a hollow pyramidal configuration allows to achieve all functions: trapping, interferometer and detection with a unique laser beam leading to a drastic reduction in complexity and volume. In particular, we demonstrate a relative sensitivity to acceleration of gravity (g) of 1.7 × 10 −7 at one second, with a moderate laser power of 50 mW. This simple geometry combined to such a high sensitivity opens wide perspectives for practical applications (P. Bouyer and A. Landragin, patent n • FR2009/000252, 2009).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31153511,"asset_id":1860516,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2315008,"first_name":"Quentin","last_name":"Santos","domain_name":"wm","page_name":"QuentinSantos","display_name":"Quentin Santos","profile_url":"https://wm.academia.edu/QuentinSantos?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":9138,"name":"Applied Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":216003,"name":"Cold Atoms Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_Atoms_Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":962638,"name":"High Sensitivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Sensitivity?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21502862" data-work_id="21502862" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21502862/Precise_pulsed_time_of_flight_laser_range_finder_for_industrial_distance_measurements">Precise pulsed time-of-flight laser range finder for industrial distance measurements</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A pulsed time-of-flight laser range finder with a 1 GHz avalanche photo diode ͑APD͒ receiver and a laser pulser with ϳ35 ps pulse width has been developed and tested. The receiver channel is constructed using a silicon ASIC chip and a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21502862" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A pulsed time-of-flight laser range finder with a 1 GHz avalanche photo diode ͑APD͒ receiver and a laser pulser with ϳ35 ps pulse width has been developed and tested. The receiver channel is constructed using a silicon ASIC chip and a commercially available silicon APD placed on a hybrid ceramic susbstrate. The laser pulser utilizes a single heterostructure laser operating in Q-switching mode. It is shown that the single-shot precision of the complete laser range finder is ϳ2.1 mm ͑ value͒ at best. The nonaccuracy in the distance range of 0.5-34.5 m was ϳϮ2 mm excluding errors caused by the statistical variations and long-term instability. The single-shot precision is clearly better than the single-shot precision of the earlier laser range finders with ϳ100-200 MHz bandwidths. Also, two types of optics, coaxial and paraxial, were tested. The linearity of the coaxial optics was better, especially with a long ͑4 m͒ receiver fiber. Some possible applications of the laser range finder utilizing ps level pulses are, for example, fast three-dimensional vision in industrial environments and structure analysis of materials.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21502862" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="793068b81519345c5c036cc38387d71b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41945100,"asset_id":21502862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41945100/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25394563" href="https://oulu.academia.edu/AriKilpel%C3%A4">Ari J Kilpelä</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25394563" type="text/json">{"id":25394563,"first_name":"Ari","last_name":"Kilpelä","domain_name":"oulu","page_name":"AriKilpelä","display_name":"Ari J Kilpelä","profile_url":"https://oulu.academia.edu/AriKilpel%C3%A4?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25394563/28574559/26709381/s65_ari.kilpel_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21502862 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21502862"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21502862, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21502862", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21502862]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21502862").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21502862").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21502862"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="854" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Vision">Computer Vision</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="854" type="text/json">{"id":854,"name":"Computer Vision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Vision?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1252" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Remote_Sensing">Remote Sensing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1252" type="text/json">{"id":1252,"name":"Remote Sensing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Remote_Sensing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3413" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Robot_Vision">Robot Vision</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3413" type="text/json">{"id":3413,"name":"Robot Vision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Robot_Vision?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21502862]'), work: {"id":21502862,"title":"Precise pulsed time-of-flight laser range finder for industrial distance measurements","created_at":"2016-02-03T04:17:54.101-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21502862/Precise_pulsed_time_of_flight_laser_range_finder_for_industrial_distance_measurements?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_21502862","summary":"A pulsed time-of-flight laser range finder with a 1 GHz avalanche photo diode ͑APD͒ receiver and a laser pulser with ϳ35 ps pulse width has been developed and tested. The receiver channel is constructed using a silicon ASIC chip and a commercially available silicon APD placed on a hybrid ceramic susbstrate. The laser pulser utilizes a single heterostructure laser operating in Q-switching mode. It is shown that the single-shot precision of the complete laser range finder is ϳ2.1 mm ͑ value͒ at best. The nonaccuracy in the distance range of 0.5-34.5 m was ϳϮ2 mm excluding errors caused by the statistical variations and long-term instability. The single-shot precision is clearly better than the single-shot precision of the earlier laser range finders with ϳ100-200 MHz bandwidths. Also, two types of optics, coaxial and paraxial, were tested. The linearity of the coaxial optics was better, especially with a long ͑4 m͒ receiver fiber. Some possible applications of the laser range finder utilizing ps level pulses are, for example, fast three-dimensional vision in industrial environments and structure analysis of materials.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41945100,"asset_id":21502862,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25394563,"first_name":"Ari","last_name":"Kilpelä","domain_name":"oulu","page_name":"AriKilpelä","display_name":"Ari J Kilpelä","profile_url":"https://oulu.academia.edu/AriKilpel%C3%A4?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25394563/28574559/26709381/s65_ari.kilpel_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":854,"name":"Computer Vision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Vision?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1252,"name":"Remote Sensing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Remote_Sensing?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":3413,"name":"Robot Vision","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Robot_Vision?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":58918,"name":"Scientific Instruments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Instruments?f_ri=296317"},{"id":112619,"name":"Time of Flight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_of_Flight?f_ri=296317"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317"},{"id":184909,"name":"Structure Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure_Analysis?f_ri=296317"},{"id":242220,"name":"Pulse Compression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pulse_Compression?f_ri=296317"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":504035,"name":"Three Dimensional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Three_Dimensional?f_ri=296317"},{"id":559443,"name":"Laser Range Finder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Range_Finder?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1372104,"name":"Optical Pulse Generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Pulse_Generation?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22128994 coauthored" data-work_id="22128994" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22128994/Saturated_Absorption_Cavity_Ring_Down_Spectroscopy">Saturated-Absorption Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We report on a novel approach to cavity-ring-down spectroscopy with the sample gas in saturatedabsorption regime. This technique allows to decouple and simultaneously retrieve empty-cavity background and absorption signal, by means of a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22128994" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We report on a novel approach to cavity-ring-down spectroscopy with the sample gas in saturatedabsorption regime. This technique allows to decouple and simultaneously retrieve empty-cavity background and absorption signal, by means of a theoretical model that we developed and tested. The high sensitivity and frequency precision for spectroscopic applications are exploited to measure, for the first time, the hyperfine structure of an excited vibrational state of 17 O 12 C 16 O in natural abundance with an accuracy of a few parts in 10 −11 .</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22128994" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8a8f02955b703a4099673865bed1976e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42796165,"asset_id":22128994,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42796165/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43456426" href="https://ino.academia.edu/SaverioBartalini">Saverio Bartalini</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43456426" type="text/json">{"id":43456426,"first_name":"Saverio","last_name":"Bartalini","domain_name":"ino","page_name":"SaverioBartalini","display_name":"Saverio Bartalini","profile_url":"https://ino.academia.edu/SaverioBartalini?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-22128994">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-22128994"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/GiovanniGiusfredi">Giovanni Giusfredi</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-22128994'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-22128994').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22128994 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22128994"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22128994, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22128994", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22128994 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22128994; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22128994"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22128994 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22128994"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22128994; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22128994]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22128994").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22128994").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22128994"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118582" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118582" type="text/json">{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="335361" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrared">Infrared</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="335361" type="text/json">{"id":335361,"name":"Infrared","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrared?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="420706" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrared_spectra">Infrared spectra</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="420706" type="text/json">{"id":420706,"name":"Infrared spectra","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrared_spectra?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22128994]'), work: {"id":22128994,"title":"Saturated-Absorption Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy","created_at":"2016-02-18T02:52:55.834-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22128994/Saturated_Absorption_Cavity_Ring_Down_Spectroscopy?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_22128994","summary":"We report on a novel approach to cavity-ring-down spectroscopy with the sample gas in saturatedabsorption regime. This technique allows to decouple and simultaneously retrieve empty-cavity background and absorption signal, by means of a theoretical model that we developed and tested. The high sensitivity and frequency precision for spectroscopic applications are exploited to measure, for the first time, the hyperfine structure of an excited vibrational state of 17 O 12 C 16 O in natural abundance with an accuracy of a few parts in 10 −11 .","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42796165,"asset_id":22128994,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43456426,"first_name":"Saverio","last_name":"Bartalini","domain_name":"ino","page_name":"SaverioBartalini","display_name":"Saverio Bartalini","profile_url":"https://ino.academia.edu/SaverioBartalini?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":43538171,"first_name":"Giovanni","last_name":"Giusfredi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GiovanniGiusfredi","display_name":"Giovanni Giusfredi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GiovanniGiusfredi?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":335361,"name":"Infrared","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrared?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":420706,"name":"Infrared spectra","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infrared_spectra?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":962638,"name":"High Sensitivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Sensitivity?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1154248,"name":"Theoretical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_Model?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1311314,"name":"Hyperfine Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hyperfine_Structure?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73167519" data-work_id="73167519" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73167519/A_3_7_mW_Low_Noise_Wide_Bandwidth_4_5_GHz_Digital_Fractional_N_PLL_Using_Time_Amplifier_Based_TDC">A 3.7 mW Low-Noise Wide-Bandwidth 4.5 GHz Digital Fractional-N PLL Using Time Amplifier-Based TDC</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A digital fractional-N PLL that employs a high resolution TDC and a truly fractional divider to achieve low in-band noise with a wide bandwidth is presented. The fractional divider employs a digital-to-time converter (DTC) to cancel out... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73167519" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A digital fractional-N PLL that employs a high resolution TDC and a truly fractional divider to achieve low in-band noise with a wide bandwidth is presented. The fractional divider employs a digital-to-time converter (DTC) to cancel out quantization noise in time domain, thus alleviating TDC dynamic range requirements. The proposed digital architecture adopts a narrow range low-power time-amplifier based TDC (TA-TDC) to achieve sub 1 ps resolution. By using TA-TDC in place of a BBPD, the limit cycle behavior that plagues BB-PLLs is greatly suppressed by the TA-TDC, thus permitting wide PLL bandwidth. The proposed architecture is also less susceptible to DTC nonlinearity and has faster settling and tracking behavior compared to a BB-PLL. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS process, the prototype PLL achieves better than 106 dBc/Hz in-band noise and 3 MHz PLL bandwidth at 4.5 GHz output frequency using 50 MHz reference. The PLL consumes 3.7 mW and achieves better than 490 fs integrated jitter. This translates to a FoM of 240.5 dB, which is the best among the reported fractional-N PLLs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73167519" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c583ca5f1e5e7b45bd15f87fbd2ad0ef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81792874,"asset_id":73167519,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81792874/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="97571812" href="https://shams.academia.edu/AElkholy">Ahmed Elkholy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="97571812" type="text/json">{"id":97571812,"first_name":"Ahmed","last_name":"Elkholy","domain_name":"shams","page_name":"AElkholy","display_name":"Ahmed Elkholy","profile_url":"https://shams.academia.edu/AElkholy?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73167519 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73167519"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73167519, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73167519", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_73167519 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73167519; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_73167519"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_73167519 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73167519"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73167519; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73167519]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73167519").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73167519").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73167519"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="498" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="498" type="text/json">{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="229258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Power_Electronics">Low Power Electronics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="229258" type="text/json">{"id":229258,"name":"Low Power Electronics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Power_Electronics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="233884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jitter">Jitter</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="233884" type="text/json">{"id":233884,"name":"Jitter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jitter?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73167519]'), work: {"id":73167519,"title":"A 3.7 mW Low-Noise Wide-Bandwidth 4.5 GHz Digital Fractional-N PLL Using Time Amplifier-Based TDC","created_at":"2022-03-06T01:40:58.818-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73167519/A_3_7_mW_Low_Noise_Wide_Bandwidth_4_5_GHz_Digital_Fractional_N_PLL_Using_Time_Amplifier_Based_TDC?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_73167519","summary":"A digital fractional-N PLL that employs a high resolution TDC and a truly fractional divider to achieve low in-band noise with a wide bandwidth is presented. The fractional divider employs a digital-to-time converter (DTC) to cancel out quantization noise in time domain, thus alleviating TDC dynamic range requirements. The proposed digital architecture adopts a narrow range low-power time-amplifier based TDC (TA-TDC) to achieve sub 1 ps resolution. By using TA-TDC in place of a BBPD, the limit cycle behavior that plagues BB-PLLs is greatly suppressed by the TA-TDC, thus permitting wide PLL bandwidth. The proposed architecture is also less susceptible to DTC nonlinearity and has faster settling and tracking behavior compared to a BB-PLL. Fabricated in 65 nm CMOS process, the prototype PLL achieves better than 106 dBc/Hz in-band noise and 3 MHz PLL bandwidth at 4.5 GHz output frequency using 50 MHz reference. The PLL consumes 3.7 mW and achieves better than 490 fs integrated jitter. This translates to a FoM of 240.5 dB, which is the best among the reported fractional-N PLLs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81792874,"asset_id":73167519,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":97571812,"first_name":"Ahmed","last_name":"Elkholy","domain_name":"shams","page_name":"AElkholy","display_name":"Ahmed Elkholy","profile_url":"https://shams.academia.edu/AElkholy?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":229258,"name":"Low Power Electronics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Power_Electronics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":233884,"name":"Jitter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jitter?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":677930,"name":"Tdc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tdc?f_ri=296317"},{"id":936410,"name":"Bandwidth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bandwidth?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1148326,"name":"Phase Noise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Noise?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1242224,"name":"Phase Locked Loops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Locked_Loops?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10209887" data-work_id="10209887" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10209887/The_Expanded_Very_Large_Array">The Expanded Very Large Array</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Very Large Array is undergoing a major upgrade that will attain an order of magnitude improvement in continuum sensitivity across 1 to 50 GHz with instantaneous bandwidths up to 8 GHz in both polarizations. The new WIDAR correlator... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10209887" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Very Large Array is undergoing a major upgrade that will attain an order of magnitude improvement in continuum sensitivity across 1 to 50 GHz with instantaneous bandwidths up to 8 GHz in both polarizations. The new WIDAR correlator provides a highly flexible spectrometer with up to 16 GHz of bandwidth and a minimum of 16k channels for each array baseline. The new capabilities revolutionize the scientific discovery potential of the telescope. Early science programs are now underway. We provide an update on the status of the project and a description of early science programs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10209887" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a78c2046e816229f15d87fbfddb891a8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47483902,"asset_id":10209887,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47483902/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24956016" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JimJackson5">Jim Jackson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24956016" type="text/json">{"id":24956016,"first_name":"Jim","last_name":"Jackson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JimJackson5","display_name":"Jim Jackson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JimJackson5?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10209887 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10209887"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10209887, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10209887", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10209887 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10209887; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10209887"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10209887 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10209887"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10209887; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10209887]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10209887").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10209887").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10209887"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radio_Astronomy">Radio Astronomy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="701" type="text/json">{"id":701,"name":"Radio Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radio_Astronomy?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1131" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering">Biomedical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1131" type="text/json">{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47879" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Science_Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47879" type="text/json">{"id":47879,"name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Science_Foundation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72415" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Generation">Power Generation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="72415" type="text/json">{"id":72415,"name":"Power Generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Generation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10209887]'), work: {"id":10209887,"title":"The Expanded Very Large Array","created_at":"2015-01-17T13:28:03.411-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10209887/The_Expanded_Very_Large_Array?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_10209887","summary":"The Very Large Array is undergoing a major upgrade that will attain an order of magnitude improvement in continuum sensitivity across 1 to 50 GHz with instantaneous bandwidths up to 8 GHz in both polarizations. The new WIDAR correlator provides a highly flexible spectrometer with up to 16 GHz of bandwidth and a minimum of 16k channels for each array baseline. The new capabilities revolutionize the scientific discovery potential of the telescope. Early science programs are now underway. We provide an update on the status of the project and a description of early science programs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47483902,"asset_id":10209887,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24956016,"first_name":"Jim","last_name":"Jackson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JimJackson5","display_name":"Jim Jackson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JimJackson5?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":701,"name":"Radio Astronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radio_Astronomy?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":47879,"name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Science_Foundation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":72415,"name":"Power Generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Generation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":197501,"name":"Low noise amplifier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_noise_amplifier?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":446643,"name":"Scientific Discovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Discovery?f_ri=296317"},{"id":559479,"name":"Low Noise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_Noise?f_ri=296317"},{"id":642878,"name":"Ease of Use","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ease_of_Use?f_ri=296317"},{"id":889723,"name":"Radio Telescope","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radio_Telescope?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1708394,"name":"Data Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Transmission?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1709249,"name":"Very Large Array","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Very_Large_Array?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1761622,"name":"Monitoring and control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monitoring_and_control?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1565708" data-work_id="1565708" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1565708/A_17mW_transmitter_and_frequency_synthesizer_for_900MHz_GSM_fully_integrated_in_0_35%CE%BCm_CMOS">A 17mW transmitter and frequency synthesizer for 900MHz GSM fully integrated in 0.35μm CMOS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A fractional-phase-locked loop (PLL) serves as a Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) transmitter and a receive frequency synthesizer for GSM. The entire transmitter/synthesizer is fully integrated in 0.35-m CMOS and consumes 17.4 and 12... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1565708" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A fractional-phase-locked loop (PLL) serves as a Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) transmitter and a receive frequency synthesizer for GSM. The entire transmitter/synthesizer is fully integrated in 0.35-m CMOS and consumes 17.4 and 12 mW from 2.5 V in the transmit and receive modes, respectively, including an on-chip voltage-controlled oscillator. The circuit meets GSM specifications on modulation accuracy in transmit mode, and measured phase noise from the closed-loop PLL is 148 dBc Hz and 162 dBc Hz, respectively, at 3-and 20-MHz offset. Worst case spur at 13-MHz offset is 77 dBc.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1565708" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0febfca2c30075d91ddbce87923a5631" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50927879,"asset_id":1565708,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50927879/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1761511" href="https://shams.academia.edu/EmadHegazi">Emad Hegazi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1761511" type="text/json">{"id":1761511,"first_name":"Emad","last_name":"Hegazi","domain_name":"shams","page_name":"EmadHegazi","display_name":"Emad Hegazi","profile_url":"https://shams.academia.edu/EmadHegazi?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1761511/2178761/2554532/s65_emad.hegazi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1565708 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1565708"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1565708, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1565708", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1565708 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1565708; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1565708"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1565708 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1565708"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1565708; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1565708]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1565708").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1565708").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1565708"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="123710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Consumption">Power Consumption</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="123710" type="text/json">{"id":123710,"name":"Power Consumption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Consumption?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="530159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radio_Transmitters">Radio Transmitters</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="530159" type="text/json">{"id":530159,"name":"Radio Transmitters","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radio_Transmitters?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="546164" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minimum_shift_keying">Minimum shift keying</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="546164" type="text/json">{"id":546164,"name":"Minimum shift keying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minimum_shift_keying?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1565708]'), work: {"id":1565708,"title":"A 17mW transmitter and frequency synthesizer for 900MHz GSM fully integrated in 0.35μm CMOS","created_at":"2012-05-16T17:17:53.590-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1565708/A_17mW_transmitter_and_frequency_synthesizer_for_900MHz_GSM_fully_integrated_in_0_35%CE%BCm_CMOS?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_1565708","summary":"A fractional-phase-locked loop (PLL) serves as a Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) transmitter and a receive frequency synthesizer for GSM. The entire transmitter/synthesizer is fully integrated in 0.35-m CMOS and consumes 17.4 and 12 mW from 2.5 V in the transmit and receive modes, respectively, including an on-chip voltage-controlled oscillator. The circuit meets GSM specifications on modulation accuracy in transmit mode, and measured phase noise from the closed-loop PLL is 148 dBc Hz and 162 dBc Hz, respectively, at 3-and 20-MHz offset. Worst case spur at 13-MHz offset is 77 dBc.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50927879,"asset_id":1565708,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1761511,"first_name":"Emad","last_name":"Hegazi","domain_name":"shams","page_name":"EmadHegazi","display_name":"Emad Hegazi","profile_url":"https://shams.academia.edu/EmadHegazi?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1761511/2178761/2554532/s65_emad.hegazi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":123710,"name":"Power Consumption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Consumption?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":530159,"name":"Radio Transmitters","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radio_Transmitters?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":546164,"name":"Minimum shift keying","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minimum_shift_keying?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":829658,"name":"Frequency synthesizers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_synthesizers?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1148326,"name":"Phase Noise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Noise?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1242224,"name":"Phase Locked Loops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Locked_Loops?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74932664" data-work_id="74932664" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74932664/Characterization_and_optimization_of_the_detection_sensitivity_of_an_atomic_force_microscope_for_small_cantilevers">Characterization and optimization of the detection sensitivity of an atomic force microscope for small cantilevers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The detection sensitivity of an atomic force microscope with optical beam deflection for small cantilevers is characterized experimentally and theoretically. An adjustable aperture is used to optimize the detection sensitivity for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74932664" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The detection sensitivity of an atomic force microscope with optical beam deflection for small cantilevers is characterized experimentally and theoretically. An adjustable aperture is used to optimize the detection sensitivity for cantilevers of different length. With the aperture, the signal-to-noise ratio of cantilever deflection measurements is increased by a factor of 1.5 to nearly 3. A theoretical model is set up that generally describes the optical beam deflection detection in an atomic force microscope. This model is based on diffraction theory and includes the particular functional shape of the cantilever.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74932664" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0e444c30e7e73454abca4804dbd30ad8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82907186,"asset_id":74932664,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82907186/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36761682" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaulHansma">Paul Hansma</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36761682" type="text/json">{"id":36761682,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Hansma","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaulHansma","display_name":"Paul Hansma","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaulHansma?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74932664 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74932664"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74932664, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74932664", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_74932664 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74932664; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_74932664"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_74932664 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74932664"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74932664; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74932664]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74932664").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74932664").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74932664"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="498" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="498" type="text/json">{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9138" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Physics">Applied Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9138" type="text/json">{"id":9138,"name":"Applied Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24373" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atomic_Force_Microscopy">Atomic Force Microscopy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24373" type="text/json">{"id":24373,"name":"Atomic Force Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atomic_Force_Microscopy?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74932664]'), work: {"id":74932664,"title":"Characterization and optimization of the detection sensitivity of an atomic force microscope for small cantilevers","created_at":"2022-03-29T21:43:12.641-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74932664/Characterization_and_optimization_of_the_detection_sensitivity_of_an_atomic_force_microscope_for_small_cantilevers?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_74932664","summary":"The detection sensitivity of an atomic force microscope with optical beam deflection for small cantilevers is characterized experimentally and theoretically. An adjustable aperture is used to optimize the detection sensitivity for cantilevers of different length. With the aperture, the signal-to-noise ratio of cantilever deflection measurements is increased by a factor of 1.5 to nearly 3. A theoretical model is set up that generally describes the optical beam deflection detection in an atomic force microscope. This model is based on diffraction theory and includes the particular functional shape of the cantilever.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82907186,"asset_id":74932664,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36761682,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Hansma","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PaulHansma","display_name":"Paul Hansma","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PaulHansma?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":9138,"name":"Applied Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":24373,"name":"Atomic Force Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atomic_Force_Microscopy?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences?f_ri=296317"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":439526,"name":"Signal Detection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_Detection?f_ri=296317"},{"id":596023,"name":"Atomic Force Microscope","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atomic_Force_Microscope?f_ri=296317"},{"id":907355,"name":"Atomic Force Microscopes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Atomic_Force_Microscopes?f_ri=296317"},{"id":991311,"name":"Signal to Noise Ratio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Signal_to_Noise_Ratio?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_54124041" data-work_id="54124041" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54124041/A_Monolithic_and_Self_Referenced_RF_emphasis_LC_emphasis_Clock_Generator_Compliant_With_USB_2_0">A Monolithic and Self-Referenced RF <emphasis>LC</emphasis> Clock Generator Compliant With USB 2.0</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A monolithic and self-referenced radio frequency (RF) LC clock generator that is compliant with USB 2.0 is demonstrated in a system-on-chip (SoC). This work presents the first successful approach to replacing an external crystal (XTAL),... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54124041" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A monolithic and self-referenced radio frequency (RF) LC clock generator that is compliant with USB 2.0 is demonstrated in a system-on-chip (SoC). This work presents the first successful approach to replacing an external crystal (XTAL), the crystal oscillator (XO) and the phase-locked loop for clock generation in an IC supporting USB 2.0 using a standard CMOS fabrication process. It is shown that the primary design challenges with the implemented approach involve maintaining high frequency accuracy and low jitter. Techniques for addressing both are shown. In particular, the presented architecture exploits the effects of frequency division and low far-from-carrier phase noise to achieve low jitter. From a 1.536 GHz temperature-compensated LC reference oscillator, coherent clock signals are derived at 96 MHz for the SoC logic and 12 MHz for an on-chip full-speed USB PHY. Though self-referenced, approximately 400 ppm total frequency accuracy is achieved over process variations, 10% variation in the USB power supply voltage and temperature variation from 10 to +85 C. Measured period and cycle-to-cycle jitter are 6.78 ps rms and 8.96 ps rms , respectively. Fabricated in a 0.35 m CMOS technology, the clock generator occupies 0.22 mm 2 and draws 9.5 mA from a 3.3-V supply, which is derived from the 5-V USB power supply.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54124041" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="98ca2873d016d7410ea562f5e98e6f5c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70641035,"asset_id":54124041,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70641035/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33004197" href="https://unimelb.academia.edu/JustinODay">Justin O'Day</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33004197" type="text/json">{"id":33004197,"first_name":"Justin","last_name":"O'Day","domain_name":"unimelb","page_name":"JustinODay","display_name":"Justin O'Day","profile_url":"https://unimelb.academia.edu/JustinODay?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_54124041 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="54124041"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 54124041, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_54124041", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_54124041 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54124041; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_54124041"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_54124041 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="54124041"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54124041; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54124041]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_54124041").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_54124041").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="54124041"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48458" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Frequency">High Frequency</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48458" type="text/json">{"id":48458,"name":"High Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Frequency?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="69405" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clock">Clock</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="69405" type="text/json">{"id":69405,"name":"Clock","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clock?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="142224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Variation">Process Variation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="142224" type="text/json">{"id":142224,"name":"Process Variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Variation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="170833" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Locked_Loop">Phase Locked Loop</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="170833" type="text/json">{"id":170833,"name":"Phase Locked Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Locked_Loop?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=54124041]'), work: {"id":54124041,"title":"A Monolithic and Self-Referenced RF \u003cemphasis\u003eLC\u003c/emphasis\u003e Clock Generator Compliant With USB 2.0","created_at":"2021-09-29T21:45:21.553-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/54124041/A_Monolithic_and_Self_Referenced_RF_emphasis_LC_emphasis_Clock_Generator_Compliant_With_USB_2_0?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_54124041","summary":"A monolithic and self-referenced radio frequency (RF) LC clock generator that is compliant with USB 2.0 is demonstrated in a system-on-chip (SoC). This work presents the first successful approach to replacing an external crystal (XTAL), the crystal oscillator (XO) and the phase-locked loop for clock generation in an IC supporting USB 2.0 using a standard CMOS fabrication process. It is shown that the primary design challenges with the implemented approach involve maintaining high frequency accuracy and low jitter. Techniques for addressing both are shown. In particular, the presented architecture exploits the effects of frequency division and low far-from-carrier phase noise to achieve low jitter. From a 1.536 GHz temperature-compensated LC reference oscillator, coherent clock signals are derived at 96 MHz for the SoC logic and 12 MHz for an on-chip full-speed USB PHY. Though self-referenced, approximately 400 ppm total frequency accuracy is achieved over process variations, 10% variation in the USB power supply voltage and temperature variation from 10 to +85 C. Measured period and cycle-to-cycle jitter are 6.78 ps rms and 8.96 ps rms , respectively. Fabricated in a 0.35 m CMOS technology, the clock generator occupies 0.22 mm 2 and draws 9.5 mA from a 3.3-V supply, which is derived from the 5-V USB power supply.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70641035,"asset_id":54124041,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33004197,"first_name":"Justin","last_name":"O'Day","domain_name":"unimelb","page_name":"JustinODay","display_name":"Justin O'Day","profile_url":"https://unimelb.academia.edu/JustinODay?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48458,"name":"High Frequency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Frequency?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":69405,"name":"Clock","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clock?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":142224,"name":"Process Variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Variation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":170833,"name":"Phase Locked Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Locked_Loop?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":174781,"name":"Oscillations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oscillations?f_ri=296317"},{"id":222950,"name":"Oscillators","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oscillators?f_ri=296317"},{"id":233884,"name":"Jitter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jitter?f_ri=296317"},{"id":235383,"name":"Power Supply","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Supply?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":322954,"name":"Chip","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chip?f_ri=296317"},{"id":681868,"name":"Analog Integrated Circuits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analog_Integrated_Circuits?f_ri=296317"},{"id":708275,"name":"Quartz Oscillator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quartz_Oscillator?f_ri=296317"},{"id":829658,"name":"Frequency synthesizers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_synthesizers?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1148326,"name":"Phase Noise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Noise?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1242224,"name":"Phase Locked Loops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Locked_Loops?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1254024,"name":"Addressing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Addressing?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1746499,"name":"Crystal Oscillators","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crystal_Oscillators?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2026871,"name":"Phase Lock Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Lock_Loop?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2240546,"name":"Integrated Circuit Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integrated_Circuit_Design?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_54570219" data-work_id="54570219" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54570219/Frequency_planning_and_synthesizer_architectures_for_multiband_OFDM_UWB_radios">Frequency planning and synthesizer architectures for multiband OFDM UWB radios</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This work presents an analysis on frequency planning and synthesis for multiband (MB) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) ultra-wideband (UWB) radios operating in the range of 3.1-10.6 GHz. The most important specifications... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54570219" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This work presents an analysis on frequency planning and synthesis for multiband (MB) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) ultra-wideband (UWB) radios operating in the range of 3.1-10.6 GHz. The most important specifications for the frequency synthesizer in an MB-OFDM UWB transceiver are provided. A synthesizer architecture for an existing frequency plan is introduced along with a discussion on its performance and implementation. An alternative frequency plan and its corresponding synthesizer architecture are also proposed. It is shown how this modified frequency plan leads to a significant simplification in the synthesizer realization. The feasible performance of both synthesizer architectures is evaluated through macromodel simulations using realistic models for the building blocks. Finally, system-level simulation results showing the impact of synthesizer spurs on the bit error rate performance of an MB-OFDM UWB receiver in the presence of interferers are provided. The presented results and discussion provide valuable insight for the implementation of a 3.1-10.6-GHz UWB synthesizer. Index Terms-Frequency-band plan, frequency synthesis, multiband (MB) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), ultra-wideband (UWB). I. INTRODUCTION D UE TO its high channel capacity, an ultra-wideband (UWB) system is an attractive solution for the implementation of very high data rate (100 Mb/s) short-range wireless networks. Among the different options for the efficient use of the available UWB spectrum in personal computer and consumer electronic applications, the MB-OFDM approach has received strong support from several industrial organizations [1]. According to the regulations from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Washington, DC, UWB devices for communication applications can operate in the 3.1-10.6-GHz frequency band while employing at least 500 MHz of bandwidth (measured at 10-dB points) with a power spectral density (PSD) of less than 41.25 dBm/MHz [2]. In the multiband (MB) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) proposal [3] the 7500-MHz UWB spectrum is divided into 14 bands of 528 MHz each. The bands are grouped into five band groups, as shown in the upper section of Fig. 1. Only</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54570219" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="505c2fe28dba80c3c33710b8f7610dcb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70872024,"asset_id":54570219,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70872024/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="121472254" href="https://independent.academia.edu/chinmayamishra13">chinmaya mishra</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="121472254" type="text/json">{"id":121472254,"first_name":"chinmaya","last_name":"mishra","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"chinmayamishra13","display_name":"chinmaya mishra","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/chinmayamishra13?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/121472254/30243489/28051466/s65_chinmaya.mishra.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_54570219 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="54570219"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 54570219, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_54570219", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_54570219 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54570219; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_54570219"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_54570219 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="54570219"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54570219; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54570219]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_54570219").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_54570219").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="54570219"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="164637" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bit_Error_Rate">Bit Error Rate</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="164637" type="text/json">{"id":164637,"name":"Bit Error Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bit_Error_Rate?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1146982" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultra_Wideband">Ultra Wideband</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1146982" type="text/json">{"id":1146982,"name":"Ultra Wideband","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultra_Wideband?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1237788" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering">Electrical And Electronic Engineering</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1237788" type="text/json">{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=54570219]'), work: {"id":54570219,"title":"Frequency planning and synthesizer architectures for multiband OFDM UWB radios","created_at":"2021-10-01T04:59:16.773-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/54570219/Frequency_planning_and_synthesizer_architectures_for_multiband_OFDM_UWB_radios?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_54570219","summary":"This work presents an analysis on frequency planning and synthesis for multiband (MB) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) ultra-wideband (UWB) radios operating in the range of 3.1-10.6 GHz. The most important specifications for the frequency synthesizer in an MB-OFDM UWB transceiver are provided. A synthesizer architecture for an existing frequency plan is introduced along with a discussion on its performance and implementation. An alternative frequency plan and its corresponding synthesizer architecture are also proposed. It is shown how this modified frequency plan leads to a significant simplification in the synthesizer realization. The feasible performance of both synthesizer architectures is evaluated through macromodel simulations using realistic models for the building blocks. Finally, system-level simulation results showing the impact of synthesizer spurs on the bit error rate performance of an MB-OFDM UWB receiver in the presence of interferers are provided. The presented results and discussion provide valuable insight for the implementation of a 3.1-10.6-GHz UWB synthesizer. Index Terms-Frequency-band plan, frequency synthesis, multiband (MB) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), ultra-wideband (UWB). I. INTRODUCTION D UE TO its high channel capacity, an ultra-wideband (UWB) system is an attractive solution for the implementation of very high data rate (100 Mb/s) short-range wireless networks. Among the different options for the efficient use of the available UWB spectrum in personal computer and consumer electronic applications, the MB-OFDM approach has received strong support from several industrial organizations [1]. According to the regulations from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Washington, DC, UWB devices for communication applications can operate in the 3.1-10.6-GHz frequency band while employing at least 500 MHz of bandwidth (measured at 10-dB points) with a power spectral density (PSD) of less than 41.25 dBm/MHz [2]. In the multiband (MB) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) proposal [3] the 7500-MHz UWB spectrum is divided into 14 bands of 528 MHz each. The bands are grouped into five band groups, as shown in the upper section of Fig. 1. Only","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70872024,"asset_id":54570219,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":121472254,"first_name":"chinmaya","last_name":"mishra","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"chinmayamishra13","display_name":"chinmaya mishra","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/chinmayamishra13?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/121472254/30243489/28051466/s65_chinmaya.mishra.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":164637,"name":"Bit Error Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bit_Error_Rate?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1146982,"name":"Ultra Wideband","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultra_Wideband?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13569507 coauthored" data-work_id="13569507" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13569507/Phase_coherent_frequency_measurement_of_the_Ca_intercombination_line_at_657_nm_with_a_Kerr_lens_mode_locked_femtosecond_laser">Phase-coherent frequency measurement of the Ca intercombination line at 657 nm with a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The frequency of the Calcium 3 P1-1 S0 intercombination line at 657 nm is phase-coherently measured in terms of the output of a primary cesium frequency standard using an optical frequency comb generator comprising a sub-10 fs Kerr-lens... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13569507" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The frequency of the Calcium 3 P1-1 S0 intercombination line at 657 nm is phase-coherently measured in terms of the output of a primary cesium frequency standard using an optical frequency comb generator comprising a sub-10 fs Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser and an external microstructure fiber for self-phase-modulation. The measured frequency of νCa = 455 986 240 494 276 Hz agrees within its relative uncertainty of 4 × 10 −13 with the values previously measured with a conceptually different harmonic frequency chain and with the value recommended for the realization of the SI unit of length.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13569507" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b70480e2e94a13333cc34c1d717968c9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45206251,"asset_id":13569507,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45206251/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33090974" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GWilpers">G. Wilpers</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33090974" type="text/json">{"id":33090974,"first_name":"G.","last_name":"Wilpers","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GWilpers","display_name":"G. Wilpers","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GWilpers?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-13569507">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-13569507"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/FRiehle">F. Riehle</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-13569507'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-13569507').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13569507 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13569507"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13569507, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13569507", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13569507 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13569507; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13569507"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13569507 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13569507"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13569507; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13569507]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13569507").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13569507").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13569507"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15600" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser">Femtosecond Laser</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15600" type="text/json">{"id":15600,"name":"Femtosecond Laser","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80414" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences">Mathematical Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="80414" type="text/json">{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118582" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118582" type="text/json">{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="260118" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES">CHEMICAL SCIENCES</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="260118" type="text/json">{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13569507]'), work: {"id":13569507,"title":"Phase-coherent frequency measurement of the Ca intercombination line at 657 nm with a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser","created_at":"2015-07-02T21:06:57.005-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13569507/Phase_coherent_frequency_measurement_of_the_Ca_intercombination_line_at_657_nm_with_a_Kerr_lens_mode_locked_femtosecond_laser?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_13569507","summary":"The frequency of the Calcium 3 P1-1 S0 intercombination line at 657 nm is phase-coherently measured in terms of the output of a primary cesium frequency standard using an optical frequency comb generator comprising a sub-10 fs Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:Sapphire laser and an external microstructure fiber for self-phase-modulation. The measured frequency of νCa = 455 986 240 494 276 Hz agrees within its relative uncertainty of 4 × 10 −13 with the values previously measured with a conceptually different harmonic frequency chain and with the value recommended for the realization of the SI unit of length.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45206251,"asset_id":13569507,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33090974,"first_name":"G.","last_name":"Wilpers","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GWilpers","display_name":"G. Wilpers","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GWilpers?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":32753064,"first_name":"F.","last_name":"Riehle","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FRiehle","display_name":"F. Riehle","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FRiehle?f_ri=296317","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32753064/123850657/113202408/s65_f..riehle.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":15600,"name":"Femtosecond Laser","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Femtosecond_Laser?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":473797,"name":"Microstructures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microstructures?f_ri=296317"},{"id":484492,"name":"Self-Phase Modulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self-Phase_Modulation?f_ri=296317"},{"id":643273,"name":"Optical Frequency Comb","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_Frequency_Comb?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14220966" data-work_id="14220966" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14220966/New_frequency_locked_loop_based_on_CMOS_frequency_to_voltage_converter_Design_and_implementation">New frequency-locked loop based on CMOS frequency-to-voltage converter: Design and implementation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">AbstractIn this paper, we describe the architecture of a new CMOS fully integrated frequency-locked loop (FLL). The proposed FLL contains a frequency-to-voltage converter (FVC), an operational amplifier (opamp) and a differential... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14220966" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">AbstractIn this paper, we describe the architecture of a new CMOS fully integrated frequency-locked loop (FLL). The proposed FLL contains a frequency-to-voltage converter (FVC), an operational amplifier (opamp) and a differential voltage-con-trolled oscillator ( ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14220966" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="40b65be38338743e9bc33b63c8db2456" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44449292,"asset_id":14220966,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44449292/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33203359" href="https://polymtl.academia.edu/MohamadSawan">Mohamad Sawan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33203359" type="text/json">{"id":33203359,"first_name":"Mohamad","last_name":"Sawan","domain_name":"polymtl","page_name":"MohamadSawan","display_name":"Mohamad Sawan","profile_url":"https://polymtl.academia.edu/MohamadSawan?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14220966 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14220966"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14220966, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14220966", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=14220966]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_14220966").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_14220966").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="14220966"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56455" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operational_Transconductance_Amplifier">Operational Transconductance Amplifier</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="56455" type="text/json">{"id":56455,"name":"Operational Transconductance Amplifier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operational_Transconductance_Amplifier?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155203" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voltage_Controlled_Oscillator">Voltage Controlled Oscillator</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="155203" type="text/json">{"id":155203,"name":"Voltage Controlled Oscillator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voltage_Controlled_Oscillator?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="235383" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Supply">Power Supply</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="235383" type="text/json">{"id":235383,"name":"Power Supply","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Supply?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296317" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer">Frequency Synthesizer</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="296317" type="text/json">{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14220966]'), work: {"id":14220966,"title":"New frequency-locked loop based on CMOS frequency-to-voltage converter: Design and implementation","created_at":"2015-07-20T12:35:01.522-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14220966/New_frequency_locked_loop_based_on_CMOS_frequency_to_voltage_converter_Design_and_implementation?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_14220966","summary":"AbstractIn this paper, we describe the architecture of a new CMOS fully integrated frequency-locked loop (FLL). The proposed FLL contains a frequency-to-voltage converter (FVC), an operational amplifier (opamp) and a differential voltage-con-trolled oscillator ( ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44449292,"asset_id":14220966,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33203359,"first_name":"Mohamad","last_name":"Sawan","domain_name":"polymtl","page_name":"MohamadSawan","display_name":"Mohamad Sawan","profile_url":"https://polymtl.academia.edu/MohamadSawan?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":56455,"name":"Operational Transconductance Amplifier","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operational_Transconductance_Amplifier?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":155203,"name":"Voltage Controlled Oscillator","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voltage_Controlled_Oscillator?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":235383,"name":"Power Supply","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_Supply?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":829658,"name":"Frequency synthesizers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_synthesizers?f_ri=296317"},{"id":994520,"name":"Design and Implementation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_and_Implementation?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1441457,"name":"Functional Testing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Testing?f_ri=296317"},{"id":2026871,"name":"Phase Lock Loop","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Lock_Loop?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23821898" data-work_id="23821898" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23821898/Laser_time_of_flight_mass_spectrometry_for_space">Laser time-of-flight mass spectrometry for space</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We describe a miniature reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer for in situ planetary surface analysis. The laser ablation mass spectrometer ͑LAMS͒ measures the elemental and isotopic composition of regolith materials without any... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23821898" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We describe a miniature reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer for in situ planetary surface analysis. The laser ablation mass spectrometer ͑LAMS͒ measures the elemental and isotopic composition of regolith materials without any sample preparation or high-voltage source extraction. The small size (Ͻ2ϫ10 3 cm 3 ) and low mass ͑ϳ2 kg͒ of LAMS, due to its fully coaxial design and two-stage reflectron, satisfy the very strict resource limitations of landed science missions to solar system bodies. Microscopic surface samples are obtained with a short-pulse laser focused to a spot with a diameter ϳ30-50 m. Coupled with a microimager, LAMS can interactively select and analyze a range of compositional regions ͑with lateral motion͒ and access unweathered, subsurface materials ͑with repeated pulses͒. The mass resolution is sufficient to distinguish isotopic peaks at unit masses, and the detection limits are on the order of a few ppm. The design and calibration method of a prototype LAMS device is given, including the development of preliminary relative sensitivity coefficients for major element bulk abundance measurements.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23821898" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3fab912dcdc10fdbc3835e6aa72dd745" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44232441,"asset_id":23821898,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44232441/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46058772" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GManagadze">G. Managadze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46058772" type="text/json">{"id":46058772,"first_name":"G.","last_name":"Managadze","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GManagadze","display_name":"G. Managadze","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GManagadze?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23821898 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23821898"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23821898, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23821898", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23821898 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23821898; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23821898"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23821898 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23821898"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23821898; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23821898]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23821898").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23821898").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23821898"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5769" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry">Mass Spectrometry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5769" type="text/json">{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30208" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry">Time-of-flight mass spectrometry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="30208" type="text/json">{"id":30208,"name":"Time-of-flight mass spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32910" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sample_Preparation">Sample Preparation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="32910" type="text/json">{"id":32910,"name":"Sample Preparation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sample_Preparation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23821898]'), work: {"id":23821898,"title":"Laser time-of-flight mass spectrometry for space","created_at":"2016-03-30T06:47:00.331-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23821898/Laser_time_of_flight_mass_spectrometry_for_space?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_23821898","summary":"We describe a miniature reflection time-of-flight mass spectrometer for in situ planetary surface analysis. The laser ablation mass spectrometer ͑LAMS͒ measures the elemental and isotopic composition of regolith materials without any sample preparation or high-voltage source extraction. The small size (Ͻ2ϫ10 3 cm 3 ) and low mass ͑ϳ2 kg͒ of LAMS, due to its fully coaxial design and two-stage reflectron, satisfy the very strict resource limitations of landed science missions to solar system bodies. Microscopic surface samples are obtained with a short-pulse laser focused to a spot with a diameter ϳ30-50 m. Coupled with a microimager, LAMS can interactively select and analyze a range of compositional regions ͑with lateral motion͒ and access unweathered, subsurface materials ͑with repeated pulses͒. The mass resolution is sufficient to distinguish isotopic peaks at unit masses, and the detection limits are on the order of a few ppm. The design and calibration method of a prototype LAMS device is given, including the development of preliminary relative sensitivity coefficients for major element bulk abundance measurements.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44232441,"asset_id":23821898,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46058772,"first_name":"G.","last_name":"Managadze","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GManagadze","display_name":"G. Managadze","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GManagadze?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":30208,"name":"Time-of-flight mass spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":32910,"name":"Sample Preparation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sample_Preparation?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":48459,"name":"High Voltage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Voltage?f_ri=296317"},{"id":58918,"name":"Scientific Instruments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scientific_Instruments?f_ri=296317"},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=296317"},{"id":127578,"name":"Resource Limitation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resource_Limitation?f_ri=296317"},{"id":159153,"name":"Laser Ablation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Ablation?f_ri=296317"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":309434,"name":"Solar System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solar_System?f_ri=296317"},{"id":679783,"name":"Boolean Satisfiability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Boolean_Satisfiability?f_ri=296317"},{"id":815888,"name":"Surface Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surface_Analysis?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1826013,"name":"Mass Spectrometer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometer?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45245217" data-work_id="45245217" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45245217/Terahertz_Frequency_Metrology_Based_on_Frequency_Comb">Terahertz Frequency Metrology Based on Frequency Comb</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Two techniques for terahertz (THz) frequency metrology based on frequency comb, namely, a THz-comb-referenced spectrum analyzer and a continuously tunable, single-frequency continuous-wave (CW)-THz generator, are reviewed. Since the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45245217" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Two techniques for terahertz (THz) frequency metrology based on frequency comb, namely, a THz-comb-referenced spectrum analyzer and a continuously tunable, single-frequency continuous-wave (CW)-THz generator, are reviewed. Since the frequency comb enables to coherently link the frequency among microwave, optical, and THz regions, it is possible to establish the THz frequency metrology traceable to time of the SI base units. Using a THz-comb-referenced spectrum analyzer based on a stable THz comb generated in a photoconductive antenna for THz detection, the absolute frequency of CW test sources in the sub-THz and THz regions was determined at a precision of 10 −11 . Furthermore, a continuously tunable, single-frequency CW-THz generator was demonstrated around 120 GHz by photomixing of an accurately tunable CW laser and a tightly fixed CW laser in the optical frequency region, phase locked to two independent optical combs. The combination of the CW-THz generator with the THz-comb-referenced spectrum analyzer will open the door for establishment of frequency metrology in the THz region.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45245217" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4b2bfbf22887501bc9d6cb7bc2e1ba89" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65815175,"asset_id":45245217,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65815175/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="55641647" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Nagatsuma">T. Nagatsuma</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="55641647" type="text/json">{"id":55641647,"first_name":"T.","last_name":"Nagatsuma","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Nagatsuma","display_name":"T. Nagatsuma","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Nagatsuma?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45245217 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45245217"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45245217, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45245217", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45245217 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45245217; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45245217"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45245217 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45245217"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45245217; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45245217]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45245217").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45245217").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45245217"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="518" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics">Quantum Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="518" type="text/json">{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5069" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis">Principal Component Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5069" type="text/json">{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="127997" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terahertz">Terahertz</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="127997" type="text/json">{"id":127997,"name":"Terahertz","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terahertz?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="263152" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_physics">Optical physics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="263152" type="text/json">{"id":263152,"name":"Optical physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45245217]'), work: {"id":45245217,"title":"Terahertz Frequency Metrology Based on Frequency Comb","created_at":"2021-02-28T00:37:41.321-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45245217/Terahertz_Frequency_Metrology_Based_on_Frequency_Comb?f_ri=296317","dom_id":"work_45245217","summary":"Two techniques for terahertz (THz) frequency metrology based on frequency comb, namely, a THz-comb-referenced spectrum analyzer and a continuously tunable, single-frequency continuous-wave (CW)-THz generator, are reviewed. Since the frequency comb enables to coherently link the frequency among microwave, optical, and THz regions, it is possible to establish the THz frequency metrology traceable to time of the SI base units. Using a THz-comb-referenced spectrum analyzer based on a stable THz comb generated in a photoconductive antenna for THz detection, the absolute frequency of CW test sources in the sub-THz and THz regions was determined at a precision of 10 −11 . Furthermore, a continuously tunable, single-frequency CW-THz generator was demonstrated around 120 GHz by photomixing of an accurately tunable CW laser and a tightly fixed CW laser in the optical frequency region, phase locked to two independent optical combs. The combination of the CW-THz generator with the THz-comb-referenced spectrum analyzer will open the door for establishment of frequency metrology in the THz region.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65815175,"asset_id":45245217,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":55641647,"first_name":"T.","last_name":"Nagatsuma","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Nagatsuma","display_name":"T. Nagatsuma","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Nagatsuma?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":518,"name":"Quantum Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":127997,"name":"Terahertz","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terahertz?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":263152,"name":"Optical physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Optical_physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1237788,"name":"Electrical And Electronic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrical_And_Electronic_Engineering?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12490424" data-work_id="12490424" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12490424/Investigation_of_heavy_metal_accumulation_in_selected_plant_samples_using_laser_induced_breakdown_spectroscopy_and_laser_ablation_inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry">Investigation of heavy-metal accumulation in selected plant samples using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Single-pulse Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser-Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass-Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were applied for mapping the silver and copper distribution in Helianthus Annuus L. samples treated with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12490424" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Single-pulse Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Laser-Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass-Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were applied for mapping the silver and copper distribution in Helianthus Annuus L. samples treated with contaminant in controlled conditions. For Ag and Cu detection the 328.07 nm Ag(I) and 324.75 nm Cu(I) lines were used, respectively. The LIBS experimental conditions (mainly the laser energy and the observation window) were optimized in order to avoid selfabsorption effect in the measured spectra. In the LA-ICP-MS analysis the Ag 107 and Cu 63 isotopes were detected. The capability of these two analytical techniques for highresolution mapping of selected trace chemical elements was demonstrated.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12490424" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="607a88970a4b698b825506e8b8a7739a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46146914,"asset_id":12490424,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46146914/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31345537" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NovotnyK">Karel Novotny</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31345537" type="text/json">{"id":31345537,"first_name":"Karel","last_name":"Novotny","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NovotnyK","display_name":"Karel Novotny","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NovotnyK?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12490424 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12490424"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12490424, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12490424", }); 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For Ag and Cu detection the 328.07 nm Ag(I) and 324.75 nm Cu(I) lines were used, respectively. The LIBS experimental conditions (mainly the laser energy and the observation window) were optimized in order to avoid selfabsorption effect in the measured spectra. In the LA-ICP-MS analysis the Ag 107 and Cu 63 isotopes were detected. The capability of these two analytical techniques for highresolution mapping of selected trace chemical elements was demonstrated.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46146914,"asset_id":12490424,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31345537,"first_name":"Karel","last_name":"Novotny","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NovotnyK","display_name":"Karel Novotny","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NovotnyK?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":505,"name":"Condensed Matter Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Condensed_Matter_Physics?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":1430,"name":"Laser Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Spectroscopy?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":80692,"name":"Copper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Copper?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":87546,"name":"Ultraviolet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultraviolet?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":111050,"name":"Heavy Metal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heavy_Metal?f_ri=296317"},{"id":159153,"name":"Laser Ablation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Ablation?f_ri=296317"},{"id":222413,"name":"Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inductively_Coupled_Plasma_Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=296317"},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317"},{"id":309086,"name":"High Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Resolution?f_ri=296317"},{"id":591158,"name":"Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Laser_Induced_Breakdown_Spectroscopy?f_ri=296317"},{"id":1579135,"name":"Helianthus annuus L","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Helianthus_annuus_L?f_ri=296317"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_52144754" data-work_id="52144754" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52144754/Synthesis_of_Microwave_Filters_by_Inverse_Scattering_Using_a_Closed_Form_Expression_Valid_for_Rational_Frequency_Responses">Synthesis of Microwave Filters by Inverse Scattering Using a Closed-Form Expression Valid for Rational Frequency Responses</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this paper, a novel technique to synthesize microwave filters by inverse scattering is proposed. It provides an exact solution for the synthesis problem, by means of a closed-form expression, with very low computational cost. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_52144754" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this paper, a novel technique to synthesize microwave filters by inverse scattering is proposed. It provides an exact solution for the synthesis problem, by means of a closed-form expression, with very low computational cost. The technique is valid when the target frequency response can be expressed as a rational function. The coupled-mode theory is used to model microwave propagation along the filter, and therefore, the synthesis technique is applicable to filters implemented in a wide range of technologies, such as planar and nonplanar transmission lines, and many waveguides. The synthesis method is exact for all the frequency range of interest, preventing the degradation of the frequency response that can be troublesome for wideband applications or to satisfy the out-of-band requirements of the filter. The resulting synthesized filter is, in general, a nonuniform transmission line or waveguide that features a continuously varying smooth profile, avoiding the presence of sharp discontinuities and their detrimental effects. To demonstrate the potential of the proposed synthesis technique, a multiband microwave filter, fulfilling stringent specifications, will be designed in rectangular waveguide technology. The prototype will be fabricated by electroforming and carefully measured with a vector network analyzer, confirming the accuracy of the novel synthesis method reported. Index Terms-Coupled-mode theory, filter synthesis, inverse scattering, microwave filter, planar technology, rectangular waveguide. I. INTRODUCTION M ICROWAVE filters are defined in classical textbooks as two-port networks used to control the frequency response at a certain point in a microwave system by providing transmission at frequencies within the passband of the filter and attenuation in the stopband of the filter [1]. Following that classical definition, the typical frequency responses include lowpass, high-pass, bandpass, and band-reject characteristics. Filters are used in virtually any type of microwave communication, radar, or test and measurement system [1].</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/52144754" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d80960e2c177acb26b30d85cd0c1b1b4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69545263,"asset_id":52144754,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69545263/download_file?st=MTczOTc5MTMyMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40912917" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TLopetegi">T. Lopetegi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40912917" type="text/json">{"id":40912917,"first_name":"T.","last_name":"Lopetegi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TLopetegi","display_name":"T. 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It provides an exact solution for the synthesis problem, by means of a closed-form expression, with very low computational cost. The technique is valid when the target frequency response can be expressed as a rational function. The coupled-mode theory is used to model microwave propagation along the filter, and therefore, the synthesis technique is applicable to filters implemented in a wide range of technologies, such as planar and nonplanar transmission lines, and many waveguides. The synthesis method is exact for all the frequency range of interest, preventing the degradation of the frequency response that can be troublesome for wideband applications or to satisfy the out-of-band requirements of the filter. The resulting synthesized filter is, in general, a nonuniform transmission line or waveguide that features a continuously varying smooth profile, avoiding the presence of sharp discontinuities and their detrimental effects. To demonstrate the potential of the proposed synthesis technique, a multiband microwave filter, fulfilling stringent specifications, will be designed in rectangular waveguide technology. The prototype will be fabricated by electroforming and carefully measured with a vector network analyzer, confirming the accuracy of the novel synthesis method reported. Index Terms-Coupled-mode theory, filter synthesis, inverse scattering, microwave filter, planar technology, rectangular waveguide. I. INTRODUCTION M ICROWAVE filters are defined in classical textbooks as two-port networks used to control the frequency response at a certain point in a microwave system by providing transmission at frequencies within the passband of the filter and attenuation in the stopband of the filter [1]. Following that classical definition, the typical frequency responses include lowpass, high-pass, bandpass, and band-reject characteristics. Filters are used in virtually any type of microwave communication, radar, or test and measurement system [1].","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69545263,"asset_id":52144754,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40912917,"first_name":"T.","last_name":"Lopetegi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TLopetegi","display_name":"T. Lopetegi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TLopetegi?f_ri=296317","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":45740,"name":"Inverse Scattering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inverse_Scattering?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":201789,"name":"Closed form expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Closed_form_expression?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":291387,"name":"Mathematical Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Model?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":296317,"name":"Frequency Synthesizer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frequency_Synthesizer?f_ri=296317","nofollow":true},{"id":303081,"name":"Rectangular Waveguide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rectangular_Waveguide?f_ri=296317"},{"id":636490,"name":"Transmission Line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transmission_Line?f_ri=296317"},{"id":679783,"name":"Boolean 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