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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-相关资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相关资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>相关资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相关资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">地名信息系统</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。35种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نظام معلومات الأسماء الجغرافية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام معلومات الأسماء الجغرافية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C4%9Frafi_adlar%C4%B1n_informasiya_sistemi_(AB%C5%9E)" title="Coğrafi adların informasiya sistemi (ABŞ) – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Coğrafi adların informasiya sistemi (ABŞ)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="سامانه اطلاعات نام‌های جغرافیایی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه اطلاعات نام‌های جغرافیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNIS" title="GNIS – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="GNIS" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="भौगोलिक नाम सूचना प्रणाली – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भौगोलिक नाम सूचना प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informacijski_sustav_zemljopisnih_imena" title="Informacijski sustav zemljopisnih imena – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Informacijski sustav zemljopisnih imena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Աշխարհագրական անունների ինֆորմացիոն համակարգ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշխարհագրական անունների ինֆորմացիոն համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="地名情報システム – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地名情報システム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="გეოგრაფიული სახელწოდებების საინფორმაციო სისტემა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეოგრაფიული სახელწოდებების საინფორმაციო სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%85_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="지명 정보 시스템 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지명 정보 시스템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_Maklumat_Nama_Geografi" title="Sistem Maklumat Nama Geografi – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem Maklumat Nama Geografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90)" title="Информационная система географических названий (США) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Информационная система географических названий (США)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Geographic Names Information System" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geografski_informacijski_sistem_imen" title="Geografski informacijski sistem imen – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Geografski informacijski sistem imen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Информациони систем географских имена – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Информациони систем географских имена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C4%9Frafi_Adlar_Bilgi_Sistemi" title="Coğrafi Adlar Bilgi Sistemi – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Coğrafi Adlar Bilgi Sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2" title="Інформаційна система географічних назв – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інформаційна система географічних назв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جغرافیائی ناموں کا نظام معلومات – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جغرافیائی ناموں کا نظام معلومات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_Th%C3%B4ng_tin_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_danh" title="Hệ thống Thông tin Địa danh – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống Thông tin Địa danh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q136736#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" 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lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-f5b664ce" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-title" data-noteta-code="zh-hans:地名信息系统; zh-tw:地名資訊系統"></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:信息; zh-tw:資訊"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_logo_green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/USGS_logo_green.svg/220px-USGS_logo_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/USGS_logo_green.svg/330px-USGS_logo_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/USGS_logo_green.svg/440px-USGS_logo_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>美國地質調查局的標誌</figcaption></figure> <p><b>地理名称信息系统</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Geographic Names Information System</span>，缩写：GNIS），是一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>地理名称信息数据库，包含美国全境以及其领地内的地理实体及文化标志信息的名称与方位信息。GNIS系统由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="美国地质调查局">美国地质调查局</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="美國地名委員會">美国地名委员会</a>联合开发，促进标识名称的标准化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相关资料"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>相关资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：相关资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, <i>Digital Gazeteer: Users Manual,</i> (Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey, 1994).</li> <li>Least Heat Moon, William, <i>Blue Highways: A Journey Into America</i>, (Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1982). <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0316353299" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-316-35329-9</a></li> <li>Jouris, David, <i>All Over The Map</i>, (Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press, 1994.) <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0898156491" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-89815-649-1</a></li> <li>Report: "Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103000720/http://www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/">Federal Information Processing Standards</a>, FIPS 10-4. Standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310235019/http://www.gpoaccess.gov/fr/">Federal Register</a> Notice: Vol. 73, No. 170, page 51276 (September 2, 2008)</li> <li>Report: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108233358/http://geonames.usgs.gov/docs/pro_pol_pro.pdf">Principles, Policies, and Procedures: Domestic Geographic Names</a>," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/">U.S. Board on Geographic Names</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160108233358/http://geonames.usgs.gov/docs/pro_pol_pro.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, 1997.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pe.usps.com/text/pub28/welcome.htm">U.S. Postal Service Publication 28</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131214094138/http://pe.usps.com/text/pub28/welcome.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i>, November 2000.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <table class="metadata plainlinks stub" role="presentation" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_stub.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="小作品圖示" 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