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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Director of the United States Copyright Office</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">Register of Copyrights</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px var( --border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1 ); line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Shira_Perlmutter,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Shira_Perlmutter%2C_2023.jpg/220px-Shira_Perlmutter%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Shira_Perlmutter%2C_2023.jpg/330px-Shira_Perlmutter%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Shira_Perlmutter%2C_2023.jpg/440px-Shira_Perlmutter%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="3328" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Shira_Perlmutter" title="Shira Perlmutter">Shira Perlmutter</a><br /></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/701">§ 701</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inaugural holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Solberg" title="Thorvald Solberg">Thorvald Solberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">1897</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data">governed by <a href="/wiki/Title_5_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 5 of the United States Code">5 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/5/5314">§ 5314</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov">copyright<wbr />.gov</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Register of Copyrights</b> is the director of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, as provided by <a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/701">§ 701</a>. The Office has been headed by a Register since 1897. The Register is appointed by, and responsible to, the <a href="/wiki/Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a>, with the Register's office located in the Library's <a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a>. </p><p>Although the title suggests a clerical role, Registers of Copyrights have been responsible for creating the procedures and practices of the Copyright Office and establishing standards for <a href="/wiki/Copyright_registration" title="Copyright registration">registration of copyright</a>. They have increasingly been responsible for setting or influencing United States copyright policy. Today the Register is responsible for administering rulemaking procedures and producing authoritative interpretations of some aspects of U.S. copyright law, as well as advising the Librarian of Congress on the triennial proceeding on exceptions to the <a href="/wiki/Anticircumvention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticircumvention">anticircumvention</a> rules of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a>. The Register also routinely testifies before <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> on copyright policy matters. </p><p>As of October 2020,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Register_of_Copyrights&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the position is held by <a href="/wiki/Shira_Perlmutter" title="Shira Perlmutter">Shira Perlmutter</a>, who took office October 25, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-NewsNet857_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewsNet857-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 26, 2017, the House of Representatives voted in favor of a bill that, if approved by the Senate, will make Register of Copyrights a position that is filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation, rather than appointed by the Librarian of Congress—a policy that has been in place since the establishment of the Copyright Office, and impose a maximum term of 10 years. The bill has been supported by the entertainment industry and other groups (including the <a href="/wiki/MPAA" class="mw-redirect" title="MPAA">MPAA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a>), as the new selection procedure would give them the opportunity to <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobby</a> for a Register of Copyrights that aligns with their interests in stronger copyright protection. These effects have been the basis of opposition towards the bill by politicians, and groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a>, which feel that the bill would give corporate stakeholders a higher level of influence over U.S. copyright policies, rather than balancing the laws to meet the needs of the public.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-appointment_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-appointment-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bandc-rocbill_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandc-rocbill-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-verge-morepower_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-morepower-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_registers_of_copyrights">List of registers of copyrights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Register_of_Copyrights&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: List of registers of copyrights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th class="unsortable">Image </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Start of term </th> <th>End of term </th> <th>Length of term </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorvald_Solberg-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Thorvald_Solberg-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Thorvald_Solberg-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Thorvald_Solberg-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Thorvald_Solberg-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Thorvald_Solberg-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Thorvald_Solberg-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Solberg, Thorvald"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Solberg" title="Thorvald Solberg">Thorvald Solberg</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001897-07-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">July 22, 1897</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001930-04-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">April 21, 1930</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7004119610000000000♠"></span>11,961 days </td> <td> <ul><li>Longest serving Register (32 years, 9 months)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Lincoln_Brown-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/William_Lincoln_Brown-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-William_Lincoln_Brown-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/William_Lincoln_Brown-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-William_Lincoln_Brown-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/William_Lincoln_Brown-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-William_Lincoln_Brown-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Brown, William Lincoln"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/William_Lincoln_Brown" title="William Lincoln Brown">William Lincoln Brown</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001934-06-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 4, 1934</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001936-07-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">July 1, 1936</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002759000000000000♠"></span>759 days </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="3a">3 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clement_Lincoln_Bouv%C3%A9-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Clement_Lincoln_Bouv%C3%A9-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Clement_Lincoln_Bouv%C3%A9-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Clement_Lincoln_Bouv%C3%A9-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Clement_Lincoln_Bouv%C3%A9-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Clement_Lincoln_Bouv%C3%A9-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Clement_Lincoln_Bouv%C3%A9-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Bouvé, Clement Lincoln"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Lincoln_Bouv%C3%A9" title="Clement Lincoln Bouvé">Clement Lincoln Bouvé</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001936-08-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">August 1, 1936</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001943-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 31, 1943</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003269900000000000♠"></span>2,699 days </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="3b">– </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Crosby_De_Wolf-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Richard_Crosby_De_Wolf-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Richard_Crosby_De_Wolf-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Richard_Crosby_De_Wolf-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Richard_Crosby_De_Wolf-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Richard_Crosby_De_Wolf-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Richard_Crosby_De_Wolf-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="De Wolf, Richard Crosby"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crosby_De_Wolf" title="Richard Crosby De Wolf">Richard Crosby De Wolf</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001944-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 1, 1944</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001945-02-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 1, 1945</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002398000000000000♠"></span>398 days </td> <td> <ul><li>First <a href="/wiki/Acting_(law)" title="Acting (law)">acting</a> Register</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="4a">4 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Bass_Warner-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sam_Bass_Warner-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Sam_Bass_Warner-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sam_Bass_Warner-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Sam_Bass_Warner-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Sam_Bass_Warner-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Sam_Bass_Warner-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Warner, Sam Bass"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Bass_Warner" title="Sam Bass Warner">Sam Bass Warner</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001945-02-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 1, 1945</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001951-05-28-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 28, 1951</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003230800000000000♠"></span>2,308 days </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="4b">– </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Fisher-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arthur_Fisher-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Arthur_Fisher-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arthur_Fisher-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Arthur_Fisher-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Arthur_Fisher-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Arthur_Fisher-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="Fisher, Arthur"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Fisher_(register)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Fisher (register) (page does not exist)">Arthur Fisher</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001951-05-28-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 28, 1951</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001951-09-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 12, 1951</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002108000000000000♠"></span>108 days </td> <td> <ul><li>First acting Register to go on to assume the official role</li> <li>Shortest term as acting Register (3 months, 9 days)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001951-09-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 12, 1951</span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001960-11-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">November 12, 1960</span><sup id="cite_ref-Patry1215_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patry1215-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003335000000000000♠"></span>3,350 days </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Kaminstein-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Abraham_Kaminstein-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Abraham_Kaminstein-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Abraham_Kaminstein-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Abraham_Kaminstein-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Abraham_Kaminstein-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Abraham_Kaminstein-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Kaminstein, Abraham L."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_L._Kaminstein" title="Abraham L. Kaminstein">Abraham L. Kaminstein</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001960-12-24-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 24, 1960</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001971-08-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">August 31, 1971</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003390300000000000♠"></span>3,903 days </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="7a">7 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Cary-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/George_Cary-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-George_Cary-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/George_Cary-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-George_Cary-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/George_Cary-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-George_Cary-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Cary, George D."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_D._Cary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George D. Cary (page does not exist)">George D. Cary</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001971-09-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 1, 1971</span><sup id="cite_ref-Patry1215_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patry1215-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001973-03-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 9, 1973</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002556000000000000♠"></span>556 days </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="7b">– </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abe_Goldman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abe_Goldman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Abe_Goldman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abe_Goldman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Abe_Goldman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Abe_Goldman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Abe_Goldman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Goldman, Abe"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abe_Goldman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abe Goldman (page does not exist)">Abe Goldman</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001973-03-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 10, 1973</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001973-11-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">November 19, 1973</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002255000000000000♠"></span>255 days </td> <td> <ul><li>Acting Register</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="8">8 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ringer, Barbara"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ringer" title="Barbara Ringer">Barbara Ringer</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001973-11-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">November 19, 1973</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001980-05-30-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 30, 1980</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003238500000000000♠"></span>2,385 days </td> <td> <ul><li>First female Register. Ringer brought a sex discrimination suit that resulted in her being named to the position.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="9a">9 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Ladd-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/David_Ladd-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-David_Ladd-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/David_Ladd-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-David_Ladd-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/David_Ladd-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-David_Ladd-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ladd, David"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/David_Ladd_(attorney)" title="David Ladd (attorney)">David Ladd</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001980-06-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 2, 1980</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001985-01-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 2, 1985</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003167600000000000♠"></span>1,676 days </td> <td> <ul><li>The only person to head both the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Copyright_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Copyright Office">U.S. Copyright Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Patent_and_Trademark_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Patent and Trademark Office">U.S. Patent and Trademark Office</a> (then the U.S. Patent Office). Prior to becoming Register of Copyrights, Ladd served as the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Commissioner_of_Patents" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Commissioner of Patents">U.S. Commissioner of Patents</a> from 1961 to 1963.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="9b">– </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Curran-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Donald_Curran-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Donald_Curran-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Donald_Curran-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Donald_Curran-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Donald_Curran-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Donald_Curran-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Curran, Donald"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Curran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Curran (page does not exist)">Donald Curran</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001985-01-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 3, 1985</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001985-09-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 10, 1985</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002251000000000000♠"></span>251 days </td> <td> <ul><li>Acting Register</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="10a">10 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Oman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ralph_Oman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Ralph_Oman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ralph_Oman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Ralph_Oman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Ralph_Oman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Ralph_Oman-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Oman, Ralph"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Oman" title="Ralph Oman">Ralph Oman</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001985-09-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 23, 1985</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-01-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 8, 1994</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003303100000000000♠"></span>3,031 days </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="10b">– </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Barbara_Ringer-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Ringer, Barbara"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ringer" title="Barbara Ringer">Barbara Ringer</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001993-11-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">November 27, 1993</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-08-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">August 6, 1994</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002253000000000000♠"></span>253 days </td> <td> <ul><li>Only former Register to return to service as acting Register</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="11">11 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marybeth_Peters-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Marybeth_Peters-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Marybeth_Peters-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Marybeth_Peters-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Marybeth_Peters-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Marybeth_Peters-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Marybeth_Peters-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Peters, Marybeth"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Marybeth_Peters" title="Marybeth Peters">Marybeth Peters</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-08-07-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">August 7, 1994</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002010-12-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 31, 2010</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003599100000000000♠"></span>5,991 days </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="11a">– </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Pallante-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Maria_Pallante-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Maria_Pallante-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Maria_Pallante-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Maria_Pallante-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Maria_Pallante-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Maria_Pallante-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="Pallante, Maria"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pallante" title="Maria Pallante">Maria Pallante</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002011-01-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 1, 2011</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002011-05-31-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 31, 2011</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002151000000000000♠"></span>151 days </td> <td> <ul><li>Acting Register</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="12a">12 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002011-06-01-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 1, 2011</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002016-10-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 21, 2016</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003197000000000000♠"></span>1,970 days </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="12b">– </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karyn_Temple-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Karyn_Temple-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Karyn_Temple-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Karyn_Temple-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Karyn_Temple-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Karyn_Temple-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Karyn_Temple-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span data-sort-value="Temple, Karyn"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Karyn_Temple" title="Karyn Temple">Karyn Temple</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002016-10-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 21, 2016</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-03-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 26, 2019</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002887000000000000♠"></span>887 days </td> <td> <ul><li>Longest serving acting Register (2 years, 5 months, 6 days)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="13a">13 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-03-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">March 27, 2019</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002020-01-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 4, 2020</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002284000000000000♠"></span>284 days </td> <td> <ul><li>Shortest-serving Register (9 months, 8 days)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="13b">– </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Strong-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maria_Strong-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/122px-Maria_Strong-official-USCO-headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maria_Strong-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/183px-Maria_Strong-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maria_Strong-official-USCO-headshot.jpg/244px-Maria_Strong-official-USCO-headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Strong, Maria"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Strong_(attorney)" title="Maria Strong (attorney)">Maria Strong</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002020-01-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 5, 2020</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002020-10-24-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 24, 2020</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7002294000000000000♠"></span>294 days </td> <td> <ul><li>Acting Register</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" data-sort-value="14">14 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shira_Perlmutter,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Shira_Perlmutter%2C_2023.jpg/121px-Shira_Perlmutter%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Shira_Perlmutter%2C_2023.jpg/183px-Shira_Perlmutter%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Shira_Perlmutter%2C_2023.jpg/243px-Shira_Perlmutter%2C_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="3328" /></a></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="Perlmutter, Shira"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Shira_Perlmutter" title="Shira Perlmutter">Shira Perlmutter</a></span></span></span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002020-10-25-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 25, 2020</span> </td> <td data-sort-value="2999-12-31">incumbent </td> <td><span data-sort-value="7003159500000000000♠"></span>1,595 days (to date) </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Register_of_Copyrights&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NewsNet857-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewsNet857_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/newsnet/2020/857.html">"U.S. Copyright Office Welcomes New Register"</a>. <i>Copyright Office NewsNet</i>. No. 857. U.S. Copyright Office. October 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copyright+Office+NewsNet&rft.atitle=U.S.+Copyright+Office+Welcomes+New+Register&rft.issue=857&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2Fnewsnet%2F2020%2F857.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+of+Copyrights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars-appointment-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ars-appointment_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/04/congress-may-make-the-us-register-of-copyrights-a-presidential-appointment/">"Big content cheers as Congress votes on changes to US Copyright Office"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Big+content+cheers+as+Congress+votes+on+changes+to+US+Copyright+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2017%2F04%2Fcongress-may-make-the-us-register-of-copyrights-a-presidential-appointment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+of+Copyrights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bandc-rocbill-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bandc-rocbill_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/washington/house-passes-copyright-office-reform-bill/165314">"House Passes Copyright Office Reform Bill"</a>. <i>Broadcasting & Cable</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting+%26+Cable&rft.atitle=House+Passes+Copyright+Office+Reform+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcastingcable.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2Fhouse-passes-copyright-office-reform-bill%2F165314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+of+Copyrights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verge-morepower-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verge-morepower_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/4/3/15161522/mpaa-riaa-copyright-office-library-of-congress-dmca-infringement">"Congress is trying to give even more power to Hollywood"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Congress+is+trying+to+give+even+more+power+to+Hollywood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2017%2F4%2F3%2F15161522%2Fmpaa-riaa-copyright-office-library-of-congress-dmca-infringement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+of+Copyrights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatry1994" class="citation book cs1">Patry, William F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw5a7mL8XYAC&pg=PA1212"><i>Copyright Law and Practice</i></a>. Greenwood Press. p. 1212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87179-855-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87179-855-8"><bdi>978-0-87179-855-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copyright+Law+and+Practice&rft.pages=1212&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87179-855-8&rft.aulast=Patry&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMw5a7mL8XYAC%26pg%3DPA1212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+of+Copyrights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patry1215-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patry1215_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patry1215_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatry1994" class="citation book cs1">Patry, William F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw5a7mL8XYAC&pg=PA1215"><i>Copyright Law and Practice</i></a>. Greenwood Press. p. 1215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87179-855-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87179-855-8"><bdi>978-0-87179-855-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copyright+Law+and+Practice&rft.pages=1215&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87179-855-8&rft.aulast=Patry&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMw5a7mL8XYAC%26pg%3DPA1215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+of+Copyrights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/cary/cary.html">"George D. Cary"</a>. U.S. Copyright Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+D.+Cary&rft.pub=U.S.+Copyright+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2Fabout%2Fregisters%2Fcary%2Fcary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+of+Copyrights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall2019" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Alison (November 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/copyright/2019/11/barbara-ringer-anniversary/">"Barbara Ringer: Beyond the ©"</a>. <i>Copyright Creativity at Work</i>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copyright+Creativity+at+Work&rft.atitle=Barbara+Ringer%3A+Beyond+the+%C2%A9&rft.date=2019-11-19&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Fcopyright%2F2019%2F11%2Fbarbara-ringer-anniversary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+of+Copyrights" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Register_of_Copyrights&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/statements.html">"Congressional Testimony by Register of Copyrights"</a>. United States Copyright Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Testimony+by+Register+of+Copyrights&rft.pub=United+States+Copyright+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2Fstatements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+of+Copyrights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/about/registers/">"Registers of Copyrights"</a>. United States Copyright Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Registers+of+Copyrights&rft.pub=United+States+Copyright+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2Fabout%2Fregisters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegister+of+Copyrights" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>United States Code. <a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/701">§ 701</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States736" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright_law_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copyright law in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States736" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyright law of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_U.S._Copyright_Office_Practices" title="Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices">Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Arbitration_Royalty_Panel" title="Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel">CARP</a> → <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Royalty_Board" title="Copyright Royalty Board">CRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Catalog" title="Copyright Catalog">Copyright Catalog</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Register of Copyrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_108_Study_Group" title="Section 108 Study Group">Section 108 Study Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_subnational_governments_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States">Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790" title="Copyright Act of 1790">Copyright Act of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1831" title="Copyright Act of 1831">Copyright Act of 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1870" title="Copyright Act of 1870">Copyright Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Copyright_Act_of_1891" title="International Copyright Act of 1891">International Copyright Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_Act_of_1895" title="Printing Act of 1895">Printing Act of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">Copyright Act of 1909</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988" title="Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Artists_Rights_Act" title="Visual Artists Rights Act">Visual Artists Rights Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Copyright Remedy Clarification Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Renewal_Act_of_1992" title="Copyright Renewal Act of 1992">Copyright Renewal Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Electronic_Theft_Act" title="No Electronic Theft Act">No Electronic Theft Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairness_in_Music_Licensing_Act_of_1998" title="Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998">Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (1998) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act" title="WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act">WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Entertainment_and_Copyright_Act" title="Family Entertainment and Copyright Act">Family Entertainment and Copyright Act</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_Consumer_Choice_and_Wireless_Competition_Act" title="Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act">Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Modernization_Act" title="Music Modernization Act">Music Modernization Act</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alternative_in_Small-Claims_Enforcement_Act_of_2020" title="Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020">CASE Act</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precedents<br />and rulings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_copyright_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court copyright case law">Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_v._Peters" title="Wheaton v. Peters">Wheaton v. Peters</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Selden" title="Baker v. Selden">Baker v. Selden</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade-Mark_Cases" title="Trade-Mark Cases">Trade-Mark Cases</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burrow-Giles_Lithographic_Co._v._Sarony" title="Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony">Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banks_v._Manchester" title="Banks v. Manchester">Banks v. Manchester</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callaghan_v._Myers" title="Callaghan v. Myers">Callaghan v. Myers</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Co._v._Straus" title="Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus">Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co." title="White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.">White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_%26_Wilkins_Co._v._United_States" title="Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States">Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feist_Publications,_Inc.,_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co." title="Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.">Feist v. Rural</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quality_King_Distributors_Inc.,_v._L%27anza_Research_International_Inc." title="Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.">Quality King v. L'anza</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A." title="Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.">Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Cos.,_Inc._v._Aereo,_Inc." title="American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.">American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Athletica,_LLC_v._Varsity_Brands,_Inc." title="Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.">Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate_Public_Benefit_Corp._v._Wall-Street.com" title="Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com">Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Public.Resource.Org,_Inc." title="Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.">Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts,_Inc._v._Goldsmith" title="Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith">Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appeals courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin_v._E.C._Publications,_Inc." title="Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.">Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_Greeting_Cards_v._United_Card_Co." title="Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.">Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.</a></i> (9th Cir. 1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eltra_Corp._v._Ringer" title="Eltra Corp. v. Ringer">Eltra Corp. v. Ringer</a></i> (4th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates" title="Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates">Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates</a></i> (9th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_Manufacturing_Co._v._Artic_International,_Inc." title="Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.">Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.</a></i> (7th Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.</a></i> (3d Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._Dees" title="Fisher v. Dees">Fisher v. Dees</a></i> (9th Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whelan_v._Jaslow" title="Whelan v. Jaslow">Whelan v. Jaslow</a></i> (3d Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vault_Corp._v._Quaid_Software_Ltd." title="Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.">Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.</a></i> (5th Cir. 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Koons" title="Rogers v. Koons">Rogers v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Associates_International,_Inc._v._Altai,_Inc." title="Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.">Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union_v._Texaco,_Inc." title="American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.">American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss_Enters.,_L.P._v._Penguin_Books_USA,_Inc." title="Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.">Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.</a></i>(9th Cir. 1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment,_Inc._v._Connectix_Corp." title="Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.">Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nunez_v._Caribbean_Int%27l_News_Corp." title="Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.">Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.</a></i> (1st Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc." title="A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.">A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veeck_v._Southern_Building_Code_Congress_Int%27l" title="Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l">Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l</a></i> (5th Cir. 2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_v._Arriba_Soft_Corp." title="Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.">Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2002 / 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Aimster_Copyright_Litigation" title="In re Aimster Copyright Litigation">In re Aimster Copyright Litigation</a></i> (7th Cir. 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NXIVM_Corp._v._Ross_Institute" title="NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute">NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute</a></i> (2d Cir. 2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BMG_Music_v._Gonzalez" title="BMG Music v. Gonzalez">BMG Music v. Gonzalez</a></i> (7th Cir. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_Archives_v._Dorling_Kindersley,_Ltd." title="Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.">Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanch_v._Koons" title="Blanch v. Koons">Blanch v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network,_LP_v._CSC_Holdings,_Inc." title="Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.">Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahanchian_v._Xenon_Pictures,_Inc." title="Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.">Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group_(USA)_Inc._v._American_Buddha" title="Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha">Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha</a></i> (2d Cir. 2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monge_v._Maya_Magazines,_Inc." title="Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.">Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seltzer_v._Green_Day,_Inc" title="Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc">Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc</a></i> (9th Cir. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Naruto v. Slater</a></i> (9th Cir. 2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Folsom_v._Marsh" title="Folsom v. Marsh">Folsom v. Marsh</a></i> (C.C.D. Mass. 1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_Records_Co._v._Gem_Electronic_Distributors,_Inc." title="Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.">Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.</a></i> (E.D.N.Y. 1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broderbund_Software_Inc._v._Unison_World,_Inc." title="Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.">Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.</a></i> (N.D. Cal. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playboy_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Frena" title="Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena">Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena</a></i> (M.D. Fla. 1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp." title="Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.">Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._Streambox,_Inc." title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.">RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.</a></i> (W.D. Wash. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mannion_v._Coors_Brewing_Co." title="Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.">Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arista_Records_LLC_v._Lime_Group_LLC" title="Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC">Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records,_LLC_v._ReDigi_Inc." title="Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.">Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equals_Three,_LLC_v._Jukin_Media,_Inc." title="Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.">Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.</a></i> (C.D. Cal. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_v._Internet_Archive" title="Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive">Universal Music Group v. 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