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Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A. - Wikipedia

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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2010 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued November 8, 2010<br />Decided December 13, 2010</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Costco Wholesale Corporation v. Omega, S. A.</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">562 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/562/40/case.html">40</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_562" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 562">more</a></i>)<div>131 S. Ct. 565; 178 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 470; 96 <a href="/wiki/U.S.P.Q.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.P.Q.2d">U.S.P.Q.2d</a> 2025</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decision</th><td class="infobox-data">[The judgment is affirmed by an equally divided Court. Opinion]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data">541 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20080903082">982</a> (<a href="/wiki/9th_Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="9th Cir.">9th Cir.</a> 2008); <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">cert</a>. granted, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_559" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 559">559</a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 1066&#32;(2010).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Per curiam</i></span></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Kagan took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251680060">.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-above{font-style:italic;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-red-header{background-color:red;color:white;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-green-header{background-color:green;color:white;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Omega S. A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp.</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Omega S. A. v. Costco Wholesale Corporation </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decided</th><td class="infobox-data">September 3, 2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data">541 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20080903082">982</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior action</th><td class="infobox-data">Appeal from <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Central District of California">C.D. Cal.</a> (2007 WL 7029735)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subsequent actions</th><td class="infobox-data">Affirmed by an equally divided Supreme Court, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/08-1423.htm">08-1423</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_562" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 562">562</a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/562/40/">40</a>&#32;(2010).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judges sitting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barry_G._Silverman" title="Barry G. Silverman">Barry G. Silverman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnnie_B._Rawlinson" title="Johnnie B. Rawlinson">Johnnie B. Rawlinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_D._Smith,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Milan D. Smith, Jr.">Milan D. Smith, Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Smith, joined by Rawlinson, Silverman</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Omega S. A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp.</b></i>, 541 F.3d 982 (9th Cir. 2008), was a case decided by the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> that held that in <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">copyright law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First-sale_doctrine" title="First-sale doctrine">first-sale doctrine</a> does not act as a defense to claims of infringing distribution and importation for unauthorized sale of authentic, imported watches that bore a design registered in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">Copyright Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Omega990_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omega990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It is contrasted with <i><a href="/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Kirtsaeng_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirtsaeng-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factual_background">Factual background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A.&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Factual background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plaintiff, <a href="/wiki/Omega_SA" title="Omega SA">Omega SA</a>, is a luxury <a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">watchmaker</a> based in Switzerland that distributes its watches through authorized retailers. The Omega watches feature a copyrighted globe design on the back of the watch. The defendant <a href="/wiki/Costco" title="Costco">Costco</a> obtained the watches through the <a href="/wiki/Gray_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray market">gray market</a>: Omega would sell the watches to authorized distributors, third parties would buy the watches and sell them to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> state company ENE Limited, and ENE would sell the watches to Costco. Omega did not authorize the importation or resale in the United States, and Omega sued for <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> under 17 U.S.C. §§ 106(3) and 602(a). Costco asserted that the first-sale doctrine precluded any infringement claims against them. The trial court ruled in favor of Costco.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ninth_Circuit_decision">Ninth Circuit decision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A.&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Ninth Circuit decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ninth Circuit reversed the trial court. The court cited Ninth Circuit precedents that interpreted the first-sale doctrine as applying only to goods made in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The court found its interpretation to be consistent with the Supreme Court case <i><a href="/wiki/Quality_King_v._L%27anza" class="mw-redirect" title="Quality King v. L&#39;anza">Quality King v. L'anza</a></i>, which held that the first-sale doctrine was a defense to an infringement claim based on unauthorized importation of copyrighted materials made within the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The court noted that the first-sale doctrine only covered the resale of copies obtained lawfully, and declined to apply the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act</a> extraterritorially and ascribe lawfulness to copies made outside of the United States. Because the Omega watches at issue were made outside of the United States, the court held that the first-sale doctrine could not act as a defense and that Costco was liable for infringing Omega's importation rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Omega990_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omega990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_case">Supreme Court case</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A.&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Supreme Court case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certiorari to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> was granted on April 19, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Justice Kagan</a> took no part in the consideration or decision of the case. She was the Solicitor General before the case came to the Supreme Court. The remaining Justices split 4–4, which means the Court affirms the Ninth Circuit's decision.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_history">Subsequent history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A.&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Subsequent history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On remand to the district court, both Costco and Omega moved for summary judgment on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Copyright_misuse" title="Copyright misuse">copyright misuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-saga_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saga-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Judge <a href="/wiki/Terry_Hatter" class="mw-redirect" title="Terry Hatter">Terry Hatter</a> found for Costco, holding that Omega's application of a copyrighted work to an uncopyrighted watch for the purpose of controlling importation of the uncopyrighted good constituted copyright misuse.<sup id="cite_ref-saga_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saga-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2011Order_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011Order-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 20, 2015, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the district court judgment, including awarding attorney's fees to Costco.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A.&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The decision has been characterized as a loss for consumers in the sense that manufacturers will better be able to control the prices of their goods when the <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">grey market</a> cannot serve as competition. Also, the distinction drawn in the case between goods manufactured inside the United States and goods manufactured outside could be a possible motivation for companies to locate their manufacturing outside of the United States, where the first-sale doctrine would not stand as an obstacle to suing grey market importers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a 4–4 decision, however, <i>Omega</i> only operates as mandatory authority in the Ninth Circuit and does not set a nationwide precedent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2011, petitions for <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> in two cases from the <a href="/wiki/Second_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Circuit">Second Circuit</a> with a similar issue were filed in the Supreme Court, providing the Court with another opportunity to revisit the still-unresolved issue in <i>Omega</i>: <i><a href="/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-KirtsaengDocket_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KirtsaengDocket-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and <i>Liu v. Pearson Education</i><sup id="cite_ref-LiuDocket_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuDocket-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed lower court rulings and ruled that Kirtsaeng's sale of lawfully-made copies purchased overseas was protected by the first-sale doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirtsaeng_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirtsaeng-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Liu</i> and another Pearson case were subsequently remanded to the lower courts to rehear, in light of <i>Kirtsaeng</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ScotusOrders20130325_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScotusOrders20130325-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A.&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Omega990-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Omega990_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omega990_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Omega S. A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp.</i></cite>,&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20080903082">541&#32;F.3d&#32;982</a>, 990&#32;(9th Cir.&#32;2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirtsaeng-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirtsaeng_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirtsaeng_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</a></i>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_568" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 568">568</a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/568/519/">519</a>&#32;(2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Omega</i>, 541 F.3d at 984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Omega</i>, 541 F.3d at 986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Omega</i>, 541 F.3d at 987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/08-1423.htm">Supreme Court Docket File, No. 08-1423</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega_S._A." class="mw-redirect" title="Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega S. A.">Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega S. A.</a></i>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_562" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 562">562</a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/562/40/">40</a>&#32;(2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saga-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saga_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-saga_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSiegalShah2012" class="citation news cs1">Siegal, Matthew; Shah, Binni N. (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714180314/http://www.stroock.com/SiteFiles/Pub1162.pdf">"The Saga of <i>Omega v. Costco Wholesalers Corp.</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IP Strategist</i>. pp.&#160;<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroock.com/SiteFiles/Pub1162.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=IP+Strategist&amp;rft.atitle=The+Saga+of+Omega+v.+Costco+Wholesalers+Corp.&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&amp;rft.date=2012-02&amp;rft.aulast=Siegal&amp;rft.aufirst=Matthew&amp;rft.au=Shah%2C+Binni+N.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stroock.com%2FSiteFiles%2FPub1162.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACostco+Wholesale+Corp.+v.+Omega%2C+S.+A." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011Order-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011Order_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Omega S. A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp.</i>, no. 04-05443, (E.D. Cal. Nov. 9. 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/74930423/Omega-v-Costco-Copyright-Misuse-D-Cal-2011">order</a>. ("Here, Omega concedes that a purpose of the copyrighted Omega Globe Design was to control the importation and sale of its watches containing the design, as the watches could not be copyrighted. Accordingly, Omega misused its copyright of the Omega Globe Design by leveraging its limited monopoly in being able to control the importation of that design to control the importation of its Seamaster watches.") Retrieved April 12, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Omega S. A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp.</i></cite>,&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20150120127">776&#32;F.3d&#32;692</a>&#32;(9th Cir.&#32;2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyfinance.com/story/supreme-court-rules-against-consumers-in-costco-vs-omega/19758191/">Field, Abigail. <i>Supreme Court Rules Against Consumers in Costco vs. Omega</i>. Daily Finance, 13 December 2010.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackEpstein2005" class="citation journal cs1">Black, Ryan; Epstein, Lee (Spring 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313215531/http://epstein.usc.edu/research/recusal.html">"Recusal and the "Problem" of an Equally Divided Supreme Court"</a>. <i>Journal of Appellate Practice and Process</i>. <b>7</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>99, 81. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epstein.usc.edu/research/recusal.html">the original</a> on March 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Appellate+Practice+and+Process&amp;rft.atitle=Recusal+and+the+%22Problem%22+of+an+Equally+Divided+Supreme+Court&amp;rft.ssn=spring&amp;rft.volume=7&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E99%2C+81&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Black&amp;rft.aufirst=Ryan&amp;rft.au=Epstein%2C+Lee&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepstein.usc.edu%2Fresearch%2Frecusal.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACostco+Wholesale+Corp.+v.+Omega%2C+S.+A." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KirtsaengDocket-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KirtsaengDocket_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</i>, no. 11-697, petition for <i>certiorari</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/11-697.htm">docket</a>). December 5, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiuDocket-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LiuDocket_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liu v. Pearson Education, Inc., et al.</i>, no. 11-708, petition for <i>certiorari</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/11-708.htm">docket</a>). December 8, 2011. Retrieved April 12, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ScotusOrders20130325-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ScotusOrders20130325_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/orders/courtorders/032513zor_q86b.pdf">"Order List: 568 U.S."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Supreme Court. March 25, 2013. p.&#160;1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Order+List%3A+568+U.S.&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Supreme+Court&amp;rft.date=2013-03-25&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Forders%2Fcourtorders%2F032513zor_q86b.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACostco+Wholesale+Corp.+v.+Omega%2C+S.+A." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A.&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bacon, Thomas J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmripl.com/articles/Bacon3.pdf">"Caveat Bibliotheca: The First Sale Doctrine and the Future of Libraries after <i>Omega v. Costco</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">414–</span>438.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=John+Marshall+Review+of+Intellectual+Property+Law&amp;rft.atitle=Caveat+Bibliotheca%3A+The+First+Sale+Doctrine+and+the+Future+of+Libraries+after+Omega+v.+Costco&amp;rft.volume=11&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E414-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Bacon&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmripl.com%2Farticles%2FBacon3.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACostco+Wholesale+Corp.+v.+Omega%2C+S.+A." class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title="&#160;Dead link tagged November 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">&#8205;</span>&#93;</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrice2011" class="citation journal cs1">Brice, William (2011). "<i>Omega S. A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp.: An Example of the Ninth Circuit Adding Confusion to Firstsale Doctrine in Order to Prevent Gray Market Imports</i>". <i>University of Baltimore Intellectual Property Law Journal</i>. <b>19</b>: 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=University+of+Baltimore+Intellectual+Property+Law+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Omega+S.+A.+v.+Costco+Wholesale+Corp.%3A+An+Example+of+the+Ninth+Circuit+Adding+Confusion+to+Firstsale+Doctrine+in+Order+to+Prevent+Gray+Market+Imports&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft.pages=147&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Brice&amp;rft.aufirst=William&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACostco+Wholesale+Corp.+v.+Omega%2C+S.+A." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jansen, Mark (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chtlj.com/sites/default/files/media/articles/v028/v028.i1.Jansen.pdf">"Applying Copyright Theory to Secondary Markets: An Analysis of the Future of 17 USC § 109 (a) Pursuant to <i>Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega SA</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Santa Clara Computer &amp; High Technology Law Journal</i>. <b>28</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">143–</span>167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Santa+Clara+Computer+%26+High+Technology+Law+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Applying+Copyright+Theory+to+Secondary+Markets%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Future+of+17+USC+%C2%A7+109+%28a%29+Pursuant+to+Costco+Wholesale+Corp.+v.+Omega+SA&amp;rft.volume=28&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.aulast=Jansen&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchtlj.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Farticles%2Fv028%2Fv028.i1.Jansen.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACostco+Wholesale+Corp.+v.+Omega%2C+S.+A." class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costco_Wholesale_Corp._v._Omega,_S._A.&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals (2008)</dt></dl> <ul><li>Text of <i>Omega S. A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp.</i>, 541 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> 982 (9th Cir. 2008) is available from:&#x20;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1488540.html">Findlaw</a>&#x20;&#x20;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20080903082">Leagle</a>&#x20;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/media/view_subpage.php?pk_id=0000000231">Oral argument</a> (July 15, 2008)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Supreme Court (2010)</dt></dl> <ul><li>Text of <i>Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega S. A.</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_562" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 562">562</a>&#32;<a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 40&#32;(2010) is available from:&#x20;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9125657829504412373">Google&#160;Scholar</a>&#x20;&#x20;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/562/40/">Justia</a>&#x20;&#x20;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2010/08-1423">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a>&#x20;&#x20;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/08-1423.pdf">Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)</a>&#x20;</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/08-1423.htm">Docket</a></li> <li>Oral argument: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_audio_detail.aspx?argument=08-1423">recording</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531160616/http://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_audio_detail.aspx?argument=08-1423">Archived</a> May 31, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/oral_arguments/argument_transcripts/08-1423.pdf">transcript</a> (November 8, 2010)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/costco-v-omega/">SCOTUSBlog entry</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_of_U.S._Copyright_Office_Practices" title="Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices">Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Arbitration_Royalty_Panel" title="Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel">CARP</a>&#160;→&#160;<a href="/wiki/Copyright_Royalty_Board" title="Copyright Royalty Board">CRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Catalog" title="Copyright Catalog">Copyright Catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_108_Study_Group" title="Section 108 Study Group">Section 108 Study Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_subnational_governments_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States">Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790" title="Copyright Act of 1790">Copyright Act of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1831" title="Copyright Act of 1831">Copyright Act of 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1870" title="Copyright Act of 1870">Copyright Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Copyright_Act_of_1891" title="International Copyright Act of 1891">International Copyright Act of 1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_Act_of_1895" title="Printing Act of 1895">Printing Act of 1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">Copyright Act of 1909</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_Implementation_Act_of_1988" title="Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988">Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Artists_Rights_Act" title="Visual Artists Rights Act">Visual Artists Rights Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Copyright Remedy Clarification Act</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Renewal_Act_of_1992" title="Copyright Renewal Act of 1992">Copyright Renewal Act of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Electronic_Theft_Act" title="No Electronic Theft Act">No Electronic Theft Act</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairness_in_Music_Licensing_Act_of_1998" title="Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998">Fairness in Music Licensing Act of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (1998) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_and_Performances_and_Phonograms_Treaties_Implementation_Act" title="WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act">WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_Entertainment_and_Copyright_Act" title="Family Entertainment and Copyright Act">Family Entertainment and Copyright Act</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_Consumer_Choice_and_Wireless_Competition_Act" title="Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act">Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Modernization_Act" title="Music Modernization Act">Music Modernization Act</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alternative_in_Small-Claims_Enforcement_Act_of_2020" title="Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020">CASE Act</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precedents<br />and rulings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_copyright_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court copyright case law">Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_v._Peters" title="Wheaton v. Peters">Wheaton v. Peters</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Selden" title="Baker v. Selden">Baker v. Selden</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade-Mark_Cases" title="Trade-Mark Cases">Trade-Mark Cases</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burrow-Giles_Lithographic_Co._v._Sarony" title="Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony">Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banks_v._Manchester" title="Banks v. Manchester">Banks v. Manchester</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callaghan_v._Myers" title="Callaghan v. Myers">Callaghan v. Myers</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Co._v._Straus" title="Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus">Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co." title="White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.">White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_%26_Wilkins_Co._v._United_States" title="Williams &amp; Wilkins Co. v. United States">Williams &amp; Wilkins Co. v. United States</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feist_Publications,_Inc.,_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co." title="Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.">Feist v. Rural</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quality_King_Distributors_Inc.,_v._L%27anza_Research_International_Inc." title="Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L&#39;anza Research International Inc.">Quality King v. L'anza</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Costco Wholesale Corp. v. Omega, S. A.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Cos.,_Inc._v._Aereo,_Inc." title="American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.">American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Athletica,_LLC_v._Varsity_Brands,_Inc." title="Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.">Star Athletica v. Varsity Brands</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate_Public_Benefit_Corp._v._Wall-Street.com" title="Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com">Fourth Estate v. Wall-Street.com</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Public.Resource.Org,_Inc." title="Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.">Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts,_Inc._v._Goldsmith" title="Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith">Andy Warhol Foundation v. Goldsmith</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appeals courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berlin_v._E.C._Publications,_Inc." title="Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.">Berlin v. E.C. Publications, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_Greeting_Cards_v._United_Card_Co." title="Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.">Roth Greeting Cards v. United Card Co.</a></i> (9th Cir. 1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eltra_Corp._v._Ringer" title="Eltra Corp. v. Ringer">Eltra Corp. v. Ringer</a></i> (4th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Productions_v._Air_Pirates" title="Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates">Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates</a></i> (9th Cir. 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_Manufacturing_Co._v._Artic_International,_Inc." title="Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.">Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc.</a></i> (7th Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer,_Inc._v._Franklin_Computer_Corp." title="Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.">Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp.</a></i> (3d Cir. 1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._Dees" title="Fisher v. Dees">Fisher v. Dees</a></i> (9th Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whelan_v._Jaslow" title="Whelan v. Jaslow">Whelan v. Jaslow</a></i> (3d Cir. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vault_Corp._v._Quaid_Software_Ltd." title="Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.">Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd.</a></i> (5th Cir. 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Koons" title="Rogers v. Koons">Rogers v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Associates_International,_Inc._v._Altai,_Inc." title="Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.">Computer Associates International, Inc. v. Altai, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union_v._Texaco,_Inc." title="American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.">American Geophysical Union v. Texaco, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss_Enters.,_L.P._v._Penguin_Books_USA,_Inc." title="Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.">Dr. Seuss Enters., L.P. v. Penguin Books USA, Inc.</a></i>(9th Cir. 1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itar-Tass_Russian_News_Agency_v._Russian_Kurier,_Inc." title="Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.">Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment,_Inc._v._Connectix_Corp." title="Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.">Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. v. Connectix Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nunez_v._Caribbean_Int%27l_News_Corp." title="Nunez v. Caribbean Int&#39;l News Corp.">Nunez v. Caribbean Int'l News Corp.</a></i> (1st Cir. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records,_Inc._v._Napster,_Inc." title="A&amp;M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.">A&amp;M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veeck_v._Southern_Building_Code_Congress_Int%27l" title="Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int&#39;l">Veeck v. Southern Building Code Congress Int'l</a></i> (5th Cir. 2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_v._Arriba_Soft_Corp." title="Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.">Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2002 / 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Aimster_Copyright_Litigation" title="In re Aimster Copyright Litigation">In re Aimster Copyright Litigation</a></i> (7th Cir. 2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NXIVM_Corp._v._Ross_Institute" title="NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute">NXIVM Corp. v. Ross Institute</a></i> (2d Cir. 2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BMG_Music_v._Gonzalez" title="BMG Music v. Gonzalez">BMG Music v. Gonzalez</a></i> (7th Cir. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bill_Graham_Archives_v._Dorling_Kindersley,_Ltd." title="Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.">Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanch_v._Koons" title="Blanch v. Koons">Blanch v. Koons</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network,_LP_v._CSC_Holdings,_Inc." title="Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.">Cartoon Network, LP v. CSC Holdings, Inc.</a></i> (2nd Cir. 2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahanchian_v._Xenon_Pictures,_Inc." title="Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.">Ahanchian v. Xenon Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group_(USA)_Inc._v._American_Buddha" title="Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha">Penguin Group (USA) Inc. v. American Buddha</a></i> (2d Cir. 2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monge_v._Maya_Magazines,_Inc." title="Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.">Monge v. Maya Magazines, Inc.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seltzer_v._Green_Day,_Inc" title="Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc">Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc</a></i> (9th Cir. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i> (9th Cir. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Naruto v. Slater</a></i> (9th Cir. 2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lower courts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Folsom_v._Marsh" title="Folsom v. Marsh">Folsom v. Marsh</a></i> (C.C.D. Mass. 1841)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elektra_Records_Co._v._Gem_Electronic_Distributors,_Inc." title="Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.">Elektra Records Co. v. Gem Electronic Distributors, Inc.</a></i> (E.D.N.Y. 1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broderbund_Software_Inc._v._Unison_World,_Inc." title="Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.">Broderbund Software Inc. v. Unison World, Inc.</a></i> (N.D. Cal. 1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playboy_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Frena" title="Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena">Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena</a></i> (M.D. Fla. 1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp." title="Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.">Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RealNetworks,_Inc._v._Streambox,_Inc." title="RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.">RealNetworks, Inc. v. Streambox, Inc.</a></i> (W.D. Wash. 2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mannion_v._Coors_Brewing_Co." title="Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.">Mannion v. Coors Brewing Co.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arista_Records_LLC_v._Lime_Group_LLC" title="Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC">Arista Records LLC v. Lime Group LLC</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Records,_LLC_v._ReDigi_Inc." title="Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.">Capitol Records, LLC v. ReDigi Inc.</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equals_Three,_LLC_v._Jukin_Media,_Inc." title="Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.">Equals Three, LLC v. Jukin Media, Inc.</a></i> (C.D. Cal. 2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachette_v._Internet_Archive" title="Hachette v. Internet Archive">Hachette v. Internet Archive</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group_v._Internet_Archive" title="Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive">Universal Music Group v. Internet Archive</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round" title="Uruguay Round">Uruguay Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Copy_That_Floppy" title="Don&#39;t Copy That Floppy">Don't Copy That Floppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Recording_Rights_Coalition" title="Home Recording Rights Coalition">Home Recording Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nimmer_on_Copyright" title="Nimmer on Copyright">Nimmer on Copyright</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Wouldn%27t_Steal_a_Car" title="You Wouldn&#39;t Steal a Car">You Wouldn't Steal a Car</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐55967767c9‐b84rb Cached time: 20250130014701 Cache expiry: 79981 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.555 seconds Real time usage: 0.682 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 9108/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 96718/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 24573/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 37071/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.303/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 17661397/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 620.376 1 -total 44.67% 277.141 1 Template:Infobox_SCOTUS_case 35.61% 220.895 1 Template:Infobox 19.70% 122.226 1 Template:Reflist 16.01% 99.299 1 Template:Lang 12.75% 79.084 1 Template:Cite_news 12.72% 78.897 1 Template:Infobox_US_Supreme_Court_case/courts 12.66% 78.536 1 Template:USCopyrightActs 12.55% 77.876 3 Template:Navbox 9.70% 60.184 225 Template:If_between --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:30043204:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250130014701 and revision id 1272742442. 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